1.  Title: The conceptions of care among family caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Aga F; Kylma J; Nikkonen M Source: Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2009 Jan;20(1):37-50. Abstract: This focused ethnographic study explores and describes the conceptions of care among family caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality is the conceptual anchor of this ethnographic study. Using semistructured interviews and participant observation, 6 key informants and 12 general informants were interviewed in their home in Amharic language. Data were analyzed in Amharic using Leininger's phases of ethnonursing analysis for qualitative data and then translated to English. Four major themes representing family caregivers' conceptions of care were identified: nourishing the PLWA while struggling with poverty, maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene of the person and surroundings, comforting the PLWA, and sacrificing self to sustain the PLWA. Valuable data were gathered about the family caregivers' conceptions of care. Nurses can use this knowledge to design and provide culturally congruent care to family caregivers and PLWAs in the community. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PERCEPTION | CARE AND SUPPORT | TREATMENT | HYGIENE | POVERTY | SANITATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOME CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Public Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330218 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia: successes and system-wide effects. Author: Assefa Y; Jerene D; Lulseged S; Ooms G; Van Damme W Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Apr 28;6(4):e1000056. Abstract: There has been substantial expansion of access to ART and HIV counseling and testing in Ethiopia, whilst maintaining the performance of other health programs such as tuberculosis and maternal and child health services. Task shifting to the health officers, nurses, and health extension workers is thought to be responsible for these successes. However, HIV prevention interventions and management of chronic care patients are lagging behind. This may be due to lack of attention to these health care areas and to physicians leaving the public sector for NGOs, including AIDS-related NGOs. Prevention of HIV infection, retention of patients in chronic care, and retention of physicians in the public sector need urgent attention for effective and sustainable HIV/AIDS and health systems responses in the long term. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | EVALUATION REPORT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PUBLIC HEALTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DECENTRALIZATION | HIV TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | AIDS Document Number: 341678 |
3.  Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Baldwin W; Diers J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13) Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331433 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria-related perceptions and practices of women with children under the age of five years in rural Ethiopia. Author: Deressa W; Ali A Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 23;9(1):259. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malaria remains to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and children in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the local perceptions, practices and treatment seeking behaviour for malaria among women with children under the age of five years. METHODS: This community-based study was conducted in 2003 in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Adami Tulu District, south-central Ethiopia. Total samples of 2087 rural women with children less than five years of age from 18 rural kebeles (the smallest administrative units) were interviewed about their perceptions and practices regarding malaria. In addition, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted on similar issues to complement the quantitative data. RESULTS: Malaria, locally known as busaa, is perceived as the main health problem in the study area. Mosquitoes are perceived to be the main cause of the disease, and other misperceptions were also widespread. The use of prevention measures was very low. Most mothers were familiar with the main signs and symptoms of mild malaria, and some of them indicated high grade fever, convulsions and mental confusion as a manifestation of severe malaria. Very few households (5.6%) possessed one or two nets. More than 60% of the mothers with recent episodes of malaria received initial treatment from non-public health facilities such as community health workers (CHWs) (40%) and private care providers (21%). Less than 40% of the reported malaria cases among women were treated by public health facilities. CONCLUSION: Malaria was perceived as the main health problem among women and children. The use of malaria preventive measures was low. A significant proportion of the respondents received initial malaria treatments from CHWs, private care providers and public health facilities. Concerted effort is needed to scale-up the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and improve the knowledge of the community about the link between malaria and mosquitoes. Effective antimalarial drugs should also be available at the grassroots level where the problem of malaria is rampant. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | MOTHERS | RURAL POPULATION | MALARIA | PERCEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | BED NETS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342286 |
| 5. Title: Evaluation of berhane hewan: a program to delay child marriage in rural ethiopia. Author: Erulkar AS; Muthengi E Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):6-14. Abstract: CONTEXT: Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls are married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 15-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RURAL AREAS | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Document Number: 341413 |
| 6. Title: Trends of abortion complications in a transition of abortion law revisions in Ethiopia. Author: Gebrehiwot Y; Liabsuetrakul T Source: Journal of Public Health. 2009 Mar;31(1):81-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence from developed countries has shown that abortion-related mortality and morbidity has decreased with the liberalization of the abortion law. This study aimed to assess the trend of hospital-based abortion complications during the transition of legalization in Ethiopia in May 2005. METHODS: Medical records of women with abortion complications from 2003 to 2007 were reviewed (n = 773). Abortion and its complications with regard to legalization were described by rates and ratios, and predictors of fatal outcomes were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall and abortion-related maternal mortality ratios (AMMRs) showed a non-statistically significant downward trend over the 5-year period. However, the case fatality rate of abortion increased from 1.1% in 2003 to 3.6% in 2007. Late gestational age, history of interference and presenting after new abortion legislation passed have been found to be significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: Decreased trends of abortion ratio and the AMMR were identified, but the severity of abortion complications and the case fatality rate increased during the transition of legal revision. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY CHANGES | ABORTION RATE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341640 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Adherence to anti retroviral therapy (ART) during Muslim Ramadan fasting. Author: Habib AG; Shepherd JC; Eng MK; Babashani M; Jumare J; Yakubu U; Gebi UI; Saad M; Ibrahim H; Blattner WA Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):42-45. Abstract: Annual fasting during the month of Ramadan is observed in Muslim countries, some of which have widespread HIV infection. We studied treatment adherence and customary practices among 142 fasting 'FT' and 101 nonfasting 'NFT' patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Nigeria. Adherence on ART among FT and NFT patients was similar during Ramadan, 96% and 98%, and ever since commencement of ART, 80% and 88%, respectively. FT patients altered their typical daily behaviors by advancing morning and delaying evening doses thereby prolonging dosing intervals, eating heavier meals pre-dawn and on breakfast at sunset (78%), and changing or reducing their sleeping and waking times (40%). This preliminary study suggests that adherence and drug taking frequency appear uncompromised in FT HIV infected patients on ARVs. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | KENYA | NIGERIA | SOMALIA | SOUTH AFRICA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ISLAM | HIV | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | RELIGION | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Africa, Southern | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330156 |
| 8. Title: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a resource-poor setting. Author: Klotz SA; Mohammed AA; Woldemichael MG; Mitku MW; Handrich M Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 Mar-Apr;8(2):122-127. Abstract: The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was studied in rural Ethiopian HIV-infected patients. Review of 1002 charts in an outpatient clinic was conducted. The median CD4 count was 89 cells/mm3. Nighty-eight patients were hospitalized after initiation of HAART, of whom 74 were hospitalized for manifestations of IRIS (ie, 7% of patients on HAART). Of the 74 patients hospitalized with IRIS, 27 patients had tuberculosis; 12 patients, cryptococcal meningitis; 7 patients, toxoplasmosis; 6 patients, pneumonia and/or effusion; and 5 patients, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP). Ten adult patients were admitted with gastroenteritis, heretofore not recognized as a manifestation of IRIS. Eighty-one percent of IRIS patients were hospitalized within 3 months of beginning HAART and 99% by 6 months. Of those hospitalized with IRIS, 4 patients (5%) died while in the hospital (3 with cryptococcal meningitis). Thirty-seven or 50% of those hospitalized with IRS were lost to medical follow up, thus the mortality rate is likely a gross underestimate of the severity of IRIS. In resource-poor settings where the primary goal is to initiate HAART, IRIS may go unrecognized and have fatal consequences. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SIDE EFFECTS | HIV INFECTIONS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | TUBERCULOSIS | COMPLICATIONS | TOXICITY | PNEUMONIA | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Infections | Pulmonary Effects Document Number: 331334 |
| 9. Title: Faces of positive change: Highlighting positive changes in the lives of orphans and vulnerable children in Ethiopia. Author: Lynch K; Radeny S; Bunkers K Source: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Save the Children, 2009. [49] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-04-00433-00) Abstract: This book provides stories about the children, families, and communities who have participated in and benefited from the PC3 Program (Positive Change: Children, Communities, and Care). The program is a five-year (2004-2009) effort designed to provide care and support to half a million orphans and vulnerable children and their families in Ethiopia. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | NUTRITION | CAPACITY BUILDING | MALNUTRITION | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases Document Number: 331822 |
