1.  Title: Population and the food supply. Author: Population Council Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. [2] p. Abstract: This fact sheet contains a bulleted list of the information presented in the Bongaarts' essay "Food and population: The return of Malthus?". Some of the issues commented on are: 1) The connection between population and food supply; 2) Reducing unnecessary consumption could improve worldwide access to food; and 3) Practical solutions for the poorest countries. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | PRICES | CONSUMPTION | ENERGY SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 327695 |
| 2. Title: Urban population, development and the environment 2007 [Wallchart]. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Mar. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/274) Abstract: The wall chart on Urban Population, Development and the Environment 2007 displays information on various aspects of population, environment and development, including changes in urban populations and their relationship with development and the environment. The wall chart include information for 228 countries or areas as well as data at the regional and sub-regional levels. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | UN | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION GROWTH | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | ENERGY SUPPLY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325831 |
3.  Peer Reviewed Title: Corruption and oil exploration: Expert agreement about the prevention of HIV / AIDS in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Author: Udoh IA; Stammen RM; Mantell JE Source: Health Education Research. 2008;23(4):670-681. Abstract: The Niger Delta, according to the Nigerian Ministry of Health, has a disproportionately high HIV infection rate, which is double the national average. The United Nations Development Program attributes the spiraling HIV infection rate in the region to poverty, migration and gender inequality. This paper examines two complementary suppositions: Is the high prevalence of HIV in the Niger Delta related to incompetent leadership and corruption? Is it related to the negative effects of oil exploration in the region? Currently, there is a dearth of research on the effectiveness of government programs or the role of the oil industry on the impact of AIDS in Nigeria. To address this gap, we conducted a survey with 27 internationally renowned experts from diverse disciplines using a three-round modified Delphi to formulate consensus about the impact of weak governance and oil corruption on AIDS in the Niger Delta. Results from the Delphi suggest that these factors and others have exacerbated the transmission of HIV in the region. To mitigate the impact of AIDS in the region, efforts to engage oil companies in implementing HIV prevention programs as part of their corporate environmental responsibility to the community are urgently needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PANEL DISCUSSION | SURVEYS | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | OBSTACLES | ENERGY SUPPLY | COMMERCE | POLITICAL FACTORS | QUESTIONNAIRES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Group Meeting | Communication | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 327686 |
| 4. Title: How to reduce indoor air pollution through cost-effective solutions. Author: World Bank. Disease Control Priorities Project Source: [Washington, D.C.], World Bank, Disease Control Priorities Project, 2007 Jul. [4] p. Abstract: More than half of the world's population still depends on fuel sources that are inefficient, highly polluting, and unhealthy. These solid fuels include biomass (wood, animal dung, crop wastes) and coal. People who use these fuel sources burn them in open fires or simple stoves that release most of the smoke into their home, resulting in indoor air pollution that threatens the health of household members, especially women and young children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHERN | AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | COST EFFECTIVENESS | RISK FACTORS | IMPACT | GOALS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ENERGY SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Asia | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Diseases | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Biology | Communication | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Natural Resources Document Number: 324746 |
| 5. Title: Indoor air pollution and its impact on children under five years old in Bangladesh. Author: Khalequzzaman M; Kamijima M; Sakai K; Chowdhury NA; Hamajima N Source: Indoor Air. 2007 Aug;17(4):297-304. Abstract: Indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and dust particles were measured for 49 biomass and 46 fossil fuel users in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The health impacts of these pollutants were assessed on 65 and 51 children under five years old from families who use biomass and fossil fuel as main source of energy, respectively. Mean concentrations of CO were found to be significantly higher in biomass fuel users (P = 0.010), while geometric mean concentrations of benzene, xylene, toluene, hexane, total VOCs, and NO2 were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the fossil fuel users. Symptoms such as redness of eyes, itching of skin, nasal discharge, cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, or whistling chest were found to be associated with the choice of biomass fuel, with the odds ratio ranging from 4.0 to 6.3. No significant association of use of biomass fuel with respiratory diseases, eczema, diarrhea, or viral fever was observed after adjustment for potential confounders. These results suggest a significant association between the biomass fuel-using population and respiratory symptoms. These symptoms may not be due to the pollutants only, as some other underlying causes may be present. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILD | INFANT | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | URBAN AREAS | POVERTY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Infections | Diseases | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources Document Number: 320616 |
| 6. Title: Population, migration, and water conflicts in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania. Author: Mbonile MJ Source: In: Environmental Change and Security Program report. Issue 12 2006-2007, [compiled by] Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Environmental Change and Security Program. Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2007. :20-28. Abstract: Although essential for human survival, water is inherently inequitable, as it is rarely evenly distributed among populations. Local users compete to obtain their share, which can intensify existing tensions and sometimes lead to violence where the supply of water does not meet demand. Water availability is one of the major constraints on economic development, particularly for developing countries like Tanzania, because lack of water limits food production and economic activities such as industry and commerce. Many conditions may trigger conflicts, including jurisdictional ambiguities, miscommunication, and competition between sectors and users. In this article, I describe how population growth and migration in Tanzania's Pangani River basin-arguably the most water-stressed basin in the country-have intensified local water conflicts. Resolving these conflicts requires understanding the socio-cultural context of the local communities and increasing stakeholder involvement in water management. For mycase study, I selected about 10 percent of the households in every village in the study area (see map) with the help of village leaders, and administered structured questionnaires to the heads of households. I sampled more villages in the highlands because they hold more of the population than the lowlands. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | CRITIQUE | WATER SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | MIGRATION | CONFLICT RESOLUTION | AGRICULTURE | IRRIGATION | URBANIZATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | ENERGY SUPPLY | PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Policy Document Number: 324550 |
| 7. Title: Creating an alternative fuel in Uganda to help the environment and empower women. Author: Morrow T Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2007 Aug. [2] p. Abstract: Stacked next to the ubiquitous piles of green bananas in Uganda's markets are equally ubiquitous 5-foot-tall sacks of charcoal, a major reason why this country's forests are rapidly disappearing. Charcoal and fuel wood are the energy sources for the vast majority of a population that is increasing so rapidly the forests can't possibly keep up. In Namatala slum in the small town of Mbale in eastern Uganda, this unhealthy combination of deforestation and booming population was inflicting hardship on a group of displaced women. They could no longer find charcoal, and when they could, they couldn't afford it. They came to Judith Apilo and Shem Ewichu of the Uganda Gender Rights Foundation (UGRF), an organization focused on improving the lives of women in poverty. Ewichu had been in a family charcoal business for 12 years and understood the women's plight. When a Rotary Club gave the foundation a book on using waste materials to make briquettes, the gender rights foundation initiated a project to create an alternative source of cooking fuel, and at the same time empower the women to rise out of poverty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | FORESTS | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | RECYCLING | ENERGY SUPPLY | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Waste Management | Macroeconomic Factors | Technology Document Number: 319698 |
| 8. Title: Population growth and environmental degradation in India. Author: Nagdeve DA Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 30 p. Abstract: The present paper examined the relationship of population to the environment and with growing population, poverty and urbanization the environment is degrading. Conducted an analysis of changes and trends over last fifty years. The study reveals that the country's population growth is imposing an increasing burden on the country's limited and continually degrading natural resource base. The natural resources are under increasing strain, even though the majority of people survive at subsistence level. Population pressure on arable land contributes to the land degradation. The increasing population numbers and growing affluence have already resulted in rapid growth of energy production and consumption in India. The environmental effects like ground water and surface water contamination; air pollution and global warming are of growing concern owing to increasing consumption levels. The paper concludes with some policy reflections, the policy aimed at overall development should certainly include efforts to control population and environmental pollution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | POPULATION GROWTH | POVERTY | URBANIZATION | NATURAL RESOURCES | AGRICULTURE | ENERGY SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | CONSUMPTION | POPULATION POLICY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Water | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317827 |
| 9. Title: Guidelines for mitigating the impacts of HIV / AIDS on coastal biodiversity and natural resource management. Author: Torell E; Kalangahe B; Thaxton M; Issa A; Pieroth V Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2007. 26 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 623-A-00-05-00339-00) Abstract: This document describes the problems that lie at the interface between AIDS, gender, population, and coastal biodiversity conservation and resource management. The authors describe how HIV and AIDS affect all people in a community by driving faster rates of resource extraction and use, increasing gender inequality, lowering the general health of the labor force, and impeding an individual's ability to maintain a viable livelihood. For each problem, we propose goals and a number of simple actions that development planners, extension officers, project managers, and community leaders can take to prevent and mitigate the problems. We also present indicators that can be used to measure progress toward achieving program goals and objectives. We hope these guidelines contribute to the work already underway to reduce HIV prevalence in Tanzania, and at the same time help mitigate negative impacts on the environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | TANZANIA | KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | ENERGY SUPPLY | FISHING | AGRICULTURE | HIV PREVENTION | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | INEQUALITIES | TREATMENT | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Occupations | Macroeconomic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324497 |
| 10. Title: Gender, energy and environment nexus in female farmers household energy management in Gombe State, Nigeria. Author: Yahaya MK; Nabinta RT; Olajide BR Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Jul;9(3):203-209. Abstract: This study examined the role of female farmers in household energy management in Gombe State of Nigeria. The study demonstrates that gender roles are culture derived where fuel wood is primarily used as fuel for cooking and females were exclusively responsible for its collection. Females were equally responsible for taking decision among 62.2% in the cooking energy system. Therefore, a key factor in moving up the energy ladder would be tackling the cultural barriers via the "location specific" approach. Constraints to efficient and effective rural energy management identified were declining access to energy sources that is worsened by inadequate access to education, credit, income, time and contact with extension service. This is further segregated by the distinct roles played by male and female farmers in the total energy management system. To profoundly ameliorate the time and energy available to farmers for both productive and reproductive tasks, extension professionals and policy makers alike should seriously consider in concrete terms policy initiatives, projects design and implementation the multiple roles of female farmers and the responsibilities, tasks, expectations and constraints associated with such challenging roles. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | ENERGY SUPPLY | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | FEMALE ROLE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 320539 |
| 11. Title: More than humanitarianism: a strategic U.S. approach toward Africa. Report of an independent task force. Author: Independent Task Force on U.S. Policy toward Africa Source: New York, New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 2006. [155] p. Abstract: The report is divided into four main sections. The first chapter presents the findings and recommendations of the Task Force. This is followed by more in-depth analyses of four issues that the Task Force found to be of new and increasing importance in Africa's relation to the United States: energy, competition from China and other countries, terrorism, and the growing impact of Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The report then examines the more traditional and familiar components of U.S. policy in Africa and how they can be better addressed in the context of a more comprehensive policy: conflict resolution and peacekeeping, democracy and human rights, and economic growth. The final, concluding chapter draws the themes of the report together and summarizes the steps forward. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AFRICA | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | WAR | HUMAN RIGHTS | DEMOCRACY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Policy | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 323266 |
| 12. Title: U.S. national report on population and the environment. Author: Markham VD; Steinzor N Source: New Canaan, Connecticut, Center for Environment and Population, 2006. 67 p. Abstract: Global environmental changes are occurring in ways fundamentally different than at any other time in our history. Experts tell us that virtually all of the Earth's ecosystems have been significantly transformed through human actions, and that 60% of the Earth's ecosystems have been degraded or used unsustainably. These changes have been especially rapid in the past 50 years, and are expected to continue into the foreseeable future. For the first time in human history, we are using many of the planet's natural resources faster than they can replenish themselves. The impacts are becoming more and more obvious: freshwater resources are increasingly vulnerable, more plant and animal species are becoming endangered or extinct, land-use transformation is pervasive, and even the global climate is changing. Experts trace these seemingly disparate environmental phenomena to a single cause: the growing scale of human activities. In simple terms, the human population is growing, we are consuming natural resources at unprecedented rates, and the planet is demonstrating the effects. Human population factors (such as growth, movement, density and resource consumption) are considered to be a main driver and multiplier of many environmental impacts in the United States and worldwide. Humanity is dominating nature at a cost to species, ecosystems and human health, with social and economic implications as well. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | WATER SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | FISHING | ENERGY SUPPLY | GLOBAL WARMING | WASTE MANAGEMENT | POPULATION POLICY | WILDLIFE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Climate | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 309718 |
| 13. Title: Beyond firewood: fuel alternatives and protection strategies for displaced women and girls. Author: Patrick E Source: New York, New York, Women' s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2006 Mar. [51] p. Abstract: Cooking fuel is traditionally seen by both displaced communities and humanitarian organizations as a "women's" issue, since it is a part of the cooking process. Because this is the case, and despite the well-known risks, the burdens associated with its collection fall almost exclusively on women and girls. Rarely is cooking fuel provided by the humanitarian community, and even more rarely do men collect the wood. The risks associated with firewood collection have been well known for years, yet few effective strategies are yet in place to combat the problem. The Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children (Women's Commission) therefore initiated a project to investigate methods for reducing the vulnerability of displaced women and girls to gender-based violence (GBV) during firewood collection. The project set out to assess alternative fuel options, firewood collection techniques and other protection strategies, appropriate to the local context and in all phases of an emergency. To accomplishthese goals, the Women's Commission researcher undertook desk reviews of fuel provision, collection and physical protection strategies in various IDP and refugee situations worldwide and conducted site visits in Darfur, Sudan and in the Bhutanese refugee camps in eastern Nepal. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | NEPAL | SUMMARY REPORT | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | REFUGEE CAMPS | ENERGY SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | FORESTS | COORDINATION | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Environment | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 319567 |
| 14. Title: Global flows: terror, oil, and strategic philanthropy. Author: Barnes ST Source: African Studies Review. 2005 Apr;48(1):1-22. Abstract: U.S. involvement in Africa is growing following threats of terrorism and interruptions in oil production and because of desires by foreign corporations to expand their activities on the continent. The response of American policymakers has been to establish a stronger military presence that will engage in counter-terrorism initiatives and police oil installations. The goals and extent of this buildup, and the ideology legitimating it, are new. They are departures from Cold War policies. Similarly, the response of American business leaders to weaknesses in the infrastructure and political order of African states leads them to establish their own forms of community development, known as strategic philanthropy, so as to protect and expand local markets. Despite these major developments, the media are not informing the public. This article examines the implications of these military and business initiatives for African nations and the reasons for lack of information about them. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MILITARY PERSONNEL | FOREIGN AID | CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP | INDUSTRY | NATIONAL SECURITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | INFORMATION | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Government | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 289092 |
| 15. Title: The association between diet and height in the postinfancy period changes with age and socioeconomic status in Filipino youths. Author: Eckhardt CL; Suchindran C; Gordon-Larsen P; Adair LS Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:2192-2198. Abstract: Whether the determinants of linear growth can have independent effects beyond the critical infancy period has been questioned. This research uses uniquely suited data from > 2000 youths from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study in the Philippines to examine the association between diet and height in the postinfancy period. Anthropometric, diet, and other data were collected bimonthly from 0 to 2 y, and at the mean ages of 8, 11.5, 15.5, and 18.5 y. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to quantify the mean effects of diet diversity and energy intake on height across increments demarcated by the postinfancy data (2– 8.5, 8.5–11.5, 11.5–15.5, and 15.5–18.5 y). We examined whether the effects differed by socioeconomic status (SES) and age. Effects with P < 0.05 were considered significant. Each additional unit of diet variety (range 0–8 U) was associated with a significant 0.33-cm increase in height in boys. Each additional 100 kcal (4186 kJ) was associated with significant increases in height of 0.05 cm in boys, and 0.02 cm in girls. Significant interactions (P < 0.15) with SES showed that each 100 kcal increase in energy intake was associated with a 0.08-cm increase in height at low SES with no difference at high SES. In both boys and girls, the effects of energy intake decreased with age, as shown by a significant age interaction (P < 0.15). The methods used incorporate the longitudinal nature of the data to offer a unique examination of the association between diet and height in the postinfancy period. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | GROWTH | BODY HEIGHT | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ANTHROPOMETRY | DIET | ENERGY SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Child Development | Biology | Physiology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Measurement | Nutrition | Health | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 292385 |
| 16. Title: Impact of scarcity of automobile fuel on attendance at a referral centre for tuberculosis in Nigeria. Author: Ikuabe PO; Sawyer WE Source: Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2005 Jan-Mar;14(1):51-54. Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis in its pulmonary and extra – pulmonary form is still a common finding in the developing world. This study was to investigate the impact of a period of scarcity of automobile fuel in the Niger-Delta area of Nigeria on attendance at a Tuberculosis Referral Centre in Igbogene, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Methods: Data was collected on attendance before, during and after the scarcity. This Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Centre is run by a German non-governmental organization. (NGO), and the State’s Ministry of Health. No user fee is charged. Results: During the period of scarcity of automobile fuel, the total 12-months attendance of males decreased to 25.1% of that before the advent of scarcity. Attendance rose in the post-scarcity period, but reached only 78.5% of the pre-scarcity level. For females, the 12 months attendance during the scarcity period reduced to 75.3% of the pre-scarcity level. The 12- months attendance by females rose in the post-scarcity period to 109.2% above the pre-scarcity level. There was no evidence of an increase in attendance over the course of the period of automobile fuel scarcity among either males or females. Conclusion: The scarcity of automobile fuel which usually translated to an increase in cost of transportation probably increased the number of untreated tuberculosis patients in the population with potential serious long term health implications. The provision of vehicles as well as facility for storage of automobile fuel to this referral Centre by either the NGO or the Ministry of Health is suggested. This would allow the Centre carry out domiciliary service to these patients. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | TUBERCULOSIS | AUTOMOBILES | CLINIC VISITS | SEX FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ENERGY SUPPLY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Infections | Diseases | Transportation | Economic Factors | Service Statistics | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 291583 |
| 17. Title: The impact of rangeland condition and trend to the grazing resources of a semi-arid environment in Kenya. Author: Macharia PN; Ekaya WN Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;17(2):143-147. Abstract: A research study was conducted in Mashuru Division of Kajiado District, Kenya with the objective of analyzing the types of vegetation degradation, their causes and their influence on rangeland condition and trend. The study was conducted through remote sensing tools, ground truthing, interviews, community workshop and literature. The results of the study showed that excessive use of the woody species by humans for wood-fuel, building and fencing materials, medicine and ornamentals had led to the deterioration of the rangeland due to a loss of cover, change in plant composition and biodiversity. On the other hand, overgrazing and ecological succession of the grazing lands had led to further vegetation degradation in form of bush encroachment and thickening. These types of vegetation degradation have had an overall effect of loss of grass cover and hence loss of grazing capacity by livestock, especially cattle. The causes of vegetation decrease or increase over the last 30 years have been due to deforestation (trees and shrubs), bush encroachment and thickening , change in plant species composition and natural calamities such as droughts, wild fires and army worm invasions at various times. The overall results indicated that there has been a downward trend in range condition over the last 30 years which has affected the livestock productivity of the area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | ANIMALS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SOIL DEGRADATION | WORKSHOPS | ECOLOGY | ENERGY SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Environment | Education Document Number: 304647 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Meeting the Millennium Development Goals with imagination and new energy. Author: Roberts J Source: Population Review. 2005;44(2):[63] p.. Abstract: Not long ago I was sitting on a beach in Jomtien, Thailand, looking at the waves and trying to relax. As I was looking out at the beautiful ocean scene in front of me, a young Thai boy, about eight years of age, walked down to the edge of the ocean near where I was sitting. In his hands, he carried a long stick. A rope was fastened to one end of the stick. Attached to the other end of the rope was a large brick. In other words, the boy had made himself a fishing pole complete with a "brick fish." Curious about what he was going to do next, I watched him as he threw his brick into the ocean. The boy stood there, pole in hand, patiently waiting for something to take his bait. Suddenly the boy's fishing line went taut. He became excited knowing that a "fish" was on the line. And pulling with all his might he somehow managed to bring his catch to shore. Then he turned around in my direction and looked at me with an excited expression on his face that seemed to say, 'Can you see it?' 'Can you see this huge and magnificent fish that I just caught?' Well, I could see it. I could see it because I did the same thing when I was his age. And I used the same method to do it: IMAGINATION. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | NATURAL RESOURCES | ENERGY SUPPLY | POVERTY | CHILD MORTALITY | INEQUALITIES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PROMOTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Marketing | Diseases Document Number: 297136 |
| 19. Title: Not tonight, Sweetie; no energy. A neo-Malthusian looks at fossil fuels and fertility. Author: Abernethy VD Source: World Watch. 2004 Sep-Oct;:26-30. Abstract: The "fertility opportunity hypothesis" holds that parents want more children when they perceive forthcoming opportunities for a better life, but have fewer children if they anticipate hard times ahead. Perceptions of a coming global oil scarcity could result in population growing less than the UN expects. The Reverend Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was notorious for the view that "positive checks"--meaning poverty, famine, and premature mortality--are the only means of keeping population size in balance with resources. But his second edition of An Essay on the Principle of Population is far from pessimistic: it develops the idea that "moral restraint" (encompassing social rules as well as personal decisions) often depress the fertility rate, thus slowing or stopping population growth before calamities occur. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | URBAN POPULATION | VIOLENCE | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FERTILITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Age Distribution | Economic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 285096 |
| 20. Title: Measurement of energy consumption and energy expenditure of pregnant women in Purworejo district, central Java [abstract] Author: Dasuki D; Hasibuan S; Inayatullah Source: [Unpublished] [2004]. [1] p. Abstract: The objective was to know energy consumption and energy expenditure of pregnant women in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester pregnancy, and to observe the correlation between level of consumption and morbidity. The design was a Cross sectional study with standardized open ended questioner in community based survey, in-depth interview, and observation participation. The location was a Community health and nutrition research laboratories in Purworejo district, Central Java province. 30 pregnant women in 1st-3rd trimester of pregnancy with 10 subjects for each pregnancy time, selected randomly. Age of subject for each group did not differ significantly, 27.8 years old for the 1st trimester 28.6 in 2nd trimester, and 28.14 in 3rd trimester respectively. The average of BMI for each group were 20.21, 22.04, and 22.48. The average of daily energy expenditure were 2101.76 Kcal, 2704.26 Kcal, and 2719.39 Kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester pregnancy respectively, that showed significant differential (p<0.05). The average of energy consumption for each trimester were 1499.22 Kcal, 1665.22 Kcal, and 2139.36 Kcal did not indicate a statistically different significant. Compared to energy expenditure, an energy requirement were 49.84%, 70.77% and 89.56%. The numbers were 70%, 72.62, and 89.56% when it was compared to recommended dietary allowance 1993. In this research the corelation between energy consumption and anaemia was not found. There were greater increases of energy expenditure in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. There was not correlation between hemoglobin level and energy consumption and energy expenditure. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MEASUREMENT | ENERGY SUPPLY | CONSUMPTION | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 278388 |
| 21. Title: Gender and climate change: giving the "latecomer" a head start. Author: Denton F Source: IDS Bulletin. 2004;35(3):42-49. Abstract: This article first seeks to illustrate the different strands of the gender and climate debate and offers possible suggestions of why gender was almost perceived as an afterthought in the climate discussions. Second, it looks at three climate sensitive areas: agriculture, water and energy, and how adaptation strategies could be crafted to help women and men in these sectors. Third, the article looks at the general discourse on gender and development and identifies lessons that could be learnt by gender and climate change activists. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | CLIMATE | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | AGRICULTURE | WATER SUPPLY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Policy | Political Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Natural Resources Document Number: 299099 |
| 22. Title: Odd couples. The "marriage" of environmental concerns with reproductive health services seems to be thriving. [Extraña pareja. El "matrimonio" entre la preocupación por el medio ambiente y los servicios de salud reproductiva parece prosperar] Author: Engelman R Source: Countdown 2015: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights for All. 2004;(Spec No):96-97. Special report; ICPD at ten: Where are we now? Abstract: Working as a team in Ecuador, a nurse and an agricultural extensionist make an unlikely pair. Trekking to communities clinging to high Andean slopes, they are teaching villagers how to keep their soil from washing away, and also how to avoid unintended pregnancy. Whatever they’re doing, they’re doing it well. A reproductive health clinic that almost closed for lack of clients now thrives, thanks to their work. On the other side of the world, volunteers from Tibetan villages near Mt. Everest embrace the dual roles of family planning distributor and park conservation agent. Because of their efforts, the health of community members and the local environment have both improved. These and similar programmes throughout the developing world link efforts to protect the environment and natural resources with those that improve the health of women and their families. It’s Community-Based Population and Environment, or CBPE for short. Within a community or a group of communities, the approach combines aspects of natural resource conservation or similar environmental work with the provision of sexual and reproductive health services—always including, but not limited to, family planning. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Que una enfermera y un extensionista agrícola trabajen en equipo en Ecuador no es frecuente. Recorriendo comunidades suspendidas en las laderas de los Andes enseñan a los aldeanos cómo evitar que el suelo se lave y los embarazos no deseados. Lo que sea que estén haciendo, lo están haciendo bien. Una clínica de salud reproductiva que estaba a punto de cerrar por falta de clientes hoy prospera gracias a su labor. Al otro lado del mundo, voluntarios de las aldeas tibetanas próximas al Monte Everest desempeñan la doble función de distribuidores de servicios de planificación familiar y agentes de conservación de parques. Su esfuerzo ha operado una mejora tanto en la salud de los miembros de la comunidad como en el medio ambiente local. Estos programas y otros similares en los países en desarrollo combinan esfuerzos para proteger el medio ambiente y los recursos naturales con los que mejoran la salud de las mujeres y sus familias. Se trata de los servicios integrados de población y medio ambiente basados en una comunidad, o CBPE. Dentro de una comunidad o grupo de comunidades, el enfoque combina aspectos de conservación de los recursos naturales o trabajo medioambiental similar con la prestación de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva que siempre incluyen pero no se limitan a la planificación familiar. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | ENERGY SUPPLY | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Health | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 288817 |
| 23. Title: The state of consumption today. Author: Gardner G; Assadourian E; Sarin R Source: In: State of the world, 2004. A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society [by] Brian Halweil, Lisa Mastny, Erik Assadourian, Christopher Flavin, Hilary French. New York, New York, W. W. Norton, 2004. :3-21. Abstract: Consumption is not a bad thing. People must consume to survive, and the world's poorest will need to consume more if they are lead lives of dignity and opportunity. But consumption threatens the well-being of people and the environment when it becomes an end in itself--when it is an individual's primary goal in fife, for example, or the ultimate measure of the success of a government's economic policies. The economies of mass consumption that produced a world of abundance for many in the twentieth century face different challenge in the twenty-first: to focus not on the indefinite accumulation of goods but instead on a better quality of life for all, with minimal environmental harm. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | CONSUMPTION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | COMMERCE | ECONOMICS | FOOD SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | RECYCLING | ENERGY SUPPLY | ADVERTISING | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Natural Resources | Environment | Waste Management | Promotion | Marketing Document Number: 186528 |
| 24. Title: Human-environment interactions: the sociological perspectives. Author: Ogunbameru OA Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;16(1):63-68. Abstract: Writers on ecological environment have concentrated mainly on the political and economic effects of human populations on the natural environment. Most of the write-ups have not looked beyond outer appearances especially, at what lies beneath. This paper looks beyond what lies beneath by using sociological thinking and information to explain the human environment interactions. The paper uses three prominent sociological perspectives -- functionalism, conflict, and interactionism, to examine the interactions. Functionalists identify desertification, deforestation, oil spillage, gas flaring and sea erosion as the source of environmental problems. To overcome these problems, man should be sensitive to both the manifest and latent consequences of their actions on the environment. Conflict theorists identify the inequality in the distribution of the world's resources as the sources of environmental problems. To overcome these problems, the government and oil companies should take bold steps to arrest deforestation, oil spillage, gas flaring and sea encroachment. Interactionists identify human actions and inactions as the sources of environmental problems. To overcome environmental problems, political actions involving human judgements, decisions, and choices, should be taken. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | POLICYMAKERS | SOCIOLOGY | ECOLOGY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | DESERTIFICATION | DEFORESTATION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | INEQUALITIES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | ENERGY SUPPLY | THEORETICAL EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Natural Resources | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 304616 |
| 25. Title: Awareness and environmental management in oil companies in Nigeria. Author: Okotoni O Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;15(1):13-17. Abstract: The term management has diverse meaning. Management is needed to run a business. Management is responsible for the success or failure of a business outfit. Some of the primary functions of management include: planning, organising, supervising, controlling etc. In recent time, the scope of management has been broadened. It now goes beyond its traditional scope of managing human, material and financial resources. We now talk of office management, home management, time management, hospital management and environmental management. Environment needs to be effectively managed in order to be conducive for human habitation and business productivity. There is need to plan, organise, supervise, monitor and control the environment to suit desired purpose -- residential or/and business outfit. This paper focuses on the management of environment and awareness in oil companies in Nigeria. Awareness here refers to the need to create consciousness on the part of the oil companies on problems of environment with a view to provide solutions which can help them to 'conquer' their environment in order to mitigate the high level of hostility often encountered in the areas of their operations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ENERGY SUPPLY | ADVOCACY | WASTE MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 304579 |
| 26. Title: The Nigerian oil industry: environmental diseconomies, management strategies and the need for community involvement. Author: Orubu CO; Odusola A; Ehwarieme W Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;16(3):203-214. Abstract: The paper advances the view that environmental diseconomies occasioned by oil industry activities in Nigeria have to a large extent contributed to the lingering crisis in the Niger Delta area, where the bulk of the country's oil and gas is produced. Against this background, the framework for environmental policy and strategies adopted by oil operators is reviewed. It is revealed that the role which communities could play towards minimising negative environmental incidents and related social crises, has been largely neglected by the various legislations and environmental management strategies adopted by petroleum operators. The authors suggest the fostering of sustainable partnerships between oil operators and host communities through appropriate memoranda of understanding, in order to address problems arising from such issues as compensation for environmental damage, impact assessment, management of spills, pipeline surveillance, information management, conflict resolution, and decentralisation of responsibility for abatement programmes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | ENERGY SUPPLY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MANAGEMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | DECENTRALIZATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 304631 |
| 27. Title: World population, agriculture, and malnutrition. Author: Pimentel D; Wilson A Source: World Watch. 2004 Sep-Oct;:22-25. Abstract: Entering the new millennium, stark contrasts are apparent between the availability of natural resources and the demands of billions of humans who require them for their survival. According to the Population Reference Bureau, each day almost a quarter-million people are added to the roughly 6.4 billion who already exist. Yet the stocks of natural resources that support human life--food, fresh water, quality soil, energy, and biodiversity--are being polluted, degraded, and depleted. Global population has doubled during the last 45 years. If the present growth rate of 1.3 percent per year persists, the population will double again within a mere 50 years. Growth rates vary from one country or region to another. For example, China's present population of 1.4 billion, despite the governmental policy of permitting only one child per couple, is still growing at an annual rate of 0.6 percent. Although China recognizes its serious overpopulation problem and recently passed legislation strengthening the policy, its young age structure means that the number of Chinese will continue to increase for another 50 years. India, with nearly 1.1 billion people (living on approximately one- third the land of either of the United States or China), has a current population growth rate of 1.7 percent per year. This translates to a doubling time of 41 years. Taken together, the populations of China and India constitute more than one-third of the total world population. In Africa, despite the AIDS epidemic, the populations of most countries also are expanding. The populations of Chad and Ethiopia, for example, are projected to double in 21 and 23 years, respectively. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | POPULATION STABILIZATION | LAND SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Development | Population Size | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 285091 |
| 28. Title: Malnutrition in India. Trends and determinants. Author: Radhakrishna R; Ravi C Source: Economic and Political Weekly. 2004 Feb 14;:671-676. Abstract: This paper analyses trends in malnutrition over the past two decades and shows that improvements in nutritional status have not kept pace with the reduction in poverty and the currently level of malnutrition is unacceptably high. About half of the pre-school children are malnourished and are exposed to the risk of functional impairments. Malnutrition levels are uneven across states. Some middle income states such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu have comparatively better nutritional achievements than higher income states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. North-eastern states are comparatively better performing states and some of them have even out-performed Kerala. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILD | ADULTS | RURAL AREAS | POVERTY | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | MALNUTRITION | ENERGY SUPPLY | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 286676 |
| 29. Title: Human trafficking on the rise in Central Asia. Source: Connections. 2003 Aug;:[2] p.. Abstract: Growing levels of poverty and unemployment coupled with inadequate legislation to protect those at risk have led to a sharp increase in human trafficking in Central Asia, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In a report released July 2 by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs' Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), Damira Smanalieva, IOM project manager in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, noted that numerous victims from high-risk groups including young people who question their prospects for the future, women who have experienced intimate partner violence, and poverty-stricken families apply for assistance each week. While official statistics on human trafficking in Kyrgyzstan and the rest of Central Asia do not exist, local IOM offices estimate that thousands of women in the region-some younger than 16 years in age-have fallen prey to traffickers who lure them with tales of financial independence and a glamorous life in foreign countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHWESTERN | USSR | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | ENERGY SUPPLY | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | Asia | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Health Document Number: 297180 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Health and equity impacts of a large oil project in Africa. [Les incidences sur la santé et l'équité d'un projet pétrolier de grande envergure en Afrique] Author: Jobin W Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003 Jun;81(6):420-426. Abstract: A system of external reviewers was established by the World Bank Group to promote a thorough environmental and health impact assessment for the US$ 3.5 billion Chad Oil Export Project, based on a loan request from Chad, Cameroon and a consortium of oil companies. The environmental and health assessment process showed evidence of its ability to minimize the number of deaths from malaria, traffic accidents and construction accidents and the occurrence of minor sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory diseases; it also probably limited adverse impacts on wildlife and tropical ecology along the pipeline route. However, the system was unable to deal with the larger issues, which included: the intrinsic unsustainability of this kind of extraction project; its eventual contribution to large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; the lack of equity in sharing the risks, negative impacts, benefits and decision-making among the various participants in the project; and the possible acceleration of transmission of the AIDS virus into central Africa. Unfortunately, the international panel of experts appointed by the World Bank Group was largely ignored by the project proponents, and had little success in minimizing the most serious impacts or in improving the social equity of the project. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La petición de un préstamo por parte del Chad, el Camerún y un consorcio de compañías petroleras llevó al Grupo del Banco Mundial a crear un sistema de examinadores independientes para alentar la realización de una evaluación completa del impacto sanitario y ambiental del Proyecto de Exportación de Petróleo del Chad, por un monto de US$ 3,5 mil millones. El proceso de evaluación ambiental y sanitaria demostró su capacidad de minimizar el número demuertes por malaria, accidentes de tráfico y accidentes en la construcción, así como la aparición de enfermedades de transmisi n sexual menores, enfermedades diarreicas y enfermedades respiratorias; probablemente también redujera el impacto negativo sobre la vida salvaje y la ecología tropical a lo largo del oleoducto. Sin embargo, el sistema fue incapaz de abordar los problemas mayores, entre los que figuraban la insostenibilidad intrínseca de este tipo de proyectos de extracción; su eventual contribución a la producción de grandes cantidades de gases con efecto invernadero; la falta de equidad en el reparto de los riesgos, de las repercusiones negativas, de los beneficios y de la toma de decisiones entre los diferentes participantes en el proyecto, y la posible aceleración de la transmisión del virus del SIDA en frica Central. Lamentablemente, el grupo internacional de expertos nombrado por el Grupo del Banco Mundial fue ignorado en gran medida por los proponentes del proyecto y tuvo escaso éxito en lo que se refiere a la minimización de las repercusiones más graves y al mejoramiento de la equidad social del proyecto. (del autor) French Abstract: Faisant suite une demande de prêt émanant du Tchad, du Cameroun et d’un consortium de compagnies pétrolières, le Groupe de la Banque mondiale a désigné un groupe d’experts indépendants pour encourager la ré alisation d’une étude d’impact approfondie sur l’environnement et la santé concernant le projet pétrolier tchadien d’un montant de US $3,5 milliards. L’étude d’impact sur l’environnement et la santé a établi qu’il avait la capacité de réduire le nombre de décès dus au paludisme, aux accidents de la circulation et á ceux liés á la construction du projet ainsi que la survenue de maladies sexuellement transmissibles mineures, de maladies diarrhéiques et de maladies respiratoires ; tout comme probablement les incidences négatives sur la faune et la flore sauvages et sur l’é cologie tropicale le long du tracé de l’oléoduc. Toutefois, le groupe d’experts n’a pas été en mesure de traiter des questions plus importantes, notamment la non-viabilité de ce type de projet ; sa contribution possible á la production de grandes quantités de gaz á effet de serre ; le partage inégal des risques, des retombé es négatives, des avantages et des décisions entre les diverses parties prenantes ; et l’accélération possible de la transmission du SIDA en Afrique centrale. Malheureusement, le groupe d’experts international nommé par le Groupe de la Banque mondiale n’a guè re été écouté par les initiateurs du projet, pas plus qu’il n’est parvenu á limiter les impacts les plus graves ou á répondre aux préoccupations sociales inhérentes au projet. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: CHAD | CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH | IMPACT | EVALUATION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | ENERGY SUPPLY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | CONSTRUCTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | HIV | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | TRANSPORTATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Studies | Research Methodology | Communication | Environment | Natural Resources | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Social Planning | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases Document Number: 181628 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |