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Title: Isolation and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria from water and soil in central India.
Author: Narang R; Narang P; Mendiratta DK
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009 Jul-Sep;27(3):247-50.
Abstract: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), important organisms in the Genus Mycobacterium and commonly present in the environment, are known to cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients. In this study, NTM were isolated from environment (soil and water) of the AIDS patients with disseminated NTM disease to know the prevalence of environmental NTM species and their correlation with clinical isolates from patients of the same area. Paraffin baiting technique was used to isolate NTM from environmental samples. Once isolated, subcultures were made on Lowenstein Jensen and Middlebrook 7H10 media and the species were identified using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. A total of 26 NTM isolates belonging to seven different species could be identified. Mycobacterium avium was the only species isolated from both clinical and environmental samples of the same patient; but the isolates did not match using PCR for IS 1311 and IS 1245 spacer sequences.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | AIDS | ENVIRONMENT | WATER SUPPLY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Natural Resources | Infections | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342629

Title: Intimate relations: Sex, lives and poverty. A resource for policy makers and programmers working in population and development.
Author: Asia-Pacific Alliance
Source: [Bangkok, Thailand], Asia-Pacific Alliance, 2008. [47] p.
Abstract: The New Zealand Coalition of the Asia Pacific Alliance, advancing the ICPD agenda proudly presents a new resource: Intimate Relations: Sex, Lives and Poverty. This resource has been created as a tool to highlight how sexual and reproductive health is crucial to achieve quality development (or more specifically, the MDGs). With a Pacific flavour, the resource highlights the issues and provides a set of questions to guide policy-makers and programmers in thinking about sexual and reproductive health in all that they do.
Language: English
Keywords:
OCEANIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | GOALS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | FOREIGN AID | EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Planning | Programs | Financial Activities
Document Number: 331849

Title: Rural population, development and the environment 2007. [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/275)
Abstract: The wall chart on Rural Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in rural populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | AGRICULTURE | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 325833

Title: Urban population, development and the environment 2007 [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/274)
Abstract: The wall chart on Urban Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in urban populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENERGY SUPPLY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325831

Peer Reviewed

Title: Who develops severe malaria? Impact of access to healthcare, socio-economic and environmental factors on children in Yemen: A case-control study.
Author: Al-Taia A; Jaffar S; Assabri A; Al-Habori M; Azazy A
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jun;13(6):762-770.
Abstract: The objective was to investigate the impact of socio-economic and environmental factors on developing severe malaria in comparison with mild malaria in Yemen. Case-control study comparing 343 children aged 6 months to 10 years diagnosed with WHO defined severe malaria (cases) at the main children's hospital in Taiz and 445 children with mild malaria (controls) diagnosed in the health centres, which serve the areas where the cases came from. In univariate analysis, age less than 1 year, distance from health centre, delay to treatment and driving time to health centre were associated with progression from mild to severe malaria. In multivariate analysis, distance to nearest health centre greater than 2 km was significantly associated with progression to severe disease. Environmental and vector control factors associated with protection from acquiring malaria (such as sleeping under bednets) were not associated with protection from moving from mild to severe disease. Innovative ways to improve accessto antimalarial treatment for those living more then 2 km away from health centres such as home management of malaria, especially for infants and young children, should be explored in malaria-endemic areas of Yemen. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
YEMEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILD | MALARIA | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENT | BED NETS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | TREATMENT | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Parasite Control | Public Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 325999

Peer Reviewed

Title: Use of insecticide treated nets by pregnant women and associated factors in a pre-dominantly rural population in northern Ethiopia.
Author: Belay M; Deressa W
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Oct;13(10):1303-13.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) among pregnant women and examine factors associated with its access and use. METHODS: Community-based cross-sectional study of 815 pregnant women in eight malarious kebeles in northern Ethiopia based on two-stage cluster design from May to June 2006. Knowledge on malaria, its cause and preventive measures; treatment seeking behaviour; possession and use of ITNs by pregnant women and under-five children were ascertained through interview and observation. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with ITNs use. RESULTS: Knowledge about the cause, transmission and preventive measures of malaria was relatively good; 90.2% of women associated malaria with mosquito bites and 94.2% with living near water ponds. Ten per cent reported malaria illness within the 14 days before the survey, and sought treatment mainly from public health facilities (56.5%) and community health workers (37.6%). Of 815 households surveyed, 59% owned at least one non-long lasting or long-lasting ITN (59.5% rural vs. 54.5% urban; P = 0.401). Lack of access to ITNs (68.3%) and the perception that nets could not prevent malaria (27%) were the main reasons for non-ownership of nets. A total of 58.4% of 481 pregnant women from households owning at least one ITN had slept under it during the previous night. Fewer rural (56.7%) than urban women (76.2%) used ITNs (P = 0.001). In 57.6% of households with at least one ITN, under-five children had used it the night before. Higher educational attainment was an important predictor of ITNs use (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.1, 4.6). CONCLUSIONS: Household ownership of ITNs and their use by pregnant women is promising with the current efforts to scale-up ITNs implementation, but the gap between ownership and use remains high. Consistent and proper use of nets by pregnant women should be ensured through information campaigns. Rapid expansion of access to long lasting ITNs requires that government and NGOs supply them in adequate numbers.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDREN | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | PESTICIDES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CHILD SURVIVAL | ENVIRONMENT | PERCEPTION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Primary Health Care
Document Number: 329363

Title: Environmental erectile dysfunction: Can the environment really be hazardous to your erectile health?
Author: Burnett AL
Source: Journal of Andrology. 2008 May-Jun;29(3):229-236.
Abstract: The proposal that exposures to environmental or occupational substances may affect erection ability is a tenable one and would add to a growing list of pathogenic risk factors associated with erectile dysfunction. Several lines of evidence gained by clinical epidemiologic and biomedical research investigations lend support. Several environmental toxicants to include lead, organic solvents, and pesticides have been implicated as possibly hazardous agents. Effects on the nervous and hormonal systems have been proposed as the leading mechanisms by which environmental toxicants adversely impact erectile function. Synthesis of the current evidence supports a possible risk association between environmental exposures and erectile dysfunction. However, scientific support is lacking to establish a direct causal association at this time. More scientific work is needed to identify specific environmental agents that may harm erectile function and define their exact mechanisms of action in this regard. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | IMPOTENCE | ENVIRONMENT | EXPOSURE | TOXICITY | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Factors | Health
Document Number: 326080

Peer Reviewed

Title: Perturbation analysis of nonlinear matrix population models.
Author: Caswell H
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar;18(3):59-116.
Abstract: Perturbation analysis examines the response of a model to changes in its parameters. It is commonly applied to population growth rates calculated from linear models, but there has been no general approach to the analysis of nonlinear models. Nonlinearities in demographic models may arise due to density-dependence, frequency-dependence (in 2-sex models), feedback through the environment or the economy, and recruitment subsidy due to immigration, or from the scaling inherent in calculations of proportional population structure. This paper uses matrix calculus to derive the sensitivity and elasticity of equilibria, cycles, ratios (e.g., dependency ratios), age averages and variances, temporal averages and variances, life expectancies, and population growth rates, for both age-classified and stage-classified models. Examples are presented, applying the results to both human and non-human populations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MASSACHUSETTS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | ENVIRONMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Estimation Techniques | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Mortality
Document Number: 325250

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The relationship between terrorist activities and cases of malaria in the eastern and south-eastern regions of Turkey, 1984 - 1998.
Author: Cetin I; Egri M; Celbis O; Toprak S; Ozag K
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Mar;102(3):255-258.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether cases of malaria are related to terrorist activities that have occurred in the eastern and south-eastern regions of Turkey. Some of the determinants related to malaria have been investigated using a national dataset for 11 provinces located in these regions of Turkey. In these regions, both terrorist activity and cases of malaria were common from 1984 to 1998. A multiple regression technique was used to identify the variables that are significantly associated with cases of malaria. Annual incidence of malaria was chosen as the dependent variable along with three independent (explanatory) variables: annual number of terrorist incidences, people per healthcare technician and number of thick blood films per 100 000 people. Based on this analysis, it is determined that the annual number of terrorist incidences has been associated with the annual number of malaria cases in these regions of Turkey since the beginning of terrorist activity in 1984. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | MALARIA | EPIDEMIOLOGY | TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ENVIRONMENT | CLIMATE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Infections | Biology | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 324573

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon.
Author: Chouaibou M; Etang J; Brevault T; Nwane P; Hinzoumbe CK
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Apr;13(4):476-486.
Abstract: The objective was to explore temporal variation in insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to the four chemical groups of insecticides used in public health and agriculture, in close match with the large-scale cotton spraying programme implemented in the cotton-growing area of North Cameroon. Mosquito larvae were collected in 2005 before (mid June), during (mid August) and at the end (early October) of the cotton spraying programme. Larvae were sampled in breeding sites located within the cotton fields in Gaschiga and Pitoa, and in Garoua, an urban cotton-free area that served as a control. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out with 4% DDT (organochlorine), 0.4% chlorpyrifos methyl (organophosphate), 0.1% propoxur (carbamate), 0.05% deltamethrin and 0.75% permethrin (pyrethroids). Throughout the survey, An. gambiae s.l. populations were completely susceptible to carbamate and organophosphate, whereas a significant decrease of susceptibility to organochlorine and pyrethroids was observed during spraying in cotton-growing areas. Tolerance to these insecticides was associated with a slight increase of knockdown times compared to the reference strain. Among survivor mosquitoes, the East and West African Kdr mutations were detected only in two specimens of An. gambiae s.s. (n = 45) and not in Anopheles arabiensis (n = 150), suggesting metabolic-based resistance mechanisms. Environmental disturbance due to the use of insecticides in agriculture may provide local mosquito populations with the enzymatic arsenal selecting tolerance to insecticides. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | INSECTS | MALARIA | PARASITE CONTROL | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | DRUG RESISTANCE | METABOLIC EFFECTS | PUBLIC HEALTH | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Physiology | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325994

12.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Central Visayas (Region 7).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Central Visayas Region (Region 7). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327394

13.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of the National Capital Region (NCR).
Author: De La Paz MC; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the National Capital Region (NCR). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population,Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327395

14.

Title: Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment.
Author: de Sherbinin A; VanWey LK; McSweeney K; Aggarwal R; Babbieri A
Source: Global Environmental Change. 2008 Feb;18(1):38-53.
Abstract: This paper reviews and synthesizes findings from scholarly work on linkages among rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Using the livelihood approach as an organizing framework, we examine evidence on the multiple pathways linking environmental variables and the following demographic variables: fertility, migration, morbidity and mortality, and lifecycles. Although the review draws on studies from the entire developing world, we find the majority of microlevel studies have been conducted in either marginal (mountainous or arid) or frontier environments, especially Amazonia. Though the linkages are mediated by many complex and often context-specific factors, there is strong evidence that dependence on natural resources intensifies when households lose human and social capital through adult morbidity and mortality, and qualified evidence for the influence of environmental factors on household decision-making regarding fertility and migration. Two decades of research on lifecycles and land cover change at the farm level have yielded a number of insights about how households make use of different land-use and natural resource management strategies at different stages. A thread running throughout the review is the importance of managing risk through livelihood diversification, ensuring future income security, and culture-specific norms regarding appropriate and desirable activities and demographic responses. Recommendations for future research are provided. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | LIVELIHOOD | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENT | FERTILITY CHANGES | MIGRATION | MORBIDITY | MORTALITY | NATURAL RESOURCES | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Resources | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Diseases
Document Number: 325787

15.

Title: Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Author: Erlanger TE; Keiser J; Utzinger J
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2008 Sep;22(3):203-21.
Abstract: The aim of this review was to compare the effects of different dengue vector control interventions (i.e. biological control, chemical control, environmental management and integrated vector management) with respect to the following entomological parameters: Breteau index (BI), container index (CI), and house index (HI). We systematically searched PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, the Dengue Bulletin of the World Health Organization and reference lists of retrieved articles on dengue vector control interventions in developing countries. We extracted data on the effectiveness of different dengue vector control interventions (defined as the relative reduction of an entomological measure caused by the intervention compared with the control or pre-intervention phase) and calculated a measure of combined relative effectiveness, with 95% confidence intervals (95% c.i.). We identified 56 publications covering 61 dengue vector control interventions. Integrated vector management was found to be the most effective method to reduce the CI, HI and BI, resulting in random combined relative effectiveness values of 0.12 (95% c.i. 0.02-0.62), 0.17 (95% c.i. 0.02-1.28) and 0.33 (95% c.i. 0.22-0.48), respectively. Environmental management showed a relatively low effectiveness of 0.71 (95% c.i. 0.55-0.90) for the BI, 0.49 (95% c.i. 0.30-0.79) for the CI and 0.43 (95% c.i. 0.31-0.59) for the HI. Biological control (relative effectiveness for the CI: 0.18) usually targeted a small number of people (median population size: 200; range 20-2500), whereas integrated vector management focused on larger populations (median: 12 450; range: 210-9 600 000). In conclusion, dengue vector control is effective in reducing vector populations, particularly when interventions use a community-based, integrated approach, which is tailored to local eco-epidemiological and sociocultural settings and combined with educational programmes to increase knowledge and understanding of best practice. New research should assess the density-dependent effectiveness of each control measure in order to estimate whether reducing vector numbers has an impact on dengue transmission when populations are at a critical threshold.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INSECTS | VECTOR CONTROL | DENGUE | PESTICIDES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | ENVIRONMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | Research Methodology | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Ingredients and Chemicals | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 329159

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fetal and early postnatal environmental contaminant exposures and reproductive health effects in the female.
Author: Foster WG
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Feb;89(2 Suppl 1):e53-e54.
Abstract: The developing fetus and children are uniquely sensitive to the effects of biohazardous environmental toxicants that alter endocrine function. Exposure to environmental toxicants have been linked to developmental effects such as an increased prevalence of developmental abnormalities of the male reproductive tract. In young girls, advances in sexual development have been linked to exposure to phthalates, whereas others have been unable to demonstrate an effect of exposure to environmental toxicants and age at puberty. Although animal studies provide experimental evidence that supports the hypothesis that environmental toxicants can advance sexual development, little is known of the potential adverse health effects of exposure to environmental toxicants in the human female. Establishing a link between exposure to environmental toxicants and reproductive health effects in the female presents investigators with numerous daunting challenges. Among these challenges is the need to document exposure to environmental toxicants. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | FETUS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ENVIRONMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POSTPARTUM | TOXICITY | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | RISK ASSESSMENT | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Puerperium | Physiology | Biology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Evaluation
Document Number: 325259

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effects of genetic and seasonal factors on reproductive success.
Author: Gloria-Bottini F; Bottini N; La Torre M; Magrini A; Bergamaschi A
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89(5):1090-1094.
Abstract: The objective was to search for possible effects of two polymorphisms and of the solar cycle of illumination on reproductive success. The design used was the study of haptoglobin (Hp) and ACP1 polymorphisms in consecutive puerperae and analysis of phenotype distribution in relation to time of conception. The setting was the Maternity Department of Penne Hospital, Penne, Italy. The patient(s) were three hundred sixty-eight consecutive healthy pueperae from the Caucasian population. The distribution of Hp and ACP1 phenotypes depends on the phase of the solar cycle at conception. Women homozygous for Hp with low ACP1 activity are more likely to conceive in the first part of the year. Women heterozygous for Hp with medium-high ACP1 activity are more likely to conceive in the last part of the year. In the first months of the year there is a steady increase in solar illumination, and this phase corresponds to the best period for reproduction in most plants and animals. This period is also the coldest inthe Italian latitudes. Although humans are not seasonal breeders, it is possible that women having a genetic background best adapted to the metabolic demand of the cold period of the year will respond better to reproductive stimuli, resulting in a higher probability of conceiving in the first part of the year. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GENETICS | CLIMATE | SEASONAL VARIATION | SPERM CAPACITATION | FERTILIZATION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | ENVIRONMENT | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Fertility
Document Number: 327226

18.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Habitat-based larval interventions: A new perspective for malaria control.
Author: Gu W; Utzinger J; Novak RJ
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;78(1):2-6.
Abstract: Interest in environmental management of mosquito larval habitats has been rekindled due to deterioration of malaria in tropical Africa. Environmental management programs were typically implemented as "all-out" campaigns by treating all potential breeding habitats. In contrast, targeted environmental management is based on a sound understanding of the heterogeneity in mosquito productivity. However, deficiencies in field methodology for measuring productivity hamper our progress in understanding of mosquito productivity. To address these issues, we develop a framework of habitat-based interventions by adoption of a landscape approach to elucidate mechanisms underlying mosquito productivity. The importance of vigorously quantitative estimation of the productivity is highlighted. Spatial models are proposed to examine the interrelationship between mosquito productivity and oviposition of gravid mosquitoes. In our view, environmental management approaches must take into account variability in productivity, in efforts to improve feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of such approaches, particularly when implemented along with other malaria control measures. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | MALARIA PREVENTION | MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENT | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Programs
Document Number: 323617

19.

Title: Population growth and climate change. Universal access to family planning should be the priority [editorial]
Author: Guillebaud J; Hayes P
Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Aug 2;337(7664):247-248.
Abstract: The world's population now exceeds 6700 million, and humankind's consumption of fossil fuels, fresh water, crops, fish, and forests exceeds supply. These facts are connected. The annual increase in population of about 79 million means that every week an extra 1.5 million people need food and somewhere to live. Every person born adds to greenhouse gas emissions, and escaping poverty is impossible without these emissions increasing. Resourcing contraception therefore helps to combat climate change, although it is not a substitute for high emitters reducing their per capita emissions. As doctors, we must help to eradicate the many myths and non-evidence based medical rules that often deny women access to family planning. We should advocate for it to be supplied only wisely and compassionately, and for increased investment, which is currently just 10% of that recommended at the UN's Population Conference in Cairo. We must not put pressure on people, but by providing information on population and the environment, and appropriate contraception for everyone (and by their own example), doctors should help to bring family size into the arena of environmental ethics, analogous to avoiding patio heaters and high carbon cars. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENT | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327946

20.

Title: The relationship between rainfall and human density and its implications for future water stress in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: le Blanc D; Perez R
Source: Ecological Economics. 2008 Jun 15;66(2-3):319-336.
Abstract: This paper estimates the relationship between average rainfall and population density in Sub-Saharan Africa in order to assess the consequences of climate and demographic changes in terms of future water stress in that region. Geographic Information System (GIS) data on density and rainfall and climate change scenarios are combined in order to identify areas which will be subject to increased pressures stemming from excessive population, given their precipitation levels. We first describe the empirical relationship existing between average yearly rainfall and density over sub-Saharan Africa. The limit of 900 mm of annual rainfall appears to define the threshold below which water constitutes a binding constraint to higher densities. Above that threshold, density and rainfall are not spatially correlated. In a second stage, we identify areas subject to water stress. In our framework, those are defined as zones belonging to the right end of the distribution of densities conditional on average rainfall. In a last step, localized population projections and changes in rainfall predicted by two mainstream climate change scenarios are utilized to assess the respective impacts of those two factors on the changes in extent and distribution of high-stress zones over the continent between 2000 and 2050. If population growth follows projected trends, density increases across the continent should lead to a significant increase in the extent of such zones, especially around the Sahel belt and in Eastern Africa. The impact of changes in rainfall is more difficult to assess, because climate models differ locally as regards projections of yearly rainfall, especially in intermediate zones such as the Sahel. If, according to the predictions of most climate models, the Sahel were to experience average rainfall increases, these would ease, though not offset totally, the pressure stemming from demographic growth in that region. In contrast, in most of Eastern Africa, predicted drops in average rainfall would work in the same direction as demographic changes to increase the pressure on significant parts of the territory. In Southern Africa, demographic stagnation is likely to mitigate significantly the impact of climate change. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENT | POPULATION DENSITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WATER SUPPLY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Demographic Factors | Carrying Capacity
Document Number: 327066

21.

Title: A case study on the implementation of a positive youth development program (Project P.A.T.H.S.) in Hong Kong: learning from the experimental implementation phase.
Author: Lee TY
Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:1047-62.
Abstract: This investigation of the implementation of a positive youth development program (Project P.A.T.H.S.) was part of a large study undertaken comprehensively to explore how effective the Tier 1 Program was in practice and how the results can shed light on future developments. Utilizing a case study approach, individual and focus group interviews were conducted in 2007 to examine the factors that influence the process and quality of implementation of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. The focus of this study was on how the implementers of a school made use of the experience gained in the Experimental Implementation Phase (EIP) in 2005/06 to improve the program implementation quality in the Full Implementation Phase (FIP) in 2006/07. Results showed that the program implementation in the FIP was generally high and the program was well received by the implementers. Factors that facilitated the implementation of the program were identified, including the adoption of an incremental change strategy, the incorporation of the program into both formal and informal curricula, positive perceptions of the program among staff and agency social workers, sufficient school administrative support, excellent cooperation between the school and the social work agency, presence of a dedicated school contact person and instructors who engaged themselves in continuous quality improvement of the implementation, and an emphasis on application of what had been learned. Difficulties encountered by the school in the process of implementation were also observed. Based on the present findings, key process variables that facilitate or impede the implementation of positive youth development programs are discussed. Implications for future program implementation are also discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | ADOLESCENTS | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | CURRICULUM | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PERCEPTION | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | CULTURE | BELIEFS | ENVIRONMENT | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Collection | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Education | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Personality | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329346

22.

Title: Population, health, and environment issues in the Philippines. A profile of Cagayan Valley (Region 2).
Author: Lusterio-Berja C; Colson L
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Population, Health, and Environment Program, 2008 Feb. 6 p.
Abstract: Linking population, health, and environment (PHE) issues is becoming increasingly important for the Philippines, where natural resources and public health and well-being are often negatively affected by factors such as population pressures and poverty. Understanding these connections-including the economic and social context in which they occur-and addressing PHE issues in an integrated manner is critical for achieving sustainable development. This regional PHE profile highlights key population, health, and environment indicators and important development challenges for the Cagayan Valley Region (Region 2). The profile is designed to help educators, policymakers, and community leaders identify key threats to sustainable development and explore possible approaches to addressing them. This profile is part of a series covering select regions of the Philippines, and is intended as a companion publication to the Population Reference Bureau's 2006 data sheet, Making the Link in the Philippines: Population, Health, and the Environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | POPULATION | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | PUBLIC HEALTH | INFANT MORTALITY | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | NATURAL RESOURCES | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327393

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of rice cultivation on malaria transmission in central Kenya.
Author: Muturi EJ; Muriu S; Shililu J; Mwangangi J; Jacob BG
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Feb;78(2):270-275.
Abstract: A 12-month field study was conducted between April 2004 and March 2005 to determine the association between irrigated rice cultivation and malaria transmission in Mwea, Kenya. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors twice per month in three villages representing non-irrigated, planned, and unplanned rice agro-ecosystems and screened for blood meal sources and Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins. Anopheles arabiensis Patton and An. funestus Giles comprised 98.0% and 1.9%, respectively, of the 39,609 female anophelines collected. Other species including An. pharoensis Theobald, An. maculipalpis Giles, An. pretoriensis Theobald, An. coustani Laveran, and An. rufipes Gough comprised the remaining 0.1%. The density of An. arabiensis was highest in the planned rice village and lowest in the non-irrigated village and that of An. funestus was significantly higher in the non-irrigated village than in irrigated ones. The human blood index (HBI) for An. arabiensis was significantly higher in the non-irrigated village compared with irrigated villages. For An. funestus, the HBI for each village differed significantly from the others, being highest in the non-irrigated village and lowest in the planned rice village. The sporozoite rate and annual entomologic inoculation rate (EIR) for An. arabiensis was 1.1% and 3.0 infective bites per person, respectively with no significant difference among villages. Sporozoite positive An. funestus were detected only in planned rice and non-irrigated villages. Overall, 3.0% of An. funestus samples tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The annual EIR of 2.21 for this species in the non-irrigated village was significantly higher than 0.08 for the planned rice village. We conclude that at least in Mwea Kenya, irrigated rice cultivation may reduce the risk of malaria transmission by An. funestus but has no effect on malaria transmission by An. arabiensis. The zoophilic tendency of malaria vectors in irrigated areas accounts partly for low malaria transmission rates despite the presence of higher vector densities, highlighting the potential of zooprophylaxis in malaria control. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | FIELD REPORT | VECTOR CONTROL | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Biology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 324399

24.

Title: Child morbidity and care-seeking in Nairobi slum settlements: the role of environmental and socio-economic factors.
Author: Ndugwa RP; Zulu EM
Source: Journal of Child Health Care. 2008 Dec;12(4):314-28.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate factors that influence morbidity patterns and health-seeking decisions in an urban slum community. Data were collected between May and August 2003 as part of the ongoing Nairobi urban demographic surveillance system and were analysed to identify factors that influence morbidity patterns and health-seeking decisions. The results show that the factors that influenced morbidity were the child's age, ethnicity and type of toilet facility. Predictors for seeking health care were the child's age, type and severity of illness, survival of father and mother, mother's education, mother's work status and wealth class. The conclusions drawn show that economic resources fall short in preventing child illnesses where children live in poor environmental conditions. However, by enhancing access to health care services, socio-economic status is critical for mitigating disease burden among children in slum settlements.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | SLUMS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CHILD HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ENVIRONMENT | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SANITATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health
Document Number: 331063

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Silti woreda, Ethiopia: risk factor assessment and causative agent identification.
Author: Negera E; Gadisa E; Yamuah L; Engers H; Hussein J; Kuru T; Hailu A; Gedamu L; Aseffa A
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Sep;102(9):883-90.
Abstract: An outbreak of skin lesions was reported in June 2005 in the district of Silti woreda, 150 km south of Addis Ababa, by the Christian Children's Fund (CCF) and confirmed to be cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by our group from the Armauer Hansen Research Institute in July 2005. A house-to-house survey of 1907 residents in three kebeles of Silti woreda conducted in April 2006 showed a prevalence of 4.8%. RFLP analysis of the internal transcribed spacer RNA (ITS1) showed that Leishmania aethiopica was the causative agent. In the survey, it was found that the age group 11-20 years was the most affected. Environmental factors such as proximity of the house to the gorge where hyraxes reside, presence of the plants Adhatoda schimperiana and Acacia spp. in the compound and sharing the same room with domestic animals were significantly associated with developing CL. The prevalence of active disease was higher in Kibet town (10.4%) compared to the rural kebeles. The identified risk factors of CL in the area need further study. The appearance of leishmaniasis in Silti, which was not known to be endemic for the disease, underlines the need to initiate a leishmaniasis control program in Ethiopia to limit its expansion.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | ADOLESCENTS | PREVALENCE | LEISHMANIASIS | RISK FACTORS | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | PLANTS | AGE FACTORS | ENVIRONMENT | ANIMALS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Physiology | Natural Resources
Document Number: 329268

26.

Title: Population growth and natural-resources pressures in the Mekong River Basin.
Author: Pech S; Sunada K
Source: AMBIO. 2008 May 1;37(3):219-224.
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate policy debate over the current national focus on food self-sufficiency and a broader national and regional development agenda in the Mekong River Basin. We provide the context, empirical evidence, and an analysis of the demand (real or perceived) associated with population growth. We also present a comparison of demand forecasts with the sustainable potential of the natural-resources base of the Mekong River Basin in order to contribute to a better understanding of this immense and complex Mekong River Basin environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | MYANMAR | LAOS | THAILAND | CAMBODIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors
Document Number: 327067

27.

Title: Effects of environmental and occupational pesticide exposure on human sperm: A systematic review.
Author: Perry MJ
Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):233-242.
Abstract: Relatively recent discoveries of the hormone disrupting properties of some pesticides have raised interest in how contemporary pesticide exposures, which primarily take the form of low level environmental or occupational exposures, impact spermatogenesis. The objective of the present review was to summarize results to date of studies examining pesticide effects on human sperm. Outcomes evaluated included sperm parameters, DNA damage and numerical chromosome aberrations (aneuploidy (disomy, nullisomy) or diploidy). Studies investigating sperm in men environmentally and/or occupationally exposed to any types of pesticides were included in the review. The targeted literature search over the last 15 years showed a range of pesticide classes have been investigated including pyrethroids, organophosphates, phenoxyacetic acids, carbamates, organochlorines and pesticide mixtures. None of the studies involved acute exposure events such as chemical accidents. There were 20 studies evaluating semen quality, of which 13 studies reported an association between exposure and semen quality; 6 studies evaluating DNA damage, of which 3 reported an association with exposure; and 6 studies assessing sperm aneuploidy or diploidy, of which 4 reported an association with exposure. Studies varied widely in methods, exposures and outcomes. Although suggestive for semen parameters, the epidemiologic evidence accumulated thus far remains equivocal as to the spermatotoxic and aneugenic potential of pesticides given the small number of published studies. This question warrants more investigation and suggestions for future studies are outlined. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | SEMEN | SPERMATOZOA | SPERMATOGENESIS | HEALTH | ENVIRONMENT | PESTICIDES | EXPOSURE | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Germ Cells | Reproduction | Ingredients and Chemicals | Risk Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases
Document Number: 325850

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work.
Author: Shannon K; Kerr T; Allinott S; Chettiar J; Shoveller J
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Feb;66(4):911-921.
Abstract: High rates of violence among street-level sex workers have been described across the globe, while in cities across Canada the disappearance and victimization of drug-using women in survival sex work is ongoing. Given the pervasive levels of violence faced by sex workers over the last decades, and extensive harm reduction and HIV prevention efforts operating in Vancouver, Canada, this research aimed to explore the role of social and structural violence and power relations in shaping the HIV risk environment and prevention practices of women in survival sex work. Through a participatory-action research project, a series of focus group discussions were conceptualized and co-facilitated by sex workers, community and research partners with a total of 46 women in early 2006. Based on thematic, content and theoretical analysis, the following key factors were seen to both directly and indirectly mediate women's agency and access to resources, and ability to practice HIV prevention and harm reduction: at the micro-level, boyfriends as pimps and the 'everyday violence' of bad dates; at the meso-level, a lack of safe places to take dates, and adverse impacts of local policing; and at the macro-level, dopesickness and the need to sell sex for drugs. Analysis of the narratives and daily lived experiences of women sex workers highlight the urgent need for a renewed HIV prevention strategy that moves beyond a solely individual-level focus to structural and environmental interventions, including legal reforms, that facilitate 'enabling environments' for HIV prevention. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | ACTION RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX WORKERS | VIOLENCE | HIV PREVENTION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | GENDER RELATIONS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ENVIRONMENT | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 324416

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The global distribution of infant mortality: A subnational spatial view.
Author: Storeygard A; Balk D; Levy M; Deane G
Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):209-229.
Abstract: We describe the compilation of a spatially explicit data-set detailing infant mortality rates in over 10,000 national and subnational units worldwide, benchmarked to the year 2000. Although their resolution is highly variable, subnational data are available for countries representing over 90% of the non-OECD population. Concentration of global infant deaths is higher than implied by national data alone. Assigning both national and subnational data to map grid cells so that they may be easily integrated with other geographical data, we generate infant mortality rates for environmental regions, including biomes and coastal zones, by continent. Rates for these regions also show striking refinements from the use of the higher resolution data. Possibilities and limitations for related work are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | AREA ANALYSIS | INFANT MORTALITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | VITAL STATISTICS | ENVIRONMENT | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Statistics
Document Number: 326578

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Individual, social, and environmental influences associated with HIV infection among injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico.
Author: Strathdee SA; Lozada R; Pollini RA; Brouwer KC; Mantsios A
Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Mar;47(3):369-376.
Abstract: We examined correlates of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana, Mexico, a city bordering the United States, which is situated on major migration and drug trafficking routes. IDUs aged $18 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Participants underwent antibody testing for HIV and syphilis and structured interviews. Weighted logistic regression identified correlates of HIV infection. Of 1056 IDUs, the median age was 37 years, 86% were male, and 76% were migrants. HIV prevalence was higher in female participants than in male participants (8% vs. 3%; P = 0.01). Most IDUs testing HIV-positive were previously unaware of their serostatus (93%). IDUs reported injecting with a median of 2 people in the prior 6 months and had been arrested for having injection stigmata (ie, "track-marks") a median of 3 times. Factors independently associated with HIV infection were being female, syphilis titers consistent with active infection, larger numbers of recent injection partners, living in Tijuana for a shorter duration, and being arrested for having track-marks. Individual, social, and environmental factors were independently associated with HIV infection among IDUs in Tijuana. These findings suggest the need to intervene not solely on individual risk behaviors but on social processes that drive these behaviors, including problematic policing practices. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | IV DRUG USERS | HIV TESTING | SYPHILIS | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENT | RISK BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 325082


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