1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Universal voluntary HIV testing and immediate antiretroviral therapy [letter] Author: Assefa Y; Lera M Source: Lancet. 2009 Mar 28;373(9669):1080; author reply 1080-1. Abstract: Reuben Granich and colleagues use mathematical models to show that annual screening of most adults for HIV, with immediate commencement of antiretroviral therapy for all infected, would strikingly reduce HIV incidence. The findings are very interesting. We would like to share our lessons from Ethiopia. Ethiopia had a millennium AIDS campaign with the objective of increasing the number of people tested for HIV through universal voluntary counselling and testing and providing antiretroviral treatment for eligible patients. We were able to increase the number of people tested in 1 year from 560 000 in 2005/06 to 4.6 million in 2007/08. The number of patients started on antiretroviral therapy per month increased from 3500 to more than 5700. Even though we accomplished a lot in terms of HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy provision, we had challenges during the rapid scale-up of these services. We learnt that mass testing is very resource-intensive and needs a strong health system, including adequate human resources and a continuous supply of commodities. As a result, our current guiding principle is "high yield" and "high impact" through targeted testing of most-at-risk populations: patients with tuberculosis or sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnant women. Universal voluntary HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy provision might be effective in reducing HIV transmission, but with the current health system constraints in many sub-Saharan African countries such as Ethiopia, it is really not feasible to practise it. We recommend "high yield" and "high impact" HIV testing with early initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and improved adherence and retention of patients in care and treatment. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | THEORETICAL MODELS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | BEST PRACTICES | HIV PREVENTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | TIME FACTORS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ETHICS | NOTIFICATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation Indexes | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 330977 |
| 2. Title: Unhygienic male circumcision procedures and HIV transmission [letter] Author: Brewer DD; Potterat JJ; Roberts JM Jr; Brody S Source: South African Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;99(1):11-2. Abstract: This first letter to the editor discusses the tendency to emphasize either cost or effectiveness in the evaluation of medicines rather than a systematic analysis that incorporates both considerations. The second disputes the association between circumcision and HIV infection prevalence rates in South Africans and hypothesizes that often unhygienic circumcision procedures among black South Africans may facilitate HIV transmission. The third letter argues in favor of male circumcision and discusses the findings from the study from Orange Farm. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | PREVALENCE | YOUTH | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | ETHICS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | RISK FACTORS | SURGERY | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341056 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Surgical task shifting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Chu K; Rosseel P; Gielis P; Ford N Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 May 19;6(5):e1000078. Abstract: Surgically treatable problems account for a significant proportion of disease burden in resourcelimited settings, but are neglected due to lack of skilled professionals, adequate infrastructure and equipment, and the perception that surgical services are complex and expensive. In the absence of trained surgeons, surgical tasks are often performed by non-specialist physicians and non-physician clinicians. While evaluations have proven the effectiveness of such task shifting, this is often done de facto, with little supervisory or training framework in place. As efforts increase to scale up surgical care in the developing world, a number of important lessons from task shifting in the field of HIV/AIDS care could serve to support task shifting in surgery. These include clearly defining the limits of task shifting, ensuring adequate training and supervision, providing adequate recognition and remuneration, developing simplified tools and guidelines, ensuring engagement with regulatory bodies, and mobilizing community health workers. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SURGERY | ANESTHESIA | HUMAN RESOURCES | TRAINING PROGRAMS | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | SUPERVISION | ETHICS | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Economic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341772 |
| 4. Title: Access to medications and medical care after participation in HIV clinical trials: a systematic review of trial protocols and informed consent documents. Author: Ciaranello AL; Walensky RP; Sax PE; Chang Y; Freedberg KA; Weissman JS Source: HIV Clinical Trials. 2009 Jan-Feb;10(1):13-24. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Expectations regarding receipt of medications and medical care after clinical trials conclude may inform decisions about trial participation. We describe the frequency with which these posttrial services are described in the protocols and informed consent forms (ICFs) of antiretroviral drug (ARV) trials. METHOD: We systematically reviewed protocols and ICFs from Phase 3 and 4 antiretroviral trials in adults (> or = 12 years) from 1987 to 2006. Pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trials were selected from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documentation and Clinicaltrials.gov. Trials administered by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) were selected from the ACTG online registry. ACTG- and industry-provided protocols and ICFs were reviewed in full. The primary outcome was any mention of posttrial services, defined as any text regarding posttrial medications or medical care. RESULTS: Complete trial documents were available for 31 (48%) of 65 trials meeting inclusion criteria. Documents from 14 trials (45%) mentioned any posttrial service: 12 (39%) mentioned medications, and 5 (16%) mentioned medical care. Payment for trial participation (74%) and for care for trial-related injury (94%) were mentioned more often than were posttrial services. CONCLUSIONS: Posttrial medications or medical care was mentioned in the trial documents of <50% of reviewed antiretroviral trials. Improved efforts are needed to clearly describe posttrial services in clinical trial protocols and ICFs. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADULTS | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | INFORMED CONSENT | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341817 |
| 5. Title: Affordability--the forgotten criterion in health-care priority setting [editorial] Author: Cleary SM; McIntyre D Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18(4):373-5. Abstract: The authors argue both for the importance of mathematical programming as a technique for the economic evaluation of alternative HIV-treatment strategies in South Africa and affordability as a criterion in priority setting. The consequences of not considering affordability, efficiency and equity issues are likely to be a very heavy burden on the health budget and a large opportunity cost in terms of other interventions. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH POLICY | GOALS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EFFICIENCY | ECONOMICS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ETHICS | PROGRAM APPROPRIATENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Social Sciences | Science | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 341832 |
| 6. Title: Healthcare responsibilities and conscientious objection. Author: Cook RJ; Olaya MA; Dickens BM Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar;104(3):249-52. Abstract: The Constitutional Court of Colombia has issued a decision of international significance clarifying legal duties of providers, hospitals, and healthcare systems when conscientious objection is made to conducting lawful abortion. The decision establishes objecting providers' duties to refer patients to non-objecting providers, and that hospitals, clinics, and other institutions have no rights of conscientious objection. Their professional and legal duties are to ensure that patients receive timely services. Hospitals and other administrators cannot object, because they do not participate in the procedures they are obliged to arrange. Objecting providers, and hospitals, must maintain knowledge of non-objecting providers to whom their patients must be referred. Accordingly, medical schools must adequately train, and licensing authorities approve, non-objecting providers. Where they are unavailable, midwives and perhaps nurse practitioners may be trained, equipped, and approved for appropriate service delivery. The Court's decision has widespread implications for how healthcare systems must accommodate conscientious objection and patients' legal rights. Language: English Keywords: COLOMBIA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | ABORTION LAW | COURT DECISION | CONSTITUTION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Litigation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341638 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethical Considerations in HIV/AIDS Biobehavioral Surveys That Use Respondent-Driven Sampling: Illustrations From Lebanon. Author: Dejong J; Mahfoud Z; Khoury D; Barbir F; Afifi RA Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 16; Abstract: Respondent-driven sampling is especially useful for reaching hidden populations and is increasingly used internationally in public health research, particularly on HIV. Respondent-driven sampling involves peer recruitment and has a dual-incentive structure: both recruiters and their peer recruits are paid. Recent literature focusing on the ethical dimensions of this method in the US context has identified integral safeguards that protect against ethical violations. We analyzed a study of 3 groups in Lebanon who are at risk for HIV (injection drug users, men who have sex with men, female sex workers) and the ethical issues that arose. More explicit attention should be given to ethical issues involved in research implementing respondent-driven sampling of at-risk populations in developing countries, where ethical review mechanisms may be weak. Language: English Keywords: LEBANON | SUMMARY REPORT | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | RESPONDENTS | IV DRUG USERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | Middle East | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342038 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Towards a sexual ethics of rights and responsibilities. Author: Dixon-Mueller R; Germain A; Fredrick B; Bourne K Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):111-119. Abstract: Sexual rights as human rights encompass individual freedoms and social entitlements. Both depend for their realisation on equally important social responsibilities on the part of individuals, couples, families, other social institutions, and the State. The principle that all persons must understand their own sexual rights and responsibilities and respect the equal rights of others - particularly those of their sexual partners - informs our interpretation of the ethical basis of sexual behaviours. We propose a conceptual framework for defining a sexual ethics of equal rights and responsibilities pertaining to five dimensions of sexual behaviour: 1) sexual relationships and the right to choose one’s partner; 2) sexual expression and the right to seek pleasure; 3) sexual consequences and the right to cooperation from one’s partner; 4) sexual harm and the right to protection; and 5) sexual health and the right to information, education and health services. We suggest that the ethical principles presented here pertaining to sexual partnerships should be incorporated into sexuality education, sexual and reproductive health services, and social policies aimed at promoting the health and rights of all persons regardless of gender, marital status, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity and other personal or group identities. Spanish Abstract: Los derechos sexuales como derechos humanos abarcan libertades individuales y derechos sociales. La realización de ambos depende de responsabilidades sociales de igual importancia por parte de particulares, parejas, familias, otras instituciones sociales y el Estado. El principio de que todas las personas deben comprender sus propios derechos y responsabilidades sexuales y respetar la igualdad de derechos de los demás, particularmente de las parejas sexuales, influye en nuestra interpretación de la base ética de los comportamientos sexuales. Proponemos un marco conceptual para definir la ética sexual de la igualdad de derechos y responsabilidades concernientes a cinco dimensiones del comportamiento sexual: 1) relaciones sexuales y el derecho de escoger su pareja; 2) expresión sexual y el derecho de buscar placer; 3) consecuencias sexuales y el derecho a la cooperación de la pareja; 4) daño sexual y el derecho a la protección; y 5) salud sexual y el derecho a la información, educación y servicios de salud. Sugerimos que los principios éticos aquí presentados concernientes a las parejas sexuales se incorporen en la educación sexual, los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y las políticas sociales destinadas a promover la salud y los derechos de cada persona independientemente de su sexo, estado civil, orientación sexual, religión, etnia y otras identidades personales o de grupo. French Abstract: Les droits sexuels en tant que droits de l’homme englobent les libertés individuelles et les prestations sociales. La réalisation de ces deux types de droits dépend de responsabilités sociales aussi importantes de la part des individus, des couples, des familles, d’autres institutions sociales et de l’État. Notre interprétation du fondement éthique des comportements sexuels est basée sur le principe selon lequel tous les individus doivent comprendre leurs responsabilités et leurs droits sexuels, et respecter l’égalité des droits de l’autre, en particulier leurs partenaires sexuels. Nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour définir une éthique sexuelle d’égalité des droits et des responsabilités touchant cinq dimensions du comportement sexuel : 1) les relations sexuelles et le droit de choisir son partenaire ; 2) l’expression sexuelle et le droit de rechercher le plaisir ; 3) les conséquences sexuelles et le droit à la coopération du partenaire ; 4) les atteintes sexuelles et le droit à la protection ; et 5) la santé sexuelle et le droit à des services d’information, d’éducation et de santé. Nous recommandons que les principes éthiques présentés ici sur les partenariats sexuels soient intégrés dans l’éducation sexuelle, les services de santé génésique et les politiques sociales de promotion de la santé et des droits de toutes les personnes, quels que soient leur sexe, leur état civil, leur orientation sexuelle, leur religion, leur origine ethnique et autres identités personnelles ou collectives. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | ETHICS | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEX EDUCATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Health | Education | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342020 |
| 9. Title: Youth as research fieldworkers in a context of HIV/AIDS Author: Francis D; Hemson C Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):223-230. Abstract: While youth-to-youth research approaches have increased in both popularity and practice, our understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying the successes or failures of 'peer researchers' is still developing. This study addresses the question through qualitative research, drawing on observations of the process of training out-of-school youths as research fieldworkers, reflections on the interviews with respondents, and focus group discussions with the young fieldworkers. The authors found several advantages to using fieldworkers who are close in their characteristics to that of respondents. These benefits included ready access to respondents, the immediate use of language appropriate to the respondents, and an ability to swiftly establish rapport. They authors also observed several limitations: the peer researchers struggled with the wish of some respondents to establish supportive friendships with them, they lacked the authority of an academic researcher, and they sometimes resorted to false promises in attempts to get cooperation. The authors conclude that using youths as peer researchers is neither better nor worse than using professional researchers, but each approach can produce its own challenges and possibilities. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | INTERVIEWERS | PEER GROUPS | HIV INFECTIONS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | POWER | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | LANGUAGE | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survey Personnel | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 339895 |
| 10. Title: Strategies and ethical considerations for the recruitment of young men who have sex with men: challenges of a vaccination trial in Mexico. Author: Gutierrez-Lund A; Angeles-Llerenas A; Wirtz VJ; Del Rio AA; Zamilpa-Mejia L Source: Clinical Trials. 2009;6(4):365-372. Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe and analyze recruitment strategies, ethical considerations, and recruitment outcomes from a study to evaluate the efficacy the human papilloma virus vaccine in young men who have sex with men (MSM). The recruitment settings were university and community sites in the state of Morelos, Mexico. To be eligible, participants had to be men between 18 and 23 years old who were free of anal-genital lesions as confirmed by clinical exploration, HIV negative, with no history of sexual relations with female partners, and with fewer than five male lifetime sexual partners. Recruitment goals were 25 study participants in a four and a half month period. In addition to traditional recruitment strategies (flyers and media advertising, specific training of the recruitment team, and adequate choice of recruitment sites), local leaders in the MSM community were engaged in the process. In total, 723 MSM were initially contacted, 243 filled out the recruitment questionnaire, of which 151 met the criteria to be invited to the clinical examination. After clinical examination and interviews with the recruitment team, 131 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of whom 73 were enrolled in the study. Attending meetings with MSM activist organizations was the most successful recruitment strategy (326), followed by recruitment at bars and dance clubs (107). Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | YOUTH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | VACCINATION | HPV | ETHICS | PARTICIPATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 339912 |
| 11. Title: Late termination of pregnancy: a comparison of obstetricians' experience in eight European countries. Author: Habiba M; Da Fre M; Taylor DJ; Arnaud C; Bleker O; Lingman G; Gomez MM; Gratia P; Heyl W; Viafora C Author: EUROBS Study Group Source: BJOG. 2009 Sep;116(10):1340-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the experience and attitude of obstetricians in Europe towards late termination of pregnancy and the factors affecting their responses. DESIGN: Cluster sampling cross-sectional survey. All neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-associated maternity units were recruited (census sampling) in Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden. In France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, units were selected at random. In every recruited unit, all obstetricians with at least 6 months' experience were invited to participate. SETTING: NICU-associated maternity units in eight European countries. POPULATION: Obstetricians with at least 6 months' clinical experience. METHODS: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used. Multinomial logistic analysis was used to identify factors predicting the obstetricians' views about modifying the law governing late termination in their country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Obstetricians' experience of late termination of pregnancy and views about national policies. RESULTS: One hundred and five units and 1530 obstetricians participated (response rates 70 and 77% respectively). The most common indications for late termination were congenital anomalies and women's physical health. Feticide was not common except in France, Luxembourg and the UK. Active euthanasia of a liveborn was practiced in France and the Netherlands. Obstetricians in Germany were more likely to feel that late termination should be more severely restricted, the opposite was true in Spain and the Netherlands. In Italy, there was dissatisfaction with current status, but opinion was divided, reflecting views on both sides of the debate. CONCLUSIONS: This research outlines current practice in a difficult and sensitive area and suggests the need for more discussion and support for all those who were involved. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | OBSTETRICS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, THIRD TRIMESTER | EUTHANASIA | ULTRASONICS | ATTITUDES | QUESTIONNAIRES | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | ETHICS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Religion Document Number: 342944 Notification |
| 12. Title: CULTURE AND GENETIC SCREENING IN AFRICA. Author: Jegede AS Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2009 Aug 3; Abstract: Africa is a continent in transition amidst a revival of cultural practices. Over previous years the continent was robbed of the benefits of medical advances by unfounded cultural practices surrounding its cultural heritage. In a fast moving field like genetic screening, discussions of social and policy aspects frequently need to take place at an early stage to avoid the dilemma encountered by Western medicine. This paper, examines the potential challenges to genetic screening in Africa. It discusses how cultural practices may affect genetic screening. It views genomics science as a culture which is trying to diffuse into another one. It argues that understanding the existing culture will help the diffusion process. The paper emphasizes the importance of genetic screening for Africa, by assessing the current level of burden of diseases in the continent and shows its role in reducing disease prevalence. The paper identifies and discusses the cultural challenges that are likely to confront genetic screening on the continent, such as the worldview, rituals and taboos, polygyny, culture of son preference and so on. It also discusses cultural practices that may promote the science such as inheritance practices, spouse selection practices and naming patterns. Factors driving the cultural challenges are identified and discussed, such as socialization process, patriarchy, gender, belief system and so on. Finally, the paper discusses the way forward and highlights the ethical considerations of doing genetic screening on the continent. However, the paper also recognizes that African culture is not monolithic and therefore makes a case for exceptions. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHICS | GENETICS | INFORMED CONSENT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 342535 |
| 13. Title: Why emergency contraception remains controversial [editorial] Author: Jones DA; Stammers T Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):5-7. Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of primary care trusts in the UK offering free provision of the emergency pill to girls under the age of 16. To date, there is no published evidence that these trusts have seen greater reductions in conception rates than areas without such provision. An editorial in the British Medical Journal cited ten studies worldwide showing that widespread availability of EC has made no appreciable difference to pregnancy or abortion rates. A subsequent US review of 23 studies from 10 countries again showed no significant differences in either unintended conception rates or abortion rates between women with increased availability of EC and control groups. In summary, while there is good scientific evidence that "emergency contraception can work (is efficacious), the experimental evidence that it does work (is effective) is disappointing." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | CRITIQUE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ETHICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330066 |
| 14. Title: Adolescent and youth reproductive health care and confidentiality FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 25; Abstract: This report provides background and specific recommendations on issues surrounding adolescent and youth reproductive health care and confidentiality. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | INFORMED CONSENT | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Services | Education | Political Factors Document Number: 341503 |
| 16. Title: Ethics in family planning FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 16; Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of obstetrics, gynecology, and women's health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ETHICS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ABORTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MALE ROLE | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Political Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 331125 Notification |
| 17. Title: Pregnancy and HIV-positive patients FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 25; Abstract: This report contains background issues about pregnancy and HIV-positive patients and specific recommendations for each issue. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | ETHICS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | LITIGATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Social Problems | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341458 |
| 18. Title: Is there coercion or undue inducement to participate in health research in developing countries? An example from Rakai, Uganda. Author: Nalugoda F; Wagman J; Kiddugavu M; Kiwanuka N; Garrett E; Gray RH; Serwadda D; Wawer MJ; Emanuel EJ Source: Journal of Clinical Ethics. 2009 Summer;20(2):141-9. Abstract: This study looks at the question, "Is there coercion and undue inducement to participate in health research in developing countries?" The study in Uganda found that there is little data to support the claim that coercion and undue inducement are difficult to avoid when conducting research studies in poor, developing countries and many Ugandan people were able to decline participation and decline biological samples in a study of STDs and HIV in the Rakai district. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | INFORMED CONSENT | ETHICS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PARTICIPATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV PREVENTION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Clinical Research | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases Document Number: 342151 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethical and social issues facing obstetricians in low-income countries. Author: Ogwuegbu CC; Eze OH Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):237-49. Abstract: A review of publications on ethical and social issues from low-income countries was done with the aim of highlighting the major ethical and social issues facing obstetricians in these countries. Low-income countries were identified using the World Health Organization income group classification of member nations. Obstetricians in low-income countries face a wide range of special social and ethical issues that reflect the peculiarities of their practice environment characterized by poverty, low education, deep attachment to tradition and culture, low social status of women, and high levels of physician's paternalism. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | PHYSICIANS | OBSTETRICS | ETHICS | POVERTY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | DECISION MAKING | INFORMED CONSENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Traditional Health Practices | Culture Document Number: 342174 |
| 20. Title: Pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding emergency contraception. Author: Ragland D; West D Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2009 Apr 7;73(2):26. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding emergency contraception. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of students prior to a regular class period. The 16-item survey instrument included both multiple-choice and true/false questions to assess knowledge and Likert-type scale questions regarding attitudes and behaviors. Frequency and descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. RESULTS: Three hundred one pharmacy students were surveyed. Eighty-seven percent knew that Plan B had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for nonprescription use, yet 33% believed that it worked by disrupting a newly implanted ovum. On a scale from 1-5 on which 5 = strongly agree, the mean item score was 1.5 for whether nonprescription emergency contraception should be available without counseling by a pharmacist, yet only 26.7% believed they were competent instructing patients on the use of emergency contraception. CONCLUSIONS: Additional education is needed to prepare pharmacy students to provide informed pharmaceutical care to patients seeking emergency contraception, especially given the passage of legislation making the pharmacy the point of access for some emergency contraception products. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | PHARMACISTS | ETHICS | CURRICULUM | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341577 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Conducting unlinked anonymous HIV surveillance in developing countries: ethical, epidemiological, and public health concerns. Author: Rennie S; Turner AN; Mupenda B; Behets F Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Jan 20;6(1):e4. Abstract: Data collected from HIV surveillance are crucial to guide public health interventions, planning, and prevention efforts. The practice of UAT, an important form of HIV surveillance, raises ethical, epidemiological, and public health challenges in low-income countries. Some ways of conducting UAT in the field violate the spirit and/or the letter of international ethical guidelines. Vulnerable populations, such as sex workers, may be subject to unjust treatment by local health authorities during HIV surveillance initiatives. Conducting UAT in ethically and epidemiologically sound ways in low-income countries requires a multifaceted approach including local capacity building, community engagement, and increased access to HIV and STI testing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DATA COLLECTION | TARGET POPULATION | ETHICS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV TESTING | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Sustainability | Program Evaluation Document Number: 330707 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Planning for Posttrial Access to Antiretroviral Treatment for Research Participants in Developing Countries. Author: Shah S; Elmer S; Grady C Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 16; Abstract: Despite recognition of the importance of posttrial access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the implementation process has not been studied. We examined whether National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidance was being implemented in NIH-funded ART trials conducted in developing countries between July 2005 and June 2007. All of the 18 studies we identified had posttrial access plans for trial participants. More than 70% had specific mechanisms for posttrial access, but none guaranteed long-term sponsor funding after the trials. The plans reflected variation in local contexts and the uncertainty of predicting local conditions in the long term. The strength of the NIH guidance may be that it encourages investigators to formulate plans in advance and to work with other stakeholders to provide access to ART. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | TREATMENT | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Program Evaluation Document Number: 342040 |
| 23. Title: "It's 100% for me": hospital practitioners' perspectives on mandatory HIV testing. Author: Sheikh K; Porter JD Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009 Jul-Sep;6(3):132-7. Abstract: This article explores the thinking of medical practitioners working in nine hospitals spread across five cities in India, on a contested subject--mandatory HIV testing of patients prior to surgery. We used in-depth interviews with practitioners and an interpretive analytical approach to understand their decisions to conduct mandatory tests. While many in the public health community see mandatory testing as an unacceptable violation of patient autonomy, the practitioners widely regarded it as a valuable cost-saving innovation for obviating transmission of infection during surgery. These conceptions are rooted in the day-to-day logic of practice which defines practitioners' actions--imperative of personal security, investment in core occupational roles and the importance of harmonious relations with co-workers. The experiences of hospitals with contrasting policies on mandatory HIV testing shows how an approach that balances patients' needs with an appreciation of practitioners' perspectives may result in more workable solutions for field-level ethical dilemmas. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | PREOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | HOSPITALS | INTERVIEWS | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Surgery | Treatment | Health Facilities | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Safety | Public Health | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 342878 |
24.  Title: South African national HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey 2008: a turning tide among teenagers? Author: Shisana O; Rehle T; Simbayi LC; Zuma K; Jooste S Source: Cape Town, South Africa, HSRC Press, 2009. [116] p. Abstract: This report is the third in a series of population-based HIV seroprevalence surveys that started in 2002 and were repeated in 2005 and again in 2008. The survey found that South Africa's HIV epidemic has leveled off at a prevalence of 10.9 percent for people aged two years and older, with 5.2 million people estimated to be living with HIV in 2008. HIV prevalence has also declined among children aged 2-14, from 5.6 percent in 2002 to 2.5 percent in 2008, and a decline in new infections has also been noted among teenagers aged 15-19. But the survey warns that the overall situation remains "dire" since South Africa has the world's largest HIV-positive population. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | INCIDENCE | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | TREATMENT | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342037 |
| 25. Title: Is the selection of patients for anti-retroviral treatment in Uganda fair? A qualitative study. Author: Sofaer N; Kapiriri L; Atuyambe LM; Otolok-Tanga E; Norheim OF Source: Health Policy. 2009 Jun;91(1):33-42. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate decisions selecting patients for anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in Uganda. METHODS: We held 39 semi-structured interviews with 41 health professionals holding various selection roles and 5 focus groups with 47 HIV/AIDS patients in diverse ART programs. Decisions were evaluated using accountability for reasonableness (A4R). A4R considers a decision fair when those whom it affects can know the decision and its complete rationale (Publicity), can consider the rationale relevant (Relevance) and can appeal against the decision (Appeals), and each of these conditions - Publicity, Relevance and Appeals - is enforced (Enforcement). RESULTS: All ART candidates were told whether, and many were also told why they could receive ART or not. Programs used various means to promote candidates' understanding. Many, but not all, rationales could be considered relevant. Appeal mechanisms existed but were not used to challenge selection decisions or criteria, which were considered unchangeable. There was enforcement of criteria but insufficient enforcement of Publicity and Relevance, and none of Appeals. CONCLUSION: Decisions are insufficiently fair and legitimate. Effective mechanisms should be created for appeals, enforcement, and communication of complete rationales. Nonetheless, decisions and rationales are available, and criteria applied even-handedly. Such aspects are a benchmark for less adequate decision-making reported elsewhere. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | NEEDS | DECISION MAKING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ETHICS | INTERVIEWS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Behavior | Financial Activities | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342379 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: First impressions: what are preclinical medical students in the US and Canada learning about sexual and reproductive health? Author: Steinauer J; LaRochelle F; Rowh M; Backus L; Sandahl Y; Foster A Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):74-80. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the inclusion of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics in preclinical US and Canadian medical education. STUDY DESIGN: Between 2002 and 2005, we sent surveys to the student coordinators of active Medical Students for Choice chapters at 122 US and Canadian medical schools. Students reported on the preclinical curricular inclusion of 50 specific SRH topics in the broad categories of pregnancy, contraception, infertility, elective abortion, ethical and social issues, and other topics. RESULTS: We received 77 completed surveys, for an overall response rate of 63%. Coverage of pregnancy physiology and STIs/HIV was uniformly high. In contrast, inclusion of contraceptive methods and elective abortion procedures greatly varied by subtopic and geographic region. Thirty-three percent of respondents reported no coverage of elective abortion-related topics. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of contraception and elective abortion in preclinical medical school courses varies widely. As critical components of women's lives and health, we recommend that medical schools work to integrate comprehensive family planning content into their standard curricula. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MEDICAL STUDENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEDICAL SCHOOLS | CURRICULUM | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | ETHICS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | North America, Northern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Students | Education | Health | Schools | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors | Population Document Number: 342789 Notification |
| 27. Title: Pediatric assent for a study of antiretroviral therapy dosing for children in Western Kenya: a case study in international research collaboration. Author: Vreeman RC; Nyandiko WM; Meslin EM Source: Journal of Empirical Research On Human Research Ethics. 2009 Mar;4(1):3-16. Abstract: MULTINATIONAL COLLABORATORS IN health research face particular ethical challenges when conducting studies involving vulnerable populations such as children. We use an example from our first attempt to implement pediatric assent in the context of a longstanding research and clinical partnership between Kenyan and American medical schools to highlight the ethical and procedural issues related to pediatric assent that must be considered for multinational, pediatric studies. We consider relevant domestic, professional, and international guidelines for assent in pediatric research subjects, and we discuss the particular ethical challenges related to pediatric assent in the Kenyan context. Finally, we propose a way forward for approaching pediatric assent within our collaborative research program in Kenya that may apply to other multinational research partnerships. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | ETHICS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Drugs | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 342076 |
| 28. Title: Promoting community-based distribution / community reproductive health worker provision of DMPA. Educational visit to Uganda - summary report, February 18 - 20, 2008. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Kampala, Uganda, FHI, 2008. [32] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse Doc. ID / Order No. PD-ACL-827USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: An educational tour to Uganda on February 18-20 provided delegates from other countries with an introduction to the community-based distribution (CBD) of the injectable contraceptive DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or Depo Provera). The goal was to learn about Uganda's experiences with the CBD of DMPA and to forge relationships between the delegates so that they could exchange information about such programs in their home countries. The tour was funded by USAID through a project-Promoting DMPA Provision by Community Health Providers-which is managed by Family Health International (FHI). The delegates hoped to achieve several objectives: 1. learn about the organizational network of the program, including the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders; 2. identify the costs of launching a CBD of DMPA program; 3. identify and understand potential ethical and regulatory issues; 4. learn best practices for providing the service; 5. examine strategies for sustainability and ownership, including remuneration, incentives, and community involvement; 6. learn how to monitor and supervise a program; and 7. identify weaknesses, strengths, and impediments associated with implementation Delegates met key stakeholders in Uganda who have supported and implemented the CBD of DMPA program since 2003. The delegates also learned about the program in Uganda from the staff at the Uganda Ministry of Health, FHI, and Save the Children. The delegates visited the districts of Luwero and Nakaseke, where Save the Children had implemented a CBD of DMPA program. The delegates met with district health officials, local family planning champions, Save the Children staff, and CBD workers who support and implement the program in these districts. The delegates asked questions of the district officials and CBD workers, and they observed a CBD worker provide an injection to a client. On the final day, the delegates participated in group planning sessions where they outlined the steps needed to implement the CBD of DMPA in their respective countries. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY WORKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION WORKERS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | DEPO-PROVERA | INJECTABLES | BEST PRACTICES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329879 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethical aspects concerning termination of pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. FIGO committee report. Author: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]. Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):97-98. Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | FRANCE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | ETHICS | WOMEN | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | BIRTH DEFECTS | ULTRASONICS | SCREENING | BELIEFS | CULTURE | RECOMMENDATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Human Rights | Political Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 327333 Notification |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Violence against women. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. FIGO committee report. Author: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]. Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):95-96. Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | FRANCE | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | ETHICS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 327332 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |