1.  Title: Rural population, development and the environment 2007. [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/275) Abstract: The wall chart on Rural Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in rural populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | AGRICULTURE | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 325833 |
| 2. Title: Urban population, development and the environment 2007 [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/274) Abstract: The wall chart on Urban Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in urban populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENERGY SUPPLY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325831 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Migration to the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: Why place matters. Author: Carr DL Source: Human Organization. 2008 Spr;67(1):37-48. Abstract: Most migration research examines international migration or urbanization. Yet understudied rural migrants are of critical concern for environmental conservation and rural sustainable development. Despite the fact that a relatively small number of all migrants settle remote rural frontiers, these are the agents responsible for perhaps most of the tropical deforestation on the planet. Further, rural migrants are among the most destitute people worldwide in terms of economic and human development. While some research has investigated deforestation resulting from frontier migration and frontier development, this article explores the necessary antecedent to tropical deforestation and poverty in agricultural frontiers: emigration from origin areas. The data come from a 2000 survey with community leaders and key informants in 16 municipios (municipalities) of migrant origin to the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Peten, Guatemala. A common denominator among communities of migration origin to the Peten frontier was unequal resource access, usually land. Nevertheless, factors driving resource scarcity were widely variable. Land degradation, land consolidation, and population growth prevailed in some communities but not in others. Despite similar exposure to community and regional level push factors, most people in the sampled communities did not emigrate, suggesting that any one or combination of factors is not necessarily sufficient for emigration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRATION | NATURAL RESOURCES | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Central America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Environment Document Number: 326533 |
| 4. Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Central Visayas (Region 7). Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Central Visayas Region (Region 7). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327394 |
| 5. Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of the National Capital Region (NCR). Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the National Capital Region (NCR). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population,Health, and the Environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327395 |
6.  Peer Reviewed Title: Mitigating an elephantine epidemic: Gendered space for HIV / AIDS outreach through Namibian conservancies. Author: DeMotts R Source: Population and Environment. 2008 May;29(3-5):186-203. Abstract: As the reach of HIV/AIDS continues to devastate communities and create potential pressures on natural resources, conservation organizations have increasingly become involved in education and outreach to address the disease. This paper's purpose is to investigate how increasing HIV infection rates and AIDS deaths relate to community-based conservation and livelihood strategies in the Caprivi Region of northeastern Namibia, and demonstrate that conservation organizations can play a unique role in combating the disease. As the epidemic is more widespread in the Caprivi than in any other region of the country, local organizations such as Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC) are responding to the disease by integrating it into conservation work. IRDNC's efforts reflect a particular focus on gender, including changes in the way that HIV/AIDS is discussed in local communities, strategies to promote access to testing and care, and bringing to light the experiences of individuals and families struggling with HIV/ AIDS. This approach shows that there are benefits to be gained from approaching HIV/AIDS mitigation through familiar, existing structures such as those of community conservancies in Namibia-especially the ability to circumvent heavy local stigma. Using data collected through participant observation and participatory discussions, this paper demonstrates that conservation programs can positively affect people with HIV/AIDS, highlighting the importance of mainstreaming outreach efforts that address the particular localized manifestations of the disease in the context of natural resource management. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV | AIDS | STIGMA | PREVALENCE | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | LIVELIHOOD | NATURAL RESOURCES | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Environment Document Number: 327915 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Population control and uncertainty -- a doctor's role. Author: Godlee F Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Aug 2;337(7664):a1076. Abstract: Several readers have pointed out that the BMJ's recent coverage of climate change has ignored a key issue-the need for population control. John Guillebaud and Pip Hayes give the same rebuke in their editorial this week. They may be right that "population" and "family planning" are taboo words. The BMJ hasn't actively avoided these issues, but we could do more to highlight them. As Guillebaud and Hayes portray it, every week an extra 1.5 million people need food and somewhere to live, amounting to "a huge new city each week, somewhere, which destroys wildlife habitats and augments world fossil fuel consumption." Population control need not be coercive, they say. Half of pregnancies worldwide are unplanned. Simply by meeting women's unmet contraceptive needs, several developing countries have halved their fertility rates. Clear evidence points to the demand for contraception increasing when it is available, accessible, and properly marketed. Guillebaud and Hayes call on doctors to take an active role in overcoming barriers to the universal availability of contraception and ensuring that patients and the public understand the environmental consequences of population growth. Controversially, as evidenced by the responses to the editorial since it was published online on 24 July, they say that doctors should advise patients on limiting family size for environmental reasons and should set their own example. Not everyone will agree that this is a doctor's role. Most will agree, however, that it is the role of doctors to deal with uncertainty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | FAMILY SIZE | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Environment | Natural Resources | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327974 |
| 8. Title: Health of people working / living in the vicinity of an oil-polluted beach near Karachi, Pakistan. Author: Khurshid R; Sheikh MA; Iqbal S Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008;14(1):179-182. Abstract: A short-term study was conducted after the oil spillage from the tanker Tasman Spirit to analyse seawater and sand samples taken from Karachi beach for hydrocarbon/organic contents. Blood samples were collected from people who were working or living in the vicinity of the beach. Lymphocyte and eosinophil levels were slightly increased. About 11 people had raised serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, but this was not significant. Such steps are vital to ensure that there are no long-term hazardous effects of oil on human health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | POPULATION AT RISK | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SOIL QUALITY | WATER QUALITY | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 325103 |
| 9. Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Cagayan Valley (Region 2). Author: Lusterio-Berja C; Colson L Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p. Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Cagayan Valley Region (Region 2). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327393 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Global environmental change and health: Impacts, inequalities, and the health sector. Author: McMichael AJ; Friel S; Nyong A; Corvalan C Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Jan 26;336(7637):191-194. Abstract: Human actions are changing many of the world's natural environmental systems, including the climate system. These systems are intrinsic to life processes and fundamental to human health, and their disruption and depletion make it more difficult to tackle health inequalities. Indeed, we will not achieve the UN millennium development health goals if environmental destruction continues. Health professionals have a vital contributory role in preventing and reducing the health effects of global environmental change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | INEQUALITIES | HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | GLOBAL WARMING | POVERTY | DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | ILLITERACY | EXPOSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | GOALS | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Climate | Nutrition Disorders | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Risk Factors | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324033 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: [Is there any relationship between rural environmental factors and reproductive health in the Pampa Humeda in Argentina?] Existen relaciones entre los factores ambientales rurales y la salud reproductiva en la Pampa Húmeda Argentina? Author: Oliva A; Biasatti R; Cloquell S; Gonzalez C; Olego S Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Apr;24(4):785-792. Abstract: The relationship between environmental factors and health is well known. Rural environmental influences on reproductive health have been properly proved, both in animals and humans. In Latin America, few studies have been conducted in this area. The current project is based on the description of relationships between reproductive health and environmental factors in rural populations, characterized by specific environmental characteristics. Three variables were evaluated: male-to-female birth ratio, male urogenital malformations (cryptorchidism and hypospadias), and endocrine-related cancer incidence. Five rural communities in the Pampa Humeda in Argentina were selected, and the data were compared to the national mean. Biomedical data and environmental risk factors were correlated through a geographic information system. The ratio of male to female births did not show any differences. Malformations showed very significant differences. Endocrine-related cancers showed higher incidence rates compared to the national mean, particularly in some communities. In conclusion, there is a relationship between environmental factors and reproductive health conditions in this region. (author's) Language: Spanish Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | RISK FACTORS | RURAL POPULATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health | Environment | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 326495 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Humans -- a threat to humanity [letter] Author: Zaaijman Jdu T Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 May;98(5):330. Abstract: At last an editorial on the much-neglected topic of the sustainability limits of our globe. Thank you, Mr. Editor, for your most informative, readable, and politically elegant essay. The bottom line is that if we don't do something about the overpopulation of our globe, we will reach the 9 billion mark possibly even before 2050, as predicted in your editorial. The earth is groaning, it is indeed gasping, probably already on a death bed of sorts. Agreed, it is not rocket science to figure out that too many people are being born. Something somehow will have to be done to popularise both male and female voluntary sterilisation once again. Certainly in the rural areas it seems to have been forgotten about. Small families must become the fashion. This is in keeping with World Health Organization recommendations and standards. I know of one heavyweight South African politician who already has 19 children and nevertheless recently got himself tied up in wedlock, for the umpteenth time, no doubt so as to have more babies with the lovely new young bride. So it would appear that (at least some) politicians need to be educated on the sustainability thing. It is also almost unbelievable that any government today can still encourage single-parent families by providing inappropriate social grants for babies born out of wedlock. The leaders of at least some groups in the religion industry also need to be educated. Surely they cannot forever continue to protect their selfish, in-group taboos on basic contraception? What if we should all decide to take that sort of line? As far as clean water, fresh air, open space, energy resources, food for the masses, etc. are concerned, it is obvious that we are facing an escalating crisis, basically because too many people are being born. I can only hope that every editor of every publication will do his or her educational bit, at every 'conceivable occasion'. Many thanks, Mr. Editor, for your bit so far. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION PRESSURE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 328757 |
| 13. Title: Adolescent sexual debut and later delinquency. Author: Armour S; Haynie DL Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2007;36(2):141-152. Abstract: Does sexual debut (i.e., experiencing sexual intercourse for the first time) increase the risks of participating in later delinquent behavior? Does this risk increase if adolescents experience early sexual debut relative to the timing experienced by one's peers? Although many factors have been linked to sexual debut, little research has examined whether sexual initiation is linked to later behavioral outcomes. Using data on adolescents participating in three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 7,297), we examine the interconnections between sexual debut and later delinquency. In addition, we pay particular attention to the role of timing of sexual debut. We find that experiencing sexual debut is associated with delinquency one year later. In addition, those adolescents who experience early sexual debut relative to their peers are at higher risk of experiencing delinquency compared to those who debut on-time; adolescents who experience late sexual debut are the least likely to participate in delinquency. Moreover, the protective effect of late sexual debut appears to persist for several years. Findings are interpreted by drawing on developmental theory and life course research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | SEX BEHAVIOR | TIME FACTORS | ABSTINENCE | SEX EDUCATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Environment | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 312597 |
| 14. Title: Social organization, population, and land use. Author: Axinn WG; Ghimire DJ Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, 2007 Jan. 39 p. (Population Studies Center Research Report No. 07-617) Abstract: We examine the population-environment relationship at the local community level by focusing on the impact of population changes on changes in land use. We construct a theoretical framework for the study of microlevel population-environment relationships that guides the appropriate specification of empirical models and emphasizes the multidimensional nature of population impacts on land use. We use newly available longitudinal measures of local land use changes, local population dynamics, and community context from the Nepalese Himalayas to provide empirical estimates of our theoretical model. This empirical investigation reveals that variations in model specification yield different substantive conclusions and that multiple dimensions of population change impact land use. Local birth rates have a large effect on local land use changes that is not explained by changes in population size or structure. This intriguing finding is consistent with the hypothesis that fertility influences household consumption patterns which in turn impact land use changes at the local level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | BIRTH RATE | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322565 |
| 15. Title: Health impact assessment: a practical guide. Author: Harris P; Harris-Roxas B; Harris E; Kemp L Source: Sydney, Australia, University of New South Wales, Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation [CHETRE], 2007 Aug. 40 p. Abstract: This guide provides a practical approach to undertaking Health Impact Assessment (HIA). Based in the findings of the New South Wales HIA Project, the aim is to encourage greater consideration of health and wellbeing through the use of HIA within project, program and policy development in New South Wales. This guide focuses on established steps of stages of HIA: screening, scoping, identification, assessment decision-making and recommendations, and evaluation and follow-up. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | MANUAL | CASE STUDIES | PLANNING | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | SOCIAL WELFARE | DECISION MAKING | RISK ASSESSMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Oceania | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Programs | Economic Factors | Behavior | Evaluation | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 323009 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Conservation and family planning in Tanzania: The TACARE experience. Author: Mavanza M; Grossman AA Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):267-273. Abstract: Community-based distribution (CBD) programs present an alternative way of effectively reaching people in rural areas of developing countries where conventional methods of delivery do not exist or fail. This paper reviews the experience and findings from the Jane Goodall Institute's (JGI) TACARE program in the Kigoma region of Tanzania. It focuses on the family planning CBD program and its integration within the TACARE program to meet the broader mission of JGI's conservation efforts. Both qualitative and survey data suggest that the CBD program meets the needs for contraception in participating rural communities and is a complementary and acceptable strategy to ultimately contribute to reduce population pressure on the villages around Gombe National Park. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL AREAS | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | ENVIRONMENT | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources Document Number: 318843 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Pediatric emergency department visits for diarrheal illness increased after release of undertreated sewage. Author: Redman RL; Nenn CA; Eastwood D; Gorelick MH Source: Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120(6):e1472-e1475. Abstract: Contamination of local waterways may occur through release of partially treated sewage. The Environmental Protection Agency has recently reviewed regulatory standards for this practice. However, the health effects of these events have not been well studied. Our goal was to identify any increase in visits to a pediatric emergency department for diarrheal illness after sewage bypass into Lake Michigan. The study was conducted as a retrospective, observational time-series analysis in a tertiary care children's hospital emergency department with an annual volume of ~45 000 visits. We collected data for 2002-2004 pertaining to the daily number of emergency department visits for children (aged < 19 years) for diarrheal illness (using specified International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes as a reference). Daily diarrheal illness visits were the dependent variable in a time-series model. The primary independent variable was the occurrence of a sewage-bypass event in the 3 to 7 preceding days. Potential confounders included the season and daily rainfall. Separate models were created for visits from people living in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water and those who used other water sources. Over the 3-year study period, there was a mean of 5.0 +or- 3.8 (SD) daily visits for diarrheal illness from people who lived in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water and 1.2 +or- 1.4 (SD) from outside that area. There were 6 sewage-bypass events identified. After adjusting for the season and rainfall, there was a significant increase of 2.5 to 2.7 visits only from people who lived in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water after the 2 largest of the 6 bypass events. Emergency department visits for diarrheal illness increased significantly after 2 events of release of partially treated sewage into area waterways. These data suggest a potentially harmful effect of such practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | WATER QUALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | PUBLIC HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | DIARRHEA | SANITATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Physiology | Biology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | Diseases Document Number: 322921 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Global climate change and children's health. Author: Shea KM Source: Pediatrics. 2007 Nov;120(5):e1359-e1367. Abstract: There is a broad scientific consensus that the global climate is warming, the process is accelerating, and that human activities are very likely (> 90% probability) the main cause. This warming will have effects on ecosystems and human health, many of them adverse. Children will experience both the direct and indirect effects of climate change. Actions taken by individuals, communities, businesses, and governments will affect the magnitude and rate of global climate change and resultant health impacts. This technical report reviews the nature of the global problem and anticipated health effects on children and supports the recommendations in the accompanying policy statement on climate change and children's health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CHILDREN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CHILD HEALTH | CLIMATE | GLOBAL WARMING | PLANNING | NATURAL DISASTERS | ADVOCACY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Environment | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 322151 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Family planning and reproductive health: the link to environmental preservation. Author: Speidel JJ; Weiss DC; Ethelston SA; Gilbert SM Source: Population and Environment. 2007 May;28(4-5):247-258. Abstract: This paper seeks to refocus the attention of environmentalists on the importance of population trends to environmental sustainability and identifies prevention of unintended pregnancy as potential common ground for environmentalists and family planning advocates. The health and other welfare benefits of preventing unintended pregnancy are felt most keenly by individual women, men, and their families. At the same time, however, preventing unwanted pregnancies usually results in smaller family size, an important factor in slowing population growth and, as a result, a source of broader benefits-including environmental benefits-to society. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | POPULATION GROWTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Environment | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 313728 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Increased standardized incidence ratio of breast cancer in female electronics workers. Author: Sung TI; Chen PC; Lee LJ; Lin YP; Hsieh GY Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Jun 8;7:102. Abstract: In 1994, a hazardous waste site, polluted by the dumping of solvents from a former electronics factory, was discovered in Taoyuan, Taiwan. This subsequently emerged as a serious case of contamination through chlorinated hydrocarbons with suspected occupational cancer. The objective of this study was to determine if there was any increased risk of breast cancer among female workers in a 23-year follow-up period. A total of 63,982 female workers were retrospectively recruited from the database of the Bureau of Labor Insurance (BLI) covering the period 1973-1997; the data were then linked with data, up to 2001, from the National Cancer Registry at the Taiwanese Department of Health, from which standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for different types of cancer were calculated as compared to the general population. There were a total of 286 cases of breast cancer, and after adjustment for calendar year and age, the SIR was close to 1. When stratified by the year 1974 (the year in which the regulations on solvent use were promulgated), the SIR of the cohort of workers who were first employed prior to 1974 increased to 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.70). No such trend was discernible for workers employed after 1974. When 10 years of employment was considered, there was a further increase in the SIR for breast cancer, to 1.62. Those workers with breast cancer who were first employed prior to 1974 were employed at a younger age and for a longer period. Previous qualitative studies of interviews with the workers, corroborated by inspection records, showed a short-term high exposure to chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, particularly trichloroethylene before 1974. There were no similar findings on other types of cancer. Female workers with exposure to trichloroethylene and/or mixture of solvents, first employed prior to 1974, may have an excess risk of breast cancer. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | WORKPLACE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WATER QUALITY | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | BREAST CANCER | RISK FACTORS | EXPOSURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Water | Natural Resources | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 313594 |
| 21. Title: Community action addresses population impacts on the environment. Author: Williams JS; De Souza RM Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2007 Feb. [3] p. Abstract: Many developing countries possess abundant natural resources, but these resources can be threatened by population pressures and poverty, among other factors. A young population age structure, in-migration, and high fertility contribute to rapid population growth in many communities, exerting pressure on local resources. But the experience of two villages in the Philippines demonstrates that even poor communities can cope with the impacts of these population changes on the environment by collecting information about demographic and environmental change and using that information to plan sustainable population growth and natural resource management. The participatory population appraisal process employed by these communities involved collecting information about population-environment interactions using a village census, focus group sessions, participatory mapping exercises, and local population projections. Information collected is analyzed, verified, reviewed by local demographers and incorporatedinto local management plans. This article highlights how these two rural villages used population appraisals to devise and implement community-driven plans to manage their population growth and resource use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RURAL AREAS | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POPULATION PRESSURE | NATURAL RESOURCES | LIVELIHOOD | DEFORESTATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PLANNING | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Environment | Carrying Capacity | Resources | Organization and Administration | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 315065 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: A cost valuation model based on a stochastic representation of the IPAT equation. Author: Zagheni E; Billari FC Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Nov;29(2):68-82. Abstract: Within the framework of models for human-driven environmental impact based on the IPAT equation, we develop a model for the evolution of impact (expressed in terms of carbon dioxide emissions) and for the valuation of the economic cost associated to its reduction. We use a stochastic representation of the IPAT equation that is alternative to the STIRPAT model. This first step leads to a stochastic differential equations model that describes trends in carbon dioxide emissions on the basis of economic and demographic dynamics. As an example, we estimate the model parameters for the United States. We then use this framework to build a model for the assessment of the economic costs related to a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for a country committed to respect an international agreement, such as the Kyoto protocol. In particular, we show that the adherence to an environmental treaty may be traced back to a problem of cost valuation and to a decision under risk. This allows us to use the mathematical tools that have been developed in quantitative finance, in the context of option pricing, to determine the expected investment that is required to reduce the emissions of a country by a certain amount and within a well-defined temporal frame. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | FEES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Demographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Theoretical Models Document Number: 325364 |
| 23. Title: Characterization and management of solid medical wastes in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria. Author: Bassey BE; Benka-Coker MO; Aluyi HS Source: African Health Sciences. 2006 Mar;6(1):58-63. Abstract: Medical establishment such as hospitals and research institutes generate sizable amount of hazardous waste. Health care workers, patients are at risk of acquiring infection from sharps and contamination of environment with multiple drug resistant microorganisms if wastes are not properly managed. The objectives were to characterize types and evaluate waste disposal techniques employed in the management of solid medical wastes in five selected hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, This was a cross section study involving the use of questionnaires, in-depth interview, meetings, discussions and participant observed strategy. It also involved the collection, sorting (segregation), identification and characterization and weighing of waste types from wards and units in the selected hospitals. The average waste generation rate per bed/day was determined and found to be 2.78kg of solid waste, 26.5% of the total waste was hazardous in nature. Waste segregation was found not to be practiced by any of the hospitals surveyed, 18.3% of the hospitals incinerated waste in a locally built brick incinerator; 9.1% bury; 36.3% burn waste in open pits while 36.3% dispose of a waste into municipal dumpsites. Waste management officers do not have formal training in waste management techniques; and hospital administrators pay very little attention to appropriate management of medical waste. Therefore, we must educate waste generators of their responsibility to properly manage the waste so that their staff, patients, environment and community is protected. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HOSPITALS | WASTE MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Environment | Natural Resources | Public Health Document Number: 301582 |
| 24. Title: Migrant associations as actors in local development? A national event-history analysis in Burkina Faso. Author: Beauchemin C; Schoumaker B Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 7 p. Abstract: Social and environmental consequences of migration are often studied through the lens of destination areas both because (1) this is the place where population pressure constraints local resources and (2) this is the place where social and economical integration problems arise. However, migration also affects sending areas. Depopulation is often cited as a major issue especially since emigrants are usually young working people. And there is still a debate on the impact of remittances: some authors have argued that remittances have no impact on sending areas, others contend that they have a detrimental effect, while others agree that remittances do help origin communities. Migration can also have an impact through collective organizations. But the role of migrant associations has received very little interest in the literature on the consequences of migration on sending areas. In this context, our paper aims at assessing if migrant associations can be actors in the social and economic development and the environmental change of origin communities. We will provide both qualitative analyses and quantitative results using a national community survey carried out in Burkina Faso (West Africa) in 2002. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | SUPPORT GROUPS | MIGRATION | ORIGIN | SOCIAL CHANGE | REMITTANCES | INVESTMENTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Environment Document Number: 318877 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: The co-distribution of Plasmodium falciparum and hookworm among African school children. Author: Brooker S; Clements AC; Hotez PJ; Hay SI; Tatem AJ Source: Malaria Journal. 2006 Nov 3;5:99. Abstract: Surprisingly little is known about the geographical overlap between malaria and other tropical diseases, including helminth infections. This is despite the potential public health importance of co-infection and synergistic opportunities for control. Statistical models are presented that predict the large-scale distribution of hookworm in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on the relationship between prevalence of infection among schoolchildren and remotely sensed environmental variables. Using a climate-based spatial model of the transmission potential for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, adjusted for urbanization, the spatial congruence of populations at coincident risk of infection is determined. The model of hookworm indicates that the infection is widespread throughout Africa and that, of the 179.3 million school-aged children who live on the continent, 50.0 (95% CI: 48.9-51.1) million (27.9% of total population) are infected with hookworm and 45.1 (95% CI: 43.9-46) million are estimated to be at risk of coincident infection. Malaria and hookworm infection are widespread throughout SSA and over a quarter of school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa appear to be at risk of coincident infection and thus at enhanced risk of clinical disease. The results suggest that the control of parasitic helminths and of malaria in school children could be viewed as essential co-contributors to promoting the health of schoolchildren. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILDREN | PARASITIC DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | MALARIA | CLIMATE | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Environment | Measurement | Biology | Infections Document Number: 314720 |
| 26. Title: Environmental change and infectious disease: How new roads affect the transmission of diarrheal pathogens in rural Ecuador. Author: Eisenberg JN; Cevallos W; Ponce K; Levy K; Bates SJ Source: PNAS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19460-19465. Abstract: Environmental change plays a large role in the emergence of infectious disease. The construction of a new road in a previously roadless area of northern coastal Ecuador provides a valuable natural experiment to examine how changes in the social and natural environment, mediated by road construction, affect the epidemiology of diarrheal diseases. Twenty-one villages were randomly selected to capture the full distribution of village population size and distance from a main road (remoteness), and these were compared with the major population center of the region, Borbon, that lies on the road. Estimates of enteric pathogen infection rates were obtained from case-control studies at the village level. Higher rates of infection were found in nonremote vs. remote villages [pathogenic Escherichia coli: odds ratio (OR) = 8.4, confidence interval (CI) 1.6, 43.5; rotavirus: OR = 4.0, CI 1.3, 12.1; and Giardia: OR = 1.9, CI 1.3, 2.7]. Higher rates of all-cause diarrhea were found in Borbo´ n compared with the21 villages (RR = 2.0, CI 1.5, 2.8), as well as when comparing nonremote and remote villages (OR = 2.7, CI 1.5, 4.8). Social network data collected in parallel offered a causal link between remoteness and disease. The significant and consistent trends across viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens suggest the importance of considering a broad range of pathogens with differing epidemiological patterns when assessing the environmental impact of new roads. This study provides insight into the initial health impacts that roads have on communities and into the social and environmental processes that create these impacts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CLIENTS | RURAL AREAS | DIARRHEA | TRANSMISSION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | VIRAL DISEASES | PARASITIC DISEASES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Geographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Infections | Public Health | Health | Environment Document Number: 314740 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: National and sub-national under-five mortality profiles in Peru: a basis for informed policy decisions. Author: Huicho L; Trelles M; Gonzales F Source: BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 4;6:173. Abstract: Information on profiles for under-five causes of death is important to guide choice of child-survival interventions. Global level data have been published, but information at country level is scarce. We aimed at defining national and departmental trends and profiles of under-five mortality in Peru from 1996 through 2000. We used the Ministry of Health registered under-five mortality data. For correction of under-registration, a model life-table that fitted the age distribution of the population and of registered deaths was identified for each year. The mortality rates corresponding to these model life-tables were then assigned to each department in each particular year. Cumulative reduction in under-five mortality rate in the 1996--2000 period was estimated calculating the annual reduction slope for each department. Departmental level mortality profiles were constructed. Differences in mortality profiles and in mortality reduction between coastal, andean and jungle regions were also assessed. At country level, only 4 causes (pneumonia, diarrhoea, neonatal diseases and injuries) accounted for 68% of all deaths in 1996, and for 62% in 2000. There was 32.7% of under-five death reduction from 1996 to 2000. Diarrhoea and pneumonia deaths decreased by 84.5% and 41.8%, respectively, mainly in the andean region, whereas deaths due to neonatal causes and injuries decreased by 37.2% and 21.7%. For 1996--2000 period, the andean, coast and jungle regions accounted for 52.4%, 33.1% and 14.4% of deaths, respectively. These regions represent 41.0%, 46.4% and 12.6% of under-five population. Both diarrhoea and pneumonia constitute 30.6% of under-five deaths in the andean region. As a proportion, neonatal deaths remained stable in the country from 1996 to 2000, accounting for about 30% of under-five deaths, whereas injuries and "other" causes, including congenital anomalies, increased by about 5%. Under-five mortality declined substantially in all departments from 1996 to 2000, which is explained mostly by reduction in diarrhoea and pneumonia deaths, particularly in the andean region. There is the need to emphasize interventions to reduce neonatal deaths and emerging causes of death such as injuries and congenital anomalies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILD | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | PUBLIC HEALTH | CAUSES OF DEATH | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | HEALTH POLICY | DISEASES | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Survivorship | Length of Life | Health | Environment | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 306469 |
| 28. Title: Uptake of fluoride, aluminum and molybdenum by some vegetables from irrigation water. Author: Khandare AL; Rao GS Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(4):283-288. Abstract: Water is the major source of fluoride (F) in fluorosis endemic areas although food materials also contribute considerable amount to total intake. Plants take up F from irrigating waters and this uptake is influenced by some inorganic constituents in water and soil. In the present study five commonly consumed vegetables [amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus), spinach (Coriandrum sativum), cabbage, tomato and lady's finger) were grown applying irrigation water containing 10 ppm F. In addition amaranth and coriander were grown with aluminium (Al) and/or molybdenum (Mo) to study their effect on F bioavailability. Fluoride levels were higher in edible parts of all vegetables compared to controls irrigated with water containing 0.3 ppm F. Fluoride contents (mg/ kg dry wt) with tap water and fluoridated water were 0.71 vs 1.70 for spinach, 3.88 vs 20.29 for amaranth, 0.12 vs 0.17 for cabbage, 0.14 vs 0.43 for lady's finger and 0.12 vs 0.2 for tomato (P < 0.01). The levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) are high in amaranth although their causal relaltion to high fluoride bioavailability in this plant is not known. Molybdenum (Mo) and Al reduced fluoride intake by amaranth (Al showing marked effect) but not by coriander. Al + Mo reduced fluoride uptake by both plants. Molybdenum intake was reduced by F in coriander and by Al in amaranth. F + Al had much less effect on Mo uptake. Fluoride reduced Al uptake by amaranth and coriander. Mo or Mo + F had no effect on Al uptake by amaranth but reduced the uptake by coriander. Fluoride uptake was highest in amaranth and lowest in cabbage among the vegetables studied. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | IRRIGATION | AGRICULTURE | NUTRITION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Environmental Degradation | Environment Document Number: 304922 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: India: population change and its consequences. Author: Lal D Source: Population and Development Review. 2006;32 Suppl:145-182. Abstract: In the 1980s I wrote two books--The Poverty of "Development Economics" and "The Hindu Equilibrium". The first questioned the intellectual consensus on dirigiste trade and development policies; the second, the view that India's age-old poverty was due to over-population. These repudiated views on which I was brought up in the early 1960s at Oxford. I know the first of these works of revisionism has had some effect in changing perceptions on the appropriateness of "outward-looking" policies for development. But I had not realized the once heretical view that the "population problem" is not a problem (except in the very short run, and only if appropriate policies are not in place) is also now very much the consensus view. My late friend Julian Simon, who was universally reviled by mainstream economists for his view that a large population is a country's ultimate resource, is now seen to have been proved right by a burgeoning body of research. During the mid-1970s to mid-1980s I was also associated with the World Bank's research establishment. The sheaf of old memos in my files from those days demonstrates how entrenched was the old dirigiste consensus in an institution that is now seen as having been in the vanguard of the new revisionist consensus on population and development. So, returning in this essay to the issues discussed in the first edition of The Hindu Equilibrium, I feel rather like the old lady who went to see King Lear and found it full of quotations! I will first review what is now known of the economic effects of population growth over the last century in India, including the emerging concerns that have been expressed by the environmental movement and why their attempts to legislate their "habits of the heart" pose real dangers for the welfare of the poor in India. I then examine the social and political consequences of this population growth. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION POLICY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POLITICAL FACTORS | POVERTY | POPULATION FORECAST | COMMERCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305203 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China. Author: Liang S; Yang C; Zhong B; Qiu D Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Feb;84(2):139-144. Abstract: Despite great strides in schistosomiasis control over the past several decades in Sichuan Province, China the disease has re-emerged in areas where it was previously controlled. We reviewed historical records and found that schistosomiasis had reemerged in eight counties by the end of 2004 -- seven of 21 counties with transmission control and one of 25 with transmission interruption as reported in 2001 were confirmed to have local disease transmission. The average "return time" (from control to re-emergence) was about eight years. The onset of re-emergence was commonly signalled by the occurrence of acute infections. Our survey results suggest that environmental and sociopolitical factors play an important role in re-emergence. The main challenge would be to consolidate and maintain effective control in the longer term until "real" eradication is achieved. This would be possible only by the formulation of a sustainable surveillance and control system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | SCHISTOSOMIASIS | PREVALENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EPIDEMIOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | HEALTH POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Public Health | Health | Environment | Policy | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 296827 |
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