| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Loss to care and death before antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa. Author: Bassett IV; Wang B; Chetty S; Mazibuko M; Bearnot B; Giddy J; Lu Z; Losina E; Walensky RP; Freedberg KA Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):135-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the loss to care and mortality rates before starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) among ART eligible HIV-infected patients in Durban, South Africa. Design: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: We reviewed data from ART eligible adults (> or = 18 years) at an urban HIV clinic that charges a monthly fee from July to December 2006. ART eligibility was based on CD4 count < or = 200 cells per microliter or clinical criteria and a psychosocial assessment. Patients who did not start ART and were lost within 3 months were phoned. Correlates of loss to care were evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS: During the study period, 501 patients registered for ART training. Mean time from initial CD4 count to first ART training was 3.6 months (interquartile range 2.3-3.9 months). Four hundred eight patients (81.4%) were in care and on ART at 3-month follow-up, and 11 (2.2%) were in care but had not initiated ART. Eighty-two ART eligible patients (16.4%) were lost before ART initiation. Of these, 28 (34.1%) had died; two thirds of deaths occurred before or within 2 months after the first ART training. Despite multiple attempts, 32 patients (39%) were unreachable by phone. Lower baseline CD4 counts (< or = 100 cells/microL) and unemployment were independently associated with being lost. CONCLUSIONS: Loss to care and death occur frequently before starting ART at an HIV clinic in Durban, South Africa. This delay from CD4 count to ART training, even among those with the lowest CD4 counts, highlights the need for interventions that improve linkage to care and prioritize ART initiation for those with low baseline CD4 counts. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CARE AND SUPPORT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | TIME FACTORS | MORTALITY | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341755 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam. Author: Guilmoto CZ; Hoang X; Van TN Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4624. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Since the 1980s, sex ratio at birth (male births per 100 female births) has increased in many Asian countries as a result of selective abortions, but to date there has been no such evidence for Viet Nam. Our aim in this paper is to ascertain the situation with respect to sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam over the past five years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Original data were obtained from sample population surveys in Viet Nam recording annual birth rates since 2000 of about 450,000 women, as well as from two successive birth surveys conducted for the first time in 2007 (1.1 million births). The annual population surveys include specific information on birth history and mothers' characteristics to be used for the analysis of trends and differentials in sex ratio at birth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Birth history statistics indicate that the SRB in Viet Nam has recorded a steady growth since 2001. Starting from a level probably close to the biological standard of 105, the SRB reached 108 in 2005 and 112 in 2006, a value significantly above the normal level. An independent confirmation of these results comes from the surveys of births in health facilities which yielded a SRB of 110 in 2006-07. High SRB is linked to various factors such as access to modern health care, number of prenatal visits, level of higher education and employment status, young age, province of residence and prenatal sex determination. These results suggest that prenatal sex determination followed by selective abortion has recently become more common in Viet Nam. This recent trend is a consequence of various factors such as preference for sons, declining fertility, easy access to abortion, economic development as well as the increased availability of ultrasonography facilities. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | SONS | SEX RATIO | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ABORTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ANTENATAL CARE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331220 Notification |
| 3. Title: Breastfeeding self-efficacy in women of African descent. Author: McCarter-Spaulding D; Gore R Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009 Mar-Apr;38(2):230-43. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding self-efficacy predicts the duration and pattern of breastfeeding in a sample of Black women of African descent. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal, cohort study. Participants were recruited during the postpartum hospitalization and followed monthly for 6 months or until complete weaning. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale--Short Form (BSES-SF) (Dennis, 2003). SETTING: A large urban teaching hospital in New England. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Women who self-identified as being of African descent with full-term infants who were planning to breastfeed (N=125). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breastfeeding pattern was determined by the total number of feedings the infant received in the past 24 hours and how many of these were breast milk. Duration of breastfeeding was defined as the number of weeks until complete weaning. RESULTS: Higher levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy predicted longer duration and a more exclusive pattern of breastfeeding at 1 and 6 months postpartum, consistent with prior research (p<.01). Planned pattern of feeding predicted actual pattern of feeding at 1 month postpartum (p<.01). Returning to work after 12 weeks was protective of breastfeeding to 6 months postpartum (p<.01). CONCLUSION: Theory-based interventions to enhance self-efficacy will help improve breastfeeding outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | WEANING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | BELIEFS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341947 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence and factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection among sex workers in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Author: Todd CS; Khakimov MM; Giyasova GM; Saad MD; Botros BA Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):70-2. Abstract: The synergistic relationship between sex work and drug use has propelled HIV epidemics in multiple settings. Both male sex workers (MSWs) and female sex workers (FSWs) who inject drugs are more likely to engage in injecting behaviors that increase risk for both acquiring and transmitting HIV infection. Many Central Asian Republics are experiencing concentrated HIV epidemics in at least 1 urban center, largely driven by injecting drug use. Uzbekistan, the most populous of the Central Asian Republics, has the largest HIV epidemic in the region. Samarkand, the second largest city in Uzbekistan, lies on major drug transportation routes and, as such, has been affected by the IDU epidemic, and the spread of HIV in the region. In late 2003, the AIDS Center in Samarkand had diagnosed 114 cases, with 6 (5.3%) among SWs. A rapid assessment conducted in 2003 estimated there to be between 1000 and 1200 SWs in Samarkand, with reported drug use varying by venue, but did not include a seroprevalence assessment. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among SWs in Samarkand, Uzbekistan to inform relevant prevention programs for this marginalized group. Language: English Keywords: UZBEKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | PREVALENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330364 |
5.  Title: Determinants of induced abortion and its consequences on women's reproductive health: Findings from India's National Family Health Surveys. Author: Agrawal S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Aug. [66] p. (DHS Working Papers No. 53USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00) Abstract: At the national level, sex composition of living children, women's autonomy, urban residence, couple's education, and wealth status were found to be significantly associated with experience of induced abortion among women. However, the factors associated with induced abortion are found to be different in two distinct sociocultural set-ups in India. Although sex composition of living children and couple's education were the major factors for induced abortion in the northern group of states, wealth status and caste / tribe status were the major factors for the southern group of states. The analysis also shows that, independent of other factors, the likelihood of experiencing any reproductive health problems was 1.5 times higher (odds ratio, 1.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.33-1.60; P < .001) among women who had one induced abortion and 1.9 times higher (odds ratio, 1.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.52- 2.27; P < .001) among women who had two or more induced abortions compared with women with no history of induced abortion. This study identifies women's desire to limit family size with preferred sex composition of children as an important determinant of induced abortion in India. The study also suggests that induced abortions may have negative consequences for women's reproductive health. There is a need for more in-depth qualitative studies at the regional level to better understand the determinants and consequences of this complex and sensitive issue in India. Programs should focus more on the availability and accessibility of contraceptives among women to elude the reproductive health consequences of induced abortion. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SONS | EVER MARRIED | ABORTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | INCOME | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 331448 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimating the relative success of local authorities at labour-market integration of immigrants. Author: Andersen SH; Heinesen E Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Mar;24(1):59-86. Abstract: We propose a method for estimating indicators of the success of local authorities at integrating immigrants in the labour-market. The proportion of time in employment of individuals is used to measure labour-market integration, and we correct for differences in characteristics of immigrants and local labour markets using a two-limit Tobit model. This method is applied to a large administrative micro dataset which contains information on all immigrants in Denmark. We compare the estimated indicators of integration to corresponding uncorrected measures, and conclude that the corrections have a significant effect on the ranking of local authorities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | IMMIGRANTS | GOVERNMENT | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | ACCULTURATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Change Document Number: 325285 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Between tradition and change: Condom use with primary sexual partners among Mexican migrants. Author: Caballero-Hoyos R; Torres-Lopez T; Pineda-Lucatero A; Navarro-Nunez C; Fosados R Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4):561-569. Abstract: The frequency of male Mexico-US migration has been associated with increased HIV risk for sexual partners awaiting their return in Mexico. This study examined the association between sexual partner characteristics and condom use among a sample of 354 male migrants from two Mexican municipalities. Migrants were interviewed about their past year?s sex practices. Results indicated that migrants were more likely to use condoms with their non-spousal partners, partners with less education than the migrant, and partners with higher employment status. Condom use was greater among younger migrants and residents of the more densely populated municipality. Findings suggest the coexistence of a traditional cultural orientation that does not support condom use and another one that does provided the sex partner is formally employed. Prevention programs must strengthen the structural conditions fostering greater equality between the sexes and adapt their approaches for different population density, age and partner types. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEN | MIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV | AIDS | CULTURE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 327651 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of choosing withdrawal over modern contraceptive methods in Turkey. Author: Cindoglu D; Sirkeci I; Sirkeci RF Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):412-21. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The determinants of the use of withdrawal in Turkey are examined using a multinomial logistic model. METHODS: Data were drawn from a nation-wide population-based cross-sectional study, the Turkish Demographic Health Surveys that took place in 1998 and 2003. Detailed interviews were conducted with 8576 women aged 15-49 and analysed using SPSS. RESULTS: Contextual, cultural and demographic characteristics define women's choice of withdrawal over modern methods. Socio-economic status, education, employment status, and past fertility behaviour are among key determinants. First-ever used contraception method has a very strong impact on later choices. Urban women, the more educated, those with better socioeconomic status, and those living in less crowded households resort less to withdrawal. Experience and empowerment positively linked to modern contraceptive use among women in Turkey. CONCLUSIONS: The use of contraceptive methods in Turkey differs greatly. Empowerment of women in terms of better socioeconomic status, better education, modern and liberal attitudes towards women and family planning seem to reduce withdrawal use as the main method of contraception. The results suggest the need for education (particularly targeting young women and couples), information and provision of modern contraceptive services particularly for disadvantaged groups. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | WITHDRAWAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | CROWDING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Density Document Number: 331098 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender role beliefs and family migration. Author: Cooke TJ Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):163-175. Abstract: Consistent empirical evidence demonstrates that demographic indicators associated with traditional gender roles, such as the presence of children, are linked to the negative effect of moving on married women's employment and earnings. However, very few studies have directly examined how gender role beliefs are related to family migration behaviour. This analysis demonstrates that when a couple shares egalitarian gender role beliefs, the family has a lower probability of moving when the wife is employed and has a higher probability of moving when the wife is unemployed and wants to work. Among couples that do not share traditional gender role beliefs, migration appears to be unaffected by the employment status of the wife. This study is one of the few which clearly demonstrates that family migration is contingent on the gender role beliefs of husbands and wives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | COUPLES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | GENDER ISSUES | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 326579 |
| 10. Title: Economic violence to women and girls: Is it receiving the necessary attention? Author: Fawole OI Source: Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 2008 Jul;9(3):167-177. Abstract: Most studies on gender-based violence (GBV) have focused on its physical, sexual, and psychological manifestations. This paper seeks to draw attention to the types of economic violence experienced by women, and describes its consequences on health and development. Economic violence experienced included limited access to funds and credit; controlling access to health care, employment, education, including agricultural resources; excluding from financial decision making; and discriminatory traditional laws on inheritance, property rights, and use of communal land. At work women experienced receiving unequal remuneration for work done equal in value to the men's, were overworked and underpaid, and used for unpaid work outside the contractual agreement. Some experienced fraud and theft from some men, illegal confiscation of goods for sale, and unlawful closing down of worksites. At home, some were barred from working by partners; while other men totally abandoned family maintenance to the women. Unfortunately, economic violence results in deepening poverty and compromises educational attainment and developmental opportunities for women. It leads to physical violence, promotes sexual exploitation and the risk of contracting HIV infection, maternal morbidity and mortality, and trafficking of women and girls. Economic abuse may continue even after the woman has left the abusive relationship. There is need for further large-scale studies on economic violence to women. Multi-strategy interventions that promote equity between women and men, provide economic opportunities for women, inform them of their rights, reach out to men and change societal beliefs and attitudes that permit exploitative behavior are urgently required. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | ECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 327029 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: A profile of the world's young developing international migrants. Author: McKenzie DJ Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):115-135. Abstract: Globalization has led to much faster movements of goods, technology, money, and ideas across borders, but large barriers remain to the movement of people. Despite these barriers, many people move, and by 2005 an estimated 191 million of the world's population lived outside their country of birth (United Nations 2006). Large income gaps coupled with diverging demographic circumstances between developed and developing countries may amplify the pressures for migration. Holzmann (2005) estimates that without further international migration the labor force in Europe, Russia, and high-income East Asia and the Pacific is projected to fall by 55 million persons between 2005 and 2025, while it is projected to rise by 24 million in China, 85 million in Latin America, 83 million in the Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey, 100 million in low- and middle-income East Asia and the Pacific, 214 million in sub-Saharan Africa, and 303 million in South and Central Asia. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | YOUTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | MARITAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | RETURN MIGRATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 325566 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: [Investigation of risk factors for infant mortality by linking health databases] Estudo de fatores de risco para obitos de menores de um ano mediante Author: Nascimento EM; Costa Mda C; Mota EL; Paim JS Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Nov;24(11):2593-602. Abstract: In order to identify risk factors for infant mortality (< 1 year of age) in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, by means of data bank linkage, a case-control study was performed, selecting individuals from the Mortality Information System (SIM; 2000 and 2001) and the Information System on Live Births (SINASC; 2000). The database linkage or data-sharing technique was used, with the Access 2000 software, version 9.0. Independent variables were collected from the SINASC database. The association between potential risk factors and infant death was evaluated by logistic regression. Prematurity, maternal occupation as a domestic servant, housewife, or student, delivery in public health services, insufficient number of prenatal visits, and low birth weight were predictors of infant death. Linkage revealed missing and incomplete data. Only 40.9% of data were recorded electronically. Despite these limitations, data linkage allowed better use of the two systems and the identification of critical points to further improve their quality. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | INFANT MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | HEALTH SERVICES | PUBLIC SECTOR | EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Delivery of Health Care | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 342259 |
| 13. Title: Child morbidity and care-seeking in Nairobi slum settlements: the role of environmental and socio-economic factors. Author: Ndugwa RP; Zulu EM Source: Journal of Child Health Care. 2008 Dec;12(4):314-28. Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate factors that influence morbidity patterns and health-seeking decisions in an urban slum community. Data were collected between May and August 2003 as part of the ongoing Nairobi urban demographic surveillance system and were analysed to identify factors that influence morbidity patterns and health-seeking decisions. The results show that the factors that influenced morbidity were the child's age, ethnicity and type of toilet facility. Predictors for seeking health care were the child's age, type and severity of illness, survival of father and mother, mother's education, mother's work status and wealth class. The conclusions drawn show that economic resources fall short in preventing child illnesses where children live in poor environmental conditions. However, by enhancing access to health care services, socio-economic status is critical for mitigating disease burden among children in slum settlements. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | SLUMS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CHILD HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ENVIRONMENT | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SANITATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health Document Number: 331063 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: A double disadvantage? Immigration, gender, and employment status in Israel. Author: Rebhun U Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Mar;24(1):87-113. Abstract: This article examines gender differences in employment status among immigrants in Israel, and how these differences vary across origin groups. Analysis of the 1995 population census indicates that, all else being equal, immigrant women exert a negative effect on activity in the annual labor force. As time elapses, the probability of immigrant women being employed improves but remains considerably lower than that of both immigrant and native-born men. However, after a few years in the country, immigrant women do close the gap with native-born women. For employment status in the last week, being an immigrant woman has a positive effect on full-time employment. A detailed analysis reveals substantial stratification by country of birth. Thus, the patterns of employment status for immigrant groups can reflect different levels (single, double, and triple) of disadvantage or advantage for women. I attach this stratification to cultural background and social values of country of birth as well as to economic and religious considerations, not fully indexed by the census data. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IMMIGRANTS | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 325046 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Return migration in Africa and the relationship between educational attainment and labor market success: Evidence from Uganda. Author: Thomas KJ Source: International Migration Review. 2008 Autumn;42(3):652-674. Abstract: The return migration of skilled professionals has been suggested as a policy instrument suitable for reversing the large-scale emigration of skilled professionals from African countries. However, there are no empirical studies showing how migrant professionals from Africa are reintegrated into the labor market after they return. This study examines the relationship between educational attainment and the likelihood of employment among native-born African migrants returning home from abroad. The study focuses on the evidence from Uganda since this country has one of the longest histories of skilled migration in Africa. The results show that returning migrants with university degrees and vocational credentials are more likely to be employed than their nonmigrant and immigrant counterparts. However, this employment advantage was not observed among returning migrants with secondary schooling or below. Furthermore, the results show that returning migrants are generally more likely to be employed as district employment rates increase. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | RETURN MIGRATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | BRAIN DRAIN | MIGRATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328162 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China. Author: Zhang J; Liu Y; Meikle S; Zheng J; Sun W Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 May;111(5):1077-1082. Abstract: The objective was to estimate the incidence of overall cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China in the past decade. We used data from a population-based maternal and child health surveillance system, which covers 21 cities and counties in two provinces in southeast China. We examined the rate of cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery on maternal request in 1.1 million singleton births from 1994 to early 2006. Cesarean delivery on maternal request was defined as a prelabor cesarean delivery for a singleton gestation without contraindications for vaginal delivery at 38 weeks of gestation or later. During the 13-year study period, the percentage of women who had high school or higher education increased from 13% to 46%. The overall cesarean rate increased from 22% in 1994 to 60% in 2003 and moderated to 56% in 2006. The corresponding rates of cesarean delivery on maternal request (per 100 all deliveries) were 0.8%, 22%, and 20%, respectively. The rates varied enormously among cities and counties. In some areas, cesarean delivery on maternal request accounted for half of all cesarean births. The patterns of rate change were diverse and uneven, and the pattern of risk factors changed substantially between 1994 and 2006. Nulliparity, higher education, older maternal age, having been delivered at provincial or county hospitals, and women's occupations were previously associated with rate of cesarean delivery on maternal request. The rate of cesarean delivery on maternal request no longer varies by age, hospital level, or occupation. The rate of cesarean delivery increased dramatically in southeast China in the past decade. Cesarean delivery on maternal request was the predominant contributor to the increase. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | MOTHERS | CESAREAN SECTION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 326541 |
| 17. Title: Changing trends in breast-feeding pattern. Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007 Apr-Jun;32(2):154. Abstract: Many studies have clearly demonstrated that breast milk provides optimal nutrition for infants. The purpose of this study, conducted at a baby-friendly hospital, was to find out the effects of selected demographic characteristics and the mother's employment on breastfeeding initiation and continuation. A total of 345 mothers working at Dayanand Medical College and Hospital in Ludhiana, Punjab, participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: group A and group B. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data on demographic characteristics and breast-feeding practices. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MOTHERS | INFANT | BREASTFEEDING | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MATERNAL AGE | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parental Age | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 321064 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Couples' reports of women's autonomy and health-care use in Nepal. Author: Allendorf K Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2007 Mar;38(1):35-46. Abstract: Using data from interviews with matched couples recorded in the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, this report explores how incorporating both spouses' reports of household decision-making may change the understanding of the determinants and consequences of women's autonomy. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of couples disagree about who makes household decisions, but the determinants of women's autonomy are still largely similar according to both spouses' reports. The assessment of the effects of two important sources of autonomy--women's education and employment--differs significantly between spouses, however. When spouses agree that the wife is autonomous, the association between her autonomy and her use of health-care services is found to be substantially stronger than when spouses disagree about her autonomy. This finding suggests that the association between women's autonomy and health-care-service use may be underestimated when only women's reports are considered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COUPLES | SPOUSE | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | SPOUSAL CONSENT | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 308473 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Challenges for the sexual health and social acceptance of men who have sex with men in Nigeria. Author: Allman D; Adebajo S; Myers T; Odumuye O; Ogunsola S Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2007 Mar-Apr;9(2):153-168. Abstract: Little research exists regarding men who have sex with men and sexual risk in Nigeria. Prior to the implementation of a targeted HIV/STI prevalence study, structured focus groups incorporating anonymous questionnaires were conducted with members of this population in secure locations in Nigeria. A purposive sample of men was recruited by word-of-mouth. Five focus groups were conducted with a total of 58 men. Mean age was 27 years (range 16-58); 60% had post-secondary education; 56% were employed full or part-time; 83% were Christian; 16% were Muslim; 66% self-identified as bisexual; 31% as homosexual. Participants' experiences were diverse, with ethnic, religious and class distinctions strongly structuring sexual expression. Same-sex community networks were hidden, with social activities taking place in non-commercial, private venues. Socially ostracized by culture, religion, and political will, the risks embodied within same-sex activity are high. For Nigeria -- a nation culturally rich and religiously devout -- the implications for public health policy are complex. However, these research findings suggest that immediate action is vital to mitigate the impacts of HIV and other STIs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MEN | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 315252 |
| 20. Title: The effect of a large expansion of pre-primary school facilities on preschool attendance and maternal employment. Author: Berlinski S; Galiani S Source: Labour Economics. 2007 Jun;14(3):665-680. Abstract: We provide evidence on the impact of a large-scale construction of pre-primary school facilities in Argentina. We estimate the causal impact of the program on pre-primary school attendance and maternal labor supply. Identification relies on a differences-in-differences strategy where we combine differences across regions in the number of facilities built with differences in exposure across cohorts induced by the timing of the program. We find a sizeable impact of the program on pre-primary school participation among children aged between 3 and 5. In fact, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of a full take-up of newly constructed places. In addition, we find that the implicit childcare subsidy induced by the program appears to increases maternal employment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | HUMAN RESOURCES | CHILD CARE | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 318068 |
| 21. Title: Gender shapes adolescence. Author: Buvinic M; Guzman JC; Lloyd CB Source: Development Outreach. 2007 Jun;:[9] p. Abstract: Sex and gender differences emerge most sharply with the onset of puberty, affecting the life trajectories of girls and boys in profoundly different ways. This is especially so in developing societies which have been less exposed to the gender equalizing forces of development and where local cultures prescribe very different social and economic roles for men and women. With a few but growing exceptions, in these societies adolescent girls are at an initial disadvantage when compared to adolescent boys; this disadvantage influences the nature and level of opportunity, agency, and second chances available to adolescents, and calls for greater policy and program efforts targeted to adolescent girls, to equalize outcomes for both genders. Puberty signals the potential of motherhood for girls. In some societies this potential is actualized quickly, and girls are married young, often with the support and encouragement of parents who see that early marriage is in their daughter's and the family's best interest. Their adolescence is, therefore, cut short and their life trajectory is narrowed to fulfilling traditional gender roles. In less restrictive societies, or when family restrictions fail, and where adolescents have little access to modern contraception, schooling and early work experiences for adolescent girls can be compromised through premature pregnancy. Many empirical studies find that childbearing or marriage often coincides with the end of schooling for girls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | PUBERTY | LIFE CYCLE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CULTURE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | WOMEN'S STATUS | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Family Research | Family and Household | Biology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 320278 |
| 22. Title: Partner violence in Cambodia: examining tolerance and incidence. Draft. Author: Bylander M; Ryan TS Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between experience of and tolerance for partner violence in Cambodia among ever-married women age 15-49. Controlling for socio-demographic variables, we compare the risk factors which make women more likely to (1) report experience(s) of partner violence and (2) report high tolerance for partner violence. Current research on domestic violence often highlights tolerance as an indication of the social environment and therefore a potential risk factor for incidence of domestic violence. Using data from the 2000 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS), we employ logistic regression to explore risk factors for tolerance and experience of partner violence. Comparison of these two models illuminates the links between tolerance and incidence. We find that tolerance is significantly related to experience of violence. Additionally, we find that women's tolerance for domestic violence is generally predicted by women's social capital, whereas incidence is more clearly related to early life experiences and economic variables. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INCIDENCE | COUPLES | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Crime | Social Problems | Biology | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 317735 |
| 23. Title: Continuing fertility decline in South Korea. Author: Choe MK; Kim SK Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [2] p. Abstract: The total fertility rate in South Korea reached the replacement level in 1983 and continued to decline to lowest low level in 2001 (TFR=1.30). The latest estimate of the total fertility for 2004 is 1.08. Studies on fertility behavior up to year 2000 indicate that the major factor associated with declining total fertility rate is the trend toward later marriage and less marriage. Singulate mean age at marriage among men increased from 27.3 in 1980 to 32.0 in 2005, and among women, it increased from 24.1 in 1980 to 28.8 in 2005. While age at first marriage is increasing the proportion of children being born to never married women remained at below 2% level. This trend, with very small proportion of women having more than two children have resulted in continuing decline of total fertility rate in the past 20 years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | HOME ECONOMICS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | ATTITUDES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Changes | Birth Intervals | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317361 |
| 24. Title: The combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on breast feeding: A population-based survey in Taiwan. Author: Chuang CH; Chang PJ; Hsieh WS; Guo YL; Lin SH Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2007 Jul;21(4):319-329. Abstract: In recent decades there has been a marked rise in both the labour market participation of women with infants and transcultural marriage in Taiwan. The objectives of this study were to explore the combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on the prevalence and factors relating to initiation and continuation of breast feeding in Taiwan. We used multistage stratified systematic sampling to recruit 2048 postpartum women from the Taiwan National Birth Registration database for the period November to December 2003. They were interviewed at home within 6 months of delivery using a structured questionnaire; 87% of the sampled population completed the interview. We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of breast-feeding initiation and Cox regression (survival) analysis to predict continued breast feeding. The prevalences of initial breast feeding for employed Taiwanese mothers, unemployed Taiwanese mothers, employed foreign-born mothers and unemployed foreign-born mothers were 84.4%, 83.7%, 79.1% and 79.7%, respectively. Among the four groups of mothers who initiated breast feeding, 12.9%, 27.2%, 14.7% and 39.7% of their infants, respectively, were still breast feeding at the age of 6 months. Factors associated with initiation of breast feeding were high maternal education (OR 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81, 7.98) and normal spontaneous delivery (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.04, 1.78). The main reason for not breast feeding in 52% of the mothers was insufficient or no milk. There existed a combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on the continuation of breast feeding. Employed Taiwanese mothers were earlier than others at weaning. Unemployed foreign-born mothers breast fed the longest [hazard ratio (HR) 0.54; 95% CI 0.42, 0.70]. Other factors related to late weaning were high maternal education (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.47, 0.96), older maternal age (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.61, 0.94), mother sleeping with baby at night (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.59, 0.78), and no supplemental baby food before the age of 6 months (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.68, 0.90). The initiation of breast feeding was high but it decreased dramatically after the postpartum period in Taiwan. There was a significant combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on the continuation of breast feeding. Employment is a persistent barrier to continued breast feeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | MOTHERS | ETHNIC GROUPS | BREASTFEEDING | MARRIAGE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | WEANING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 313592 |
| 25. Title: Leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. Atividade física de lazer entre as gestantes da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004. Author: Domingues MR; Barros AJ Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2007 Apr;41(2):173-180. Abstract: Physical activity during pregnancy is a poorly investigated subject on population level. The study aimed to describe duration, type and frequency of leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy, and to explore its associated factors. A population-based study was carried out during 2004 in Southern Brazil. A total of 4,471 mothers were interviewed soon after delivery. Physical activity was measured using a questionnaire, developed for the study. Results were obtained by Poisson regression. In the sample, 14.8% of women reported to engage in some type of physical activity prior to pregnancy and 12.9% during pregnancy. In the first trimester, 10.4% of all mothers engaged in some type of physical activity; 8.5% in the second trimester and 6.5% in the third trimester. Only 194 mothers (4.3%) were active during the whole pregnancy. In the adjusted analysis, leisure-time physical activity was positively associated with schooling, physical activity advice during prenatal care, and family income (p<0.001), being employed during pregnancy (p=0.05), and number of pregnancies (p=0.02). Walking was the most frequent activity. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity is low among Brazilian pregnant women. Although physical activity is not perceived as being pregnancy-threatening, and current guidelines recommend it, this population's behavior does not seem to be changing. Active lifestyle for both pregnant women and future mothers should be encouraged. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | LEISURE | FITNESS | MATERNAL HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ANTENATAL CARE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Health | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 315639 |
| 26. Title: Gender effects on labor market outcomes in Russia, 1985-2001: Institutional change, family structure, and regional variation. Author: Gerber TP; Perelli-Harris B Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 3 p. Abstract: We analyze the factors influencing the evolving effects of gender on labor market outcomes in contemporary Russia. Using 7,167 employment histories spanning 1985-2001 collected in the Survey of Stratification and Migration Dynamics in Russia (SMDR), we estimate gender differences in the rates of employment events (employment entries and exits, job changes) and in career trajectories (upward and downward mobility conditional on a job change taking place). We take advantage of the unprecedented scope and statistical power the SMDR offers to address several research questions that are central to the understanding the relationship between institutional change and gender inequality in the labor market. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | WOMEN | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SOCIAL CHANGE | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | MARITAL STATUS | FERTILITY | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 318291 |
| 27. Title: Factors impacting youth development in Haiti. Author: Justesen M; Verner D Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2007 Jan. 42 p. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4110) Abstract: Of the 1.6 million Haitian youth aged 15-24, only 13 percent are content with their lives. More than half of 20-year-olds have not completed secondary education and nearly half of youth in the labor market are unemployed. This paper investigates protective and risk factors predisposing youth to positive and negative behaviors. These factors, including poverty, gender, education, labor market, migration, family, health, and violence, are examined by the use of statistics and probability models based on Haiti's first household living conditions survey. Key findings show that female youth need special attention because they are more likely than their male peers to drop out of school and to be unemployed or inactive. Role models, guidance, expectations, and contacts in the form of parents or household heads are decisive factors in keeping youth in school and to some extent in their finding employment. In addition, domestic migration has a positive impact on the probability of being employed and inactive (positive self-selection), while marriage, drug abuse, and domestic violence increase the probability of dropping out of school. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HAITI | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | RISK FACTORS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | POVERTY | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | MIGRATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | VIOLENCE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 318693 |
| 28. Title: Safe-delivery practices in rural Bangladesh and its associated factors: Evidence from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey -- 2004. Author: Kabi MA Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2007 Oct;4(2):67-72. Abstract: This study examined the safe-delivery practices and its associated factors among rural Bangladeshi women. Cross-sectional survey data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2004 were used. The setting for the study was Rural Bangladesh. The participants in the study were a total of 3874 ever-married rural women age 10-49 years and the measurements used were age, education, working, religion, clinic visit, association with media, place and types of attendants at delivery. About 94% deliveries took place at homes and 67% were assisted by the untrained traditional birth attendants called Dai. The qualified doctors and nurses (professionals) assisted only 9% of the deliveries while about 13% are by the trained traditional birth attendants. Age group has a significant effect on safe-delivery practices. Education of the respondents as well as their partner's has direct effect on delivery practices. The uneducated women were less likely to have their delivery assisted by the medically trained persons (MTPs) while women with 10 or more years of schooling had 29 times higher probability than the uneducated women. Currently working and religion had also statistically significant. Mass media influences directly delivery practices in rural areas. The women who listen to radio and watch television had more than 2 times higher probability of having delivery assisted by MTPs than that of non-user counterparts. There is more than 4 times higher chance of delivery assisted by the MTPs than that of women with no reading of news papers or magazines. Delivery practices in rural Bangladesh are unsafe, took place at homes, conducted by untrained traditional birth attendants and associated positively with demographic, socio-economic, cultural and programmatic factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324436 |
| 29. Title: The timing of natural menopause in Poland and associated factors. Author: Kaczmarek M Source: Maturitas. 2007 Jun 20;57(2):139-153. Abstract: The outcome of interest was the assessment of age at natural menopause and the variables hypothesized as covariates of age at menopause were indicators of demographic and social status, characteristics of the reproductive history and lifestyle behaviour. Seven thousand one hundred and eighty-three women from all social strata of non-clinical population, and aged between 35 and 65 years were investigated in cross-sectional survey across Poland in 2000-2004. The demographic, social, lifestyle behaviour and reproductive history aspects of the menopause-specific questionnaire were examined. The nonparametric Kaplan-Meier cumulative survivorship estimates were used to assess the timing of natural menopause. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association of age at natural menopause with factors of interest and to estimate relevant relative risk (the hazard ratio) for earlier age at menopause. The overall median age at natural menopause was 51.25 years; 25th percentile 49; 75th percentile 54 years. Temporal changes in age at menopause were not demonstrated in the sample (p = 0.9 for differences among age cohorts). Univariate Cox models were first fitted to the age at natural menopause for all covariates singly. The findings revealed that marital status, living environment, employment, BMI, age at first live birth delivered by a woman, breastfeeding, physical activity, smoking amount, and consumption of alcohol were not associated with age at menopause (p greater than 0.05). The multiple Cox model revealed that early menarche, short menstrual cycle length, smoking cigarettes, a low level of education, and a negative health perception were associated with younger age at menopause (p less than 0.01). Use of oral contraceptives and parity were associated with later menopause (p less than 0.01). The present study provides an estimate of median age at natural menopause in Poland that may be used as a measure of health for the growing number of Polish women whose survival is calculated at 30 years after menopause. This study has revealed that the pattern of relationship between age at menopause and the study factors reflects its population-specific character for its social and cultural backgrounds, socio-economic status, and social behaviours. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGE FACTORS | MENOPAUSE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | FIRST BIRTH | BREASTFEEDING | FITNESS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 313548 |
| 30. Title: Assessment of the variation in menopausal symptoms with age, education and working / non-working status in north-Indian sub population using menopause rating scale (MRS). Author: Kakkar V; Kaur D; Chopra K; Kaur A; Kaur IP Source: Maturitas. 2007 Jul 20;57(3):306-314. Abstract: The objective was to study the variation of the menopause rating scale (MRS) scores with age, working/non-working and educated/ uneducated status in a cohort of north-Indian subpopulation and to look for the possible reasons for the incurred variations. MRS is a well-known and validated instrument for assessing the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms. A menopause clinic was organized in collaboration with a primary care centre (under the guidance of a gynecologist). A random sample of 208 women aged 35-65 years participated in the study. The MRS scale, a self-administered standardized questionnaire was applied with additional patient related information (age at menopause, level of education,working/non-working and exercising or not). The results were evaluated for psychological (P), somatic (S), and urogenital (U) symptoms. The average age at which menopause set in, in the cohort was found to be 48.7 ± 2.3 years (46.4-51 years). Based on the average age at the menopause, the cohort was divided into peri (35-45), menopausal/early menopause (46-51) and the postmenopausal (52-65) groups. A significantly higher % of perimenopausal women (36%) showed a P score of =7; while a higher % of postmenopausal showed S score and U score =7 (>40%; p = 0.001). Working women seem to suffer more from psychological symptoms whereas nonworking women showed a greater incidence of somatic symptoms. Educated women showed a lower incidence of psychological and somatic symptoms. Present study indicates that age, level of education and working/non-working status (in a group of women with same socio-cultural background) may also contribute to significant variations in menopausal symptoms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | EVALUATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317950 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |