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Title: Headache induced by the use of combined oral contraceptives.
Author: Allais G; Gabellari IC; Airola G; Borgogno P; Schiapparelli P; Benedetto C
Source: Neurological Sciences. 2009 May;30 Suppl 1:S15-7.
Abstract: Although combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are a safe and highly effective method of birth control, they may also give rise to problems of clinical tolerability in migraine patients. Indeed, headache is among the most common side effects reported with the use of COCs, frequently leading to their being discontinued. The latest International Classification of Headache Disorders identified at least two entities evidently related to the use of COCs, i.e., exogenous hormone-induced headache and estrogen-withdrawal headache. As to the former, the newest formulations of COCs are generally well tolerated by migraine without aura patients, but can worsen headache in migraine with aura patients. Headache associated with COCs, generally, tends to improve as their use continues. However, although it is not yet clear if there is an association between headache and the composition of COCs (both in the type and amount of hormones), it has been observed that the incidence of headache during COC use seems greater if migraine is associated with menstrual trigger. The estrogen-withdrawal headache is a headache that generally appears within the first 5 days after cessation of estrogen use and resolves within 3 days, even if in some cases it may appear on the sixth or seventh day after pill suspension and lasts more than 3 days.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | HEADACHE | MIGRAINE | INCIDENCE | HORMONES | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342617

Title: Oral Contraceptives: A Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Author: Applebaum KM; Nelson HH; Zens MS; Stukel TA; Spencer SK; Karagas MR
Source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2009 Jun 25;
Abstract: Oral contraceptives (OCs) affect the risk of several cancers in women, but have been virtually unstudied for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We examined the hypothesis that OCs influence SCC risk in a case-control study among women and also examined whether polymorphisms in the DNA repair gene, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD), modified the risk. Incident cases of SCC were identified by a network of dermatologists and pathology laboratories. Population-based controls were frequency matched to cases by age and gender (n=261 SCC cases, 298 controls). Overall, OC use was associated with a 60% higher risk of SCC (odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.0-2.5). ORs for SCC were higher among those who last used OCs >/=25 years before diagnosis (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.7), and among these women, SCC risk increased with duration of use (OR for /=7 years, 2.7; 95% CI: 0.9-8.5, P(trend)=0.01). Furthermore, the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism was a significant modifier of the OC-SCC association (P(interaction)=0.03). These findings lead us to hypothesize a potential relationship between OCs and SCC risk, and that this could involve DNA repair pathways.Journal of Investigative Dermatology advance online publication, 25 June 2009; doi:10.1038/jid.2009.168.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW HAMPSHIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | CANCER | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Health | Neoplasms | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System
Document Number: 341751

Title: Estrogens and the risk of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).
Author: de Mos M; Huygen FJ; Stricker BH; Dieleman JP; Sturkenboom MC
Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2009 Jan;18(1):44-52.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Since complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) shows a clear female predominance, we investigated the association between the cumulative as well as current exposure to estrogens, and CRPS. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) project in the Netherlands. Cases were identified from electronic records (1996-2005) and included if they were confirmed during a visit (using International Association for the Study of Pain Criteria), or had been diagnosed by a specialist. Controls were matched to cases on gender, age, calendar time, and injury. Measures of cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure were obtained by questionnaire and included age of menarche and menopause, menstrual life, and cumulative months of pregnancy and breast-feeding. Current estrogen exposure at CRPS onset was retrieved from the electronic medical records and determined by current pregnancy or by the use of oral contraceptive (OC) drugs or hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). RESULTS: Hundred and forty-three female cases (1493 controls) were included in analyses on drug use and pregnancies, while cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure was studied in 53 cases (58 controls) for whom questionnaire data were available. There was no association between CRPS and either cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure, OC, or HRT use. CRPS onset was increased during the first 6 months after pregnancy (OR: 5.6, 95%CI: 1.0-32.4), although based on small numbers. DISCUSSION: We did not find an association between CRPS onset and cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure or current OC or HRT use, but more powered studies are needed to exclude potential minor associations.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECORDS | PAIN | ESTROGENS | HORMONES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Information Processing | Information | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 329753

Title: Laryngeal aerodynamics associated with oral contraceptive use: Preliminary findings.
Author: Gorham-Rowan M; Fowler L
Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2009 May 21;
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine possible differences in laryngeal aerodynamic measures during connected speech associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use. Eight women taking an OC, and eight others not taking an OC, participated in the study. Three trials of syllable /p/repetitions were obtained using a circumferentially vented face mask and small translabial tube. All participants were recorded on or near days 7 and 14 of their menstrual cycle. Subglottal pressure (P(SG)) and average airflow rates were obtained to determine laryngeal airway resistance. Glottal airflow measures of peak flow, minimum flow, alternating flow, as well as relative sound level (RSL) were obtained. P(SG) was obtained from the pressure peak associated with/p/. All airflow parameters and RSL were obtained from the vowel portion. No significant differences were found related to day of recording or OC use, indicating that OC use does not significantly affect laryngeal airflow regulation. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will better understand the effects of hormones and oral contraceptives on the female voice, as well as the specific changes in vocal function that may occur in conjunction with the use of oral contraceptives.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | ORAL EFFECTS | EDEMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Menstruation | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases
Document Number: 341750

Title: Effect of administration of oral contraceptives in vivo on collagen synthesis in tendon and muscle connective tissue in young women.
Author: Hansen M; Miller BF; Holm L; Doessing S; Petersen SG; Skovgaard D; Frystyk J; Flyvbjerg A; Koskinen S; Pingel J; Kjaer M; Langberg H
Source: Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009 Apr;106(4):1435-43.
Abstract: Women are at greater risk than men for certain kinds of diseases and injuries, which may at least partly be caused by sex hormonal differences. We aimed to test the influence of estradiol in vivo on collagen synthesis in tendon, bone, and muscle. Two groups of young, healthy women similar in age, body composition, and exercise-training status were included. The two groups were either habitual users of oral contraceptives exposed to a high concentration of synthetic estradiol and progestogens (OC, n = 11), or non-OC-users tested in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by low concentrations of estradiol and progesterone (control, n = 12). Subjects performed 1 h of one-legged kicking exercise. The next day collagen fractional synthesis rates (FSR) in tendon and muscle connective tissue were measured after a flooding dose of [(13)C]proline followed by biopsies from the patellar tendon and vastus lateralis in both legs. Simultaneously, microdialysis catheters were inserted in vastus lateralis and in front of the patellar tendon for measurement of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins. Serum NH(2)-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) and urine COOH-terminal telopeptides of type-I collagen (CTX-I) were measured as markers for bone synthesis and breakdown, respectively. Tendon FSR and PINP were lower in OC compared with control. An increase in muscle collagen FSR postexercise was only observed in control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results indicate a lower bioavailability of IGF-I in OC. In conclusion, synthetic female sex hormones administered as OC had an inhibiting effect on collagen synthesis in tendon, bone, and muscle connective tissue, which may be related to a lower bioavailability of IGF-I.
Language: English
Keywords:
DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ESTROGENS | FITNESS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | SKELETAL EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MUSCULAR EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 341364

Title: Impact of hormone therapy for women aged 35 to 65 years, from contraception to hormone replacement.
Author: Kase NG
Source: Gender Medicine. 2009;6 Suppl 1:37-59.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Midlife women (aged 35-65 years) present a complex combination of clinical challenges and health care opportunities. To meet these issues effectively, recognition of the various phases of the entire menopausal transition is necessary, because each possesses unique biological properties underlying phase-specific clinical presentations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to inform health care decisions by defining the endocrine, metabolic, and clinical consequences of therapeutic inaction or intervention at each stage of the midlife experience. METHODS: Using PubMed, MEDLINE was searched for age- and phase-specific publications about ovarian function and corresponding clinical manifestations in women aged 35 to 65 years. Large, long-term longitudinal prospective, case-control, and observational studies were selected for inclusion. Results of the Framingham Heart Study, Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, Nurses' Health Study (NHS), and Women's Health Initiative (WHI), as well as materials from the World Health Organization and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, were obtained from the relevant groups' Web sites in 2008. RESULTS: Synthesis of the data acquired, particularly the confirmatory and contrasting elements displayed in the WHI and NHS publications, leads to a set of guiding principles whereby individualized phase-specific management strategies may be safely employed. These include the value of weight control and exercise; use of specific nonhormonal therapies for defined indications; definition of strict inclusion/exclusion criteria; and individualization of timing, regimen, dosage, and portal of entry for possible hormone therapy. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based, restrictive inclusion/exclusion strategy can be used to maximize benefits and minimize risks for this large, growing, and health-conscious but increasingly vulnerable population.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA COLLECTION | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | ESTROGENS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | AGE FACTORS | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341576

Title: Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based case-control study.
Author: Koomen ER; Joosse A; Herings RM; Casparie MK; Guchelaar HJ; Nijsten T
Source: Annals of Oncology. 2009 Feb;20(2):358-64.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple studies showed conflicting results on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the development of cutaneous melanoma (CM). We investigated the association between estrogen use and CM incidence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from PHARMO Pharmacy database and PALGA, the pathology database in The Netherlands, were linked. Women, >or=18 years, with a pathology report of a primary CM from 1 January 1991 to 14 December 2004 and >or=3 years of follow-up before CM diagnosis were eligible cases. Controls were matched for age and geographic region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between CM incidence and estrogen use, OCs and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), separately. RESULTS: In total, 778 cases and 4072 controls were included. CM risk was significantly associated with estrogen use (>or=0.5 year; adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.69). This effect was cumulative dose dependent (P trend < 0.001). CM risk was also significantly associated with the use of HRT (>or=0.5 year: OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.37-3.14) and OC (>or=0.5 year: OR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.54). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests a cumulative dose-dependent increased risk of CM with the use of estrogens.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | PREVALENCE | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Drugs
Document Number: 331000

9.
Title: Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study.
Author: Lidegaard O; Lokkegaard E; Svendsen AL; Agger C
Source: BMJ. 2009;339:b2890.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of venous thrombosis in current users of different types of hormonal contraception, focusing on regimen, oestrogen dose, type of progestogen, and route of administration. DESIGN: National cohort study. SETTING: Denmark, 1995-2005. PARTICIPANTS: Danish women aged 15-49 with no history of cardiovascular or malignant disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adjusted rate ratios for all first time deep venous thrombosis, portal thrombosis, thrombosis of caval vein, thrombosis of renal vein, unspecified deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism during the study period. RESULTS: 10.4 million woman years were recorded, 3.3 million woman years in receipt of oral contraceptives. In total, 4213 venous thrombotic events were observed, 2045 in current users of oral contraceptives. The overall absolute risk of venous thrombosis per 10 000 woman years in non-users of oral contraceptives was 3.01 and in current users was 6.29. Compared with non-users of combined oral contraceptives the rate ratio of venous thrombembolism in current users decreased with duration of use (<1 year 4.17, 95% confidence interval 3.73 to 4.66, 1-4 years 2.98, 2.73 to 3.26, and >4 years 2.76, 2.53 to 3.02; P<0.001) and with decreasing dose of oestrogen. Compared with oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel and with the same dose of oestrogen and length of use, the rate ratio for oral contraceptives with norethisterone was 0.98 (0.71 to 1.37), with norgestimate 1.19 (0.96 to 1.47), with desogestrel 1.82 (1.49 to 2.22), with gestodene 1.86 (1.59 to 2.18), with drospirenone 1.64 (1.27 to 2.10), and with cyproterone 1.88 (1.47 to 2.42). Compared with non-users of oral contraceptives, the rate ratio for venous thromboembolism in users of progestogen only oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel or norethisterone was 0.59 (0.33 to 1.03) or with 75 mug desogestrel was 1.12 (0.36 to 3.49), and for hormone releasing intrauterine devices was 0.90 (0.64 to 1.26). CONCLUSION: The risk of venous thrombosis in current users of combined oral contraceptives decreases with duration of use and decreasing oestrogen dose. For the same dose of oestrogen and the same length of use, oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene, or drospirenone were associated with a significantly higher risk of venous thrombosis than oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel. Progestogen only pills and hormone releasing intrauterine devices were not associated with any increased risk of venous thrombosis.
Language: English
Keywords:
DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | THROMBOSIS | PULMONARY EMBOLISM | ESTROGENS | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342468

10.

Title: Impact of combined and progestogen-only contraceptives on bone mineral density.
Author: Sarfati J; de Vernejoul MC
Source: Joint, Bone, Spine. 2009 Mar;76(2):134-8.
Abstract: Sex steroids are major determinants of bone mass, and hormonal contraceptives may affect bone mineral density (BMD) in women. Combination contraceptives probably have no impact on BMD, except perhaps when started within 3 years after the menarche. Progestogen-only contraceptives are being increasingly used. Injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate, a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin release, can induce bone loss, most notably in young women. Other progestogens are used in lower doses that have weaker antigonadotropin effects. Levonorgestrel and etonorgestrel implants have unclear effects on BMD but are probably safe. The impact of high- and low-dose oral progestogens on BMD has not been investigated, although no adverse effects would be expected.
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | IMPACT | WOMEN | PROGESTERONE | ESTROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SKELETAL EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 341723

11.

Title: The cutest little baby face: a hormonal link to sensitivity to cuteness in infant faces.
Author: Sprengelmeyer R; Perrett DI; Fagan EC; Cornwell RE; Lobmaier JS; Sprengelmeyer A; Aasheim HB; Black IM; Cameron LM; Crow S; Milne N; Rhodes EC; Young AW
Source: Psychological Science. 2009 Feb;20(2):149-54.
Abstract: We used computer image manipulation to develop a test of perception of subtle gradations in cuteness between infant faces. We found that young women (19-26 years old) were more sensitive to differences in infant cuteness than were men (19-26 and 53-60 years old). Women aged 45 to 51 years performed at the level of the young women, whereas cuteness sensitivity in women aged 53 to 60 years was not different from that of men (19-26 and 53-60 years old). Because average age at menopause is 51 years in Britain, these findings suggest the possible involvement of reproductive hormones in cuteness sensitivity. Therefore, we compared cuteness discrimination in pre- and postmenopausal women matched for age and in women taking and not taking oral contraceptives (progestogen and estrogen). Premenopausal women and young women taking oral contraceptives (which raise hormone levels artificially) were more sensitive to variations of cuteness than their respective comparison groups. We suggest that cuteness sensitivity is modulated by female reproductive hormones.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | INFANT | AGE FACTORS | MENOPAUSE | HORMONES | ESTROGENS | PERCEPTION | IMPACT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication
Document Number: 342100

12.
Title: The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study.
Author: van Hylckama Vlieg A; Helmerhorst FM; Vandenbroucke JP; Doggen CJ; Rosendaal FR
Source: BMJ. 2009;339:b2921.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the thrombotic risk associated with oral contraceptive use with a focus on dose of oestrogen and type of progestogen of oral contraceptives available in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Population based case-control study. SETTING: Six participating anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands (Amersfoort, Amsterdam, The Hague, Leiden, Rotterdam, and Utrecht). PARTICIPANTS: Premenopausal women <50 years old who were not pregnant, not within four weeks postpartum, and not using a hormone excreting intrauterine device or depot contraceptive. Analysis included 1524 patients and 1760 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First objectively diagnosed episodes of deep venous thrombosis of the leg or pulmonary embolism. Odds ratios calculated by cross-tabulation with a 95% confidence interval according to Woolf's method; adjusted odds ratios estimated by unconditional logistic regression, standard errors derived from the model. RESULTS: Currently available oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis fivefold compared with non-use (odds ratio 5.0, 95% CI 4.2 to 5.8). The risk clearly differed by type of progestogen and dose of oestrogen. The use of oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel was associated with an almost fourfold increased risk of venous thrombosis (odds ratio 3.6, 2.9 to 4.6) relative to non-users, whereas the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use was increased 5.6-fold for gestodene (5.6, 3.7 to 8.4), 7.3-fold for desogestrel (7.3, 5.3 to 10.0), 6.8-fold for cyproterone acetate (6.8, 4.7 to 10.0), and 6.3-fold for drospirenone (6.3, 2.9 to 13.7). The risk of venous thrombosis was positively associated with oestrogen dose. We confirmed a high risk of venous thrombosis during the first months of oral contraceptive use irrespective of the type of oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS: Currently available oral contraceptives still have a major impact on thrombosis occurrence and many women do not use the safest brands with regard to risk of venous thrombosis.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | PULMONARY EMBOLISM | ESTROGENS | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342467

13.

Title: Reproductive factors and risk of pancreatic cancer in women: a review of the literature.
Author: Wahi MM; Shah N; Schrock CE; Rosemurgy AS 2nd; Goldin SB
Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;19(2):103-11.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Pancreatic cancer (PCA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The male-to-female incidence and mortality ratio of PCA is 1.1-2.0. One possible explanation for this difference is that female hormone exposure is protective for the development of PCA. Several hypotheses were investigated in this systematic review: (1) increased exposure to estrogen through early menarche and later menopause is associated with a decreased risk of PCA; (2) increased exposure to pregnancy is associated with decreased risk of PCA; and (3) increased exposure to oral contraceptives and/or hormone replacement therapy is associated with decreased risk of PCA. METHODS: Of 371 articles identified, 10 case-control and 5 cohort studies met the criteria for our review. Odds ratios for case-control studies and hazard ratios for cohort studies and their accompanying 95% confidence intervals for analyses relevant to our hypotheses were considered in the review. RESULTS: For all 3 hypotheses, studies displayed inconsistent results, and this may have been due to the diversity of study populations, exposure quantification, analysis approach, confounding and other limitations, and biases across studies. CONCLUSIONS: As there was no strong support for any of the 3 hypotheses, it appears that reproductive factors are not associated with the development of PCA in women.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CANCER | RISK FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | ESTROGENS | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 331229

14.

Title: Adverse mood effects of combined oral contraceptives in relation to personality traits.
Author: Borgstrom A; Odlind V; Ekselius L; Sundstrom-Poromaa I
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Dec;141(2):127-30.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Mood symptoms, such as depressed mood, anxiety and increased irritability, remain one of the major reasons for discontinuation of combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills. The aim of this study was to compare personality traits in women with ongoing or previous use of COCs and different experiences from these compounds with respect to adverse mood symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty women currently on COCs with no reports of adverse mood symptoms, 28 women currently on COCs and experiencing mood-related side effects, 27 women who had discontinued COC use for reasons other than adverse mood symptoms and 33 women who had discontinued COC use due to adverse mood effects were included. All participants were asked to fill out the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) to assess different personality traits. RESULTS: The women who were experiencing mood-related side effects on their current COC use exhibited higher scores on the somatic anxiety and stress susceptibility traits as comparedto the women who did not experience any mood-related side effects from their current COCs. Women who had discontinued COC treatment because of adverse mood effects had higher scores of detachment and mistrust compared to women who had discontinued COC for reasons unrelated to mood effects. CONCLUSION: Higher scores on specific personality traits such as somatic anxiety and stress susceptibility are found in women with ongoing experience of adverse mood symptoms from COC. Higher scores of mistrust and detachment are more common among women who have discontinued COC treatment due to adverse mood effects.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK ASSESSMENT | WOMEN | PERSONALITY | ESTROGENS | DEPRESSION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | STRESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330844

15.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Estrogen receptor subtypes in ovarian cancer: A clinical correlation.
Author: Chan KK; Liu SS; Xiao-Yun L; Cheung AN
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Jan;111(1):144-151.
Abstract: The objective was to study the distribution of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in ovarian tumors and to correlate the levels of expression with clinical factors. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and beta-mRNA expressions in 58 normal, 25 borderline, and 161 malignant ovarian tissue samples were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels were correlated with clinical data, including the histologic subtypes, the stage of the disease, and the disease-free and overall survival, with a median follow-up of 80 months. Estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) expression, but not ERalpha, was significantly higher in normal tissues compared with malignant tissues (P<.001). Estrogen receptor-beta expression was also significantly higher in stage I disease compared with stage II-IV disease (P<.001). A higher ERbeta expression was found to be significantly associated with a longer disease-free survival (P=.007) as well as overall survival (P=.011). Estrogen receptor-beta expression remained a significant predictor for disease-free survival and overall survival in multivariable analysis that took into account other factors that were shown to be associated with survival in univariate analyses, including stage of disease, type of tumor (borderline or malignant), and optimal debulking. Loss of ERbeta expression in ovarian tumors may be a feature of malignant transformation. Determining ER subtypes expression may improve response to hormonal therapy by tailoring the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators with different ER affinity in selected women. As a prognostic indicator, ERbeta levels may be useful in deciding the need for and choice of adjuvant treatment in women with early ovarian cancers. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | HORMONE RECEPTORS | ESTROGENS | OVARIAN CANCER | DRUGS | HISTOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TREATMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 323410

16.

Title: Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 11-substituted estradiol derivatives as anti-implantation agents.
Author: Dwivedy I; Gupta A; Grover A; Srivastava V; Singth MM
Source: Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2008;:[4] p.
Abstract: Synthesis of 11-substituted estradiol derivatives (12-17) has been carried out by the Grignard reaction with alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides on 17beta-hydroxy-3-methoxy-11-oxo-estra-1,3,5(10),8(9)-tetraene (10). The novel compounds (10 and 12-17) were evaluated for their preliminary post-coital contraceptive (anti-implantation) activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. The tested compounds were administered orally and showed significant anti-implantation activity. Compound 13 is the most potent compound in the series which showed 100% contraceptive efficacy at 1.25 mg kg-1. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | IMPLANTATION | Research Methodology | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 327068

17.
Title: By the way, doctor. Do birth control pills disguise menopause?
Author: Gharib S
Source: Harvard Health Letter. 2008 May;33(7):3.
Abstract: Question: How do I know whether I'm approaching menopause if I'm taking birth control pills? Answer: Oral contraceptives-which typically are a combination of estrogen and progestin- prevent pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. The hormones work by "fooling" the body into thinking it's pregnant. Women in their late 40s often take birth control pills for an additional reason: they help control the irregular bleeding that's the result of declining ovarian function during perimenopause, the years that precede menopause. You won't be able to tell if you're menopausal (which means menstruation has ceased) if you keep on taking birth control pills. The hormones contained in oral contraceptives stop ovulation, but they also act on the lining of the uterus and in doing so, promote monthly bleeding, even if you're no longer naturally menstruating. The hormones supersede the underlying physiology. Most doctors recommend that women go off the pill by age 50 because the risk of blood clots becomes too high. Even without oral contraceptives, the risk of clots increases for women as they get older because of inactivity and the higher likelihood of diseases-cancer, for example-that can cause a clot. You don't want to add to that risk with birth control pills. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Diseases
Document Number: 328712

18.

Title: Progestin and breast cancer. The missing pieces of a puzzle.
Author: Giersig C
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2008 Jul;51(7):782-6.
Abstract: The previous assumption that progestin does not promote breast cancer development needs to be re-examined since a growing body of evidence indicates the opposite. Data from recent experimental trials and results from clinical and epidemiological studies on hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have been confronted with breast cancer cases known from the German database of adverse drug reactions (ADR), reported in association with the use of progestin only contraceptives (POC) and combined oral contraceptives (COC). Also cases reported in association with HRT have been analysed. The available data complement one another showing a tumour promoting potential of progestin, possibly higher than that of a combination of estrogen and progestin. These assumptions are based on the following facts: 1) in estrogen-supplemented animals, progesterone has been shown to reactivate the growth of regressed tumour xenograft obtained from breast cancer cell lines, expressing both estrogen andprogesterone receptor; 2) antiprogestin has been revealed to suppress the reactivation of the growth of tumour xenograft and to fully suppress the development of breast cancer in an animal model for BRCA1 gene mutation; 3) metabolites of progesterone have been recognised as potent regulators of cell proliferation, cell detachment and apoptosis; 4) progesterone has been shown to inhibit, in a dose-dependent manner, apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines and apoptosis induced by doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracyl (drugs used in breast cancer treatment); 5) an association between breast cancer and HRT was suspected upon the addition of progestin on a regular basis for the prevention of endometrial cancer; 6) in a randomised placebo-controlled trial on HRT an increased risk of breast cancer was shown for the combination of estrogen and progestin, but not for estrogen alone; 7) in epidemiological studies on POC the recognition of an increased breast cancer risk was most probably impeded due to previously unrecognised systematic selection bias; 8) in a large epidemiological study on the risk of early-onset breast cancer in association with COC an increased risk was detected for COC use up to 1975, but no increased, even a slightly decreased, risk was shown for users of low-dose COC, applied since 1976; 9) a considerably higher number of breast cancer cases have been reported from Germany on POC than on the widespread used COC [corrected] (111 versus 12); 10) the big resemblance among the breast cancers reported for POC and their similarity with breast malignancies diagnosed in pregnancy suggest the existence of a pattern rather than pure coincidence [corrected]
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ESTROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | BREAST CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | Public Health | Health | Research Methodology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 328638

19.

Title: Effects of pre- and postmenopausal use of exogenous hormones on receptor content in normal human breast tissue: a randomized study.
Author: Hallberg G; Persson I; Naessen T; Magnusson C
Source: Gynecological Endocrinology. 2008 Aug;24(8):475-80.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of exposure to endogenous and exogenous hormones on estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) levels in normal human breast tissue. METHODS: In a randomized study of women scheduled for mammary reduction plasty (n = 81), ERalpha and PR content in breast parenchyma was analyzed in premenopausal (n = 49) and postmenopausal (n = 16) women. Premenopausal women were randomized to surgery in the follicular or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or after oral contraceptive treatment for 2 months. Postmenopausal women were randomized to sequential or estrogen-only therapy for 2 months prior to surgery. RESULTS: ERalpha content was higher in parous than in nulliparous (p = 0.009) premenopausal women and displayed a positive association with age (r(s) = 0.51, p = 0.0002). Compared with premenopausal women in the follicular phase, postmenopausal women had higher ERalpha content (p = 0.040) whereas premenopausal women on oral contraception had lower ERalpha (p = 0.048) and PR (p = 0.007) content. Smokers had lower PR content than non-smokers (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In the present study ERalpha content was higher in parous than in non-parous women and associated with premenopausal age. Short-term oral contraceptives yielded lower ERalpha and PR contents. Postmenopausal estrogen/progestogen combined therapy yielded lower PR content than estrogen-only therapy.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | SURGERY | BREAST EXAM | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PROGESTERONE | ESTROGENS | EXPOSURE | CANCER | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors | Neoplasms | Diseases
Document Number: 329582

20.

Title: Do cosmetic surgeons consider estrogen-containing drugs to be of significant risk in the development of thromboembolism?
Author: Johnson RL; Hemington-Gorse SJ; Dhital SK
Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2008 Sep;32(5):743-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Well-documented evidence shows that estrogen increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and that the effects of DVT are compounded by the stress of surgery and an anesthetic. METHODS: This study sought to determine the current views and practice of plastic surgeons regarding combined oral contraceptive and surgery. In the United Kingdom, 285 consultant plastic surgeons were identified, and postal questionnaires were distributed to each surgeon. RESULTS: Of 286 postal questionnaires distributed to consultant plastic surgeons, 53% were returned and analyzed. Most of the surgeons considered combined oral contraceptive and surgery to be a risk factor for DVT, although only 54% discontinued it before surgery. Approximately 50% believed hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) is a risk, but fewer than a one-fourth of surgeons stopped its use before surgery. There was a range of distribution for the length of time HRT was discontinued for surgery. The majority of consultants discontinue HRT use for 5 to 6 weeks before surgery and until full ambulation after surgery. Data retrieved were used to compare documented evidence relating to combined oral contraceptive and surgery and its association with DVT. CONCLUSION: This survey shows that the management of patients taking estrogen-containing medication before plastic surgery varies, and guidelines regarding this should be sought.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | THROMBOSIS | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 329632

21.

Title: Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use do not modify postexercise heat loss responses.
Author: Kenny GP; Leclair E; Sigal RJ; Journeay WS; Kilby D; Nettlefold L; Reardon FD; Jay O
Source: Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 Oct;105(4):1156-65.
Abstract: It is unknown whether menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive (OC) use influences nonthermal control of postexercise heat loss responses. We evaluated the effect of menstrual cycle and OC use on the activation of heat loss responses during a passive heating protocol performed pre- and postexercise. Women without OC (n = 8) underwent pre- and postexercise passive heating during the early follicular phase (FP) and midluteal phase (LP). Women with OC (n = 8) underwent testing during the active pill consumption (high exogenous hormone phase, HH) and placebo (low exogenous hormone phase, LH) weeks. After a 60-min habituation at 26 degrees C, subjects donned a liquid conditioned suit. Mean skin temperature was clamped at approximately 32.5 degrees C for approximately 15 min and then gradually increased, and the absolute esophageal temperature at which the onset of forearm vasodilation (Th(vd)) and upper back sweating (Th(sw)) were noted. Subjects then cycled for 30 min at 75% Vo(2 peak) followed by a 15-min seated recovery. A second passive heating was then performed to establish postexercise values for Th(vd) and Th(sw). Between 2 and 15 min postexercise, mean arterial pressure (MAP) remained significantly below baseline (P < 0.05) by 10 +/- 1 and 11 +/- 1 mmHg for the FP/LH and LP/HH, respectively. MAP was not different between cycle phases. During LP/HH, Th(vd) was 0.16 +/- 0.24 degrees C greater than FP/LH preexercise (P = 0.020) and 0.15 +/- 0.23 degrees C greater than FP/LH postexercise (P = 0.017). During LP/HH, Th(sw) was 0.17 +/- 0.23 degrees C greater than FP/LH preexercise (P = 0.016) and 0.18 +/- 0.16 degrees C greater than FP/LH postexercise (P = 0.001). Postexercise thresholds were significantly greater (P < or = 0.001) than preexercise during both FP/LH (Th(vd), 0.22 +/- 0.03 degrees C; Th(sw), 0.13 +/- 0.03 degrees C) and LP/HH (Th(vd), 0.21 +/- 0.03 degrees C; Th(sw), 0.14 +/- 0.03 degrees C); however, the effect of exercise was similar between LP/HH and FP/LH. No effect of OC use was observed. We conclude that neither menstrual cycle nor OC use modifies the magnitude of the postexercise elevation in Th(vd) and Th(sw).
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUATION | BODY TEMPERATURE | FITNESS | ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Progestational Hormones
Document Number: 328846

22.

Title: Current approaches to optimizing the treatment of endometriosis in adolescents.
Author: Laufer MR
Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2008;66 Suppl 1:19-27.
Abstract: Endometriosis can occur in adolescents and this patient group presents particular challenges in terms of differential diagnosis, variable presentation and symptoms, and choice of treatment. Early diagnosis is essential in order to decrease pain and hopefully prevent disease progression and preserve future fertility. Endometriosis surgery is generally cytoreductive rather than curative, and postoperative medical therapy should be initiated regardless of disease stage. Menstrual suppressive therapy with the use of continuous combination estrogen/progestin is the main treatment for most adolescents with endometriosis. For those with a persistence of pain on this therapy Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (with add-back therapy) can be effective in relieving symptoms. GnRH agonist therapy requires special consideration in adolescents due to possible adverse effects on bone mineralization--an important consideration in adolescents who are at a critical age for accrual of bone mineral density (BMD). However, potential problems of bone loss may be avoided with the use of 'add back' therapy. A recent clinical study found that most adolescents with endometriosis receiving a GnRH agonist plus add-back therapy with norethindrone acetate (NA) or estrogen plus NA had normal BMD at the hip. Add-back therapy appears to be a promising adjunct to GnRH agonist therapy for the prevention of bone loss and may allow a longer duration of therapy than with a GnRH agonist alone. BMD should continue to be carefully monitored after the initial 6-8 month period of therapy and then approximately every two years in adolescent patients (over age 16) receiving long-term GnRH agonist with add-back therapy.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ENDOMETRIOSIS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PAIN | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | SKELETAL EFFECTS | OSTEOPOROSIS | ESTROGENS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 329069

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women: reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use.
Author: Lee JS; Bracci PM; Holly EA
Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Aug 1;168(3):278-88.
Abstract: Few studies of reproductive hormone exposures and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have examined NHL subtypes. Associations between reproductive hormonal factors and risk of all NHL and of two predominant subtypes, diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL) (n = 233) and follicular lymphoma (n = 173), were investigated among women (n = 581) in a large, population-based, case-control study (1,591 cases, 2,515 controls). Controls (n = 836) identified by random digit dialing were frequency matched by age and county to incident NHL cases ascertained in the San Francisco Bay Area of California in 1988-1993. Adjusted unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios. More than four pregnancies indicated a possible lower risk of all NHL (odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 1.2; p-trend = 0.06) and of DLCL (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.90; p-trend = 0.01). Exclusive use of menopausal hormone therapy for > or =5 years was associated with a reduced risk of all NHL (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.98) and of DLCL (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.85). Oral contraceptive use indicated a lower risk of all NHL (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.94), and perhaps DLCL (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.2), and of follicular lymphoma (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.2). Results suggest that endogenous and exogenous reproductive hormones confer different risks by NHL subtype and are associated with a reduced risk of DLCL in women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | CANCER | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction
Document Number: 328352

24.

Title: ER, PR and Ki-67 expression status in granulomatous and chronic non-specific endometritis.
Author: Mishra K; Wadhwa N; Guleria K; Agarwal S
Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2008 Jun;34(3):371-378.
Abstract: Aim: To study the changes in the histological pattern, distribution and intensity of sex steroid receptors (estrogen and progesterone) and cell proliferation by Ki-67 expression by semi-quantitative scores in granulomatous and chronic non-specific endometritis in the premenstrual phase. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 20 cases of granulomatous endometritis, 10 of chronic non-specific endometritis and 30 age matched (+or- 2 years) controls with no endometrial lesions. Morphological changes were noted on histological examination and semi-quantitative scoring of Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) and Ki-67 expression was done by immunohistochemistry. Results: There was significantly higher ER, PR and Ki-67 expression in endometrial glandular and stromal cells in inflamed endometria as compared with the controls (all P-values < 0.02) regardless of the character of the inflammation. The cases with morphology not conforming to the secretory phase at which biopsy was takenhad significantly higher ER, PR and Ki-67 expression in both endometrial and stromal cells indicating a lag in the endometrial maturation (all P-values < 0.02). Interestingly, all parameters except PR expression in glandular cells had a significantly higher expression even in cases with secretory morphology indicating disturbances in local milieu. Conclusion: Endometrial inflammation interferes with local expression of ER, PR and Ki-67. This may contribute to infertility regardless of other factors and other endometrial dysfunctional states. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ENDOMETRITIS | HORMONE RECEPTORS | CHRONIC DISEASES | HISTOLOGY | GRANULOMAS | ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | GENETICS | INFERTILITY | TUBERCULOSIS, FEMALE GENITAL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Membrane Proteins | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Hormones | Endocrine System | Progestational Hormones | Reproduction | Tuberculosis
Document Number: 327383

25.

Title: Effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on verbal memory.
Author: Mordecai KL; Rubin LH; Maki PM
Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2008 Aug;54(2):286-93.
Abstract: Surgical or pharmacological suppression of ovarian hormones leads to declines in verbal memory, and estrogen treatment reverses these deficits. In the current study, we investigated the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives on verbal memory, as measured by the California Verbal Learning Test, in two groups of premenopausal women - 16 naturally cycling women and 20 current users of estrogen-based oral contraceptives (OCs). Naturally cycling women were assessed twice - once during the early follicular phase (Days 2-4) and once during the midluteal phase (Days 20-22) of the menstrual cycle. OC users were tested on the same cycle days, corresponding to inactive and active pill phases, respectively. We predicted that naturally cycling women would show improved verbal memory during the midluteal phase, when estradiol levels are high, compared with the follicular phase, when estradiol levels are low. We also predicted that OC users, who show no change in endogenous estradiol across thecycle, would show no change in verbal memory. Contrary to predictions, naturally cycling women showed no changes in verbal memory across the cycle, whereas OC users showed enhanced memory during the active pill phase (p<.05). None of the secondary cognitive outcome measures varied with cycle phase or OC use including measures of visuospatial memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial abilities, and attention. Overall, these results suggest that verbal memory performance in premenopausal women varies across the cycle with OC use, but does not vary systematically with changes in endogenous estradiol.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ILLINOIS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUATION | ESTROGENS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 328577

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Depo-Provera and skeletal health: a survey of Florida obstetrics and gynecologist physicians.
Author: Paschall S; Kaunitz AM
Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):370-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: In November of 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a black box warning regarding skeletal health concerns with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) contraception. This FDA labeling change has the potential to impact how this contraceptive is used. Our goal was to assess the impact of the FDA decision on how Florida obstetrician-gynecologists prescribe DMPA. METHODS: A survey was conducted with questions and case scenarios regarding the use of DMPA before and after the black box warning. The survey was sent to all members of the Florida Obstetric and Gynecologic Society. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-five surveys were mailed and 149 were returned - a 35% return rate. Forty-six percent of physicians surveyed indicated that they place a time limit on DMPA use, and 66% stated that this limit was based on the FDA black box warning. Sixty-five percent of respondents ordered bone mineral density (BMD) testing solely due to the use of DMPA, with 58% indicating that this decision was based on the black box warning. Eight (5.4%) of the respondents indicated they selectively prescribe bisphosphonates for patients based solely on the use of DMPA, while 33% of respondents state that they use estrogen supplementation. There was a trend towards fewer DMPA injections per week after the black box warning as compared to before; however, this trend was not statistically significant (p<.125). CONCLUSION: Respondents may be writing fewer prescriptions for DMPA, are likely to institute a time limit on said prescription and are likely to order BMD testing, using the black box warning as justification. Continued education is necessary to prevent inappropriate restrictions on DMPA use and the performance and/or prescription of inappropriate tests and medications.
Language: English
Keywords:
FLORIDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | PHYSICIANS | DEPO-PROVERA | SKELETAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PACKAGING | ESTROGENS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Usage | Population Dynamics | Safety | Public Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Hormones | Endocrine System
Document Number: 329153

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Topical oestrogen keratinises the human foreskin and may help prevent HIV infection.
Author: Pask AJ; McInnes KJ; Webb DR; Short RV
Source: PLoS One. 2008 Jun;3(6):e2308.
Abstract: With the growing incidence of HIV, there is a desperate need to develop simple, cheap and effective new ways of preventing HIV infection. Male circumcision reduces the risk of infection by about 60%, probably because of the removal of the Langerhans cells which are abundant in the inner foreskin and are the primary route by which HIV enters the penis. Langerhans cells form a vital part of the body's natural defence against HIV and only cause infection when they are exposed to high levels of HIV virions. Rather than removing this natural defence mechanism by circumcision, it may be better to enhance it by thickening the layer of keratin overlying the Langerhans cells, thereby reducing the viral load to which they are exposed. We have investigated the ability of topically administered oestrogen to induce keratinization of the epithelium of the inner foreskin. Histochemically, the whole of the foreskin is richly supplied with oestrogen receptors. The epithelium of the inner foreskin, like the vagina,responds within 24 hours to the topical administration of oestriol by keratinization, and the response persists for at least 5 days after the cessation of the treatment. Oestriol, a cheap, readily available natural oestrogen metabolite, rapidly keratinizes the inner foreskin, the site of HIV entry into the penis. This thickening of the overlying protective layer of keratin should reduce the exposure of the underlying Langerhans cells to HIV virions. This simple treatment could become an adjunct or alternative to surgical circumcision for reducing the incidence of HIV infection in men. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | ESTROGENS | HIV PREVENTION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HORMONE RECEPTORS | ESTRIOL | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Membrane Proteins
Document Number: 327417

28.

Title: Hepatic vascular involvement related to pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and estrogen replacement therapy.
Author: Perarnau JM; Bacq Y
Source: Seminars In Liver Disease. 2008 Aug;28(3):315-27.
Abstract: Both pregnancy and oral contraception (mainly when estrogen is included) may precipitate the development of Budd-Chiari syndrome in patients with underlying thrombophilia. By contrast, there is little evidence for such a role of pregnancy and oral contraception in women with portal vein thrombosis. In pregnant women, special modalities for anticoagulation are required, whereas the management of portal hypertension can be similar to that recommended in other diseases and settings. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may deteriorate during pregnancy and improve after delivery. Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation and hepatic peliosis are classic complications of long-term use of oral contraceptives. The impact of pregnancy or oral contraceptives on the natural history on hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia appears to be limited. Preeclampsia, a liver disease unique to pregnancy, may be complicated by life-threatening liver vascular involvement, especially when the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP syndrome) is present.
Language: English
Keywords:
FRANCE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | ESTROGENS | PREECLAMPSIA | HYPERTENSION | THROMBOSIS | LIVER DYSFUNCTION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Thromboembolism | Embolism
Document Number: 329647

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects on serum hormone levels of low-dose estrogen in place of placebo during the hormone-free interval of an oral contraceptive.
Author: Reape KZ; DiLiberti CE; Hendy CH; Volpe EJ
Source: Contraception. 2008 Jan;77(1):34-39.
Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low-dose estrogen compared to placebo on ovarian activity during the traditional 7-day hormone-free interval (HFI) of an oral contraceptive (OC). Women were randomized to placebo or low-dose estrogen for 7 days during the HFI. Serum levels of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and inhibin B were obtained before, during and after treatment. Mean hormone levels remained constant or only increased slightly for the low-dose estrogen group compared to greater more sustained increases observed for the placebo group. Estradiol, FSH and inhibin B levels were substantially higher for those on placebo. Differences were most noticeable by the end of the HFI and persisted into the subsequent cycle. Subjects receiving low-dose estrogen for 7 days during the HFI demonstrated more pronounced ovarian suppression compared to placebo as evidenced by attenuation of increases in serum inhibin B, FSH and estradiol levels. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ESTROGENS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | ESTRADIOL | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins
Document Number: 323056

30.

Title: Endogenous and exogenous female sex hormones and renal electrolyte handling: effects of an acute sodium load on plasma volume at rest.
Author: Sims ST; Rehrer NJ; Bell ML; Cotter JD
Source: Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008 Jul;105(1):121-7.
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate effects of an acute sodium load on resting plasma volume (PV) and renal mechanisms across the menstrual cycle of endurance-trained women with natural (NAT) or oral contraceptive pill (OCP) controlled cycles. Twelve women were assigned to one of two groups, according to their usage status: 1) OCP [n = 6, 29 yr (SD 6), 59.4 kg (SD 3.2)], or 2) NAT [n = 6, 24 yr (SD 5), 61.3 kg (SD 3.6)]. The sodium load was administered as a concentrated sodium chloride/citrate beverage (164 mmol Na(+)/l, 253 mosmol/kgH(2)O, 10 ml/kg body mass) during the last high-hormone week of the OCP cycle (OCP(high)) or late luteal phase of the NAT cycle (NAT(high)) and during the low-hormone sugar pill week of OCP (OCP(low)) or early follicular phase of the NAT cycle (NAT(low)). The beverage ( approximately 628 ml) was ingested in seven portions across 60 min. Over the next 4 h, PV expanded more in the low-hormone phase for both groups (time-averaged change): OCP(low) 6.1% (SD 1.1) and NAT(low) 5.4% (SD 1.2) vs. OCP(high) 3.9% (SD 0.9) and NAT(high) 3.5% (SD 0.8) (P = 0.02). The arginine vasopressin increased less in the low-hormone phase [1.63 (SD 0.2) and 1.30 pg/ml (SD 0.2) vs. 1.82 (SD 0.3) and 1.57 pg/ml (SD 0.5), P = 0.0001], as did plasma aldosterone concentration ( approximately 64% lower, P = 0.0001). Thus PV increased more and renal hormone sensitivity was decreased in the low-hormone menstrual phase following sodium/fluid ingestion, irrespective of OCP usage.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW ZEALAND | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | SIDE EFFECTS | ESTRADIOL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health
Document Number: 328376


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