| 1. Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6. Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 342395 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Intentional condomless anal intercourse among Latino MSM who meet sexual partners on the Internet. Author: Balan IC; Carballo-Dieguez A; Ventuneac A; Remien RH Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Feb;21(1):14-24. Abstract: Data on intentional condomless anal intercourse in risky contexts, also known as "barebacking," among ethnic minority MSM, whose rates of HIV infection continue to rise, are extremely limited. In this study, 31 Latino MSM who seek barebacking partners via the Internet underwent in-depth interviews about bareback sex and its association to pleasure, substance use, HIV concerns, and cultural identity. Participants reported engaging in bareback sex owing to the physical and emotional pleasure they experience. They expressed concern about HIV infection and took steps to reduce risk of infection. Although a majority of participants reported using alcohol or drugs in the context of bareback sex, substance use did not appear to propel the behavior. Crystal methamphetamine use, prevalent only among our HIV-positive participants, was related to very high HIV risk behavior. In this sample, culture did not seem to play a large role in barebacking. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ETHNIC GROUPS | ANAL SEX | CONDOM USE | INTERNET | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Information Networks | Communication | Interpersonal Relations | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330344 |
| 3. Title: Sexual behavior and perceived peer norms: comparing perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-affected youth. Author: Bauermeister JA; Elkington K; Brackis-Cott E; Dolezal C; Mellins CA Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2009 Sep;38(8):1110-22. Abstract: A large proportion of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children are becoming adolescents and exploring their sexuality. This study explored the prevalence of sexual behaviors (kissing, touching, engaging in oral sex, or having vaginal/anal intercourse) in a sample of predominantly ethnic minority youths (N = 339; 54.1% Black and 30.4% Latino; 51% female; ages 9-16) perinatally exposed to HIV (61% HIV+). Using logistic regression, we tested the association between sexual behavior and HIV status, demographic characteristics, and peer influences regarding sexual behavior. PHIV youth were less likely to be sexually active. Among sexually active youth, PHIV youth were more likely to engage in touching behavior than HIV-negative youth and were less likely to engage in penetrative sex. Youths reporting that a greater number of their peers believed that sexually active boys were "cool" or "popular" were more likely to report sexual behavior. The association between sexual behavior and peers believing sexually active girls were "cool" or "popular" varied by age, gender, and HIV status. Furthermore, friends' sexual activity was associated with sexual intercourse. Prevention programs should strengthen messages addressing peer norms regarding sexuality, as well as address specific issues related to adolescent HIV. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER GROUPS | VALUE ORIENTATION | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 342389 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's perspectives on family planning service quality: an exploration of differences by race, ethnicity and language. Author: Becker D; Klassen AC; Koenig MA; LaVeist TA; Sonenstein FL; Tsui AO Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;41(3):158-65. Abstract: CONTEXT: Despite calls to make family planning services more responsive to the values, needs and preferences of clients, few studies have asked clients about their experiences or values, and most have used surveys framed by researchers', rather than clients', perspectives. METHODS: Forty in-depth interviews exploring lifetime experiences with and values regarding services were conducted with 18-36-year-old women who visited family planning clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2007. Women were categorized as black, white, English- or Spanish-speaking Latina, or of mixed ethnicity to allow examination of differences by racial, ethnic and language group. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and coded thematically; matrices were then used to compare the themes that emerged across the subgroups. RESULTS: Eight themes emerged as important to women's views of services: service accessibility, information provision, attention to client comfort, providers' personalization of care, service organization, providers' empathy, technical quality of care and providers' respect for women's autonomy. Women reported that it was important to feel comfortable during visits, to feel that their decision-making autonomy was respected, to have providers show empathy and be nonjudgmental, and to see the same provider across visits. The only notable difference among racial, ethnic and language groups was that Spanish-speaking Latinas wanted to receive language-appropriate care and contraceptive information. CONCLUSIONS: Future surveys of family planning service quality should include measures of the factors that women value in such care, and efforts to improve providers' communication and counseling skills should emphasize the personalization of services and respect for clients' autonomy. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING | LANGUAGE | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNICATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Clinic Activities Document Number: 342713 |
| 5. Title: The impact of race and ethnicity on receipt of family planning services in the United States. Author: Borrero S; Schwarz EB; Creinin M; Ibrahim S Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):91-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study sought to examine the independent effect of patient race or ethnicity on the use of family planning services and on the likelihood of receiving counseling for sterilization and other birth control methods. METHODS: This study used national, cross-sectional data collected by the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Our analysis included women aged 18-44 years who had heterosexual intercourse within the past 12 months, who were not actively seeking to get pregnant, and who had not undergone surgical sterilization. The primary outcome was receipt of family planning services within the past 12 months. Specific services we examined were (1) provision of or prescription for a method of birth control, (2) checkup related to using birth control, (3) counseling about sterilization, and (4) counseling about birth control. RESULTS: Although we found no racial/ethnic differences in the overall use of family planning services, there were racial/ethnic differences in the specific type of service received. Hispanic and black women were more likely than white women to receive counseling for birth control (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 1.8, and adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.7, respectively). Hispanic women were more likely than white women to report having been counseled about sterilization (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0, 2.3). CONCLUSIONS: Minority women were more likely to receive counseling about sterilization and other birth control methods. However, there were no differences in access to family planning services by race or ethnicity. Future studies are needed to examine the quality and content of contraceptive counseling received by minority compared with nonminority women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HISPANICS | BLACKS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | IMPACT | COUNSELING | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 331216 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Infidelity, Trust, and Condom Use Among Latino Youth in Dating Relationships. Author: Brady SS; Tschann JM; Ellen JM; Flores E Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Apr;36(4):227-231. Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Latino youth in the United States are at greater risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in comparison with non-Hispanic white youth. METHODS:: Sexually active heterosexual Latino youth aged 16 to 22 years (N = 647) were recruited for interviews through a large health maintenance organization or community clinics. RESULTS:: Adjusting for gender, age, ethnic heritage, and recruitment method, woman's consistent use of hormonal contraceptives, ambivalence about avoiding pregnancy, longer length of sexual relationship, and greater overall trust in main partner were independently associated with inconsistent condom use and engagement in a greater number of sexual intercourse acts that were unprotected by condom use. Perception that one's main partner had potentially been unfaithful, but not one's own sexual concurrency, was associated with consistent condom use and fewer acts of unprotected sexual intercourse. Sexually concurrent youth who engaged in inconsistent condomuse with other partners were more likely to engage in inconsistent condom use and a greater number of unprotected sexual intercourse acts with main partners. CONCLUSIONS:: Increasing attachment between youth may be a risk factor for the transmission of STIs via normative declines in condom use. Perception that one's partner has potentially been unfaithful may result in greater condom use. However, many Latino adolescents and young adults who engage in sexual concurrency may not take adequate steps to protect their partners from contracting STIs. Some youth may be more focused on the emotional and social repercussions of potentially revealing infidelity by advocating condom use than the physical repercussions of unsafe sex. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | WHITES | YOUTH | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 330495 |
| 7. Title: [Assessment of factors associated with patients' comprehension of treatment at the start of antiretroviral therapy] Evaluacion de factores asociados a la comprension del tratamiento en pacientes Author: Braga Ceccato MG; Acurcio Fde A; Vallano A; Comini Cesar C; Crosland Guimaraes MD Source: Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica. 2009 Jan;27(1):7-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with patients' comprehension of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis in which patients at 2 HIV/AIDS public referral centers (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were interviewed after initiating ART. Information was recorded on variables related to the patient's characteristics, the treatment prescribed, and the healthcare professional involved. A score indicating the patients' level of comprehension regarding the medications prescribed was obtained using a latent trait model estimated by the item response theory. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were interviewed. Mean (SD) age was 35 (10) years, 227 were men (56%), 302 of Afro-American ethnicity (77%), and 213 had <8 years of education (53%). The regression model determined that 52.25% of the variability of comprehension was explained by the individual's characteristics. Variables associated (P<0.05) with poorest understanding about ART were lower education (<8 years), lack of knowledge about treatment duration and clinical severity, inadequate information provided by physicians, inability to understand pharmaceutical information, daily number of tablets, and the ART regimen prescribed. CONCLUSION: Comprehension of information about the ART regimen prescribed varies considerably between individuals. Nonetheless, several factors were found to be associated with the level of understanding: characteristics of the patient (education, clinical severity), characteristics of treatment (daily number of tablets, ART regimen prescribed), and contribution of healthcare professionals (information from physicians and pharmacists). Strategies to reinforce information about ART should be a priority for patients with a low level of understanding. Language: Spanish Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PRESCRIPTIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | KNOWLEDGE | TREATMENT | INFORMATION | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Distributional Activities | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 341238 |
| 8. Title: Parental communication as a protective factor in increasing condom use among minority adolescents. Author: Buzi RS; Smith PB; Weinman ML Source: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2009 Jan-Mar;21(1):51-9. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in risk behaviors among adolescents who attended family planning clinics and to evaluate the impact of parental communication regarding sexual topics on adolescent condom use. The sample for this study included 697 black and Hispanic female adolescents ranging in age from 13-22 years. Ethnic differences were found in sexually transmitted infection rates, number of sexual partners, and condom use. Although black adolescents were more likely than Hispanic adolescents to report recent condom use, Black adolescents reported higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and more sexual partners. Black adolescents reported more parental communication about sexual topics than Hispanic adolescents. Parental communication was associated with increased condom use. The results of this study emphasize the importance of parental communication in risk reduction among adolescents. As ethnicity emerged in the study as a significant factor, interventions aimed at increasing parent-adolescent communication will have to be tailored to address the needs of specific ethnic groups. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | CONDOM USE | COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 341666 |
| 9. Title: Prenatal origins of undernutrition. Author: Christian P Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. 2009;63:59-73; discussion 74-7, 259-68. Abstract: Undernutrition continues to be high in many regions of the developing world. Birthweight, a common proxy measure of intrauterine growth, is influenced by nutritional, environmental and lifestyle factors during pregnancy and, in turn, affects immediate survival and function, and is a determinant of later life risk of chronic diseases. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height are independently associated with birthweight and also modify the effects of pregnancy weight gain and interventions during pregnancy on birthweight and perinatal mortality. Other prenatal factors commonly known to impact birthweight include maternal age, parity, sex, and birth interval, whereas lifestyle factors such as physical activity and maternal stress, as well as environmental toxicants have variable influences. Tobacco and other substance use and infections, specifically ascending reproductive tract infections, malaria, and HIV, can cause intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Few studies have examined the contribution of prenatal factors including low birthweight to childhood wasting and stunting. Studies that have examined this, with adequate adjustment for confounders, have generally found odds ratios associated with low birthweight ranging between 2 and 5. Even fewer studies have examined birth length or maternal nutritional status as risk factors. More research is needed to determine the proportion of childhood under-nutrition attributable to IUGR so that interventions can be targeted to the appropriate life stages. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | PARITY | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | MALNUTRITION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | MALARIA | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Health | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Infections | Parasitic Diseases | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341348 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in prenatal care settings: Association with medical liability. Author: Coco AS; Cohen D; Horst MA; Gambler AS Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 22;9(1):257. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Medical liability concerns centered around maternity care have widespread public health implications, as restrictions in physician scope of practice may threaten quality of and access to care in the current climate. The purpose of this study was to examine national trends in prenatal care settings based on medical liability climate. METHODS: Analysis of prenatal visits in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1997 to 2004 (N = 21,454). To assess changes in rates of prenatal visits over time, we used the linear trend test. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was developed to determine characteristics associated with visits made to hospital outpatient departments. RESULTS: In regions of the country with high medical liability (N = 11,673), the relative number, or proportion, of all prenatal visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments increased from 11.8% in 1997-1998 to 19.4% in 2003-2004 (p < .001 for trend); the trend for complicated obstetrical visits (N = 3,275) was more pronounced, where the proportion of prenatal visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments almost doubled from 22.7% in 1997-1998 to 41.6% in 2003-2004 (p = .004 for trend). This increase did not occur in regions of the country with low medical liability (N = 9,781) where the proportion of visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments decreased from 13.3% in 1997-1998 to 9.0% in 2003-2004. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a shift in prenatal care from obstetrician's offices to safety net settings in regions of the country with high medical liability. These findings provide strong indirect evidence that the medical liability crisis is affecting patterns of obstetric practice and ultimately patient access to care. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PHYSICIANS | HIGH RISK WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | ANTENATAL CARE | MEDICAL LIABILITY | OBSTETRICS | PHYSICIAN'S OFFICE | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH INSURANCE | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Medicine | Health Facilities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Grants Document Number: 342287 |
| 11. Title: Determinants of condom use: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1. Author: Dhalla S; Poole G Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2009 Jul-Aug;100(4):299-303. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the independent effects of mood disorder, age, race/ethnicity, personal income, being a current student, having a regular medical doctor and substance use in relationship to condom use at last intercourse in a Canadian population stratified by sex. METHODS: We used Cycle 3.1 of the 2006 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 3.1), a population-based, voluntary, cross-sectional survey of subjects ages 12-85 years. Data collection took place between January and December 2005. From the survey, a study sample of 20,975 people was drawn, consisting of individuals providing valid responses (yes/no) to mood disorder and last-time condom use. The question of sexual behaviours was asked only of those ages 15-49 years. Logistic regression was used to examine individual variables as potential determinants of last-time condom use stratified by sex. RESULTS: The relationship between mood disorder and condom use was non-significant in both males (AOR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.70-1.04) and females (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.78-1.03). Increasing age was found to be inversely associated with last-time condom use in both males and females. Male factors significantly associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64-0.79) and being a current student (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI =1.16-1.42). Female factors associated with last-time condom use were being of white ethnicity (AOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.79) and being a former drinker (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.63-3.11). CONCLUSION: Our results identify important determinants of last-time condom use in both males and females in the CCHS 3.1. These findings may have important implications for the devising and implementation of safe sex programs in a Canadian population ages 15-49 years. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | MENTAL DISORDERS | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 342618 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: The influence of changes in women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of Northern Ghana. Author: Doctor HV; Phillips JF; Sakeah E Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):113-122. Abstract: Religious affiliation is undergoing major changes in rural Sahelian Africa, with profound consequences for customs that are grounded in traditional belief systems. This study examines the influence of women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana. Analysis of longitudinal data for women in 1995 and 2003 shows that 61 percent of women changed their religion, with shifts from traditional beliefs to Christianity being dominant. Moreover, women were more likely than men to make such a change. Regression results show that, compared with those who did not change, switching from traditional religion to Christianity or Islam is associated with increased contraceptive use and decreased fertility. The more rapid change in religious affiliation among women than men may have social consequences for the status of women, signaling a trend toward greater autonomy in the family and new aspirations, values, and behavior as evidenced by the proportion of people adopting contraceptives. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | CHRISTIANITY | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Culture Document Number: 341895 |
| 13. Title: Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China. Author: Fan JG; Farrell GC Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2009 Jan;50(1):204-10. Abstract: Fatty liver (steatosis) is highly prevalent in China and is more often linked to obesity than to alcoholism. Among more affluent regions of China, the community prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%. With the increasing pandemic of obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has approximately doubled in the past decade. The risk factors resemble those in other ethnic populations, but it is important to note that ethnic-specific definitions of central obesity, obesity and metabolic syndrome are more useful in assessment of Chinese people. The full range of histological manifestations of NAFLD has been demonstrated in Chinese patients, but to date hepatic severity is generally mild. In contrast to chronic hepatitis C, steatosis is less common in patients with chronic hepatitis B; it is associated with metabolic, and not viral factors and does not appear to affect disease severity. Although long-term outcomes of NAFLD in Chinese populations remain unclear, it may be a predictor of metabolic disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Public health interventions are therefore indicated to halt or reverse the national trend of obesity in China so as to improve liver as well as metabolic health. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREVALENCE | HEPATIC EFFECTS | OBESITY | RISK FACTORS | CULTURE | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | HEPATITIS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | DIABETES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Body Weight | Sociocultural Factors | Lipids | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330390 |
| 14. Title: Sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10-24 years - United States, 2002-2007. Author: Gavin L; MacKay AP; Brown K; Harrier S; Ventura SJ; Kann L; Rangel M; Berman S; Dittus P; Liddon N; Markowitz L; Sternberg M; Weinstock H; David-Ferdon C; Ryan G Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 2009 Jul 17;58(6):1-58. Abstract: This report presents data for 2002-2007 concerning the sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10-24 years in the United States. Data were compiled from the National Vital Statistics System and multiple surveys and surveillance systems that monitor sexual and reproductive health outcomes into a single reference report that makes this information more easily accessible to policy makers, researchers, and program providers who are working to improve the reproductive health of young persons in the United States. The report addresses three primary topics: 1) current levels of risk behavior and health outcomes; 2) disparities by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and geographic residence; and 3) trends over time. The data presented in this report indicate that many young persons in the United States engage in sexual risk behavior and experience negative reproductive health outcomes. In 2004, approximately 745,000 pregnancies occurred among U.S. females aged <20 years. In 2006, approximately 22,000 adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years in 33 states were living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and approximately 1 million adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years were reported to have chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis. One-quarter of females aged 15-19 years and 45% of those aged 20-24 years had evidence of infection with human papillomavirus during 2003-2004, and approximately 105,000 females aged 10--24 years visited a hospital emergency department (ED) for a nonfatal sexual assault injury during 2004-2006. Although risks tend to increase with age, persons in the youngest age group (youths aged 10--14 years) also are affected. For example, among persons aged 10-14 years, 16,000 females became pregnant in 2004, nearly 18,000 males and females were reported to have sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in 2006, and 27,500 females visited a hospital ED because of a nonfatal sexual assault injury during 2004-2006. Noticeable disparities exist in the sexual and reproductive health of young persons in the United States. For example, pregnancy rates for female Hispanic and non-Hispanic black adolescents aged 15-19 years are much higher (132.8 and 128.0 per 1,000 population) than their non-Hispanic white peers (45.2 per 1,000 population). Non-Hispanic black young persons are more likely to be affected by AIDS: for example, black female adolescents aged 15-19 years were more likely to be living with AIDS (49.6 per 100,000 population) than Hispanic (12.2 per 100,000 population), American Indian/Alaska Native (2.6 per 100,000 population), non-Hispanic white (2.5 per 100,000 population) and Asian/Pacific Islander (1.3 per 100,000 population) adolescents. In 2006, among young persons aged 10-24 years, rates for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis were highest among non-Hispanic blacks for all age groups. The southern states tend to have the highest rates of negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes, including early pregnancy and STDs. Although the majority of negative outcomes have been declining for the past decade, the most recent data suggest that progress might be slowing, and certain negative sexual health outcomes are increasing. For example, birth rates among adolescents aged 15-19 years decreased annually during 1991-2005 but increased during 2005-2007, from 40.5 live births per 1,000 females in 2005 to 42.5 in 2007 (preliminary data). The annual rate of AIDS diagnoses reported among males aged 15-19 years has nearly doubled in the past 10 years, from 1.3 cases per 100,000 population in 1997 to 2.5 cases in 2006. Similarly, after decreasing for >20 years, gonorrhea infection rates among adolescents and young adults have leveled off or had modest fluctuations (e.g., rates among males aged 15-19 years ranged from 285.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2002 to 250.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2004 and then increased to 275.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2006), and rates for syphilis have been increasing (e.g., rates among females aged 15-19 years increased from 1.5 cases per 100,000 population in 2004 to 2.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2006) after a significant decrease during 1997-2005. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | YOUTH | ETHNIC GROUPS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ABORTION | VIOLENCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 342146 Notification |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: [Sexuality, bodily experiences, and gender: an ethnographic study of persons living with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina] Sexualidad, experiencias corporales y género: un estudio etnográfi co entre personas viviendo con VIH en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author: Grimberg M Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):133-141. Abstract: Based on the results of an ethnographic study on daily experience with HIV in Greater Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina, the article discusses behavioral approaches that reduce the sexuality of persons living with HIV to an issue of safety and protection. By articulating a social construction perspective and the notion of hegemony, the author proposes that sexuality can be understood as a process of individual and social construction shaped by power relations and social regulations. The analysis of the experiences of living with HIV in marginalized populations shows how chronic social inequality, violence, discrimination, and stigmatization generate particular characteristics of sexual issues. These social processes become driving forces that shape sexual experience as a field of danger, repression, and restriction rather than pleasure and exploration. Finally, daily confrontation with social metaphors places strain on gender relations, practices, and identities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFETY | INEQUALITIES | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Public Health | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341871 |
| 16. Title: The Contraceptive Needs of Incarcerated Women. Author: Hale GJ; Oswalt KL; Cropsey KL; Villalobos GC; Ivey SE; Matthews CA Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Jul 24; Abstract: Abstract Objectives: We assessed the contraceptive needs of women incarcerated in jails in the southeastern United States to determine feasible and effective birth control interventions based on the needs of this population. Methods: Participants were recruited from local jails around a medium-sized metro area. Participants completed a survey of demographics, sexual health, contraceptive use, and preferred method of contraception. Results: The survey was completed by 188 women in jail. Participants reported high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (50.5%), inconsistent use of birth control (36.5%), and use of unreliable and user-dependent methods of birth control. The majority did not desire to become pregnant in the future (61.5%) but intended to have sex after release from jail (76.9%). Women who were able to bear children were more likely to report intentions to use birth control or STD protection after release (77.9%). Additionally, significant racial differences were found. Specifically, nonwhites were more likely to be single and have more STDs and less use of a variety of birth control methods than whites. Conclusions: Women in this sample were at high risk for unplanned pregnancies. Therefore, a primary contraceptive need for this population appeared to be education about longer lasting, user-independent forms of contraception. Many of these women would be ideal candidates for such forms of contraception, especially if it was provided prior to release. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PRISONERS | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342329 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex preference as a determinant of contraceptive use in matrilineal societies: a study on the Garo of Bangladesh. Author: Islam MA; Islam MR; Banowary B Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Aug;14(4):301-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This paper explores the presence of sex preference and its influence on contraceptive use among the Garo, a matrilineal community, of Bangladesh. METHODS: In this study, 223 currently married Garo women were interviewed, selected purposively from two districts of Bangladesh, where most of the Garo people live. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to explore the determinants of current use of contraceptives among the Garo community. RESULTS: About 80% of the Garo women were currently using contraceptive methods, which was much higher than the contraceptive prevalence at the national level (55.8%). However, the use of modern male methods was very low in that community. Regression analysis revealed that the strong preference for girls was a significant determinant of contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the Garo apply contraception more than the Bangladeshi community in general, their strong preference for girls may restrain its success. Family planning information can be designed so as not to challenge the matrilineal structure of the society and both spouses counselled together to promote also modern male methods. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | SEX PREFERENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | MATRIARCHY | INTERVIEWS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342129 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Trends in abortion in the United States. Author: Jones RK; Kost K; Singh S; Henshaw SK; Finer LB Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):119-29. Abstract: The US abortion rate peaked soon after 1973, remained fairly constant through the 1980s, and began a steady decline to 2005. A substantial drop in the abortion rates of teenagers and women ages 20 to 24 accounts for much of the decline from 1989 to 2004. All race and ethnic groups experienced declines in abortion rates over the past 30 years, but the rate of black, and to a lesser extent Hispanic, women remains higher than that of non-Hispanic whites. The number of abortion providers has declined in recent decades, but the introduction of early medical abortion may have slowed this trend. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | ABORTION | ABORTION RATE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342252 Notification |
19.  Title: Inequalities in maternal health: national cohort study of ethnic variation in severe maternal morbidities. Author: Knight M; Kurinczuk JJ; Spark P; Brocklehurst P Source: BMJ. 2009;338:b542. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe on a national basis ethnic differences in severe maternal morbidity in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: National cohort study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS). SETTING: All hospitals with consultant led maternity units in the UK. PARTICIPANTS: 686 women with severe maternal morbidity between February 2005 and February 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates, risk ratios, and odds ratios of severe maternal morbidity in different ethnic groups. RESULTS: 686 cases of severe maternal morbidity were reported in an estimated 775 186 maternities, representing an estimated incidence of 89 (95% confidence interval 82 to 95) cases per 100 000 maternities. 74% of women were white, and 26% were non-white. The estimated risk of severe maternal morbidity in white women was 80 cases per 100 000 maternities, and that in non-white women was 126 cases per 100,000 (risk difference 46 (27 to 66) cases per 100 000; risk ratio 1.58, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 1.87). Black African women (risk difference 108 (18 to 197) cases per 100,000 maternities; risk ratio 2.35, 1.45 to 3.81) and black Caribbean women (risk difference 116 (59 to 172) cases per 100 000 maternities; risk ratio 2.45, 1.81 to 3.31) had the highest risk compared with white women. The risk in non-white women remained high after adjustment for differences in age, socioeconomic and smoking status, body mass index, and parity (odds ratio 1.50, 1.15 to 1.96). CONCLUSIONS: Severe maternal morbidity is significantly more common among non-white women than among white women in the UK, particularly in black African and Caribbean ethnic groups. This pattern is very similar to reported ethnic differences in maternal death rates. These differences may be due to the presence of pre-existing maternal medical factors or to factors related to care during pregnancy, labour, and birth; they are unlikely to be due to differences in age, socioeconomic or smoking status, body mass index, or parity. This highlights to clinicians and policy makers the importance of tailored maternity services and improved access to care for women from ethnic minorities. National information on the ethnicity of women giving birth in the UK is needed to enable ongoing accurate study of these inequalities. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INCIDENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | MORBIDITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Measurement | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330604 |
| 20. Title: Similarities more striking than differences [letter] Author: Lessa H Source: Midwifery today With International Midwife. 2009 Spring;(89):50. Abstract: A Brazilian midwife comments on birthing options and preferences of Amazonian women. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | SUMMARY REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | NURSE-MIDWIVES | WOMEN | CULTURE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | CHILDBIRTH | PREGNANCY | BREASTFEEDING | PROMOTION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Reproduction | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 341186 |
| 21. Title: Assessment of Kenyan sexual networks: Collecting evidence for interventions to reduce HIV / STI risk in Garissa, North Eastern Province, and Eastleigh, Nairobi. Author: Macintyre K; Eymoy HA; Hassan I; Adriance D; Nouga A Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Pathfinder International, AIDS, Population and Health Integrated Assistance North Eastern Province [APHIA], [2009]. 7 p. (USAID Associate Cooperative Agreement No. 623-A-00-07-00023-00) Abstract: It is clear from the data gathered in this assessment that HIV prevention messages have reached Garissa, but more must be done to clarify and refine these messages and improve knowledge and behaviors regarding risky sex. Though this sample should not be viewed as representative of the NEP population as a whole, these data can be used by APHIA II NEP to create a targeted, evidence-based prevention strategy. APHIA II NEP plans to work with partners to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices through a strategic behavior change campaign with the following objectives: targeting key populations, leveraging the endorsement and influence of religious leaders, projecting familiar social settings and "our face" in all communication materials, [and] intensifying school-based programs. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SOMALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENTIALS | ISLAM | NOMADS | FOREIGN AID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Religion | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 331344 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender norms in South Africa: implications for HIV and pregnancy prevention among African and Indian women students at a South African tertiary institution. Author: Mantell JE; Needham SL; Smit JA; Hoffman S; Cebekhulu Q Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):139-157. Abstract: In post-Apartheid South Africa, women are constitutionally guaranteed protections and freedoms that were previously unknown to them. These freedoms may have positive implications for women's ability to negotiate sexual protection with partners and hence prevent unintended pregnancy and decrease their risk of HIV. Among tertiary institution students, who are a relatively 'privileged' group, there is little information on gender norms that might shape responses to HIVprevention programmes. To elicit gender norms regarding women's and men's roles, condom and contraceptive use, sexual communication and sexual pleasure, we conducted 10 semi-structured focus group discussions with African and Indian female tertiary institution students in order to understand how norms might be used to buttress HIV- and pregnancy-prevention. Participants reported dramatic changes in the structure of gender norms and relations with the formal recognition of women's rights in the post-Apartheid context. These generational shifts in norms are supported by other research in South Africa. At the same time, women recognized the co-existence of traditional constructions of gender that operate to constrain women's freedom. The perceived changes that have taken place provide an entry point for intervention, particularly for reinforcing emerging gender norms that promote women's protection against unintended pregnancy and HIV/STIs. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | ASIANS | ETHNIC GROUPS | STUDENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | UNIVERSITIES | VALUE ORIENTATION | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Schools | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproduction Document Number: 341087 |
| 23. Title: Couples' communication on sexual and relational issues among the Akamba in Kenya. Author: Miller AN; Golding L; Ngula KW; Wambua M; Mutua E; Kitizo MN; Teti C; Booker N; Mwithia K; Rubin DL Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):51-60. Abstract: A large portion of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa occurs among married couples, yet the majority of research on safer-sex communication has focused on communication between couples in casual relationships. This paper explores how committed Kamba couples in Machakos District, Kenya, communicate about sensitive relational issues. The findings from focus group discussions with five groups of males and five groups of females are presented. The couples freely shared their thoughts about daily and economic issues and certain aspects of family planning and sexuality. Methods for raising sensitive issues with partners included monitoring the spouse's mood, gradual or indirect revelation, mentioning topics during sex, and use of third-party intermediaries. Interference by extended family members, especially husbands' mothers, and male authoritarian roles emerged as hindrances to effective communication between couples. The implications for HIV prevention regarding gender differences and the role of families in couples' communication are discussed. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | COUPLES | HIV PREVENTION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | GENDER ISSUES | SAFER SEX | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Sex Behavior Document Number: 341287 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking Africa: a review of the recent literature in the social sciences and health. Author: Monteiro S Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):680-6. Abstract: The article reviews academic literature in the social sciences and health on the problems and challenges of STD/AIDS prevention in Portuguese-speaking African countries. Based on a bibliographic survey of the SciELO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts databases between 1997 and 2007, the research under review was organized into two groups, according to content. The first group of studies sought to understand STD/AIDS vulnerability among social groups by examining local cultural and socioeconomic factors as related to gender dynamics, sexuality, color/race, religion and health care. The second group encompassed critical assessments of shortcomings in the STD/AIDS educational messages delivered by governments and international agencies. Attention is called to the way in which the presence of traditional medicine systems and the occurrence of civil wars in the post-colonial period impact the STD/AIDS epidemic in the African countries under study. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | ANGOLA | GUINEA-BISSAU | CAPE VERDE | SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEXUALITY | ETHNIC GROUPS | RELIGION | HEALTH SERVICES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | GENDER RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa, Western | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Gender Issues Document Number: 342665 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Penile oil injection, penile implantation and condom use among Myanmar migrant fishermen in Ranong, Thailand. Author: Ohnmar -; Geater AF; Winn T; Chongsuvivatwong V Source: Sexual Health. 2009 Aug;6(3):217-221. Abstract: Background: The present study describes sexual risk behaviours including penile oil injection and implantation among migrant Myanmar fishermen in Thailand, and their determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among 639 Myanmar fishermen in Ranong, Thailand was conducted in 1999 following in-depth interviews. Results: Prevalence of penile oil injection, penile implantation, and both practices were 48 (7.5%), 79 (12.4%) and nine (1.4%) respectively. Over one-third (38.6%) of those who had injected oil had various kinds of problems during sex. One-year period prevalence of sex with commercial sex workers (CSW) was higher in those with unusual practices than others (61.9% v. 22.8%, P < 0.0001). The condom use rate with CSW at all times was non-significantly lower among those with unusual practices (32.9%) than others (44.5%). From multivariate analysis, oil injections are associated with young age, low education, ethnicity, and longer stay in Thailand, whereas the duration of stay in Thailand is the only factor associated with the practice of penile implantation. Both oil injection (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.60), and penile implantation (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.19-3.99) have independent predictive risk of having sex with CSW in addition to other factors (younger age, single, and Walat boat type). Conclusion: These exorbitant practices were common, associated with not using condoms and probably resulted from the working environment in Thailand. Further study is needed to reduce this risk behaviour. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | FISHING | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENITALIA, MALE | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Data Collection Document Number: 342418 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceived condom norms and HIV risks among social and sexual networks of young African American men who have sex with men. Author: Peterson JL; Rothenberg R; Kraft JM; Beeker C; Trotter R Source: Health Education Research. 2009 Feb;24(1):119-127. Abstract: The association between condom norms and unprotected sexual intercourse was examined within social and sexual networks of young African American men who have sex with men (MSM) in an HIV epicenter of the southern United States. We used a chain-link design to recruit 158 young African American men: 95 initial participants, 56 contacts of participants (alters) and 7 contacts of alters. Men in the high-risk group, compared with those in the no-risk group, perceived significantly lower approval concerning condom use in their social and sexual networks. Also, 100 participants could be connected to each other in 86 dyads of social and sexual networks. Within these dyads, men perceived that their friends and acquaintances approved for them to use condoms but that their friends and acquaintances did not use condoms themselves. Low HIV risk behavior appears associated with perceived social norms that support one's use of condoms, even when perceived norms do not support condom use by network members themselves. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329525 |
| 27. Title: Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Author: Phillips LS; Millikan RC; Schroeder JC; Barnholtz-Sloan JS; Levine BJ Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 May;18(5):1507-14. Abstract: One-fifth of all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases are ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but little is known about DCIS risk factors. Recent studies suggest that some subtypes of DCIS (high grade or comedo) share histopathologic and epidemiologic characteristics with invasive disease, whereas others (medium or low grade or non-comedo) show different patterns. To investigate whether reproductive and hormonal risk factors differ among comedo and non-comedo types of DCIS and invasive breast cancer (IBC), we used a population-based case-control study of 1,808 invasive and 446 DCIS breast cancer cases and their age and race frequency-matched controls (1,564 invasive and 458 DCIS). Three or more full-term pregnancies showed a strong inverse association with comedo-type DCIS [odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.30-0.95] and a weaker inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.42-1.27). Several risk factors (age at first full-term pregnancy, breast-feeding, and ageat menopause) showed similar associations for comedo-type DCIS and IBC but different associations for non-comedo DCIS. Ten or more years of oral contraceptive showed a positive association with comedo-type DCIS (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.70-2.47) and IBC (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.06-5.09) but an inverse association for non-comedo DCIS (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.25-1.04). Our results support the theory that comedo-type DCIS may share hormonal and reproductive risk factors with IBC, whereas the etiology of non-comedo DCIS deserves further investigation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics | Cultural Background | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341720 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer. Author: Rosenberg L; Zhang Y; Coogan PF; Strom BL; Palmer JR Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb 15;169(4):473-9. Abstract: Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been linked to increased risk of breast cancer, largely on the basis of studies conducted before 1990. In the Case-Control Surveillance Study, a US hospital-based case-control study of medication use and cancer, the authors assessed the relation of OC use to breast cancer risk among 907 case women with incident invasive breast cancer (731 white, 176 black) and 1,711 controls (1,152 white, 559 black) interviewed from 1993 to 2007. They evaluated whether the association differed by ethnicity or tumor hormone receptor status. After control for breast cancer risk factors, the multivariable odds ratio for 1 year or more of OC use, relative to less than 1 year of use, was 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 1.8). The estimates were similar within age strata (<50 years and >or= 50 years). The odds ratios were larger for use within the previous 10 years, long-duration use, and black ethnicity, but these differences were not statistically significant. The association of OC use with breast cancer risk did not differ according to the estrogen or progestogen receptor status of the tumor. These results suggest that OC use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer diagnosed in recent years. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | BREAST CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONE RECEPTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330380 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: The 'problem' of Asian women's sexuality: public discourses in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Author: Simon-Kumar R Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Jan;11(1):1-16. Abstract: Public health research in New Zealand views Asian health - particularly, Asian women's sexual health issues - as a priority problem. In recent years, high rates of abortion and the growing incidence of unsafe sex among younger age Asian migrants have been publicized as a health concern. Public health research implicates migrant experiences and cultural factors as responsible for these trends. Loneliness and isolation among international students, inability to communicate effectively in English and lack of knowledge of available services are highlighted as reasons for the growing sexual ill-health in the Asian population in New Zealand. Extending from these, public health measures aim at improving culture-sensitive services, including targeted education. The present paper offers a critical commentary on these accepted public health perceptions that inform policy in New Zealand. It takes a Third World feminist approach to critique dominant public health discourses on Asian women's sexuality and questions the construction of knowledges about what are 'normal' and 'pathological' sexual practices. The paper revisits the data used to describe the 'problem' of Asian sexuality and argues that in order to understand sexual practices, it is important to query the cultural lenses that are used to describe and define them. Language: English Keywords: NEW ZEALAND | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | ASIANS | WOMEN | IMMIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PUBLIC OPINION | FEMINISM | Oceania | Developed Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Attitudes Document Number: 341121 |
| 30. Title: Sources of information and health beliefs related to SARS and avian influenza among Chinese communities in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands, compared to the general population in these countries. Author: Voeten HA; de Zwart O; Veldhuijzen IK; Yuen C; Jiang X; Elam G; Abraham T; Brug J Source: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;16(1):49-57. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethnic minorities in Europe such as the Chinese may need a special strategy with regard to risk communication about emerging infectious diseases. To engage them in precautionary actions, it is important to know their information sources, knowledge, and health beliefs. PURPOSE: This study's purpose is to study the use of information sources, knowledge, and health beliefs related to SARS and avian flu of Chinese people in the UK and The Netherlands, and to make comparisons with the general population in these countries. METHOD: Results of a self-administered questionnaire among 300 British/Dutch Chinese were compared to data obtained from a computer-assisted phone survey among the general population (n = 800). RESULTS: British/Dutch Chinese got most information about emerging diseases from family and friends, followed by Chinese media and British/Dutch TV. They had less confidence than general groups in their doctor, government agencies, and consumer/patient interest groups. Their knowledge of SARS was high. They had a lower perceived threat than general populations with regard to SARS and avian flu due to a lower perceived severity. They had higher self-efficacy beliefs regarding SARS and avian flu. CONCLUSION: In case of new outbreaks of SARS/avian flu in China, local authorities in the UK and The Netherlands can best reach Chinese people through informal networks and British/Dutch TV, while trying to improve confidence in information from the government. In communications, the severity of the disease rather than the susceptibility appears to need most attention. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INFLUENZA | VIRAL DISEASES | INFORMATION SOURCES | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | MASS MEDIA | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Information | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 342004 |
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