| 10. Title: Food insecurity among volunteer AIDS caregivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was highly prevalent but buffered from the 2008 food crisis. Author: Maes KC; Hadley C; Tesfaye F; Shifferaw S; Tesfaye YA Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2009 Sep;139(9):1758-64. Abstract: Our objective in this study was to assess the validity and dependability of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), which was developed for international use, among community health volunteers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The HFIAS was translated into Amharic and subsequently tested for content and face validity. This was followed by a quantitative validation study based on a representative sample (n = 99) of female community volunteers (HIV/AIDS home-based caregivers), with whom the HFIAS was administered at 3 time points over the course of 2008, in the context of the local and global "food crisis." By pooling observations across data collection rounds and accounting for intra-individual correlation in repeated measures, we found that the HFIAS performed well according to standards in the field. We also observed slight amelioration in reported food insecurity (FI) status over time, which seems paradoxical given the increasing inaccessibility of food over the same time period due to inflating prices and disappearing food aid. We attempted to resolve this paradox by appealing to self-report-related phenomena that arise in the context of longitudinal study designs: 1) observation bias, in which respondents change their reports according to changing expectations of the observer-respondent relationship or change their behavior in ways that ameliorate FI after baseline self-reports; and 2) "response shift," in which respondents change their reports according to reassessment of internal standards of FI. Our results are important for the validation of FI tools and for the sustainability of community health programs reliant on volunteerism in sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEASUREMENT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | FOOD SECURITY | VALIDITY | AIDS | HOME CARE | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | DIET | INCOME | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Care and Support | Health Services | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 342809 |
| 11. Title: Readiness of youth in rural Ethiopia to seek health services for sexually transmitted infections. Author: Molla M; Emmelin M; Berhane Y; Lindtjorn B Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):135-146. Abstract: The authors performed a cross-sectional survey among 3,743 randomly selected youths ages 15–24 years in 2004, and in-depth interviews with 10 health care providers in 2006. Less than 38% of the youths knew the common STIs. Among the sexually active youths (n = 802), 3.9% reported having at least one STI symptom in the past 12 months, and half of those who had had an STI symptom did not seek care from any source. The healthcare providers reported that the stigma associated with premarital sexual activity, the shamefulness of having an STI, and a perceived lack of confidentiality and uneasiness with the public health services were impediments to treatment-seeking in the study area. The youths in this study preferred to consult with health care providers of the same gender who were young, friendly, and had a reputation for being empathetic. Embarrassment about having an STI and fear of being noticed by a familiar individual were perceived barriers to seeking healthcare. The results suggest that young people are vulnerable to HIV exposure due to lack of knowledge about STIs and especially as a result of having an untreated STI. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | STIGMA | FEAR | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Emotions | Ethics Document Number: 339894 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Incontinence and trauma: sexual violence, female genital cutting and proxy measures of gynecological fistula. Author: Peterman A; Johnson K Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:971-979. Abstract: Obstetric fistula, characterized by urinary or fecal incontinence via the vagina, has begun to receive attention on the international public health agenda, however less attention has been given to traumatic fistula. Field reports indicate that trauma contributes to the burden of vaginal fistula, especially in regions wrought by civil unrest, however evidence is largely anecdotal or facility-based. This paper specifically examines the co-occurrence of incontinence and two potential sources of trauma: sexual violence and female genital cutting using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys in Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda and Ethiopia. Multivariate selection models are used to control for sampling differences by country. Results indicate that sexual violence is a significant determinant of incontinence in Rwanda and Malawi, however not in Uganda. Simulations predict that elimination of sexual violence would result in from a 7 to a 40% reduction of the total burden of incontinence. In contrast, no evidence is found that female genital cutting contributes to incontinence and this finding is robust for types of cutting and high risk samples. Results point to the importance of reinforcing prevention programs which seek to address prevention of sexual violence and for the integration of services to better serve women experiencing both sexual violence and incontinence. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | MALAWI | RWANDA | UGANDA | ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | SEXUAL ABUSE | VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Central | Africa, Eastern | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Urogenital Effects | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 340216 |
| 13. Title: Prevalence and risk factors of gender-based violence committed by male college students in Awassa, Ethiopia. Author: Philpart M; Goshu M; Gelaye B; Williams MA; Berhane Y Source: Violence and Victims. 2009;24(1):122-36. Abstract: We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the perpetration of gender-based violence among 1,378 male undergraduate students in Awassa, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Nearly a quarter (24.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.1-26.7) of students admitted perpetrating acts of gender-based violence during the current academic year. Approximately 15.8% (95% CI 13.7-17.9) of students reported physically abusing, and 16.9% (95% CI 14.8-19.0) reported committing acts of sexual violence against an intimate partner or nonpartner. Alcohol consumption, khat use (Catha edulis, a natural stimulant), combined use of alcohol and khat, and witnessing parental violence were risk factors for committing gender-based violent acts. These findings suggest an obvious need for effective prevention programs targeted toward changing social norms on the use of violence. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | MEN | STUDENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 341064 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Growing rejection of female genital cutting among women of reproductive age in Amhara, Ethiopia. Author: Rahlenbeck SI; Mekonnen W Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):443-452. Abstract: Data on female genital cutting are presented from 1942 women aged 15-49 years in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2005. Reportedly 69% (1333/1942) had undergone the procedure. Rates showed a secular decline, decreasing from 77% in women aged 45-49 years old to 59% in those age 15-24 years. Of women with daughters, 64% had at least one circumcised daughter. Again, prevalence declined from 78% in daughters of mothers aged 45-49 years to 45% in those aged 15-24 years. In logistic regression, controlling for maternal FGC status, age and religion, maternal education was a strong predictor of having a circumcised daughter. Fifty-four percent of respondents disapproved of the continuation of FGC. In logistic regression controlling for covariates, education and self-empowerment were factors associated with rejecting FGC. Women who had ever attended a school had a 4-fold increase in the odds of disapproving the practice than those who never did and respondents who scored high on empowerment indices had a 1.5-fold increase in the odds to favour discontinuation compared to women scoring low. Future efforts to eliminate this harmful practice should be particularly directed to illiterate populations in rural areas. Efforts strengthening women's empowerment will accelerate the progress of these programmes. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | RELIGION | SELF-PERCEPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 341090 |
| 15. Title: HIV/AIDS and exposure of healthcare workers to body fluids in Ethiopia: attitudes toward universal precautions. Author: Reda AA; Vandeweerd JM; Syre TR; Egata G Source: Journal of Hospital Infection. 2009 Feb;71(2):163-9. Abstract: There are no studies describing the attitude of healthcare workers (HCWs) towards universal precautions (UPs) in Ethiopia, in the context of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. We investigated HCWs' knowledge and perceptions concerning UPs and exposure to blood and body fluids in two regions of eastern Ethiopia. All HCWs in 19 health institutions were surveyed using a questionnaire for data collection. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis using logistic regression were performed. The HCWs had insufficient knowledge and perception of UPs, along with a one-year prevalence of needlestick injury of 29.1% (95% confidence interval: 24.2-34.0). Policies and more intensive training are required for HCWs in Ethiopia. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HIV PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | BLOOD | HYGIENE | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | SYRINGE | NEEDLE PIERCING | PREVALENCE | HEALTH POLICY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Sociocultural Factors | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Risk Behavior | Measurement | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 331111 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Health services utilization during terminal illness in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Reniers G; Tesfai R Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2009 Jul;24(4):312-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVES We describe modern and alternative health services use in terminal illness of adults, and assess whether utilization patterns of TB/AIDS patients are distinct from those of patients suffering from other illnesses. METHODS Data are from post-mortem interviews with close relatives or caretakers of the deceased. We provide descriptive statistics of health care utilization in adults and discuss their covariates in multivariate analyses. RESULTS Over 85% of terminally sick patients visited a modern medical facility, but less than 40% spent more than 24 hours in a medical facility and only 25% died in one. Traditional healer (11%) and holy water (46%) visits offer a common treatment and healing alternative, but these visits do not co-vary in any consistent manner with the utilization of modern medical services. In terms of the cause of death, we find a higher contact rate with both modern and alternative medical service providers among TB/AIDS patients compared with those suffering from other medical conditions. The duration of illness seems to account for a good share of that variability. Other covariates of health services utilization are socio-economic status, education and age. CONCLUSIONS The contact rate of adults with modern medical facilities in terminal illness is almost universal, but their usage intensity is rather low. Alternative curative options are less commonly used, and do not exclude modern health services use. This suggests that both types of services are considered complements rather than alternatives for each other. Because the contact rate with health service providers is greatest for TB/AIDS patients, it is unlikely that HIV/AIDS-related stigma is an impediment to seeking care. We cannot exclude, however, that it delays health-seeking behaviour. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADULTS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | MORTALITY | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | CAUSES OF DEATH | TUBERCULOSIS | AIDS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342990 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Implications of the HIV testing protocol for refusal bias in seroprevalence surveys. Author: Reniers G; Araya T; Berhane Y; Davey G; Sanders EJ Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 May 28;9(1):163. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: HIV serosurveys have become important sources of HIV prevalence estimates, but these estimates may be biased because of refusals and other forms of non-response. We investigate the effect of the post-test counseling study protocol on bias due to the refusal to be tested. METHODS: Data come from a nine-month prospective study of hospital admissions in Addis Ababa during which patients were approached for an HIV test. Patients had the choice between three consent levels: testing and post-test counseling (including the return of HIV test results), testing without post-test counseling, and total refusal. For all patients, information was collected on basic sociodemographic background characteristics as well as admission diagnosis. The three consent levels are used to mimic refusal bias in serosurveys with different post-test counseling study protocols. We first investigate the covariates of consent for testing. Second, we quantify refusal bias in HIV prevalence estimates using Heckman regression models that account for sample selection. RESULTS: Refusal to be tested positively correlates with admission diagnosis (and thus HIV status), but the magnitude of refusal bias in HIV prevalence surveys depends on the study protocol. Bias is larger when post-test counseling and the return of HIV test results is a prerequisite of study participation (compared to a protocol where test results are not returned to study participants, or, where there is an explicit provision for respondents to forego post-test counseling). We also find that consent for testing increased following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Other covariates of refusal are age (non-linear effect), gender (higher refusal rates in men), marital status (lowest refusal rates in singles), educational status (refusal rate increases with educational attainment), and counselor. CONCLUSIONS: The protocol for post-test counseling and the return of HIV test results to study participants is an important consideration in HIV prevalence surveys that wish to minimize refusal bias. The availability of ART is likely to reduce refusal rates. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | BIAS | COUNSELING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | INFORMED CONSENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Error Sources | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Document Number: 341483 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Steep declines in population-level AIDS mortality following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Reniers G; Araya T; Davey G; Nagelkerke N; Berhane Y; Coutinho R; Sanders EJ Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):511-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Assessments of population-level effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in Africa are rare. We use data from burial sites to estimate trends in adult AIDS mortality and the mitigating effects of ART in Addis Ababa. ART has been available since 2003, and for free since 2005. METHODS: To substitute for deficient vital registration, we use surveillance of burials at all cemeteries. We present trends in all-cause mortality, and estimate AIDS mortality (ages 20-64 years) from lay reports of causes of death. These lay reports are first used as a diagnostic test for the true cause of death. As reference standard, we use the cause of death established via verbal autopsy interviews conducted in 2004. The positive predictive value and sensitivity are subsequently used as anchors to estimate the number of AIDS deaths for the period 2001-2007. Estimates are compared with Spectrum projections. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2005, the number of AIDS deaths declined by 21.9 and 9.3% for men and women, respectively. Between 2005 and 2007, the number of AIDS deaths declined by 38.2 for men and 42.9% for women. Compared with the expected number in the absence of ART, the reduction in AIDS deaths in 2007 is estimated to be between 56.8 and 63.3%, depending on the coverage of the burial surveillance. CONCLUSION: Five years into the ART programme, adult AIDS mortality has been reduced by more than half. Following the free provision of ART in 2005, the decline accelerated and became more sex balanced. Substantial AIDS mortality, however, persists. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | AIDS | DEATH RATE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CAUSES OF DEATH | AUTOPSY | SEX FACTORS | MORTALITY DECLINE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | HIV | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341166 |
| 19. Title: Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs): Determining feasible water and feces management small doable actions for HIV programs in Ethiopia. Author: Seumo EF; Tesfay M; Rosenbaum J; Bery R Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], USAID Hygiene Improvement Project, 2009 Feb. 61 p. (Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs)USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-04-00024-00) Abstract: Diarrheal disease is the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) in resource limited settings. Diarrhea is very debilitating and negatively affects the PLWHA's quality of life. Household members and especially children are at risk of contracting diarrhea from PLWHA suffering from bouts of diarrhea. Improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) helps prevent diarrhea in PLWHA and their households and enhances the quality of life. The major challenge is how to integrate WASH into HIV programs. To address this challenge, USAID / HIP worked with NGOs providing home-based care services in Ethiopia to design and carry out a trial of improved practices (TIPs) to help identify the water, hygiene, and sanitation small doable actions (SDA) to be integrated into HIV programs. A rapid assessment was carried out in Amhara Region in December 2007. The SDA were reviewed with NGOs partners in Addis to identify the WASH behaviors to be explored in the TIPs. Water and feces management were the two areas that required more information and were thus selected for the TIPs. Further, despite the high risk of HIV transmission associated with menstrual blood, very little is known about HIV-positive women's hygiene practices during menstruation. To fill this gap, USAID / HIP also included this topic in the TIPs. For seven weeks trained data collectors and home-based care workers visited 62 PLWHA in Adama, Addis, Alemtena, and Wonji -- urban, peri-urban, and rural sites in the Oromo Region. USAID / HIP reviewed the findings from the Oromo and Amhara regions and developed recommendations on the WASH SDA to be integrated in the home-based care programs in Ethiopia. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WATER QUALITY | HYGIENE | SANITATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HOME CARE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DIARRHEA | MENSTRUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproduction Document Number: 331415 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Intensified tuberculosis case finding among HIV-Infected persons from a voluntary counseling and testing center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Shah S; Demissie M; Lambert L; Ahmed J; Leulseged S; Kebede T; Melaku Z; Mengistu Y; Lemma E; Wells CD; Wuhib T; Nelson LJ Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Apr 15;50(5):537-45. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate commonly available screening tests for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), using sputum bacteriology as a gold standard, in HIV-infected persons attending an urban voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. DESIGN: Prospective enrollment of HIV-infected persons, all of whom underwent TB screening, regardless of symptoms, with: (1) symptom screening and physical examination, (2) 3 sputum specimens for smear microscopy, and (3) chest radiograph. One sputum was also sent for concentrated smear microscopy and mycobacterial culture. Chest radiographs were reviewed by 2 independent radiologists. A confirmed TB diagnosis was defined as 1 positive sputum smear and/or 1 positive sputum culture. RESULTS: We enrolled 438 HIV-infected persons: 265 (61%) females, median age 34 years (range: 18-65), median CD4 cell count 181 cells per cubic millimeter (range: 2-1185). Overall, 32 (7%) persons were diagnosed with TB, of whom 5 (16%) were asymptomatic but culture-confirmed TB cases. Screening for cough >2 weeks would have detected only 12 (38%) confirmed TB cases; screening for cough or fever, of any duration, would have detected 24 (75%) cases, with specificity of 64%. Negative predictive value of screening for these 2 symptoms was 97%. Simulation of the current Ethiopian national guidelines had a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 83% for diagnosing TB disease among study patients. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional symptom screening is insufficient for detecting TB disease among HIV-infected persons but may serve to exclude TB disease. More sensitive, rapid, and low-cost diagnostic tests are needed to meet the demand of resource-limited settings. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SCREENING | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 331224 |
| 21. Title: The art of coalition building: A population, health, and environment consortium in Ethiopia. Author: Zuehlke E; Bremner J Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Apr. [1] p. Abstract: For more than a decade, PRB has nurtured national and international coalitions that address population, maternal and child health, global health priorities, and the environment. Sharing the successes and challenges of coalitions in similar contexts can motivate and instigate new coalitions. This article captures the experiences from a newly formed but rapidly advancing coalition focused on population, health, and environment issues in Ethiopia, with the hope that their experience will be valuable to similar nascent groups in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. (Excerpt). Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | PUBLIC HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 331348 |
| 22. Title: Achieving results in antenatal care: Improving maternal and newborn outcomes through integration of services. Author: JHPIEGO. Access to Clinical and Community Maternal, Neonatal and Women’s Health Services Program [ACCESS] Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, ACCESS Program, 2008 Jun. [4] p. Abstract: This selection addresses the efforts made and planned by the ACCESS program to improve maternal and newborn outcomes through the integration of services. Efforts made, such as increasing advocacy and global learning, attempting to bring research data into practice, and applying best practices to the country level, are discussed. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | TANZANIA | RWANDA | AFGHANISTAN | MALAWI | INDIA | NIGERIA | GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | ANEMIA | MALARIA | TUBERCULOSIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | TETANUS | IMMUNIZATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Southern | Africa, Western | Maternal Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Reproductive Tract Infections | Viral Diseases | Management | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331786 |
| 23. Title: The USAID | DELIVER Project in Ethiopia. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2008 May. [2] p. Abstract: Brief describing the USAID | DELIVER Project's work in Ethiopia. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | LOGISTICS | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | USAID | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM DESIGN | IMPLEMENTATION | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | ADVOCACY | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Management | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Contraceptive Availability | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication Document Number: 331678 |
| 24. Title: Nutrition of young children and women in Ethiopia. Findings from the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Author: Macro International. MEASURE DHS Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Sep. 32 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Nutritional Report No. 3) Abstract: This chartbook is based on data from the 2005 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Among the tables and charts are those for malnutrition, infant and child mortality, stunting, Diarrhea, feeding practices, anemia, and vitamin supplementation. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | NUTRITION INDEXES | WOMEN | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | CHILD SURVIVAL | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | CHANGES | ANEMIA | BODY WEIGHT | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | DIARRHEA | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Physiology | Biology | Infections Document Number: 330109 |
| 25. Title: Ethiopia Reproductive Health / Family Planning (RH / FP) Project. Cooperative Agreement Number: 663-A-00-02-00385-00. Five years project close-out report (October 1, 2002 - September 30, 2007). Author: Pathfinder International Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Pathfinder International, 2008 Jan 11. 40 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-02-00385-00) Abstract: The Ethiopia Family Planning and Reproductive Health Project was a five years project that has been implemented with the cooperative agreement with USAID and with 46 implementing partner organizations. The project focused on providing integrated family planning and reproductive health services and improving health care service delivery primarily in the four major regions of the country. Under this project Pathfinder has been working to achieve the eight outcomes as stated under the cooperative agreement with USAID: 1. Health of families at the rural level improved; 2. Contraceptive prevalence rate increased; 3. Post abortion care enhanced; 4. HIV / AIDS prevention increased; 5. Quality of RH services improved; 6. Woreda, zonal, and regional capacity to develop, manage and implement community-based services enhanced; 7. Community capacity to develop and manage community-based health services improved; 8. Gender issues addressed. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | COORDINATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Programs | Training Programs | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 331606 |
| 26. Title: Service delivery-based training for long-acting family planning methods: client / provider satisfaction assessment. Author: Pathfinder International Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Pathfinder International, 2008 Jan. 6 p. (Pathfinder No. 4) Abstract: In 2007, the RH/FP Project surveyed current LAFP users, LAFP discontinuers, CBRHAs who refer potential clients, health care providers who deliver LAFPs, and managers of those facilities where such services are provided. The survey sought to understand the quality of care issues surrounding the use and delivery of LAFP. A total of 806 current users, (795 implant and 11 IUCD), were selected from the regions of Oromiya, Amhara, Tigray, and SNNP, following a multi-stage sampling procedure. Twenty-nine former users of implants were interviewed, as were 42 CBRHAs, 19 providers (nurses and midwives) trained by the program, and 21 health facility managers. The findings are being used to design activities to improve the training and quality of care of LAFP. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | EVALUATION REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TIME FACTORS | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 325472 |
| 27. Title: A study on violence against girls in primary schools and its impacts on girls’ education in Ethiopia. Author: Save the Children Denmark; Ethiopia. Ministry of Education; Ethiopia. Ministry of Women's Affairs Source: Copenhagen, Denmark, Save the Children Denmark, 2008 May. 105 p. Abstract: This paper identifies and analyzes the types, prevalence, major causes, and effects of violence against girls in schools in Ethiopia. It also assesses the availability and effectiveness of anti-violence policies, rules, and regulations and concludes with recommendations on ways to reduce violence against school girls. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | VIOLENCE | RAPE | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVALENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | SOCIAL POLICY | LEGISLATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Schools | Education | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 329550 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Extended-dose nevirapine to 6 weeks of age for infants to prevent HIV transmission via breastfeeding in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda: an analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Author: Six Week Extended-Dose Nevirapine Study Team Source: Lancet. 2008 Jul 26;372(9635):300-313. Abstract: Background: UNICEF/WHO recommends that infants born to HIV-infected mothers who do not have access to acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe replacement feeding should be exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months. The aim of three trials in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda was to assess whether daily nevirapine given to breastfed infants through 6 weeks of age can decrease HIV transmission via breastfeeding. Methods: HIV-infected women breastfeeding their infants were eligible for participation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either single-dose nevirapine (nevirapine 200 mg to women in labour and nevirapine 2 mg/kg to newborns after birth) or 6 week extended-dose nevirapine (nevirapine 200 mg to women in labour and nevirapine 2 mg/kg to newborn babies after birth plus nevirapine 5 mg daily from days 8-42 for the infant). The randomisation sequences were generated by computer at a central data coordinating centre. The primary endpoint was HIV infection at 6 months of age in infants who were HIV PCR negative at birth. Analyses were by modified intention to treat, excluding infants with missing specimens and those with indeterminate or confirmed HIV infection at birth. These studies are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT00074399, NCT00061321, and NCT00639938. Findings: 2024 liveborn infants randomised in the study had at least one specimen tested before 6 months of age (1047 infants in the single-dose group and 977 infants in the extended-dose group). The modified intention-to-treat population included 986 infants in the single-dose group and 901 in the extended-dose group. At 6 months, 87 children in the single-dose group and 62 in the extended-dose group were infected with HIV (relative risk 0.80, 95% CI 0.58-1.10; p=0.16). At 6 weeks of age, 54 children in the single-dose group and 25 in the extended-dose group were HIV positive (0.54, 0.34-0.85; p=0.009). 393 infants in the single-dose group and 346 in the extended-dose group experienced grade 3 or 4 serious adverse events during the study (p=0.54). Interpretation: Although a 6-week regimen of daily nevirapine might be associated with a reduction in the risk of HIV transmission at 6 weeks of age, the lack of a significant reduction in the primary endpoint-risk of HIV transmission at 6 months-suggests that a longer course of daily infant nevirapine to prevent HIV transmission via breast milk might be more effective where access to affordable and safe replacement feeding is not yet available and where the risks of replacement feeding are high. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ETHIOPIA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHERS | INFANT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV TRANSMISSION | TREATMENT | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327890 |
| 29. Title: African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control – report on task force meeting, July 2008. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record / Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2008 Aug 22;83(34):307-312. Abstract: The fifth annual meeting of national onchocerciasis task forces was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 1 to 5 July 2008. It was attended by representatives from 10 countries and from nongovernmental development organizations supporting onchocerciasis control in Africa. The meeting was organized and financed by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control and the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. The Addis Ababa meeting updated data on activities using community-directed treatment with ivermectin, especially focusing on governments' financial contributions to control activities, ivermectin distribution, the training of health workers and community-directed distributors and the co-implementation of onchocerciasis control activities with other health interventions. Participants also shared experiences on programme implementation, success stories and lessons learnt, and also discussed how to address identifiable challenges and weaknesses in order to improve programme performance. The meeting was also an opportunity for countries to prepare presentations for the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control's governing board, the Joint Action Forum, which holds its fourteenth session in Kampala, Uganda, in December 2008. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ONCHOCERCIASIS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | TREATMENT | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 329506 |
| 30. Title: Early marriage in Ethiopia: Causes and health consequences. Author: Alemu B Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(1):4-6. Abstract: Advocates for gender equality and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices (HTPs) argue that early marriage is one of the most harmful practices as it usually denies girls educational opportunities, leads to poverty and economic insecurity and has a serious negative impact on their health and decision-making capacities. It also reinforces other forms of gender-based violence and problems. Early marriage is mostly common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It is rampant in Ethiopia, although prevalence varies from one region to another. At the national level, 62% of Ethiopian women aged 20-49 get married before the age of 18. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | CULTURE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL MOBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | |