1.  Title: Traffic-related air pollution and perinatal mortality: a case-control study. Author: de Medeiros AP; Gouveia N; Machado RP; de Souza MR; Alencar GP; Novaes HM; de Almeida MF Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009 Jan;117(1):127-32. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ambient levels of air pollution may affect the health of children, as indicated by studies of infant and perinatal mortality. Scientific evidence has also correlated low birth weight and preterm birth, which are important determinants of perinatal death, with air pollution. However, most of these studies used ambient concentrations measured at monitoring sites, which may not consider differential exposure to pollutants found at elevated concentrations near heavy-traffic roadways. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to examine the association between traffic-related pollution and perinatal mortality. METHODS: We used the information collected for a case-control study conducted in 14 districts in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil, regarding risk factors for perinatal deaths. We geocoded the residential addresses of cases (fetal and early neonatal deaths) and controls (children who survived the 28th day of life) and calculated a distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD) measure considering all roads contained in a buffer surrounding these homes. RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed a gradient of increasing risk of early neonatal death with higher exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Mothers exposed to the highest quartile of the DWTD compared with those less exposed exhibited approximately 50% increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-3.19). Associations for fetal mortality were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that motor vehicle exhaust exposures may be a risk factor for perinatal mortality. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERINATAL MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TRANSPORTATION | RISK FACTORS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Economic Factors | Biology | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 330469 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Relationship between intestinal parasitic infection in children and soil contamination in an urban slum. Author: Korkes F; Kumagai FU; Belfort RN; Szejnfeld D; Abud TG; Kleinman A; Florez GM; Szejnfeld T; Chieffi PP Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;55(1):42-5. Abstract: PURPOSE: Urban slums are well known for their high infant mortality and morbidity rates, and parasitic infections seem to be a common problem among these children. The aim of the present study was to determine protozoa and nematodes prevalence among children of a selected community located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and access the relation between soil and children infection. METHODS: Soil contamination samples from 15 strategic locations in the slum area as well as stool samples (examined for protozoa and nematodes through five different methods) from 120 children aged 2-14 years (49% M: 51% F, mean +/- SD = 7.9 +/- 3.8 years) were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Children's domicile locations were determined, and a comparative analysis was undertaken to correlate children and soil infection. RESULTS: Overall infection rate was 30.8% (n = 37), without difference between genders. The most frequent intestinal protozoa were Endolimax nana (20.8%), Entamoeba coli (15.8%) and Giardia lamblia (16.7%). Frequencies of Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis in stool samples were 2.5 and 1.7%, respectively. No cases of hookworms, Schistosoma mansoni or Tricuris trichiura were identified. Polyparasitism occurred in 10.8% of the children, while 69.2% were free of parasitic infections. Out of the 15 soil samples analyzed, Ascaris sp. eggs were found in 20% and hookworm eggs in 6.7%. CONCLUSION: Helminth infection is not as prevalent as previously reported in urban slums in Sao Paulo, neither as clinical disease nor in soil samples. Protozoa intestinal infection, however, is still frequent in some marginalized populations in Sao Paulo. Improvement in living standards, mostly sanitation might decrease the prevalence of these diseases. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | SLUMS | PREVALENCE | SOIL QUALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PARASITIC DISEASES | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Measurement | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Diseases | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 330412 |
| 3. Title: Prevalence and potential link between E. coli O157:H7 isolated from drinking water, meat and vegetables and stools of diarrhoeic confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients in the Amathole District - South Africa. Author: Abong'o BO; Momba MN Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008 Aug;105(2):424-31. Abstract: AIM: The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular relatedness between Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables and from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients with diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culture-based and polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify E. coli O157:H7. Thirty-five per cent of meat products, 25.5% of water, 21.7% of vegetables as well as 56.5% and 43.5% of stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively, were presumptively positive with E. coli O157. Molecular results indicated that 10.3%, 8.6% and 7.8% of the vegetables, water and meat products examined carried E. coli O157:H7, which had homologous fliC(H7), rfbE(O157) and eaeA genetic loci to the genes of some E. coli O157:H7 isolated from 12.2% and 8.8% of the stools of confirmed and non-confirmed HIV/AIDS patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Water, meat and meat products and vegetables are potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 that are potentially capable of causing diarrhoea in humans especially HIV/AIDS patients. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Great care should be exercised to ensure that water and foods consumed by HIV/AIDS patients are safe, as contaminated water and foods can cause secondary infections in these patients. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | DIET | DIARRHEA | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | HYGIENE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Nutrition | Health | Infections | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Public Health Document Number: 329272 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Assessment of human health risk from organochlorine pesticide residues in Cidade dos Meninos, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Author: Asmus CI; Alonzo HG; Palacios M; Silva AP; Filhote MI Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Apr;24(4):755-766. Abstract: This article presents the results of a heath risk assessment in Cidade dos Meninos, an area contaminated with organochlorine pesticide residues located in the county (municipality) of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) risk assessment methodology was applied. The following organochlorine compounds exceeded the established limits and were considered target pollutants: HCH and its isomers (in eggs, milk, and soil); DDT and its metabolites; trichlorobenzenes; trichlorophenols; dioxins and furans (eggs and soil). For all the substances studied (with the exception of trichlorophenols), the estimated doses exceeded the minimum risk levels for chronically exposed children and adults. According to the ATSDR classification, the area was considered an "urgent public health hazard" because of its high and serious exposure to substances that are dangerous to human health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | PESTICIDES | EXPOSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HEALTH | TOXICITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Ingredients and Chemicals | Risk Factors | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Evaluation | Physiology Document Number: 326494 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Dioxin may promote inflammation-related development of endometriosis. Author: Bruner-Tran KL; Yeaman GR; Crispens MA; Igarashi TM; Osteen KG Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89 Suppl 3:1287-1298. Abstract: Laboratory and population-based studies suggest that exposure to environmental toxicants may be one of several triggers for the development of endometriosis. We discuss evidence that modulation of the endometrial endocrine-immune interface could mechanistically link toxicant exposure to the development of this disease. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TENNESSEE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | EXPOSURE | TOXICITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PROGESTERONE | LEUKOCYTOSIS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Risk Factors | Biology | Physiology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Hematological Effects | Hemic System Document Number: 327229 |
| 6. Title: Environmental contaminants and human infertility: Hypothesis or cause for concern? Author: Foster WG; Neal MS; Han MS; Dominguez MM Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 2008;11 Pt B:162-176. Abstract: Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the crude human birth rate (live births per 1000 population) declined, indicating reduced fertility and suggesting a potential decline in fecundity (the potential to conceive). Detection of environmental contaminants in human tissues, together with reports of a global decline in semen quality, further fueled speculation that human infertility rates are increasing and environmental toxicants are potentially important causal agents associated with this change. However, there is little compelling evidence to suggest that infertility rates amongst the general population have changed over time. Moreover, recent studies suggest a rise in the fertility rates. While several studies documented increased time to pregnancy (TTP) in exposed study populations, other investigators were not able to replicate these findings. Nevertheless, studies involving occupational exposure together with results from animal experiments lend support to the conclusion that environmental contaminants potentially adversely affect fertility. Consequently, the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants on human fertility remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that environmental contaminant exposure was associated with enhanced risk of infertility, data concerning trends in fertility and infertility rates were examined to assess the impact of exposure of developing gametes to environmental contaminants. The relationship between exposure and reproductive outcomes was then examined to illustrate the range of adverse effects for reproductive toxicants with data sets of divergent depth and reliability. Data showed that only a weak association between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse effects on human fertility exists. However, it is postulated that evidence of chemical exposure and potential health consequences of these exposures highlight the need for further research in this area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | INFERTILITY | RISK FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FERTILITY RATE | FECUNDITY | GERM CELLS | PESTICIDES | ORGANIC CHEMICALS | TOXICITY | TOBACCO USE | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproduction | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Ingredients and Chemicals | Behavior Document Number: 326262 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult male. Author: Hauser R; Sokol R Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Feb;89(2 Suppl 1):e59-e65. Abstract: In the field of reproductive environmental health there remain many unanswered questions regarding the impact of the environment on male reproductive health. Suggested needs include studies that target populations with high exposure to chemicals, including phthalates and bisphenol A. We also need to identify susceptibility factors and critical exposure windows (life stages) that may increase a man's risk of infertility. Finally, we need to develop methods to better study mixtures of chemicals and develop methods to assess clinical reproductive outcomes of human exposure to the ever-growing list of chemicals. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFERTILITY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TOXICITY | EXPOSURE | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Reproduction | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors Document Number: 325033 |
| 8. Title: Saline contamination of drinking water in Bangladesh [letter] Author: Khan A; Mojumder SK; Kovats S; Vineis P Source: Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):385. Abstract: Water-related crises are not a new problem in Bangladesh. The discovery of arsenic in drinking water was deemed "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history", threatening the lives of millions. Now Bangladesh is facing another environmental and health threat due to man-made and natural factors: increased salinity. Estimates indicate that Bangladesh has about 2.8 million hectares of land that is affected by salinity-ie, a third of the 9 million hectares of total national cultivated area, and about a fifth of the total area of Bangladesh. Saline intrusion from sea water owing to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream (partly owing to the establishment of the Farrakka Barrage on the Ganges near the border of Bangladesh) is expected to be aggravated by climate change and sea-level rises. It has already had adverse effects on crop productivity and grain production. Now it appears to be a threat to the well-being of communities who live in coastal areas of this low-lying nation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | SOIL DEGRADATION | PREECLAMPSIA | HYPERTENSION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Vascular Diseases Document Number: 324319 |
| 9. Title: Health of people working / living in the vicinity of an oil-polluted beach near Karachi, Pakistan. Author: Khurshid R; Sheikh MA; Iqbal S Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008;14(1):179-182. Abstract: A short-term study was conducted after the oil spillage from the tanker Tasman Spirit to analyse seawater and sand samples taken from Karachi beach for hydrocarbon/organic contents. Blood samples were collected from people who were working or living in the vicinity of the beach. Lymphocyte and eosinophil levels were slightly increased. About 11 people had raised serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, but this was not significant. Such steps are vital to ensure that there are no long-term hazardous effects of oil on human health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | POPULATION AT RISK | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SOIL QUALITY | WATER QUALITY | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 325103 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Global environmental change and health: Impacts, inequalities, and the health sector. Author: McMichael AJ; Friel S; Nyong A; Corvalan C Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Jan 26;336(7637):191-194. Abstract: Human actions are changing many of the world's natural environmental systems, including the climate system. These systems are intrinsic to life processes and fundamental to human health, and their disruption and depletion make it more difficult to tackle health inequalities. Indeed, we will not achieve the UN millennium development health goals if environmental destruction continues. Health professionals have a vital contributory role in preventing and reducing the health effects of global environmental change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | INEQUALITIES | HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | GLOBAL WARMING | POVERTY | DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | ILLITERACY | EXPOSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | GOALS | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Climate | Nutrition Disorders | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Risk Factors | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324033 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Science linking environmental contaminant exposures with fertility and reproductive health impacts in the adult female. Author: Mendola P; Messer LC; Rappazzo K Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Feb;89(2 Suppl 1):e81-e94. Abstract: The study objective was to broadly review the recent literature linking environmental factors and adult female reproductive health for the UCSF-CHE Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility. Reviewed articles indexed in PubMed from 1999-2007 addressing environment and puberty, menstrual and ovarian function, fertility, and menopause. The strongest evidence of environmental contaminant exposures interfering with healthy reproductive function in adult females is for heavy metals, particularly lead. Compounds that can influence hormone function, including pesticides and persistent pollutants, are also associated with risk. The pattern of effects for these endocrine-active compounds is often complex, with no clear dose response, but alterations in function and poor reproductive health outcomes are observed. From a clinical perspective, most modifiable risk appears to be associated with exposures in unique populations (contaminated fish consumers) or occupational groups (farmworkers). Many compounds have demonstrated increased risks for reproductive health impairment in women, but the literature is largely cross-sectional in nature and too sparse or inconclusive to support causal inference. Reproductive function in adult females is impaired by lead exposure. Pesticides and persistent pollutants can alter hormone function resulting in adverse reproductive health effects. Coordinated research is needed to address contaminant effects across the life span. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | TOXICITY | EXPOSURE | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors Document Number: 325032 |
| 12. Title: Promoting environmental justice through community-based participatory research: The role of community and partnership capacity. Author: Minkler M; Vasquez VB; Tajik M; Petersen D Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Feb;35(1):119-137. Abstract: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) increasingly is being used to study and address environmental justice. This article presents the results of a cross-site case study of four CBPR partnerships in the United States that researched environmental health problems and worked to educate legislators and promote relevant public policy. The authors focus on community and partnership capacity within and across sites, using as a theoretical framework Goodman and his colleagues' dimensions of community capacity, as these were tailored to environmental health by Freudenberg, and as further modified to include partnership capacity within a systems perspective. The four CBPR partnerships examined were situated in NewYork, California, Oklahoma, and North Carolina and were part of a larger national study. Case study contexts and characteristics, policy-related outcomes, and findings related to community and partnership capacity are presented, with implications drawn for other CBPR partnerships with a policy focus. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | CALIFORNIA | OKLAHOMA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INEQUALITIES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Programs | Health Document Number: 324662 |
| 13. Title: Lead poisoning associated with malaria in children of urban areas of Nigeria. Author: Nriagu J; Afeiche M; Linder A; Arowolo T; Ana G; Sridhar MK; Oloruntoba EO; Obi E; Ebenebe JC; Orisakwe OE; Adesina A Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2008 Oct;211(5-6):591-605. Abstract: The principal objectives of this study are to (a) investigate the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) in children of three major cities of Nigeria with different levels of industrial pollution; (b) identify the environmental, social and behavioral risk factors for the EBLLs in the children; and (c) explore the association between malaria (endemic in the study areas) and EBLLs in the pediatric population. The study involved 653 children aged 2-9 years (average, 3.7 years). The mean blood lead level (BLL) for the children was 8.9+/-4.8microg/dL, the median value was 7.8microg/dL, and the range was 1-52microg/dL. About 25% of the children had BLL greater than 10microg/dL. There were important differences in BLLs across the three cities, with the average value in Ibadan (9.9+/-5.2microg/dL) and Nnewi (8.3+/-3.5microg/dL) being higher than that in Port Harcourt (4.7+/-2.2micro/dL). Significant positive associations were found between BLL and a child's town of residence (p<0.001), age of the child (p=0.004), length of time the child played outside (p<0.001), presence of pets in a child's home (p=0.023), but negatively with educational level of caregiver (p<0.001). This study is one of the first to find a significant negative association between BLL and malaria in a pediatric population, and this association remained significant after controlling for confounding diseases and symptoms. The shared environmental and socio-demographic risks factors for lead exposure and Plasmodium (most common malaria parasites) infection in urban areas of Nigeria are discussed along with possible ways that lead exposure may influence the host response to infection with malarial parasites. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN AREAS | CHILDREN | TOXICITY | MALARIA | BLOOD | PARASITES | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | POISON | METALS | EXPOSURE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Hemic System | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Vitamins and Minerals | Risk Factors Document Number: 330222 |
| 14. Title: Solid-waste management in Jalandhar city and its impact on community health. Author: Puri A; Kumar M; Johal E Source: Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008 Aug;12(2):76-81. Abstract: In this study, solid-waste management practices were evaluated in order to find out its link with occurrence of vector-borne disease. Strategies for solid-waste management were employed as practical model to solve the problems regarding pollution which is originated by solid-waste. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | WASTE MANAGEMENT | VECTOR CONTROL | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | URBAN AREAS | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | TRANSPORTATION | RECYCLING | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Environmental Degradation | Geographic Factors | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Biology Document Number: 322520 |
| 15. Title: The effects of 3 environmental risks on mortality disparities across Mexican communities. Author: Stevens GA; Dias RH; Ezzati M Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008 Nov 4;105(44):16860-5. Abstract: The disparities in the burden of ill health caused by environmental risks should be an important consideration beyond their aggregate population effects. We used comparative risk assessment methods to calculate the mortality effects of unsafe water and sanitation, indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use, and ambient urban particulate matter pollution in Mexico. We also estimated the disparities in mortality caused by each risk factor, across municipios (counties) of residence and by municipio socioeconomic status (SES). Data sources for the analysis were the national census, population-representative health surveys, and air quality monitoring for risk factor exposure; systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies for risk factor effects; and vital statistics for disease-specific mortality. During 2001-2005, unsafe water and sanitation, household solid fuel use, and urban particulate matter pollution were responsible for 3,000, 3,600, and 7,600 annual deaths, respectively. Annual child mortality rates would decrease by 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1 per 1,000 children, and life expectancy would increase by 1.0, 1.2, and 2.4 months, respectively, in the absence of these environmental exposures. Together, these risk factors caused 10.6% of child deaths in the lowest-SES communities (0.9 deaths per 1,000 children), but only 4.0% in communities in the highest-SES ones (0.1 per 1,000). In the 50 most-affected municipios, these 3 exposures were responsible for 3.2 deaths per 1,000 children and a 10-month loss of life expectancy. The large disparities in the mortality effects of these 3 environmental risks should form the basis of interventions and environmental monitoring programs. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | URBAN POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | DEATH RATE | INEQUALITIES | RISK ASSESSMENT | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | VITAL STATISTICS | CHILD MORTALITY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Natural Resources | Public Health | Health | Population Statistics Document Number: 330044 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: A community-based bacteriological study of quality of drinking-water and its feedback to a rural community in western Maharashtra, India. Author: Tambe PV; Daswani PG; Mistry NF; Ghadge AA; Antia NH Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Jun;26(2):139-150. Abstract: A longitudinal study of the bacteriological quality of rural water supplies was undertaken for a movement towards self-help against diseases, such as diarrhoea, and improved water management through increased community participation. Three hundred and thirteen water samples from different sources, such as well, tank, community standpost, handpumps, percolation lakes, and streams, and from households were collected from six villages in Maharashtra, India, over a one-year period. Overall, 49.8% of the 313 samples were polluted, whereas 45.9% of the samples from piped water supply were polluted. The quality of groundwater was generally good compared to open wells. Irregular and/or inadequate treatment of water, lack of drainage systems, and domestic washing near the wells led to deterioration in the quality of water. No major diarrhoeal epidemics were recorded during the study, although a few sporadic cases were noted during the rainy season. As a result of a continuous feedback of bacteriological findings to the community, perceptions of the people changed with time. An increased awareness was observed through active participation of the people cutting across age-groups and different socioeconomic strata of the society in village activities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | COMMUNITY | WATER SUPPLY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | FEEDBACK | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | DIARRHEA | EPIDEMICS | PUBLIC OPINION | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Environmental Degradation | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Programs Document Number: 327781 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: Executive summary. Author: Woodruff TJ; Carlson A; Schwartz JM; Giudice LC Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Feb;89(2):281-300. Abstract: The 2007 Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility convened scientists, health care professionals, community groups, political representatives, and the media to hear presentations on the impact of environmental contaminants on reproductive health and fertility, and to discuss opportunities to improve health through research, education, communication, and policy. Environmental reproductive health focuses on exposures to environmental contaminants, particularly during critical periods of development, and their potential effects on future reproductive health, including conception, fertility, pregnancy, adolescent development, and adult health. Approximately 87,000 chemical substances are registered for commercial use in the United States, with ubiquitous human exposures to environmental contaminants in air, water, food, and consumer products. Exposures during critical windows of susceptibility may result in adverse effects with lifelong and even intergenerational health impacts. Effects can include impaired development and function of the reproductive tract and permanently altered gene expression, leading to metabolic and hormonal disorders, reduced fertility and fecundity, and illnesses such as testicular, prostate, uterine, and cervical cancers later in life. This executive summary reviews effects of pre- and postnatal exposures on male and female reproductive health, and provides a series of recommendations for advancing the field in the areas of research, policy, health care, and community action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | EXPOSURE | FERTILITY | PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HEALTH | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Risk Factors | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction Document Number: 324375 |
| 18. Title: Does prenatal exposure to arsenic affect infant development? Source: Health and Science Bulletin. 2007 Sep;5(3):1-21. Abstract: Arsenic is a widely distributed environmental pollutant. Many people are exposed to arsenic contaminated drinking water in different regions of the world due to elevated levels in ground water. It is a neurotoxicant and known to cause cancer, skin diseases and other chronic diseases. Recently a few cross sectional studies in school-aged children reported a negative association of arsenic exposure with children's development. Siripityakunkit and colleagues found a significant association between high arsenic levels in hair and impaired visual perception in 6-9 year old Thai children who were chronically exposed to arsenic contaminated drinking water. Calderon and Rosado reported co-exposure of arsenic and lead in primary school children from smelter areas in Mexico associated with lower verbal intelligence and long-term memory. Similarly, in Taiwan, long-term arsenic-exposure through drinking water was associated with lower scores in three out of four performance tests in a dose response manner. Two studies in Bangladesh reported an association between exposures to high well water arsenic and reduced intellectual function, even after adjusting for covariates. These studies indicate that children as young as 6 years old may suffer from subtle developmental deficits due to arsenic exposure. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | WATER QUALITY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | TESTING | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Biology | Measurement | Environmental Degradation | Central Nervous System | Physiology Document Number: 322625 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The environment's impact on health. Source: Lancet. 2007 Jun 23;369(9579):2052. Abstract: With its release of each country's profile of environmental factors and their impact on health last week, WHO has made a first, very important step towards facilitating more joined-up thinking by policymakers when planning interventions that have the greatest effect at a population level. The profiles make grim reading in some parts of the world and show stark inequalities. In Sierra Leone, one of the worst affected countries, an estimated 316 healthy years of life are lost per 1000 inhabitants due to preventable environmental factors compared with only 14 healthy years of life lost per 1000 in Iceland. Worldwide an estimated 13 million deaths could be prevented each year in a healthier environment. In 23 countries, more than 10% of these deaths are due to just two factors: lack of clean water and the effects of indoor air pollution caused by a high proportion of households that use solid fuel, such as wood, for cooking and heating. Many of these factors have the greatest effect on young children, and without tackling the most important environmental impacts on health, there is little hope of substantial progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing under-5 child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION AT RISK | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER SUPPLY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | EXCESS MORTALITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Document Number: 318051 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Will China ever come clean? Source: Lancet. 2007 Jul 14;370(9582):104. Abstract: The international health community rolled its eyes in exasperation last week as reports emerged of another cover-up by the Chinese Government. The UK newspaper The Financial Times was the first to report that Chinese officials had censored a preliminary World Bank report on the cost of pollution in China. The authorities apparently insisted on the removal of estimates that 750 000 people each year die prematurely in China as a result of air and water pollution, because they feared that the statistics would cause social unrest. The World Bank acknowledged that this version of the report, released at a conference in March, did not "include all of the issues under discussion", but stressed that the final version is yet to be agreed. The Chinese Government deny the allegation of suppression. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER QUALITY | DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | IMPACT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Biology | Communication Document Number: 318709 |
| 21. Title: Developing a water quality management model for Karun and Dez rivers. Author: Afkhami M; Shariat M; Jaafarzadeh N; Ghadiri H; Nabizadeh R Source: Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering. 2007;4(2):99-106. Abstract: The Karun and Dez rivers basin are the largest rivers basin in Iran which are situated in the south west of the country. Karun River originates from Zagros mountain ranges and passing through Khuzestan plain, reaches the Persian Gulf. Several cities lie along its path of them the most important is Ahvaz, the center of Khuzestan province. To achieve water quality goals in Karun and Dez rivers, a water quality management model has been developed through the GIS approach and a mathematical water quality model. In Karun and Dez rivers, water quality has decreased due to heavy pollution loads from Khuzestan province cities and surrounding areas. In this survey, pollution sources, land use, geographic features and measured water quality data of the river basin were incorporated into the Arc-view geographic information system database. With the database, the model calculated management type and cost for each management project in the river basin. Until now, river management policy for polluted rivers in Iran has been first of all to get penalties from pollution sources and secondarily, to construct treatment plants for the pollution sources whose wastewater is released untreated and for which the wastewater quality goal of the Iranian Department of the Environment is not met. Different management projects with a time program were proposed and they were compared with the results of the river quality without any management approach. It became clear that the results based on the management approach were much better than those for the unmanaged condition from the viewpoint of the achievement of water quality goals and cost optimization. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | NATURAL RESOURCES | WATER QUALITY | MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Environment | Water | Organization and Administration | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 321440 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring environmental perceptions, behaviors and awareness: Water and water pollution in South Africa. Author: Anderson BA; Romani JH; Phillips H; Wentzel M; Tlabela K Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Jan;28(3):133-161. Abstract: Understanding the relationships among perceptions, behaviors and awareness of environmental initiatives is important for both policy makers and social scientists. There is, however, limited consensus among scholars as to the reasons for differences and similarities among ethnic and socio-economic groups in their environmentally related attitudes and behaviors. South Africa, which has established a constitutional right to a safe environment, together with the presence of parallel first and third world populations, offers an unusual setting in which to examine these issues. Using the 2004 South African General Household Survey, the similarities and differences between African and non-African households with respect to the perceptions, behaviors and awareness of programs related to water and water pollution are examined. Africans and those with lower socio-economic status are more likely to perceive water pollution as a community problem; educational attainment is unrelated to this perception. In combination with perception of water pollution as a problem, education is positively related to taking action to treat water for drinking and food preparation. Awareness of a highly touted program to clear waterways of alien vegetation is strongly positively related to socio-economic status, and is much more common among non-Africans than Africans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | WATER | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PERCEPTION | BEHAVIOR | WATER SUPPLY | TREATMENT | SANITATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Psychological Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health Document Number: 317643 |
| 23. Title: [Old indicators for new problems: the relationship between sanitation and health] Velhos indicadores para novos problemas: a relacao entre saneamento e saude. Author: Andreazzi MA; Barcellos C; Hacon S Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Sep;22(3):211-217. Abstract: Objective. To review the literature published from 1995-2004 on the relationship between sanitation and health and to identify the main variables analyzed and the diseases or injuries used as markers of effect or environmental health. Method. A search of Medline, SciELO, and LILACS on "sanitation" and "health" and "indicator" and "water" produced 103 articles, 17 of which were considered relevant for the analysis. We identified the study design and the sanitation and health variables analyzed in each of the 17 studies. Results. The most common study design was ecological and was employed in seven of the 17 studies. In most (10 studies), the health variable was diarrhea and sanitation variable was water quality. Fifteen studies reported a positive association between the health and sanitation variables. Conclusions. There are still many gaps in our understanding of sanitation and its role, especially in large urban centers that are dependent on water and sewerage systems and often lack alternative water sources. Ecological studies based on secondary data and specific surveys have been shown to be a good option for analyses correlating sanitation and health. Language: Portuguese Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | POPULATION | SANITATION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | WATER SUPPLY | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | DIARRHEA | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Environment | Natural Resources | Diseases Document Number: 324581 |
| 24. Title: Demographic change and future carbon emissions in China and India. Author: Dalton M; Jiang L; Pachauri S; O'Neill BC Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 25 p. Abstract: This paper investigates whether projected changes in the demographic characteristics of Chinese and Indian households over the next century could have a substantial influence on consumption, economic growth, energy demand, and carbon dioxide emissions. We use new household projections for China and India that model changes in population size, urbanization, and the size and age structure of households over the next 100 years. The initial economic characteristics of different household types, including demand for consumer goods, supplies of labor, and capital, are estimated from household surveys and production data for each country. A global energy-economic growth model simulates economic growth as well as changes in consumption of various goods, direct and indirect energy demand, and carbon emissions over time. Effects of demographic change are compared under different scenarios that include technical change. Results show that explicit consideration of urbanization leads to a substantial increase in projected emissions, while aging leads to a decrease. The net effect of demographic change is to increase projected emissions from China by 45% by the end of the century, and from India, by 15-35%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION PROJECTION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION SIZE | PRODUCTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Asia, Southern | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Population | Theoretical Models | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Family Research | Estimation Techniques | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 317828 |
| 25. Title: Urban population, development and environment dynamics. Author: de Sherbinin A; Martine G Source: Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. 27 p. (CICRED Policy Paper No. 3) Abstract: The focus of this paper is on the dynamics of population, development and the environment in urban areas of low-income developing countries. In addition to drawing on the broader literature, this paper also relies on the findings from PRIPODE research programme, which sponsored population, development and environment (PDE) research in several least developed country cities. Rapid urbanization in the poorest countries is straining the capacity of cities to provide basic amenities, degrading the quality of life, and impoverishing the environment. Although the same strains on quality of life, health, and the environment were evident in the earlier urban transition in the industrialized world, there are significant differences between the two transitions. Firstly, the sheer numbers of people taking part in it are of a dramatically different scale. Secondly, owing to complex changes in the global economy, the prospects for economic development among the poorest countries are not nearly as bright as thesituation faced 150 years ago by today's industrialized countries. Lastly, the global environmental context has changed dramatically, and today there is real concern about the impacts of further industrial development in the face of climate change and the rapid loss of ecosystems. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | CASE STUDIES | URBAN AREAS | SLUMS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENT | URBANIZATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | POVERTY | HEALTH | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | PUBLIC SECTOR | PRIVATE SECTOR | INFORMAL SECTOR | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | WASTE MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Social Welfare | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Public Health | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 322990 |
| 26. Title: Global climate change and women's health. Author: Duncan K Source: Women and Environments. 2007 Spring-Summer;(74-75):10-11. Abstract: For the first twenty years that climate change garnered international attention, gender issues were not on the agenda - although women (1) are generally poorer than men, and (2) are more dependent than men on primary resources (e.g. agriculture) that are threatened by changes in climate. Women often shoulder the responsibility for the household water supply and its purification; in Kenya, for example, carrying water may use up to 85% of a woman's daily energy intake. Because women collect water, manage its household use, and grow irrigated and rain-fed crops, they know water's availability, quality, and reliability. Furthermore, as a result of this division of labour, women often come into contact with poor-quality water, and are more vulnerable to water-related diseases than are men. These diseases kill between five and twelve million people per year, most of them women and children. Millions more are sickened with diarrhoea, hepatitis, and trachoma that would be preventable with access to clean water and health care information. Women then also bear the main burden of caring for those who are ill. Yet, women, in most parts of the world, remain almost invisible in decision-making about climate change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Health | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 308320 |
| 27. Title: [Infant morbidity caused by respiratory diseases and its relation with the air pollution in Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico] Morbilidad infantil por causas respiratorias y su relacion con la contaminacion atmosferica en Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Author: Hernandez-Cadena L; Barraza-Villarreal A; Ramirez-Aguilar M; Moreno-Macias H; Miller P Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2007 Jan-Feb;49(1):27-36. Abstract: The objective was to assess the impact of atmospheric pollutants on the respiratory health of children of different age groups in Juarez City, Chihuahua, Mexico. Data on emergency room visits between 1997 and 2001 for respiratory diseases in children less than 17 years old were obtained from hospitals in the Juarez City belonging to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS). Diseases were classified into three groups according to ICD 9th and 10th codes: a) upper respiratory diseases, b) lower respiratory diseases, and c) asthma attacks. This information was stratified by age group ( 5 years). Daily air pollution data (ozone and PM10) and weather conditions were obtained from the Monitoring Network System in Juarez City. Statistical analysis was carried out using a Generalized Additive Model assuming a Poisson distribution. Ozone concentrations, but not PM10, were statistically associated with emergency room visits for respiratory diseases, mainly among children 5 years old or younger. In this group, an increase of 20 ppb 1-hr maximum for ozone was associated with an increase of 8.3% in the number of emergency room visits for upper respiratory diseases, with a 3-day exposure lag; and an increase of 12.7% in the number of emergency room visits for lower respiratory diseases when considering a 4-day exposure lag in a maximum 8-hr mobile average. The largest effect for the complete sample and for the group 6 to 16 years of age was observed for 3-day lag (5.1% for an increase of 20 ppb 1-hr maximum for ozone). For the 6 to 16 year old group we did not find a significant effect. The wide range of risk is quite important and might represent a substantial cost for the health system as well as for the society. Our results emphasize the need to implement preventive and control measures for air pollution and avoid the worsening of the present situation. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Evaluar el impacto de los contaminantes atmosféricos sobre la salud respiratoria de la población infantil de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, considerando diferentes grupos etáreos. Se obtuvieron datos sobre consultas a urgencias de hospitales por afecciones de vías respiratorias altas, bajas y asma, en unidades del IMSS, de niños menores de 17 años de edad entre 1997 y 2001, y se estratificó por grupos etáreos (5 años). Se obtuvieron datos diarios sobre contaminantes aéreos (Ozono y PM10) y condiciones meteorológicas de la Red de Monitoreo en Ciudad Juárez. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos, se utilizó un Modelo Aditivo Generalizado, asumiendo una distribución de Poisson. Las concentraciones de ozono, pero no de PM10, se asociaron significativamente con las consultas a urgencias por afecciones respiratorias, principalmente en niños de 5 años o menores. En este grupo, un incremento de 20 ppb en 1 hr máxima de ozono se asociaron con un incremento de 8.3% en las consultas por afecciones de vías respiratorias superiores, con un retraso en la exposición de tres días, y un incremento de 12.7% en las consultas por infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores cuando se consideró un retraso de cuatro días en la exposición en el promedio móvil máximo de ocho horas. El efecto mayor para la muestra total, al igual que para el grupo de niños de 6 a 16 años, se observó en el retraso de tres días (5.1% para un aumento de 20 ppb en un máximo de una hora). Para este grupo no se observó un efecto significativo entre los niveles ambientales de ozono y el riesgo de contraer enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores. La amplitud del riesgo es de suma importancia, ya que puede representar un incremento en los costos de atención en el sistema de salud y la sociedad en general. Nuestros resultados destacan la necesidad de instrumentar acciones preventivas y de control de la contaminación atmosférica para evitar que empeore la situación actual. (del autor) Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | INFANT | MORBIDITY | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ASTHMA | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Infections | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 315755 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Mercury concentration and fish consumption in Taiwanese pregnant women. Author: Hsu CS; Liu PL; Chien LC; Chou SY; Han BC Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2007 Jan;114(1):81-85. Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between fish consumption and total mercury concentration in maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and placenta tissue of pregnant women in Taiwan. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A medical centre in Taipei, Taiwan. Sample: Sixty-five pregnant women delivered between July 2004 and March 2005. We administered a questionnaire to each woman in the third trimester and collected blood samples and placenta tissue after delivery. Mercury concentrations in the maternal blood, cord blood and placenta tissue were measured using mercury analyser (Hiranuma HG-310, Hitachi, Japan). A dietitian calculated the quantity of fish consumed from the questionnaire. The total mercury concentration in maternal blood, cord blood and placenta tissue. The mean total mercury concentration in maternal blood, cord blood and placenta tissue was 9.1 ± 0.40 microgram/l, 10.0 ± 0.55 microgram/l and 19.2 ± 1.8 ng/g, respectively. Eighty-nine percent of the maternal blood mercury concentrations exceeded the US National Research Council recommended value of 5.8 microgram/l. Fish consumption while pregnant correlated significantly with maternal blood and cord blood mercury concentrations. Total mercury concentrations of maternal blood, cord blood and placenta tissue commonly exceeded recommended values, and were higher in women who ate fish more than three times a week while pregnant. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | DIET | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Evaluation Document Number: 310572 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Spatial sampling design for a demographic and health survey. Author: Kumar N Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Dec;26(5-6):581-599. Abstract: The recent advances in global position systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) can be exploited for spatial sampling design for demographic and health surveys. These technologies are particularly useful when a sampling frame is unavailable and/or location (of household) is important for data collection (e.g., location of residence might greatly impact exposure to ambient air pollution among members of a population). Building on these technologies, this article presents a methodology of spatial sampling adopted for the respiratory health and demographic survey conducted in Delhi and its environs from January through April 2004. The overall goal of the survey was to select households that adequately represented exposure to ambient air pollution. The proposed methodology involved constructing a sampling frame of residential areas and the simulation of weighted random points within residential areas. The simulated locations were navigated with the aid of GPS to identify households at these locations and to acquire residents' consent to participate in the survey; a total of 1,576 households at the 2,000 simulated locations were found suitable and participated in the survey. The average ambient air pollution at the sample sites was not significantly different from the average air pollution observed in the study area, which demonstrates the robustness of the proposed sampling method. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | HOUSEHOLDS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | EXPOSURE | THEORETICAL MODELS | TECHNOLOGY | TESTING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Risk Factors | Biology | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Measurement Document Number: 322083 |
| 30. Title: Child mortality and water pollution in China: Achieving Millennium Development Goal 4. Author: Lee DY Source: Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2007 Jul. [4] p. (China Environmental Health Project Research Brief) Abstract: China is a country of contradictions. Its 27 years of economic boom have brought 400 million people out of poverty and created large urban centers bustling with trade. Many Chinese urbanites live in very comfortable conditions. Yet, in much the countryside, poverty rates of rural citizens remain high, for farmers are increasingly losing out in China's economic reforms. According to an October 2006 Gallup WorldPoll, between 2004 and 2006 the incomes of urban dwellers rose by an average of 4,000 Yuan while rural residents saw an increase of only 3,300 Yuan. This gap has lead to significant challenges in equal access to a clean environment. For example, 94 percent of urban residents claim to have running water in their homes-a luxury that only 47 percent of rural residents say they possess. Environmental degradation and pollution are two serious factors that exacerbate poverty in China's countryside, while also threatening the health of vulnerable rural populations, particularly children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRESS REPORT | CHILDREN | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER SUPPLY | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | POVERTY | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | SANITATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Survivorship | Length of Life | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326767 |
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