1.  Title: Compensation for the brain drain from developing countries [editorial] Author: Agwu K; Llewelyn M Source: Lancet. 2009 May 16;373(9676):1665-6. Abstract: This article examines the consequences and roots of health-worker migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the developed world, especially to UK, USA and Canada. It explores the results of the major transfer of riches from poor societies to the affluent and discusses a compensation proposal for global justice. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | RISK FACTORS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | EMPLOYMENT | IMPACT | Delivery of Health Care | Health | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 341604 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The health worker shortage in Africa: are enough physicians and nurses being trained? Author: Kinfu Y; Poz MR; Mercer H; Evans DB Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009 Feb 10;87:225-230. Abstract: Objective: To estimate systematically the inflow and outflow of health workers in Africa and examine whether current levels of pre-service training in the region suffice to address this serious problem, taking into account population increases and attrition of health workers due to premature death, retirement, resignation and dismissal. Methods: Data on the current numbers and types of health workers and outputs from training programmes are from the 2005 WHO health workforce and training institutions' surveys. Supplementary information on population estimates and mortality is from the United Nations Population Division and WHO databases, respectively, and information on worker attrition was obtained from the published literature. Because of shortages of data in some settings, the study was restricted to 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings: Our results suggest that the health workforce shortage in Africa is even more critical than previously estimated. In 10 of the 12 countries studied, current pre-service training is insufficient to maintain the existing density of health workers once all causes of attrition are taken into account. Even if attrition were limited to involuntary factors such as premature mortality, with current workforce training patterns it would take 36 years for physicians and 29 years for nurses and midwives to reach WHO's recent target of 2.28 professionals per 1000 population for the countries taken as a whole -and some countries would never reach it. Conclusion: Pre-service training needs to be expanded as well as combined with other measures to increase health worker inflow and reduce the rate of outflow. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | RETIREMENT | DEATH | UNEMPLOYMENT | EMPLOYMENT | HUMAN RESOURCES | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 340208 |
| 3. Title: Correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in an Islamic country: case of the Republic of Iran. Author: Mohtasham G; Shamsaddin N; Bazargan M; Anosheravan K; Elaheh M; Fazlolah G Source: Journal of School Health. 2009 Mar;79(3):123-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are very few studies that have examined sexual intentions and behaviors of adolescents in Islamic countries. This study employs the Health Belief Model to assess the correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in the Republic of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 314 adolescents recruited from 3 high schools from Tehran, Iran. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of this sample planned to remain abstinent until marriage. Another 23% rejected the notion of remaining abstinent and 20% were uncertain. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that students whose mothers were employed and who received a higher daily allowance were more likely to report that they would not remain abstinent. No significant independent relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related knowledge and an intention to remain abstinent was detected. However, consistent with previous studies conducted in Asia, Africa, and in Western countries, we documented that (1) perceived subjective norms, (2) self-efficacy, (3) and perceived susceptibility to contracting the HIV virus all are associated with the intention to remain sexually inactive among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: It seems abstinence until marriage is more likely to be practiced in traditional families. However, Iranian society is changing rapidly and traditional family structures, values, and norms may not sufficiently protect adolescents from HIV infection. The data from this study support previous studies conducted in Western countries, which found that intervention programs that focus on knowledge alone are ineffective in their ability to alter adolescents' intentions to postpone sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | ISLAM | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREVALENCE | INCOME | EMPLOYMENT | VALUE ORIENTATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341162 |
| 4. Title: HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana. Author: Ulasi CI; Preko PO; Baidoo JA; Bayard B; Ehiri JE; Jolly CM; Jolly PE Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):255-62. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Kumasi, Ghana. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was conducted. RESULTS: Four stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of HIV positive people, revelation of HIV status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to PLWHA (p<0.05), but disapproved of revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying PLWHA (p<0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing HIV status (p<0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with PLWHA (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | HIV TESTING | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Religion Document Number: 330295 |
5.  Title: Worker retention in human resources for health: catalyzing and tracking change. Author: Yumkella F Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Mar. [4] p. (Capacity Project Knowledge Sharing Technical Brief No. 15) Abstract: There is increasingly widespread commitment to initiatives to attract and retain skilled workers, especially in rural areas. Retention continues to be a serious challenge in the human resources for health (HRH) crisis. This brief from the Capacity Project updates and documents a previously published resource paper and technical brief which focus on the area of worker retention. The author highlights key findings from three country assessments in Uganda, Tanzania and Liberia. The brief shows how a number of developing countries are employing various strategies to energise the workforce and stem flows. Many practices show promise for wider application across countries, but evidence of successful programmes is seldom documented or shared. Various schemes to improve worker retention are described in countries including Kenya and Zambia. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | RURAL POPULATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | BRAIN DRAIN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | HUMAN RESOURCES | SATISFACTION | EMPLOYMENT | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Management | Program Evaluation Document Number: 331350 |
| 6. Title: 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (UHS). Volume I. Author: Bangladesh. National Institute of Population Research and Training [NIPORT]; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Carolina Population Center. MEASURE Evaluation; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR,B]; Associates for Community and Population Research [ACPR] Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2008 Dec. [310] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00TR-08-68a) Abstract: Nearly all of the global population growth in the next three decades will occur in urban areas, primarily as a massive migration occurs from the rural areas of middle and lower-income societies to their cities. Many, if not most of these migrants, who are generally possessed of low human and financial capital on arrival in the city, will settle in slums, the areas of concentrated poverty and environmental vulnerability that are already a dominant feature of much of the urban landscape of the developing world. Bangladesh will be no exception to these trends. The growth in her urban population is set to outstrip by a wide margin that in rural areas. Moreover, the urban growth already experienced in recent decades demonstrates that slums will likely be an increasingly important feature of urban existence in Bangladesh. Anticipating these developments, USAID and the Government of Bangladesh tasked a research team based in Bangladesh and the United States (at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) with conducting a survey designed to obtain a broad health profile of the urban population of Bangladesh. The ultimate fruit of this effort was the 2006 Urban Health Survey (2006 UHS), a rich, microlevel health-interview survey of communities, households, and individuals throughout the City Corporations and a sample of District Municipalities. The principal objectives of the 2006 UHS were: 1) To obtain a profile of health problems and health-care seeking behavior in urban areas of Bangladesh; 2) To identify vulnerable groups and examine their health profile and health-care seeking behavior; and 3) To examine the individual, household, and neighborhood-level factors associated with health outcomes and health behaviors in urban areas. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD LABOR | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | MIGRATION | QUALITY OF LIFE | DISEASES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INFANT NUTRITION | MENTAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Public Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Status | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Nutrition Document Number: 329544 |
| 7. Title: Growing together: Youth and the work of the United Nations. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs [DESA] Source: New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2008. 101 p. Abstract: This publication shows how various parts of the United Nations system support youth development with a diverse range of programs covering all 15 priority areas of the World Programme of Action for Youth. Several of these priority areas relate to reproductive health and HIV, and numerous UN agencies include activities on these topics in their programming. This document includes illustrative activities for each agency, key publications, and contact information. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ASIA | CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | UN | ESCAP | UNAIDS | UNIFEM | UNESCO | UNFPA | WHO | WORLD BANK | YOUTH | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | POVERTY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | ENVIRONMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | WAR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | COORDINATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | YOUTH PROGRAMS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Americas | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Programs | Economic Development Document Number: 326054 |
| 8. Title: Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women. Author: Banda F Source: [Geneva, Switzerland], United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Women’s Rights and Gender Unit, 2008 Mar 6. [167] p. Abstract: The aim of the project was to examine the advisability of creating a new mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women. The terms of reference specified two key objectives. The first was to overview existing UN mechanisms to ascertain the extent to which they addressed the issue of discriminatory laws. This involved interviewing UN human rights and agency officials working in both Geneva and New York and also reviewing the reports and jurisprudence of human rights committees and special procedure mechanisms. The second was to try to get national data on laws that discriminate against women. This was to be done by means of a questionnaire. On the basis of the data gathered, the consultant was required to advise on whether a special mechanism addressing discriminatory laws was needed. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | SEX DISCRIMINATION | LEGISLATION | INEQUALITIES | TREATIES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | GENDER RELATIONS | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | EMPLOYMENT | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Marriage | Nuptiality | Gender Issues | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 325464 |
| 9. Title: A framework for integrating reproductive health and family planning into youth development programs. Author: Brock S; Columbia R Source: Baltimore, Maryland, International Youth Foundation, [2008]. 32 p. Developed as part of the "Planning for Life" project funded through United States Agency for International Development Grant Agreement no. GSM-027. Abstract: This document was developed by the International Youth Foundation and its partners for IYF's Global Partner Network as part of the "Planning for Life" project funded through grant agreement GSM-027 under the USAID GSM Flexible Fund. The document, based upon an initial "Planning for Life" Project Launch and Technical Workshop that took place in New Delhi, India in September 2007, provides a strategic framework for youth reproductive health (YRH) and family planning (FP) and its integration into youth development programs. This framework can be adapted to the local context of any program. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | LEADERSHIP | SEX EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Education | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Sustainability | Program Evaluation Document Number: 308937 |
| 10. Title: The burden of gender inequalities for society. Author: Costa J; Silva E Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):8-9. Abstract: Gender inequalities are present in many ways in the labour market. Two relevant indicators of these inequalities are the ratio between female and male participation in the paid workforce and the ratio between female and male hourly wages. These indicators reflect the fact that women face barriers to enter the labour market and, when they find a job, their earnings are lower than those of men. The gender gap indicators among urban adults in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador and Mexico are shown in the chart below. In each of these countries, the rate of economic activity among females is below 62 per cent while the male rate is higher than 84 per cent. The ratio between female and male labour market participation is not more than 0.6 in Chile and Mexico. The female hourly wage is around 80 per cent of that of males for all countries, except Argentina with a ratio of 92 per cent. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323218 |
| 11. Title: Whispers to voices: Gender and social transformation in Bangladesh. Author: Das MB; Amin S; Das Gupta M; Johnson K; Hossain A Source: Dhaka, Bangladesh, World Bank, South Asia Region, South Asia Sustainable Development Department, 2008 Mar. [162] p. (Bangladesh Development Series Paper No. 22) Abstract: Bangladesh stands out as the shining new example in South Asia of a poor country achieving impressive gains in gender equality. After Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala, here is a country that had been famously written off by Henry Kissinger as a "basket case," which now dwarfs India and Pakistan in many areas. Between 1971 and 2004, Bangladesh halved its fertility rates. In much of the country today, girls' secondary school attendance exceeds that of boys. The gender gap in infant mortality has been closed. The micro-credit revolution continues to boost women's solidarity groups and earning potential, and vast numbers of young women are leaving their villages to work in garment factories where, in earlier generations, young women were rarely seen outside their homes. Bangladesh's success has been widely celebrated and analyzed - even posed as a puzzle. For how could a country with such low per capita income achieve such heights? All this achieved, moreover, in a cultural context widely believed to be repressive to women. While there remains more to be done in terms of increasing women's labor force participation, reducing and punishing violence, increasing political participation and visibility in leadership positions, we also need to understand how these gains came about. In particular, we need to appreciate how policies and opportunities can change behaviors and norms widely perceived to emphasize seclusion and to relegate women to the home. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MATERNAL HEALTH | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | DECISION MAKING | PARTICIPATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 326309 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Italy: Delayed adaptation of social institutions to changes in family behaviour. Author: De Rose A; Racioppi F; Zanatta AL Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(19):665-704. Abstract: Considering its very low fertility and high age at childbearing, Italy stands alone in the European context and can hardly be compared with other countries, even those in the Southern region. The fertility decline occurred without any radical change in family formation. Individuals still choose (religious) marriage for leaving their parental home and rates of marital dissolution and subsequent step-family formation are low. Marriage is being postponed and fewer people marry. The behaviours of young people are particularly alarming. There is a delay in all life cycle stages: end of education, entry into the labour market, exit from the parental family, entry into union, and managing an independent household. Changes in family formation and childbearing are constrained and slowed down by a substantial delay (or even failure) with which the institutional and cultural framework has adapted to changes in economic and social conditions, in particular to the growth of the service sector, the increase in female employment and the female level of education. In a Catholic country that has been led for almost half a century by a political party with a Catholic ideology, the paucity of attention to childhood and youth seems incomprehensible. Social policies focus on marriage-based families already formed and on the phases of life related to pregnancy, delivery, and the first months of a newborn's life, while forming a family and childbearing choices are considered private affairs and neglected. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | YOUTH | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | EMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Marriage | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Religion Document Number: 327727 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: South African men who commit gender-based violence are more likely to have transactional sex. Author: Doskoch P Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Mar;34(1):52-53. Abstract: In rural South Africa, the strongest predictor of whether a young man has exchanged money or other gifts for sex is whether he has committed intimate partner violence or rape, according to an analysis of data from an HIV prevention trial. Transactional sex is also associated with high socioeconomic status, adverse childhood experiences having a large number of sexual partners and alcohol use. These associations hold regardless of whether the young mad is the provider or the recipient of the gifts, and whether the sex is with his main partner or a casual partner. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | RURAL AREAS | MEN | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | EMPLOYMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 326248 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: India's progress towards achieving the targets set in the millennium development goals [editorial] Author: Elizabeth KE Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;54(5):287-90. Abstract: The Millennium declaration signed by leaders of 189 countries and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted in 2000 by all the Member States of the United Nations have become a universal framework for development and a means for developing countries and their partners to work together. This blueprint agreed upon by all the countries has eight goals-which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education and gender equality by the target date of 2015-and has galvanized an unprecedented effort to meet the needs of all. The MDGs are interlinked and have set measurable time-bound goals on commitments in the development agenda. The status report on Millennium goals for India published in 2005 evaluates the progress made so far from the base year 1990 and also highlights the strategies developed for the attainment of the MDGs in 2005. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | POVERTY | DISEASE PREVENTION | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 329716 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Raising interest in contraception and sexual health: Special study modules for medical students. Author: Fey C; Evans C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008;34(1):64-65. Abstract: Getting the balance correct in medical workforce planning, particularly in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G), has been a problem for a number of years. Over the last 10 years, training numbers have varied and the balance between trainees qualified and number of consultant posts available has wavered. Bearing in mind the Government's aims for a consultant-delivered service, and the need for future increase in senior posts (another discussion entirely around consultants vs non-consultant senior grade!), we are now seeing the possibility of failure to provide enough trainees to fill anticipated posts. In particular, there are notably fewer trainees attracted to O&G, and we see parallel problems in recruiting to Contraception and Sexual Health (C&SH). Even now we have unfilled consultant and trainee posts throughout the country (see Workforce Planning Committee reports) and attracting trainees to our speciality remains a challenge. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | STUDIES | LABOR FORCE | MEDICAL STUDENTS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | OCCUPATIONS | GYNECOLOGY | HUMAN RESOURCES | EMPLOYMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Students | Education | Family Planning | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323396 |
| 16. Title: [Stigma, discrimination and HIV/AIDS in the Brazilian context, 1998 and 2005] Estigma, discriminacao e HIV/Aids no contexto brasileiro, 1998 e 2005. Author: Garcia S; Koyama MA Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:72-83. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify discriminatory attitudes in two moments of the Brazilian HIV/AIDS epidemic, as well as the occurrence of possible changes. METHODS: The Intention of Discrimination Index was obtained by scoring 1 for discriminatory situations or 0, when the opposite was the case. Intention of discrimination ranges were established by means of the clustering technique, and made compatible between the 1998 and 2005 surveys. Mean comparisons, chi-square test and ordered logit adjusted regression models were used to verify association between the index and socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: Between the 1998 and 2005 surveys, there was a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of people who answered "yes" to anti-HIV test's being mandatory in the following cases: admission for employment, before getting married, when joining the military service, drug users, foreigners entering the country, sex professionals, and for all the people. To have lower level of education, to be female, to live in the North/Northeast regions of Brazil, and to be aged over 45 years are factors associated with higher intention of discrimination level. CONCLUSIONS: The growth of intention of discrimination shows that information about ways of AIDS transmission and non-transmission still needs to be better planned and promoted, especially among populations that have lower level of education, live in the North/Northeast regions, are female and aged over 45 years. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | FOREIGNERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV TESTING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | STIGMA | EMPLOYMENT | MARRIAGE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Social Problems | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 331032 |
| 17. Title: Contraception in India: exploring met and unmet demand. Author: Gulati SC; Chaurasia AR; Singh RM Source: World Health and Population. 2008;10(2):25-39. Abstract: Our study examines factors influencing demand for contraception for spacing as well as for limiting births in India. Data on socio-economic, demographic and program factors affecting demand for contraception in India are from the National Family Health Survey, 1998--99. The recent document from the National Rural Health Mission has completely ignored the use of contraception in controlling fertility in India. Empirical results of our study suggest giving priority to and focusing attention on supply-side factors such as a regular and sustained supply of quality contraceptive methods to improve accessibility and affordability. Further, strengthening the information, education and communication (IEC) component of the reproductive and child health (RCH) package would allay misapprehensions about the side effects and health risks of contraception. Focusing attention on demand-side factors such as women's empowerment through education, gainful employment and exposure to mass-media would help reduce the unmet demand for family planning. The resulting reduction in fertility would hasten the process of demographic transition and population stabilization in India. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | TUBERCULOSIS | UN | GOALS | HEALTH POLICY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | EMPLOYMENT | DIARRHEA | WOMEN'S STATUS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 329490 |
| 18. Title: The impact of the labour market on the timing of marriage and births in Spain. Author: Gutierrez-Domenech M Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):83-110. Abstract: This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945-1960 and Cohort 1961-1977. Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945-1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961-1977. We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts. The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE AGE | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | UNEMPLOYMENT | SEX FACTORS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics Document Number: 322757 |
| 19. Title: Poverty, employment and globalisation: A gender perspective. Author: Heintz J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):12-13. Abstract: Fundamental and far-reaching changes have taken place in the world economy over the past several decades that have had a profound impact on the lives of women and men. Two key aspects of the transformation are (i) the heightened and growing degree of global economic, social and cultural integration-i.e. the process of 'globalisation'-and (ii) a shift in policy stance towards deregulated markets, privatisation, a smaller role for the state and a relatively narrow focus on reducing inflation. These changes impact employment and poverty outcomes for women and men. Gender dynamics are central to this discussion. Whether households stay out of poverty in this changing global environment may hinge on whether women participate in the labour force and have access to decent paid employment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | POVERTY | EMPLOYMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 323220 |
| 20. Title: Gender, labour markets and poverty: An overview. Author: Kabeer N Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):3-5. Abstract: The pro-poor potential of labourintensive growth is based on the recognition that labour power is the primary asset at the disposal of the poor and hence labour markets the key transmission mechanism through which the benefits of growth can be distributed to the poor. However, it is also premised on a number of implicit, often unexamined, assumptions about the ease with which the poor can transform their labour into paid work and paid work into improved levels of livelihood, security and accumulation. A gender analysis of labour and labour markets suggests that this 'transformation' process not only cannot be taken for granted but that it is also far more problematic for women than for men because of the existence of various gender-related constraints. These constraints relate to social norms and values which govern the gender division of labour in production and reproduction in different regions of the world. In general, these tend to assign primary responsibility for the reproduction and care ofthe family to women and overall decision-making authority to senior males, but allow considerable variation in the roles and responsibilities assigned to men and women in the productive efforts of the family. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SEX FACTORS | POVERTY | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 323216 |
| 21. Title: Unemployment among women. Examining the relationship of physical and psychological intimate partner violence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Author: Kimerling R; Alvarez J; Pavao J; Mack KP; Smith MW Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008;:[14] p. Abstract: Prior research has demonstrated that intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with employment instability among poor women. The current study assesses the broader relationship between IPV and women's workforce participation in a population-based sample of 6,698 California women. We examined past-year IPV by analyzing specific effects of physical violence, psychological violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as predictors of unemployment. Results indicated substantial rates of unemployment among women who reported IPV, with rates of 20% among women who experienced psychological violence, 18% among women who experienced physical violence, and 19% among women with PTSD symptoms. When the relationship was adjusted for demographic characteristics and educational attainment, PTSD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 2.09) and psychological violence (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.36, 2.32), but not physical violence, were associated with unemployment.Implications for supported employment programs and workplace responses to IPV are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | MENTAL HEALTH | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | STRESS | SIDE EFFECTS | IMPACT | EMPLOYMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Communication | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326733 |
| 22. Title: The impact of future demographic trends in Europe, 2005 -- 2050. Author: Kupiszewski M; Bijak J; Nowok B Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:147-183. Abstract: The objective of the paper is to examine the future of populations within the Council of Europe member states, identify the main trends and discuss their policy implications. The analysis focuses on the impact that future demographic trends will have on the following social domains: education, the labour market, health care and care of the elderly and social protection. The study aims to be policy-oriented and to provide an overview of future demographic trends for 2005-2050 in the Council of Europe member states, as well as presenting an analysis related to selected policies and an interpretation of these trends. The analysis of population dynamics in the coming 45 years is based on the United Nations population projection of 2005. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | OLDER ADULTS | LABOR FORCE | POPULATION FORECAST | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SOCIAL POLICY | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326071 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Two approaches to measuring women's work in developing countries: a comparison of survey data from Egypt. Author: Langsten R; Salem R Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):283-305. Abstract: The social science literature has long recognized that women's productive activities are poorly measured. Evidence indicates that women's work is underreported in official data, censuses, and labor force surveys. Two broad issues affect measures of women's work: 1) the definition or conceptual categories used; and 2) the way in which the definition is operationalized for data collection. The authors examine this second issue, data collection methods, using examples from a number of surveys recently conducted in Egypt. Their concern is with the measurement of women's contribution to production rather than their labor force participation. A review of the conceptual consensus regarding what activities constitute work and past efforts to determine how best to capture work in large-scale surveys was conducted. The analysis compares two surveys of the same population of women in Egypt that share the same definition of work but that differ in their approaches to measuring it. This article contributes tothe literature on the measurement of women's work in several ways: 1) Results support the superior effectiveness of the activities list format, but depart from previous methods tests in claiming that multiple keyword questions are largely ineffective. 2) Quantify how much hidden work is captured by activities lists and argue that this work is not inconsequential. 3) Examine systematic biases inherent in the keyword approach by looking at the types of work activities that it obscures and the profiles of the working women excluded. 4) Make practical recommendations for improved questionnaire designs that will more accurately measure women's work. The changes to surveys of women's work that recommended would probably improve estimates of the work of children and the elderly, as well as work performed in the agricultural and informal sectors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT | MEASUREMENT | DATA REPORTING | DATA QUALITY | SURVEYS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Data Analysis | Sampling Studies | Studies Document Number: 327374 |
| 24. Title: ASEAN states, their reservations to human rights treaties and the proposed ASEAN Commission on Women and Children. Author: Linton S Source: Human Rights Quarterly. 2008 May;30(2):436-493. Abstract: This article was inspired by claims made by a number of participants at the Fifth Workshop on an ASEAN Regional Mechanism on Human Rights in Kuala Lumpur (2006) that because all ASEAN states were party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, they shared common legal obligations and so the path was clear for moving forward with the Hanoi Action Plan's Commission on Women and Children. At that time, it was not clear that ASEAN would go any further than this commission. This article is therefore an examination of the law on reservations, but one that has at its core an examination of ASEAN states' reservations to the six main human rights treaties in light of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Analysis is situated in the on-going debate about reservations to human rights treaties, as well as assessment of the significance and impact of the ASEAN reservations in themselves, in relation to other state parties, on the proposed Commission on Women and Children, and on international law generally. Since this article was written, ASEAN adopted a new Charter for the organization, which, in Article 14, allows for the creation of a human rights body, to operate in accordance with terms of reference yet to be decided by the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN. The Commission on Women and Children has yet to be established. Language: English Keywords: ASIA, EASTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CHILD | HUMAN RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 308010 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands. Author: Mills M; Mencarini L; Tanturri ML; Begall K Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Feb 29;18(1):1-26. Abstract: Fertility levels have fallen drastically in most industrialized countries. Diverse theoretical and empirical frameworks have had difficulty explaining these unprecedented low levels of fertility. More recently, however, attention has turned from classic explanations, such as women's increased labour market participation, to gender equity as the essential link to understand this phenomenon. Increases in women's labour market participation did not prompt a rise in men's domestic duties, often referred to as women's 'dual burden' or 'second shift'. Beyond the household, institutions and policies within countries facilitate or constrain the combination of women's employment with fertility. This paper provides an empirical test of gender equity theory by examining whether the unequal division of household labour leads to lower fertility intentions of women within different institutional contexts. Italy constitutes a case of low gender equity, low female labour market participation and the lowest-low fertility. The Netherlands has moderate to high gender equity, high part-time female labour market participation and comparatively higher fertility. Using data from the 2003 Italian Multipurpose Survey - Family and Social Actors and the Dutch sample from the 2004/5 European Social Survey, a series of logistic regression models test this theory. A central finding is that an unequal division of household labour only significantly impacts women's fertility intentions when they already bear a heavy load (more work hours, children), a finding that is particularly salient for working women in Italy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | WOMEN'S STATUS | EMPLOYMENT | HOUSEWORK | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Europe, Southern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 324956 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's employment and union dissolution in a changing socio-economic context in Russia. Author: Muszynska M Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 4;18(6):181-204. Abstract: This study examines the effect of women's employment on the risk of union disruption within the centrally planned economy and transition period in Russia. The empirical part is based on two retrospective surveys conducted in Russia in 2004/2005, covering the years 1967-2004. These are analyzed using hazard regression. The results show that within two periods (1967-1991 and 1992-2004) the risk of union dissolution was similar among women who worked and those who did not work. No differences were found between various employment groups during socialism. In the transition period, however, a variation in the risk of union dissolution among groups of working women existed. The biggest differences are related to company ownership type, with women who worked in private enterprises having the highest risk of union dissolution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT | DIVORCE | DECISION MAKING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PRIVATE SECTOR | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Behavior Document Number: 325917 |
| 27. Title: Social determinants, suboptimal health behavior, and morbidity in urban slum population: an Indian perspective. Author: Pawar AB; Mohan PV; Bansal RK Source: Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2008 Jul;85(4):607-618. Abstract: Improving the health of urban residents, particularly those living in slum areas, requires an integrated approach. Appropriate interventions must be based on a well-grounded understanding of health determinants. Social factors are as important as physical factors in determining health status and suggest alternative interventions. Employment, stress, social exclusion, social support, substance use, nutrition, transport, and conditions during childhood are among the most important social determinants of health status identified by the International Center for Health and Society. This paper uses social determinants of health approach to understand morbidity outcomes for people residing in the slums of Surat City, India. To quantify suboptimal health behavior and identify the determinants of health status for this population survey data on household characteristics, health-seeking behavior, socioeconomic status, food and personal habits, social life, and physical activity has been used. After controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, logistic regression analysis reveals that social exclusion, stress, and lack of social support are significantly associated with morbidity. Thus, understanding of social determinants of health by policy makers is important as the health sector has a crucial role in addressing disparities in social determinants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVENTIONS | SLUMS | URBAN POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MORBIDITY | BEHAVIOR | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | EMPLOYMENT | STRESS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | NUTRITION | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors | Diseases | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 327886 |
| 28. Title: Initial loss of productive days and income among women seeking induced abortion in Cambodia. Author: Potdar R; Fetters T; Phirun L Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2008 Mar-Apr;53(2):123-129. Abstract: The study describes the loss of productive time and income related to abortion care and care-seeking among 110 women presenting at public and private sector abortion providers in Cambodia. Data were collected through women's exit interviews, and descriptive analysis was used to examine lost time and income against a number of explanatory variables, such as gestational age of pregnancy, type of abortion provider and facility, type of uterine evacuation procedure, number of health visits, and the woman's occupation. Results indicate that lost time and earnings increase with the number of visits to obtain the termination, gestational age, and selection of a private physician or non-governmental organization clinic. Lost time and earnings also vary by the woman's type of employment. The study underscores the need for safer, accessible, and more affordable abortion services in order to ensure that these services are available for all women. Even in the Cambodian context, where abortion is unrestricted during the first trimester of pregnancy, the study findings show that the process of searching for and obtaining high-quality abortion care was unnecessarily complicated and costly to women and their household members. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | WOMEN | INCOME | ABORTION | TIME FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 325550 Notification |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrant women in male-dominated sectors of the labour market: A research agenda. Author: Raghuram P Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):43-57. Abstract: There is a growing literature on female labour migration, but much of this focuses on women who move to work in labour-market sectors where a large proportion of workers are women. This paper argues that there has been much less study of women who migrate to work in male-dominated sectors of the labour market, and explores the nature of this lacuna within research on female migration. It then highlights the increasing presence of women migrants in the ICT sector as one example of an area that has received little study. Finally, the paper explores some reasons why a study of female migrant's experiences in male-dominated sectors of the labour market is important, and what it can add to existing research on female migration more generally. In particular, it urges us to view gender as it intersects and overlaps with other social divisions to produce complex landscapes of female mobility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | GENDER ISSUES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | INFORMATION SERVICES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | EMPLOYMENT | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323245 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Stigma in the workplace: employer attitudes about people with HIV in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Chicago. Author: Rao D; Angell B; Lam C; Corrigan P Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Nov;67(10):1541-9. Abstract: Studies of HIV stigma in China are becoming more prevalent, but these studies have seldom involved direct cross-cultural comparisons. Moreover, although researchers consider employers to be a key power group whose practices can significantly impact the adjustment and recovery of people with HIV, the attitudes of employers in China towards people with HIV have rarely been studied. The present study sought to investigate employers' attitudes and hiring practices towards people with HIV across three culturally and linguistically distinct cities: Chicago, Beijing, and Hong Kong. One hundred employers from a broad spectrum of firm types were interviewed across the three cities, and their qualitative data were analyzed for information about the processes behind employer practices in hiring people with HIV. Employers from all three cities showed reluctance to hire people with HIV, but this trend was most pronounced with employers from Beijing and Hong Kong. Concerns about biological contagion were apparent in all three cities. Social contagion, or the belief that people with HIV could morally corrupt those around them, was a particular concern of employers from Beijing and Hong Kong. The concerns about hiring people with HIV in Hong Kong and Beijing may be related to specific cultural dynamics related to loss of 'face', level of contact and knowledge about people with HIV, and the psychological interconnectedness between people in society. In sum, employers in all three cities showed concerns about hiring people with HIV, but at the same time, their attitudes about discriminating against people with HIV differed widely across the cities. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WORKPLACE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | EMPLOYMENT | ATTITUDES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330485 |
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