| 1. Title: HIV Infection--Guangdong Province, China, 1997-2007. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Apr 24;58(15):396-400. Abstract: In 2007, an estimated 700,000 persons in China were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An estimated 50,000 new HIV infections and 20,000 deaths related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurred in 2007, and an estimated 71% of persons with HIV infection were unaware of their HIV status. In 2007, 40.6% of those living with HIV had been infected through heterosexual transmission and 38.1% through injection-drug use. Guangdong Province in southeastern China is the country's most populous province, with an estimated 75.6 million permanent residents and 16.5 million migrants; the province has undergone rapid economic development. Since 1986, a case-based surveillance system (CBSS) in China has collected data on persons infected with HIV, including demographic characteristics and transmission categories. To assess recent trends in HIV infection in the province, the Guangdong Center for Disease Control, with technical assistance from CDC, analyzed CBSS data for the period 1997--2007. The results of that analysis indicated that the number of HIV cases increased from 102 in 1997 to 4,593 in 2007, although this increase resulted, in part, from expanded testing and surveillance. Among males classified by HIV transmission category, 82.1% of newly diagnosed infections were attributed to injection-drug use. Among females classified by HIV transmission category, 53.7% engaged in high-risk heterosexual conduct. Despite substantial methodologic limitations, these results can be useful to Guangdong public health agencies in targeting and evaluating HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNET | AGE FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331260 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Assessment of childhood immunisation coverage [letter] Author: Aaby P; Benn CS Source: Lancet. 2009 Apr 25;373(9673):1428. Abstract: Stephen Lim and colleagues scrutinise coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3) in 193 countries. With donor emphasis on DTP3 coverage, it is not surprising that the national estimates might be inflated. Still, there is little doubt that DTP3 coverage has increased in recent decades. But maybe we should be more concerned about the health implications of this trend than about the accuracy of the estimate. From a public health perspective, the fact that DTP3 coverage is now higher than measles vaccine coverage in most African countries is of questionable value. Numerous studies have shown that measles vaccine is beneficial for child survival, but there are conflicting data about the effect of DTP. DTP has frequently been associated with increased mortality in situations with herd immunity. Furthermore, as a result of the drive to increase the DTP3 coverage, more children receive DTP simultaneously with or after measles vaccine. We have found consistently that DTP given simultaneously with measles vaccine (table) or after it is associated with increased mortality compared with having measles vaccine alone as the most recent vaccine. In a study from Bangladesh, children who received DTP/BCG after the age of measles vaccine administration had around threefold higher mortality than unvaccinated children. These observations have not been contradicted. If they are true, the drive to boost the DTP3 coverage could lead to increased child mortality. Current policy is based on the assumption that receiving three DTP vaccines is associated with decreased child mortality. It should be a major priority to determine whether this assumption is correct. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | PERTUSSIS | TETANUS | DIPHTHERIA | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 341150 |
| 4. Title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of multiple sclerosis: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Author: Alonso A; Clark CJ Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2009 May 7; Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is more frequent in women than in men, suggesting that sex hormones could play a role in the development of MS. For this reason, several studies have assessed whether use of oral contraceptives modifies the risk of MS. In this article, we review the methodology and results of published epidemiologic studies addressing this issue. On the whole, the existing epidemiologic evidence does not support an important effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of MS, though it does suggest that oral contraceptives might delay the onset of the disease. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | RISK ASSESSMENT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Safety | Public Health | Health | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation Document Number: 341145 |
| 5. Title: High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan. Author: Altaf A; Saleem N; Abbas S; Muzaffar R Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Mar;59(3):136-40. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate size of injection drug users (IDU), determine their high risk behaviours and assess the prevalence of HIV. METHOD: As part of second generation surveillance (SGS), we investigated specific demographic and behavioural characteristics of IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur in 2005. It was a cross sectional study. The survey was preceded by geographic mapping to determine size estimation and to define sampling procedures prior to integrated behavioural and biological survey (IBBS). A sample size of at least 400 was calculated for each city. Besides calculating frequencies, chi square was used for comparing variables among HIV positive and negative IDUs like time elapsed as IDU, number of injections, sharing needles and self perception of acquiring HIV infection. RESULTS: A total of 800 (Hyderabad 398; Sukkur 402) questionnaires and DBS samples were collected. The estimated number of IDUs in both cities was 3,225 (Hyderabad 975 and Sukkur 2250 respectively). Average age of IDUs in Hyderabad was 36.5 years and 34.6 years in Sukkur. Sharing of injection equipment for last injection was reported by 34 (8.5%) in Hyderabad and 135 (33.6%) in Sukkur. In both cities behaviours such as injecting drugs for more than 10 years (p = 0.00) and injecting four or more times in a day (p = 0.11) were significantly associated with seropositivity of HIV infection. In Hyderabad the seroprevalence of HIV was 25.4% (101/398) and in Sukkur it was 19.2% (77/402). CONCLUSION: The burden of HIV among IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur is extremely high and can play a significant role in transmitting the infection to other vulnerable groups. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | NEEDLE SHARING | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Population | Measurement | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 330915 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Menstrual blood loss in women using the frameless FibroPlant LNG-IUS. Author: Andrade A; Wildemeersch D Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):134-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to report on a menstrual blood loss (MBL) study and iron stores in women with and without heavy menstrual bleeding using the frameless FibroPlant levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for contraception. STUDY DESIGN: An open, prospective, noncomparative MBL study, using FibroPlant releasing 14 mcg of LNG/day for contraception. MBL was assessed by the quantitative alkaline hematin (QAH) technique. RESULTS: The MBL study was conducted in 40 heavy and normally menstruating Brazilian women seeking contraception. MBL was reduced from a mean baseline menstrual volume of 29.7 mL to a mean volume of 1.5 mL after 24 months, while ferritin values increased from a mean value of 31.1 ng/mL (at baseline) to a mean level of 72.5 ng/mL (after 24 months of use). Differences were highly significant (p<.0005). There were no significant differences between those who had normal menstrual bleeding and the heavy bleeders. The heavy bleeders had comparable MBL to thenormal bleeders 3 months after insertion, and by 24 months post-insertion, their ferritin levels were comparable to those of the normal bleeders. Amenorrhea occurred in 80% of women out of 40 after 24 months of use. No pregnancies were recorded. CONCLUSION: The LNG-IUS is effective in reducing MBL in normally menstruating women as well as in women with heavy menstrual bleeding. The authors agree with the recommendations by the UK National Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and the new Finnish guidelines for heavy menstrual bleeding that the LNG-IUS should be positioned as first-line treatment prior to endometrial ablation or hysterectomy. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MENSTRUATION | SERUM IRON LEVEL | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | MENORRHAGIA | TIME FACTORS | AMENORRHEA | PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproduction | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement Document Number: 331016 |
| 7. Title: Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Author: Antoniou AC; Rookus M; Andrieu N; Brohet R; Chang-Claude J Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 2009 Feb;18(2):601-10. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several reproductive and hormonal factors are known to be associated with ovarian cancer risk in the general population, including parity and oral contraceptive (OC) use. However, their effect on ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has only been investigated in a small number of studies. METHODS: We used data on 2,281 BRCA1 carriers and 1,038 BRCA2 carriers from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study to evaluate the effect of reproductive and hormonal factors on ovarian cancer risk for mutation carriers. Data were analyzed within a weighted Cox proportional hazards framework. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the risk of ovarian cancer between parous and nulliparous carriers. For parous BRCA1 mutation carriers, the risk of ovarian cancer was reduced with each additional full-term pregnancy (P trend = 0.002). BRCA1 carriers who had ever used OC were at a significantly reduced risk of developing ovarian cancer (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence intervals, 0.37-0.73; P = 0.0002) and increasing duration of OC use was associated with a reduced ovarian cancer risk (P trend = 0.0004). The protective effect of OC use for BRCA1 mutation carriers seemed to be greater among more recent users. Tubal ligation was associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer for BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence intervals, 0.22-0.80; P = 0.008). The number of ovarian cancer cases in BRCA2 mutation carriers was too small to draw definitive conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide further confirmation that OC use, number of full-term pregnancies, and tubal ligation are associated with ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers to a similar relative extent as in the general population. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | RISK ASSESSMENT | OVARIAN CANCER | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | PARITY | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | TUBAL LIGATION | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Evaluation | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning Document Number: 331025 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of the Family Health Project on infant mortality in Brazilian municipalities. Author: Aquino R; de Oliveira NF; Barreto ML Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;99(1):87-93. Abstract: The authors evaluated the effects of the Family Health Program (FHP), a strategy for reorganization of primary health care at a nationwide level in Brazil, on infant mortality at a municipality level. They collected data on FHP coverage and infant mortality rates for 771 of 5561 Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2004. They performed a multivariable regression analysis for panel data with a negative binomial response by using fixed-effects models that controlled for demographic, social, and economic variables. The authors observed a statistically significant negative association between FHP coverage and infant mortality rate. After controlling for potential confounders, the reduction in the infant mortality rate was 13.0%, 16.0%, and 22.0%, respectively for the 3 levels of FHP coverage. The effect of the FHP was greater in municipalities with a higher infant mortality rate and lower human development index at the beginning of the study period. The FHP had an important effect on reducing the infant mortality rate in Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2004. The FHP may also contribute toward reducing health inequalities. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EVALUATION INDEXES | INFANT | URBAN POPULATION | INFANT MORTALITY | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Death Rate | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328585 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in young men: results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in orange farm, South Africa. Author: Auvert B; Sobngwi-Tambekou J; Cutler E; Nieuwoudt M; Lissouba P; Puren A; Taljaard D Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan 1;199(1):14-9. Abstract: The authors used data from a male circumcision (MC) trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa among men aged 18-24 years to investigate the association between male circumcision (MC) and the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) among young men. Urethral swab samples were collected during a period of 262 consecutive days from participants in the intervention (circumcised) and control (uncircumcised) groups who were reporting for a scheduled follow-up visit. Swab samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. HR-HPV prevalence rate ratios were assessed using univariate and multivariate log Poisson regression. In an intention-to-treat analysis, the prevalence of HR-HPV among the intervention group was 14.8% (94/637) and in the control group was 22.3% (140/627). Controlling for propensity score and confounders (ethnic group, age, education, sexual behavior [including condom use], marital status, and human immunodeficiency virus status) had no effect on the results. This is the first randomized controlled trial to show a reduction in the prevalence of urethral HR-HPV infection after MC. This finding explains why women with circumcised partners are at a lower risk of cervical cancer than other women. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | YOUTH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HPV | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 328586 |
| 10. Title: Sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and HTLV-1/2 in immigrant and non-immigrant female sex workers in Argentina. Author: Bautista CT; Pando MA; Reynaga E; Marone R; Sateren WB; Montano SM; Sanchez JL; Avila MM Source: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2009 Apr;11(2):99-104. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study socio-demographics, sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalences of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in immigrant (foreigner) and non-immigrant (local/native) female sex workers (FSW). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in immigrant and non-immigrant FSW living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 625 FSW were enrolled, of whom 169 (27%) were immigrant FSW from Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay. The prevalence of syphilis and hepatitis C was significantly higher among Argentinean FSW than among immigrant FSW. However, hepatitis B prevalence was higher among immigrant FSW. Adjusted risk factor analysis comparing immigrant FSW with Argentinean FSW indicated that marital status (single), occupation (none), fee per sex act ( Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | IMMIGRANTS | HEPATITIS | SYPHILIS | PREVALENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 331118 |
| 11. Title: Combined oral contraceptive use and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Author: Bernier MO; Mikaeloff Y; Hudson M; Suissa S Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009 Mar 30;61(4):476-481. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), because studies of the link between exogenous hormonal exposure and the risk of SLE have produced conflicting results. METHODS: We conducted a population-based nested case-control study among women ages 18-45 years, using the UK's General Practice Research Database. All incident cases of SLE from 1994-2004 (n = 786) were identified in the database and matched with up to 10 controls (n = 7,817) among women without SLE at the time of the case's diagnosis. RESULTS: The adjusted rate ratio (RR) of incident SLE associated with any use of COC was 1.19 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.98-1.45), whereas with current use it was 1.54 (95% CI 1.15-2.07). The rate was particularly increased in current users who had only recently started COC use (RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.14-5.57) compared with longer-term current users (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.99). The risk appearedto be particularly elevated with current exposure to first- or second-generation contraceptives (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.20-2.26), and increasing with the dose of ethinyl estradiol (RR 1.42, 1.63, and 2.92 for Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Evaluation Document Number: 330926 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Is sexual risk taking behaviour changing in rural south-west Uganda? Behaviour trends in a rural population cohort 1993 2006. Author: Biraro S; Shafer LA; Kleinschmidt I; Wolff B; Karabalinda A; Nalwoga A; Musinguzi J; Kirungi W; Opio A; Whitworth J; Grosskurth H Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i3-i11. Abstract: Objective: To describe sexual behaviour trends in a rural Ugandan cohort in the context of an evolving HIV epidemic, 1993-2006. Methods: Sexual behaviour data were collected annually from a population cohort in which HIV serological surveys were also conducted. Behaviour trends were determined using survival analysis and logistic regression. Trends are reported based on the years in which the respective indicators were collected. Results: Between 1993 and 2006, median age at first sex increased from 16.7 years to 18.2 years among 17-20-year-old girls and from 18.5 years to 19.9 years among boys. Both sexes reported a dip in age at sexual debut between 1998 and 2001. One or more casual partners in the past 12 months among men rose from 11.6% in 1997 to 12.7% in 2004 and then declined to 10.2% in 2006. Among women it increased from 1.4% in 1997 to 3.7% in 2004 and then reduced to 1.4% in 2006. The rise in casual partners between 1997 and 2004 was driven mainly by older age groups. Trends in condom use with casual partners varied by age, increasing among those aged 35+ years, declining in the middle age groups and presenting a dip and then a rise in the youngest aged group (13-19 years). Conclusion: Among youth, risky behaviour declined but increased in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Among those aged 35+ years, condom use rose but casual partners also rose. Several indicators portrayed a temporary increase in risk taking behaviour from 1998 to 2002. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RURAL POPULATION | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 340101 |
| 13. Title: Venous thromboembolism in women using hormonal contraceptives. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Author: Blanco-Molina A; Trujillo-Santos J; Tirado R; Canas I; Riera A; Valdes M; Monreal M Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009;101(3):478-482. Abstract: There is scarce information on the clinical characteristics of contraceptive users who develop venous thromboembolism (VTE). RIETE is an ongoing registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic, objectively confirmed, acute VTE. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and additional risk factors for VTE in all enrolled women aged <50 years who were using or not using contraceptives at presentation with VTE. Of 1,667 women aged <50 years enrolled in RIETE as of December 2007, 593 (36%) were contraceptive users. Of 270 aged <25 years, 190 (70%) were users. Ninety-two contraceptive users (16%) had overweight, 89 (15%) were obese. Of 951 women with no additional risk factors for VTE (i.e. recent surgery, immobility or cancer) 457 (48%) were contraceptive users. Eighty-seven (15%) users had recent immobility for >/=4 days, 44 (7.4%) were postoperative. The most common reason for immobility was lower limb trauma not requiring surgery; 25% of users with recent immobility had received thromboprophylaxis. The most common type of surgery was non-major orthopaedic surgery. Twenty-one (48%) users with postoperative VTE had received prophylaxis. The percentage of users and non-users who tested positive for thrombophilia was similar. Contraceptive use remains the most frequent risk factor for VTE in women at fertile age. Identifying those at increased risk for VTE seems to be difficult. In the meanwhile, a higher use of thromboprophylaxis during immobility or minor surgery should be warranted. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | SIDE EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | SURGERY | POSTOPERATIVE PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330607 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Exposure to maternal and paternal tobacco consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion. Author: Blanco-Munoz J; Torres-Sanchez L; Lopez-Carrillo L Source: Public Health Reports. 2009 Mar-Apr;124(2):317-22. Abstract: Conclusive evidence shows that maternal tobacco consumption increases the risk of infertility, subfertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, low birthweight, and stillbirth. Nevertheless, evidence with respect to the risk of spontaneous abortion (SA) (i.e., miscarriage) is inconsistent. In a case-control study, Kline et al. identified an increase in miscarriages in women who were smokers. In Canadian women, Armstrong et al. found a 20% increase in the risk of SA for every 10 cigarettes consumed daily. Other authors have also shown a positive association between cotinine levels in urine and SA. On the other hand, in Rasch's study, after adjusting for other risk factors, women who smoked 10 to 19 cigarettes and 20 or more cigarettes per day did not have significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for having SAs. The role of paternal tobacco exposure in adverse reproductive effects has been scarcely evaluated. Some reports in the literature assert that tobacco consumption in men is associated with morphological alterations in sperm, a decrease in sperm density and motility, and a reduction in semen volume,11 which could have implications for male fertility and embryo viability. However, the scarce studies that to date have evaluated the association between exposure to paternal tobacco and SA are also contradictory. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | COUPLES | ABORTION RATE | RISK FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases Document Number: 331257 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual and marital trajectories and HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi. Author: Boileau C; Clark S; Bignami-Van Assche S; Poulin M; Reniers G; Watkins SC; Kohler HP; Heymann SJ Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i27-i33. Abstract: Objective: To explore how sexual and marital trajectories are associated with HIV infection among ever-married women in rural Malawi. Methods: Retrospective survey data and HIV biomarker data for 926 ever-married women interviewed in the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project were used. The associations between HIV infection and four key life course transitions considered individually (age at sexual debut, premarital sexual activity, entry into marriage and marital disruption by divorce or death) were examined. These transitions were then sequenced to construct trajectories that represent the variety of patterns in the data. The association between different trajectories and HIV prevalence was examined, controlling for potentially confounding factors such as age and region. Results: Although each life course transition taken in isolation may be associated with HIV infection, their combined effect appeared to be conditional on the sequence in which they occurred. Although early sexual debut, not marrying one's first sexual partner and having a disrupted marriage each increased the likelihood of HIV infection, their risk was not additive. Women who both delayed sexual debut and did not marry their first partner are, once married, more likely to experience marital disruption and to be HIV-positive. Women who marry their first partner but who have sex at a young age, however, are also at considerable risk. Conclusions: These findings identify the potential of a life course perspective for understanding why some women become infected with HIV and others do not, as well as the differentials in HIV prevalence that originate from the sequence of sexual and marital transitions in one's life. The analysis suggests, however, the need for further data collection to permit a better examination of the mechanisms that account for variations in life course trajectories and thus in lifetime probabilities of HIV infection. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HIV INFECTIONS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | DIVORCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Measurement | Behavior | Marriage | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 340104 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Emergence of a peak in early infant mortality due to HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Author: Bourne DE; Thompson M; Brody LL; Cotton M; Draper B; Laubscher R; Abdullah MF; Myers JE Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 2;23(1):101-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: South Africa has among the highest levels of HIV prevalence in the world. Our objectives are to describe the distribution of South African infant and child mortality by age at fine resolution, to identify any trends over recent time and to examine these trends for HIV-associated and non HIV-associated causes of mortality. METHODS: A retrospective review of vital registration data was conducted. All registered postneonatal deaths under 1 year of age in South Africa for the period 1997-2002 were analysed by age in months using a generalized linear model with a log link and Poisson family. RESULTS: Postneonatal mortality increased each year over the period 1997-2002. A peak in HIV-related deaths was observed, centred at 2-3 months of age, rising monotonically over time. CONCLUSION: We interpret the peak in mortality at 2-3 months as an indicator for paediatric AIDS in a South African population with high HIV prevalence and where other causes of death are not sufficiently high to mask HIV effects. Intrauterine and intrapartum infection may contribute to this peak. It is potentially a useful surveillance tool, not requiring an exact cause of death. The findings also illustrate the need for early treatment of mother and child in settings with very high HIV prevalence. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LINEAR REGRESSION | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT MORTALITY | AIDS | CAUSES OF DEATH | CHILD MORTALITY | VITAL STATISTICS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | DEATH RATE | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Statistical Regression | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population Statistics | Transmission | Infections Document Number: 330334 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Zagreb, Croatia. Author: Bozicevic I; Rode OD; Lepej SZ; Johnston LG; Stulhofer A; Dominkovic Z; Vacak V; Lukas D; Begovac J Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):303-309. Abstract: We used respondent-driven sampling among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zagreb, Croatia in 2006 to investigate the prevalence of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviours. We recruited 360 MSM. HIV infection was diagnosed in 4.5%. The seroprevalence of antibodies to viral pathogens was: herpes simplex virus type-2, 9.4%; hepatitis A, 14.2%; hepatitis C, 3.0%. Eighty percent of participants were susceptible to HBV infection (HBs antigen negative, and no antibodies to HBs and HBc antigen). Syphilis seroprevalence was 10.6%. Prevalence of Chlamydia and gonorrhoea was 9.0%, and 13.2%, respectively. Results indicate the need for interventions to diagnose, treat and prevent sexually transmitted infections among this population. Language: English Keywords: CROATIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 340131 |
| 18. Title: Vasectomy reversal: a seven-year experience. Author: Busato WF Jr Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2009;82(2):170-4. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Since the demand for vasectomy reversal is increasing and many populations in Brazil and other countries show distinct characteristics, this study was carried out as an effort to determine factors and characteristics associated with the success rate of reversal in a population in Southern Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 29 cases of vasectomy reversal performed over a 7-year period using the single-layer technique under microscopic magnification. RESULTS: Mean patency, pregnancy, and birth rates were 75, 41.7 and 29%, respectively. The patency and pregnancy rates were 92.3 and 38.5%, respectively, for time intervals since vasectomy <10 years and 63.6 and 45.4%, respectively, for intervals >10 years. Patency and pregnancy rates were 87.5 and 50%, respectively, for patients who had their vasectomy performed by a urologist, and 50 and 25%, respectively, for those who had their vasectomy performed by a generalist surgeon (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High patency and pregnancy rates are associated with time intervals since vasectomy of <10 years and vasectomies performed by urologists. There was no significant difference in the anastomosis time between the first 12 procedures and the next 12 procedures. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | VASECTOMY | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | PREGNANCY RATE | BIRTH RATE | TIME FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Reversible Sterilization | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331231 |
| 19. Title: Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Author: Chakhtoura Z; Canonico M; Gompel A; Thalabard JC; Scarabin PY; Plu-Bureau G Source: Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2009 Apr;40(4):1059-62. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The association between combined oral contraceptives (OC) use and increased risk of stroke has been reported. While progestogen-only contraceptives (POC) are commonly used worldwide, their impact on cardiovascular disease remains unclear. METHODS: A meta-analysis based on EMBASE and MEDLINE referenced literature corresponding to OCs marketed since 1960 was carried out. Eligible articles assessing the risk of stroke in relation to OC or POC were reviewed, and relevant studies were extracted. All types of POC and routes of administration were taken into account in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Six case-control studies were identified. The combined odd ratio (OR) showed no increase in the risk of stroke among POC users (OR=0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 1.31). This result was similar according to the route of administration (either implant or injectable or oral POC). CONCLUSIONS: Data from observational studies show that POC use is not associated with an increased risk of stroke. However, these results are based on limited data. Further investigations are needed in women with risk factors of stroke. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | RISK ASSESSMENT | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 331085 |
| 20. Title: Correlates of in-law conflict and intimate partner violence against Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong Author: Chan KL; Tiwari A; Fong DY; Leung WC; Brownridge DA; Ho PC Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009 Jan;24(1):97-110. Abstract: This study examines correlates of in-law conflict with intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics in Hong Kong. This was a territory-wide, cross-sectional study of 3,245 pregnant women recruited from seven hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were invited to complete the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen and a demographic questionnaire. About 9% of the pregnant women reported having been abused by their partners in the preceding year. In-law conflict was the characteristic most significantly associated with preceding-year abuse against pregnant women, after controlling for covariates. Findings underscore the need to obtain information on in-law conflict as a risk factor for IPV. In-law conflict should be included in the assessment of risk for IPV. For the prevention of IPV, family-based intervention is needed to work with victims as well as in-laws. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXTENDED FAMILY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 328410 |
| 21. Title: Timing and determinants of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria. Author: Charurat M; Datong P; Matawal B; Ajene A; Blattner W; Abimiku A Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 3; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the timing and determinants of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV among mothers receiving single-dose nevirapine to prevent MTCT in Nigeria. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy-one HIV-infected mothers and their infants were followed from birth, at 1 week, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Risks of in utero (IU), intrapartum (IP/EPP), and postnatal (PP) transmission were quantified using conditional Cox regressions. RESULTS: Maternal viral load was the only risk factor for IU transmission after controlling for known risk factors. Low birth weight, premature birth, mixed feeding, and maternal viral load were associated with IP/EPP transmission. Increased PP transmission was associated with low birth weight and mixed feeding. At 6 months, mixed-fed infants were more likely to acquire infection than formula-fed infants (hazard ratio=5.74; 95% CI, 1.26-26.2). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for IU transmission differed from those of IP and PP transmission. Reducing mixed feeding and low birth weight delivery among HIV-infected mothers can further decrease IP and PP transmission. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | TIME FACTORS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Transmission | Infections | HIV | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 341465 |
| 22. Title: Recent oral contraceptive use and adverse birth outcomes. Author: Chen XK; Wen SW; Sun LM; Yang Q; Walker MC Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2009;144:40-43. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the possible association between oral contraceptive use and adverse birth outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a population-based cohort study of pregnant women who used oral contraceptives within 3 months before their last menstrual period. Subjects were divided into three groups, according to the interval (0-30, 31-60, and 61-90 days) between the dispensing date and their last menstrual period. For each exposed subject, 4 subjects without exposure to oral contraceptives were individually matched by infant's year of birth and plurality and by mother's age and parity. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive use within 30 days prior to the last menstrual period was associated with increased risks of very low birth weight (OR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.18, 8.92), low birth weight (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.20), and preterm birth (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.55); however, oral contraceptive use 31-90 days prior to the last menstrual period did not increase the risk of low birth weight or preterm birth.CONCLUSION: Our results indicate the use of oral contraceptives near the time of conception may be associated with an increased risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | TIME FACTORS | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | PREMATURE BIRTH | RISK FACTORS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Population Dynamics | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330420 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of previous live birth and prior route of delivery on the outcome of early medical abortion. Author: Chien LW; Liu WM; Tzeng CR; Au HK Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Mar;113(3):669-74. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between type of previous delivery (vaginal compared with cesarean) on the success of medical abortion with mifepristone-misoprostol in early pregnancy. METHODS: The records of 879 women with intrauterine pregnancies at or before 56 days of gestation who underwent medical abortions were reviewed. Medical treatment consisted of 600 mg mifepristone orally followed 48 hours later with oral misoprostol. An ultrasound examination was performed 14-21 days after treatment, and a successful medical abortion was defined as an empty uterus without surgical intervention. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for failure of medical abortion. RESULTS: A total of 797 (90.7%) women had successful medical abortions; 82 (9.3%) had failed medical abortions. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that women with gestational ages greater than 42 days (odds ratio [OR] 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55-4.05) had higher odds of failed abortion compared with a gestational age less than 43 days. Parous women (OR> or =3.94, 95% CI 1.83-8.53) and those with prior cesarean delivery (OR 9.59, 95% CI 4.30-21.39) were more likely to have failed abortions compared with nulliparous women. Among 523 parous women (68 had failed abortion), those with gestational ages greater than 42 days (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.22-3.50) and prior cesarean delivery (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.95-5.69) were more likely to have failed abortions compared with those with gestational ages less than 43 days or with prior vaginal delivery. CONCLUSION: Parous women are at increased risk for failed medical abortion in comparison with nulliparous women. Prior cesarean delivery is significantly associated with failed medical abortion. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | CHILDBIRTH | ABORTION | CESAREAN SECTION | RU-486 | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | MISOPROSTOL | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins Document Number: 331067 Notification |
| 24. Title: Effects of prenatal micronutrient supplementation on complications of labor and delivery and puerperal morbidity in rural Nepal. Author: Christian P; Khatry SK; Leclerq SC; Dali SM Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 13; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of supplemental prenatal folic acid, folic acid-iron, folic acid-iron-zinc, and multiple micronutrients on maternal morbidity in rural Nepal. METHODS: A cluster-randomized double-masked controlled trial of pregnant women who received daily supplements from early pregnancy through 3 months post partum as per the treatment allocation. Women were interviewed at birth about labor and delivery complications and for 9 days post partum to obtain 24-hour histories of morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 3986 (97.3%) women completed an interview regarding labor and delivery; morbidity history was available for 3564 (87.0%) women. Folic acid-iron reduced the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (relative risk [RR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.98). Risk of dysfunctional labor increased with multiple micronutrient supplementation (RR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60), although preterm premature rupture of membrane decreased (RR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.79). Puerperal sepsis was lower in those receiving folic acid-iron, folic acid-iron-zinc, and multiple micronutrients compared with controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Prenatal folic acid-iron supplementation reduced the risk of obstetric complications in this South Asian setting. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | PUERPERAL DISORDERS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOLIC ACID | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341459 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Understanding the context of male and transgender sex work using peer ethnography. Author: Collumbien M; Quereshi AA; Mayhew SH; Rizvi N; Rabbani A; Rolfe B; Verma RK; Rehman H; Naveed-i-Rahat Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii3-ii7. Abstract: Objectives: To distinguish between three distinct groups of male and transgender sex workers in Pakistan and to demonstrate how members of these stigmatised groups need to be engaged in the research process to go beyond stated norms of behaviour. Methods: A peer ethnography study was undertaken in a major city in Pakistan. 15 male and 15 transgender sex workers were trained as peer researchers to each interview three peers in their network. Analysis was based on interviews with peer researchers as well as observation of dynamics during training and analysis workshops. Results: The research process revealed that, within the epidemiological category of biological males who sell sex, there are three sociologically different sexual identities: khusras (transgender), khotkis (feminised males) and banthas (mainstream male identity). Both khusras and khotkis are organised in strong social structures based on a shared identity. While these networks provide emotional and material support, they also come with rigid group norms based on expected "feminine" behaviours. In everyday reality, sex workers showed fluidity in both behaviour and identity according to the situational context, transgressing both wider societal and group norms. The informal observational component in peer ethnography was crucial for the accurate interpretation of interview data. Participant accounts of behaviour and relationships are shaped by the research contexts including who interviews them, at what stage of familiarity and who may overhear the conversation. Conclusions: To avoid imposing a "false clarity" on categorisation of identity and assumed behaviour, it is necessary to go beyond verbal accounts to document the fluidity of everyday reality. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | PEER GROUPS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | STIGMA | WORKSHOPS | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Social Problems | Education | Psychological Factors Document Number: 340119 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: On the origin of South America HIV-1 C epidemic [letter] Author: de Macedo Brigido LF Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):543-4. Abstract: In a recent AIDS issue, two articles present sequence analysis to trace the origin of HIV-1 clade C in South America. The authors correctly point out that the density of clade C infection in south Brazil and its phylogenetic relationship to most isolates observed elsewhere in South America places south Brazil as its probable origin. When tracing the origin of the C viruses circulating in Brazil, both groups focused on phylogenic relationships of available/analyzable material. Although reported in the Epidemiology/Social sector, the authors disconnect their findings to potential social and cultural determinants of HIV dissemination, factors that may actually have played a major role in the introduction of HIV-1 clade C in Brazil. Although the precise African origin of the variant is not known, it was first observed in Ethiopia, but it is observed, along with other variants, in many countries of central and east Africa. It is conceivable that the variant migrated southwards through highland areas (including Burundi and Kenya, the putative origin, ascribed by each group, to the South America and Brazilian clade C epidemic) to dominate the epidemic in the south of the continent. Mozambique is one of the countries in the south of Africa where clade C is predominant. In 1975, Mozambique declared its independence from Portugal and Frelimo, a left-oriented liberation movement, took hold of the government. Its support to liberation movements at South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) resulted in an armed rebel movement supported by the white-ruled neighboring countries, causing a civil war that was associated with an exodus of most of the Portuguese community and Mozambicans of Portuguese heritage. Brazil, a former Portuguese colony, has a large community of Portuguese descendants, a fact that may have facilitate a temporary or permanent destiny for some of these emigrants. According to the official Brazilian demographic data center (IBGE), the number of conceded residency for Portuguese nationals surged five-fold in 1975, returning to 1974 levels by 1981. In some areas of the south of Brazil, as in the coast of the state of Santa Catarina, Portuguese descendents are specially noted. Coincidentally, this area includes cities with the highest proportions of clade C infection. Available molecular data may not provide sufficient support for a direct link of the two epidemics and, apart from a threonine at codon 12, most amino acid signatures listed by Bello et al. [1] are not commonly observed among Mozambique sequences available at GenBank. However, these isolates are recent (1999-2004) and may not reflect the variants circulating in late 1970s. An evolving virus in distinct ethnic groups may make the task of tracing its origins and evolution difficult, especially when based exclusively on available, most of the time fragmental, sequence information. The relationship of Mozambique to Brazil, through a 'Portuguese connection', placed the area as the most feasible origin for the Brazilian clade C epidemic. Social and cultural determinants and tangibility of potential routes of dissemination should be incorporated into these studies to allow a more precise picture of HIV epidemic dynamics. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AMERICA | BRAZIL | AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | CULTURE | GENETICS | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Biology Document Number: 341168 |
| 27. Title: Rapid progression of HIV infection in infancy. Author: Devi NP; Shenbagavalli R; Ramesh K; Rathinam SN; Swaminathan S Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;46(1):53-6. Abstract: Transmission of HIV from mother to child can occur in utero, during labor or after delivery via breast feeding. Data on the fate of babies born with HIV in India are scarce. We present details of 25 infants with perinatally acquired HIV infection (virologically confirmed) to highlight the observed high rate of morbidity and mortality within the first 18 months of life. Our findings of rapid disease progression among perinatally infected HIV positive children underline the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | DEATH RATE | INFANT MORTALITY | AIDS | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Infections | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331249 |
| 28. Title: Endometrial hyperplasia risk in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy. Author: Epplein M; Reed SD; Voigt LF; Newton KM; Holt VL; Weiss NS Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2009 Jan;19(1):1-7. Abstract: PURPOSE: We sought to examine the relationship between recent use of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy and endometrial hyperplasia (EH) risk. METHODS: Cases comprised women diagnosed with complex EH (n = 289) or atypical EH (n = 173) between 1985 and 2003. One age-matched control was selected for each case; excluded were women with a prior hysterectomy or diagnosis of EH or endometrial cancer. Hormone use in the 6 months prior to the date of the case's first symptoms was ascertained using a pharmacy database and medical records. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Three (1.1%) cases had used oral contraceptives, compared to 16 (6.0%) controls (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.0-0.6). Fifty-one (16.8%) cases had taken estrogen-only hormone therapy, in contrast to two (0.7%) controls (OR = 37.6, 95% CI: 8.8-160.0). The risk of EH among estrogen plus progestin hormone users did not differ from that of non-users (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4-1.1). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that previous findings of the association of estrogen-only hormone therapy with increased risk of EH and the lack of an association between estrogen plus progestin hormone therapy and EH risk are likely to apply to both complex EH and atypical EH. Further examination of the association between oral contraceptives and EH, with greater numbers of OC users, is warranted. Language: English Keywords: WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Safety | Public Health | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 330386 |
| 29. Title: Migraine: a question and answer review. Author: Evans RW Source: Medical Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;93(2):245-62, vii. Abstract: Internists commonly treat migraine, which affects more than 29 million Americans yearly. This article reviews epidemiology, pathophysiology, comorbidity, clinical features, diagnostic testing, acute and preventive treatment, and women's issues. Physicians and migraineurs would like to see more effective and more tolerable medications. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLASSIFICATION | CELEBRITIES | PREVALENCE | MIGRAINE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | GENETICS | COMPLICATIONS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HEADACHE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Measurement | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | |