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Title: Wealth Index association with gender issues and the reproductive health of Egyptian women.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Nursing and Health Sciences. 2009 Mar;11(1):29-36.
Abstract: This study investigated the association of the Wealth Index of married women in Egypt with a number of gender and reproductive health issues found in the 2005 Egypt Demographic Health Survey. The data from a subsample of 5249 currently married women from a total of 19,474 was examined using logistic regression analysis. The women's lowest wealth quintile predicted the intention to continue female genital cutting for their daughters, exposure to physical and sexual marital violence, not being empowered in household decisions, having a higher number of children, having an unintended last child, mothers' maltreatment of their children, the perception of a lack of health-care providers or drugs as an obstacle to receiving care, and not being covered by health insurance. The association of poverty with the aforementioned adverse health outcomes are discussed. Physicians should understand the effect of poverty on health and endeavour to influence policy-makers to reduce the poverty burden on health.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342089

2.
Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342003

Peer Reviewed

Title: Toward replacement fertility in Egypt and Tunisia.
Author: Eltigani EE
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Sep;40(3):215-226.
Abstract: Egypt and Tunisia began their fertility transition at almost identical fertility levels and at roughly the same time period, yet the difference in the pace of decline has been such that the total fertility rate (TFR) in Tunisia reached replacement level by the year 2001, whereas the TFR in Egypt remains above three live births per woman. This article draws on the secondary literature and on several nationally representative surveys from the two countries between 1978 and 2005 to provide empirical evidence of the difference in the pace of fertility decline and to analyze the determinants of the differential. Findings include (a) variation across the two countries in the consistency of fertility decline among the segments of the population leading the transition; (b) that the success of each country�s family planning program was influenced by the role of political leaders and the extent of the program�s integration with socioeconomic development objectives; (c) that the impact of contraception on TFR decline became an important factor in the mid-1980s; and (d) that the greatest determinant of the discrepancy in the pace of fertility decline is the disparity in age at marriage, which rose more significantly in Tunisia than in Egypt. The latter finding indicates that reaching replacement fertility in Egypt hinges primarily on further declines in marital fertility, resulting from reduction of wanted fertility and from an expansion of family planning program coverage and improved efficiency of service delivery and use.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MARITAL FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Health
Document Number: 339703

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of etonogestrel contraceptive implant (Implanon) on portal blood flow and liver functions.
Author: Nasr A; Nafeh HM
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):236-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate changes in portal blood flow and liver functions among women using Implanon for 2 years. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty healthy Implanon users were enrolled in this longitudinal study and followed up for 24 months. Portal blood flow, assessed by color Doppler; prothrombin time and concentration; serum albumin; bilirubin; gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT); alanine aminotransferase (ALT); and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured before and 24 months after insertion. RESULTS: After 24 months of Implanon insertion, there were no significant changes in portal blood flow, serum albumin, prothrombin time or concentration. However, there was a significant increase in serum levels of total and unconjugated bilirubin and GGT and a significant decrease in ALT and AST levels. All levels, however, remained within the normal range of values. CONCLUSIONS: Implanon use for 2 years does not seem to influence portal hemodynamics. Changes in serum levels of bilirubin, GGT, ALT and AST are unlikely to be of clinical significance.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | VASCULAR DISEASES | HEPATIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | TIME FACTORS | BILIRUBINEMIA | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Thromboembolism | Embolism
Document Number: 330053

Title: A rights-based approach to accessing health determinants.
Author: Perkins F
Source: Global Health Promotion. 2009 Mar;16(1):61-4.
Abstract: This commentary summarizes the experience and learnings from a site visit in May 2008 to a drop-in centre for vulnerable women in downtown Cairo run by El-Shehab Institution for Comprehensive Development, which provides street outreach for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). The Centre successfully provides services and support for women, many of who are displaced or refugees and are from the most marginalized areas in Cairo. Through a rights-based approach to the work, the Centre helps people living in the slums fight and win the right to access clean water, sewerage and electrical power in their communities. An individual-based approach to human rights is also used. In the last year El-Shehab have helped 67 women go to court and win their marriage rights from husbands who have abandoned them. Their approach is an example of a successful way to achieve access to basic health determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | SLUMS | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | HEALTH | ADVOCACY | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | ELECTRICITY | COURT DECISION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Energy Supply | Litigation
Document Number: 342373

Title: Breastfeeding and contraception use among women with unplanned pregnancies less than 2 years after delivery.
Author: Tilley IB; Shaaban OM; Wilson M; Glasier A; Mishell DR Jr
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009;105:127-130.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine breastfeeding and contraceptive use after the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) criteria were no longer met. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-three parous Egyptian women with unplanned pregnancies less than 2 years after delivery completed a questionnaire examining breastfeeding practice and contraceptive use. RESULTS: The majority of women (81.5%) with unplanned pregnancies within 2 years of delivery were breastfeeding at conception. Of these women, 36.3% had used a method of contraception other than LAM compared with 60.5% of women who had weaned (P<0.05). Among the breastfeeding women, 61.2% failed to use contraception because they believed breastfeeding would prevent pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding women with unplanned pregnancies were less likely to have used contraception than women who had weaned, suggesting that prolonged breastfeeding contributes to unmet contraceptive need.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | WEANING | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Culture
Document Number: 330421

Title: Expanding access to contraception: IUD fees and subsidies in Egypt.
Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One]
Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, PSP-One, [2008]. 2 p. (Global Research Brief. LAPM Brief 3USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00)
Abstract: One way for developing countries to afford the costs of family planning is to reduce the number of women with high ability to pay from obtaining subsidized (public) services. Various papers have pointed out that wealthy women receive a subsidy when they use the public sector. This brief describes the first attempt, as far as we know, to calculate this subsidy. The brief focuses specifically on Egypt and on IUDs. We estimated that direct costs of IUD provision in the public and NGO sectors in Egypt totaled $3.08 ($1.25 for insertion by the doctor, $0.95 for counseling by the nurse, $0.58 for the IUD, and $0.30 for other supplies required for insertion). Prices women pay vary substantially by sector, and are highest in the commercial sector and lowest in the public sector. The price varies with wealth within the commercial and NGO sectors but not within the public sector. The average price paid by IUD users in the commercial sector increases substantially with wealth. In fact, women in the highest quintile pay a price about twice that brief of women in the lowest quintile. The wealthiest IUD users also pay the highest prices in the NGO sector, while those in the third and fourth quintile pay somewhat less, and users in the lowest two quintiles pay the lowest prices. Users who access the public and NGO sectors, regardless of ability to pay, always paid an average price lower than did women accessing the commercial sector. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | IUD | FEES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 331619

10.

Title: Motivating healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies -- lessons from the field.
Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Health Communication Partnership
Source: Communication Impact!. 2008 Jan;(24):[2] p.
Abstract: There is strong evidence that healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy saves lives from six key studies conducted between 2000 and 2005 (supported by USAID). These studies indicate the lack of appropriate spacing significantly harms maternal and child health. Birth-to-pregnancy intervals of less than six months were associated with a 150% increased risk of maternal mortality. Risk of induced abortion was 650% greater, and miscarriage 230% greater among women with short intervals. Child health was also adversely affected, including a 223% increased risk of newborn death. Studies conducted in 2007 in Jordan, Uganda, and Egypt by the Health Communication Partnership (HCP) illustrate how health communication approaches can help change community norms and promote birth spacing. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
JORDAN | UGANDA | EGYPT | TECHNICAL REPORT | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, North | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Communication
Document Number: 327607

11.

Title: Intercultural dialogue on violence against women. Final results of a Euro-Mediterranean project.
Author: Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies; ANTIGONE - Information Centre on Racism, Ecology, Peace and Non Violence; Alliance for Arab Women; Association HEURA; ISIS International. Center for Women and Development
Source: Nicosia, Cyprus, Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies, 2008. [99] p.
Abstract: This 101-page document summarises the final results of the 2007 project and study carried out by the Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (MIGS) to enhance the participation of women in intercultural dialogue about violence against women (VAW), as well as to develop strategies for overcoming discrimination and VAW in the Euro-Mediterranean (Euro-Med) region. MIGS, based in Cyprus, and 4 co-participating organisations from the region - Egypt (Alliance for Arab Women [AAW]), Greece (ANTIGONE - Information Centre on Racism, Ecology, Peace and Non Violence), Morocco (ISIS Center for Women and Development), and Spain (Association HEURA) - identified 25 women from diverse backgrounds to discuss VAW at a 2-day workshop. Funding for the collaboration came from the Anna Lindh Foundation for the Dialogue between Cultures. The document includes a synthesis of the reports on VAW from the 5 partner countries, information from the workshop and training sessions conducted in Cyprus, and the short-listed photographs from the project's photo competition and photo exhibition. It also summarises ways and means for further cooperation among the participants in the area of eliminating VAW, as well as ways of sharing and disseminating the results of the project activities to relevant stakeholders in the partner countries and in the Euro-Med region.
Language: English
Keywords:
GREECE | EGYPT | SPAIN | MOROCCO | SUMMARY REPORT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | RAPE | CAUSES OF DEATH | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S HEALTH | POVERTY | HIV INFECTIONS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Europe, Southwestern | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 327909

12.

Title: Helping Egyptian women achieve optimal birth spacing intervals through fostering linkages between family planning and maternal / child health services.
Author: Abdel-Tawab N; Loza S; Zaki A
Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Sep. [45] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00)
Abstract: Population Council's USAID-funded Frontiers in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) program, in collaboration with the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) and the NGO 'Social Planning, Analysis and Administration Consultants'; (SPAAC), conducted an operations research study to measure the acceptability and effectiveness of two birth spacing message models. For Model I (health services model), birth spacing messages were communicated through services by health workers to women during prenatal and postpartum periods. Model II (community awareness model), provided this service plus an awareness raising component that targeted men through training community influentials to communicate messages. Both models proved effective in changing women's knowledge and attitudes towards birth spacing and in enhancing use of contraception at 10-11 months postpartum, by 48 percent among Model I mothers and 43 percent among Model II mothers, compared with 31 percent among control group mothers. Over the postpartum period, women in the two intervention groups used contraception more consistently than women in the control group (median duration of protection against pregnancy was 6.8 months for Model I mothers, 4.5 months for Model II mothers and 2.9 months for control group mothers). Both intervention models were associated with an increased utilization of services, especially family planning services, by women who only had one child (36 percent increase in Model I clinics, 47 percent increase in Model II clinics and 3.2 percent in control clinics). However, a fear of contraceptive side-effects continues to be a major concern among women and men in all groups and is an obstacle in achieving healthy birth intervals. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | SUMMARY REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | WOMEN | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | POSTPARTUM | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Puerperium | Reproduction | Contraception
Document Number: 331442

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with wife beating in Egypt: analysis of two surveys (1995 and 2005).
Author: Akmatov MK; Mikolajczyk RT; Labeeb S; Dhaher E; Khan MM
Source: BMC Women's Health. 2008;8:15.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Wife beating is an important public health problem in many developing countries. We assessed the rates of wife beating and examined factors associated with wife beating in 1995 and 2005 in Egypt. METHODS: We used data from two Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Egypt in 1995 and 2005 using multistage household sampling. Data related to wife beating included information from 7122 women in 1995 and 5612 women in 2005. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors independently associated with wife beating. Special weights were used to obtain nationally representative estimates. RESULTS: In 1995 17.5% of married women in Egypt experienced wife beating in the last 12 months, in 2005--18.9% or 16.0%, using different measures. The association between socio-demographic differentials and wife beating was weaker in the newer survey. The 12-month prevalence of wife beating was lower only when both partners were educated, but the differences across education levels were less pronounced in 2005. Based on the information available in the 2005 survey, more educated women experienced less severe forms of wife beating than less educated women. CONCLUSION: Different measures used in both surveys make a direct comparison difficult. The observed patterns indicate that the changes in prevalence may be masked by two opposite processes occurring in the society: a decrease in (severe forms of) wife beating and an increase in reporting of wife beating. Improving the access to education for women and raising education levels in the whole society may help reducing wife beating.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SPOUSE | PREVALENCE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329026

14.

Title: Medical treatment of retrograde ejaculation in diabetic patients: A hope for spontaneous pregnancy.
Author: Arafa M; El Tabie O
Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008 Jan;5(1):194-198.
Abstract: Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Different therapeutic approaches are present, whether medical or surgical, with limited success rates. The aim of the present study is to evaluate different drug regimens for the medical treatment of RE in diabetic patients. Thirty-three diabetic patients with RE (23 complete and 10 partial) were included in the study. Patients were given three sequential courses of medical treatment: imipramine 25 mg twice/day, pseudoephidrine 120 mg twice/day, or combination of the two drugs. Establishment of antegrade ejaculate in cases with complete RE and improvement of semen quality in case of partial RE. In cases with complete RE, imipramine was successful in producing antegrade ejaculate in 10 patients (38.5%), while pseudoephedrine was successful in 11 patients (47.8%), and both drugs given together was successful in 16 patients (61.5%). In cases with partial RE, there was significant increase in the antegrade semen sample as regards semen volume, sperm count, total, and progressive motility with imipramine alone, pseudoephidrine alone, and both drugs. From the present study we can conclude that medical treatment for RE in diabetic patients is a promising method and should be the first line of treatment in these cases. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | DIABETES | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | PREGNANCY | DRUGS | TREATMENT | SEMEN | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Diseases | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 313373

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Towards smaller family size in Egypt, Morocco and Turkey: Overall change over time or socio-economic compositional effect?
Author: D'Addato AV; Vignoli D; Yavuz S
Source: Population Review. 2008;47(1):[14] p.
Abstract: The whole region of the South and East Mediterranean exhibits a profound fertility transition with marked differences in the pace of fertility declines among the countries. The authors choose three representative countries: Egypt, Morocco and Turkey. Determinants of the propensity towards smaller family size are investigated as scrutinizing the development in the pattern of third births, which represents the critical step in the transitional process for these countries. The authors are particularly interested in verifying whether the decline of higher-order births is significantly driven by an overall societal change over time or by compositional change over different socio-economic segments of the female population. Evidence is found that overall societal changes have mainly driven the decline in large family size, though, to a much lesser extent, compositional changes are important too. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | MOROCCO | TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL CHANGE | BIRTH LIMITING | BIRTH SPACING | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning
Document Number: 327572

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Practices of rural Egyptian birth attendants during the antenatal, intrapartum and early neonatal periods.
Author: Darmstadt GL; Hussein MH; Winch PJ; Haws RA; Gipson R
Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Mar;26(1):36-45.
Abstract: Neonatal deaths account for almost two-thirds of infant mortality worldwide; most deaths are preventable. Two-thirds of neonatal deaths occur during the first week of life, usually at home. While previous Egyptian studies have identified provider practices contributing to maternal mortality, none has focused on neonatal care. A survey of reported practices of birth attendants was administered. Chi-square tests were used for measuring the statistical significance of inter-regional differences. In total, 217 recently-delivered mothers in rural areas of three governorates were interviewed about antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care they received. This study identified antenatal advice of birth attendants to mothers about neonatal care and routine intrapartum and postpartum practices. While mothers usually received antenatal care from physicians, traditional birth attendants (dayas) conducted most deliveries. Advice was rare, except for breastfeeding. Routine practices included hand-washing by attendants, sterile cord-cutting, prompt wrapping of newborns, and postnatal home visits. Suboptimal practices included lack of disinfection of delivery instruments, unhygienic cord care, lack of weighing of newborns, and lack of administration of eye prophylaxis or vitamin K. One-third of complicated deliveries occurred at home, commonly attended by relatives, and the umbilical cord was frequently pulled to hasten delivery of the placenta. In facilities, mothers reported frequent use of forceps, and asphyxiated neonates were often hung upside-down during resuscitation. Consequently, high rates of birth injuries were reported. Priority areas for behaviour change and future research to improve neonatal health outcomes were identified, specific to type of provider (physician, nurse, or daya) and regional variations in practices. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | RURAL POPULATION | ANTENATAL CARE | POSTPARTUM | INFANT HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Puerperium | Reproduction | Child Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327057

17.

Title: Clinical evaluation of Gen-Probe's amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test for rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Egyptian children at risk for infection.
Author: el-Sayed Zaki M; Abou-el Hassan S
Source: Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2008 Feb;132(2):244-247.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Diagnostic detection of tuberculosis (TB) has improved considerably. Available, standardized, nucleic acid-based amplification techniques have been shown to yield reliable results within 4 to 7 hours of sample processing. OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnostic performance of Gen-Probe's technique for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in comparison with BACTEC 460 TB culture for both positive and negative Ziehl-Neelsen smears in Egyptian children at risk for TB infection. DESIGN: We prospectively evaluated 50 children from families with a positive history of TB. All patients were referred from outpatient clinics of the Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt. The children had a positive tuberculin skin test with an induration diameter of more than 10 mm and had scars from a bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination within the past 2 years. Three consecutive sputum samples were taken from each patient. The samples were examined to detect M. tuberculosis by means of the Gen-Probe technique, direct smear microscopy, and bacterial culture by BACTEC 460 TB. RESULTS: Of the 50 cases, 30 (60%) had sputum samples that were positive for TB by BACTEC 460 TB culture, and 29 cases (58%) were positive by the Gen-Probe technique. Sensitivity and specificity of Ziehl-Neelsen smears was 83.3% and 100%, respectively, with overall accuracy of 90%. Sensitivity and specificity of the Gen-Probe technique were 96.7% and 100%, respectively, with overall accuracy of 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the Gen-Probe technique is an accurate method for rapid detection of M. tuberculosis complexes in respiratory samples from children at risk for TB. It can be used for diagnosis of smear-negative cases that are suspect for TB.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EVALUATION RESEARCH | CHILDREN | TUBERCULOSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 325794

18.
Title: Knowledge, attitude and practices of Egyptian industrial and tourist workers towards HIV/AIDS.
Author: El-Sayyed N; Kabbash IA; El-Gueniedy M
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):1126-35.
Abstract: This study explored knowledge, attitudes and practices towards HIV/AIDS infection among 1256 Egyptian industrial and tourism workers aged 16-40 years. Compared with industrial workers, tourism workers had a significantly better perception of the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS problem worldwide as well as in Egypt and of the likelihood of the problem worsening. Knowledge of tourism workers was also significantly better about causative agent of AIDS and methods of transmission. Both groups had negative attitudes towards patients living with HIV/AIDS concerning their right to confidentiality and to work. Both groups had a positive attitude towards behaviour change for protection from HIV/AIDS, principally via avoidance of extramarital sexual relations and adherence to religious beliefs. Use of condoms as a way to avoid HIV/AIDS was reported by only 0.4% of workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | HIV TRANSMISSION | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | SAFER SEX | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics | Political Factors | Sex Behavior
Document Number: 330308

19.
Title: Risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS infection among men who have sex with men in Cairo, Egypt.
Author: El-Sayyed N; Kabbash IA; El-Gueniedy M
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(4):905-15.
Abstract: A sample of 73 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Cairo, Egypt, were screened for HIV infection and were interviewed to study their risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS. Most (65.8%) had initiated sexual activity before 15 years; 65.8% took both active and passive roles in sexual acts. The frequency of sexual acts was < 1 per week for 73.3% of those aged 25+ years, but > 1 daily for 25.9% of those aged < 25 years. Heterosexual relations were reported by 73.3% of the older age group, while 70.7% of the younger age group were exclusively MSM. Condoms were always used by only 19.2% of the sample.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SCREENING | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Evaluation
Document Number: 330501

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The path to replacement fertility in Egypt: Acceptance, preference, and achievement.
Author: El-Zeini LO
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Sep;39(3):161-176.
Abstract: This study draws upon data from the 2004 Slow Fertility Transition survey, a follow-up to the 2003 Egypt Interim Demographic and Health Survey, to investigate obstacles to achieving replacement fertility. To account for the likelihood of embracing the two-child ideal, the analysis adopts a framework with the acronym APA: Acceptance of the two-child ideal, Preference for that ideal, and Achievement of that preference. The framework posits a hierarchy among the three and hypothesizes that each depends on a set of factors, including gender stratification, economic expectations, perception of the costs and benefits of having children, and the costs of fertility regulation. The results indicate that son preference and the perceived low cost of childrearing are major obstacles to the acceptance of the two-child family. Son preference, other discriminatory gender attitudes, optimistic economic expectations, and fear of contraceptive side effects are associated with a low preference for and ambivalence about having only two children. Given a decisive preference, lower socioeconomic status and strong son preference are the major obstacles to the achievement of the two-child ideal. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | CHILD WORTH | PERCEPTION | SEX PREFERENCE | FEMALE ROLE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Value Orientation | Social Behavior | Fertility | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 328153

21.

Title: A simple primary care information system featuring feedback to clinicians.
Author: Gaumer G; Hassan N; Murphy M
Source: International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 2008 Jul-Sep;23(3):185-202.
Abstract: A simple information system for primary care clinics was designed to support the USAID funded health system strengthening project in the Suez Governorate in Egypt. This system (FACT-Feedback and Analytic Comparison Tool) was implemented in December 2003 in 14 primary care clinics. The MS Access-based system was designed and prototyped in several months, and was easily and cheaply modified several times after implementation. A total of 128 562 persons have been registered in the system (as of June 2005) and 36 083 visits have been documented. A key feature of FACT is the ease with which clinicians can conduct exploratory research about practice patterns, and variations in them across doctors and the other clinics. This analytic feature enables the clinicians to self-diagnose quality problems and take action accordingly. Several of the clinics have used this feature of FACT to identify important gaps in service use among patients, and have taken steps to remove barriers to promote more appropriate patterns of utilization. The paper reviews the design and implementation issues and early evidence of the system's utility in helping support quality improvement (QI) work in the clinics.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INFORMATION PROCESSING | IMPLEMENTATION | QUALITY CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Information | Programs
Document Number: 307992

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive and sexual rights: do words matter? [editorial]
Author: Gruskin S
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct;98(10):1737.
Abstract: The 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development helped governments, the organs and agencies of the United Nations system, and nongovernmental organizations move beyond the confines of traditional family planning approaches. This watershed event fostered and defined subsequent international and national reproductive and sexual health policies and programs as well as global efforts to realize reproductive and sexual rights. However, moving beyond history, or the "archeology of Cairo" (as a participant at a meeting I recently attended called it), are we now simply using the language of the Cairo conference with little attention to the conceptual and operational implications of its words? Has the politically charged notion of rights with its attendant government responsibility and accountability succumbed to the less controversial notion of health? As the public health community recognized even before the Cairo consensus, barriers to reproductive and sexual health operate on a number of levels-including legal, social, cultural, political, financial, attitudinal, and practical -- and interact in complex ways. What rights add to this mix is a framework for programming and for action and a legal rationale for government responsibility-not only to provide relevant services but also to alter the conditions that create, exacerbate, and perpetuate poverty, deprivation, marginalization, and discrimination as these affect reproductive and sexual health. By fixing attention on the responsibility and accountability of governments to translate their international-level commitments into national and subnational laws, policies, programs, and practices that promote and do not hinder reproductive and sexual health, the actions of governments are open to scrutiny to determine their influences-both positive and negative-on reproductive and sexual health, including barriers that affect the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of reproductive and sexual health services, structures, and goods. Despite the framework that the Cairo conference helped put into place, work falling under the rubric of reproductive and sexual rights now includes everything from the provision of abortion services to the reduction of maternal mortality -- as though simply working on these issues is equal to working on rights. Consequently, one has to ask this: Are reproductive, and even sexual, rights becoming synonymous with reproductive, and sexual, health? Those who understand their work to be in the area of reproductive and sexual rights sorely need to discuss whether their efforts are aligned with the politics that underlie the words of the Cairo conference or whether, bluntly speaking, the politics are a historical artifact and it is simply time to move on. Bringing the political back into reproductive and sexual rights would require going beyond the technical dimensions of addressing reproductive and sexual health issues to the application of the norms and standards that are engaged by a human rights discourse. This includes attention to the basics of reproductive and sexual rights: the efforts that exist to ensure the sustained participation of affected communities; how discrimination that affects both vulnerability to ill health and access and use of services is being tackled; the extent to which any legal, political, and financial constraints are being addressed; how rights considerations are brought into policy and program design, implementation, and evaluation; and the existence of mechanisms that require government as well as intergovernmental and nongovernmental institution accountability. And so yes, in a word, words do matter. And they matter for the actions they inspire. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POLITICAL FACTORS | PUBLIC HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | UN | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Human Rights | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 328533

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Psychiatric morbidity following hysterectomy in Egypt.
Author: Helmy YA; Hassanin IM; Elraheem TA; Bedaiwy AA; Peterson RS
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jul;102(1):60-64.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate psychiatric morbidity in Egyptian women before and after hysterectomy for benign indications. This was a 2-year prospective observational study at Sohag University Hospital, Egypt, in which 96 women scheduled for hysterectomy were assessed for psychiatric comorbidity before and after the operation using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Of these, 35 (36.5%) had scores of 4 or higher, signifying psychiatric comorbidity (group 1), and 61 (63.5%) had scores less than 4, suggesting no psychiatric comorbidity (group 2). Postoperatively, severe anxiety and depressive symptoms were common in group 1. In group 2, 48 (78.7%) of the 61 women had scores of 4 or higher. In that subgroup, depressive and anxiety symptoms were more common among nulliparas whereas women with a high parity experienced the least psychiatric comorbidity. As women undergoing hysterectomy risk psychiatric morbidity, gynecologists should consider less invasive interventions to treat benign conditions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | HYSTERECTOMY | MENTAL HEALTH | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases
Document Number: 327045

25.
Title: Needs assessment and coping strategies of persons infected with HIV in Egypt.
Author: Kabbash IA; El-Gueneidy M; Sharaf AY; Hassan NM; Al-Nawawy N
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2008 Nov-Dec;14(6):1308-20.
Abstract: The aims of this study were to identify the psychosocial and health care needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS and to determine their coping strategies. The study was conducted in 3 governorates of Egypt on 153 people infected with HIV. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The majority of the people had been forced to change the pattern of their sexual behaviour. Fear of stigmatization and feelings of anxiety, hopelessness and depression were frequently reported, resulting in a negative psychosocial impact on the infected person. Decreasing stigma and providing psycho-social support would help people living with HIV/AIDS to utilize effective ways of coping with the negative sequelae of the infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | MENTAL HEALTH | FEAR | STIGMA | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Behavior | Health | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mental Disorders
Document Number: 330305

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Two approaches to measuring women's work in developing countries: a comparison of survey data from Egypt.
Author: Langsten R; Salem R
Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):283-305.
Abstract: The social science literature has long recognized that women's productive activities are poorly measured. Evidence indicates that women's work is underreported in official data, censuses, and labor force surveys. Two broad issues affect measures of women's work: 1) the definition or conceptual categories used; and 2) the way in which the definition is operationalized for data collection. The authors examine this second issue, data collection methods, using examples from a number of surveys recently conducted in Egypt. Their concern is with the measurement of women's contribution to production rather than their labor force participation. A review of the conceptual consensus regarding what activities constitute work and past efforts to determine how best to capture work in large-scale surveys was conducted. The analysis compares two surveys of the same population of women in Egypt that share the same definition of work but that differ in their approaches to measuring it. This article contributes tothe literature on the measurement of women's work in several ways: 1) Results support the superior effectiveness of the activities list format, but depart from previous methods tests in claiming that multiple keyword questions are largely ineffective. 2) Quantify how much hidden work is captured by activities lists and argue that this work is not inconsequential. 3) Examine systematic biases inherent in the keyword approach by looking at the types of work activities that it obscures and the profiles of the working women excluded. 4) Make practical recommendations for improved questionnaire designs that will more accurately measure women's work. The changes to surveys of women's work that recommended would probably improve estimates of the work of children and the elderly, as well as work performed in the agricultural and informal sectors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT | MEASUREMENT | DATA REPORTING | DATA QUALITY | SURVEYS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Data Analysis | Sampling Studies | Studies
Document Number: 327374

27.

Title: 2008 National Youth Shadow Report: Progress Made on the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS. Egypt.
Author: Nasr R; Tamman A; Tharwat M
Source: New York, New York, Global Youth Action Network, Global Youth Coalition on HIV / AIDS, 2008. 12 p.
Abstract: The findings presented in this report are based on data from published sources, data provided directly by the government or other accredited agencies, face-to-face meetings with NGOs, and interviews with young people. This report aims to highlight progress and point out gaps in Egypt's response young people and HIV in order to make recommendations that we, as young advocates and members of the civil society, hope to see happen. Key Findings and Recommendations: 1) Egypt has not followed through on its 2001 pledge to the UNGASS Declaration of Commitments. No country progress report for 2006 or 2008 has been submitted. Therefore, it is very difficult to monitor progress, or track funding allocations and prevalence trends, particularly among young people; 2) The inadequate sentinel surveillance system makes new cases of infection very hard to track. Closer epidemiological attention needs to be paid to incidence rates and the trends of new infections; 3) There is very little data that is disaggregated by age and gender; 4) Societal homophobia perpetuates levels of discrimination towards men who have sex with men which drives this group further underground and creates a barrier for public health campaigns; 5) There is an urgent need to promote condom use as a main form of contraception and prevention of HIV. Few people use condoms to prevent transmission of STIs and HIV; 6) There is no second line antiretroviral treatment in Egypt. For people who develop a resistance to first line treatment, there are no alternative options. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | NEEDS | CONDOMS | STIGMA | SUPPORT GROUPS | HEALTH EDUCATION | CURRICULUM | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Economic Factors | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 326143

28.

Title: Serum cytokines as biomarkers for nonsurgical prediction of endometriosis.
Author: Othman EE; Hornung D; Salem HT; Khalifa EA; El-Metwally TH
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Apr;137(2):240-246.
Abstract: The objective was to test the ability of a group of serum cytokines, either individually or in combination, to serve as biomarkers for the nonsurgical diagnosis of endometriosis. Subjects were allocated to two groups according to their laparoscopic diagnosis. The first group consisted of patients with endometriosis and the second group was made up of infertile women with no pelvic pathology (controls). Blood samples were collected preoperatively and stored. Cytokines were measured in the serum of all participants using the Bio-Plex Protein Array System. Nonparametric statistics and the Mann-Whitney test were used to compare groups. Subjects were seen at the Gynecologic endoscopy unit. Three cytokines were significantly higher in the serum of subjects with endometriosis than in the control group: interleukin-6 (IL-6) [4.41 pg/ml (range: 1.47-15.01) versus 0.97 pg/ml (range: 0.29-2.98), respectively; p less than 0.001], monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) [37.91 pg/ml (range: 24.54-94.74) versus 22.13 pg/ml (range: 13.85-39.45), respectively; p less than 0.001], and interferon-gamma (INF-y) [19.01 pg/ml (range: 1.19-73.52) versus 0.30 pg/ml (range: 0.00-13.05), respectively; p less than 0.001]. There was no statistically significant difference between subjects with endometriosis and controls in the serum concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-15 (IL-15) were undetectable in the serum of both groups. None of the measured cytokines showed significant correlation with the cycle phase or stage of endometriosis. In a multivariate analysis, serum interleukin-6 provided a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 66% to discriminate between endometriosis patients and controls at a cutoff point of 1.9 pg/ml. Adding monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interferon-gamma to interleukin-6 did not increase the discriminative ability over that achieved by measuring serum interleukin-6 alone. Serum of subjects with endometriosis contains significantly higher levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and interferon-gamma than control women. Serum interleukin-6 measurements discriminate between women with endometriosis and controls. Interleukin-6 provides a promising serum marker for the nonsurgical prediction of endometriosis. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 325920

29.

Title: Tackling poverty-migration linkages: Evidence from Ghana and Egypt.
Author: Sabates-Wheeler R; Sabates R; Castaldo A
Source: Social Indicators Research. 2008 Jun;87(2):307-328.
Abstract: Are migrants able to use the migration experience to their benefit, that is to improve their livelihoods, and is this result nuanced by whether migrants are poor or nonpoor? This paper explores these questions quantitatively using data on migrants and nonmigrants from Ghana and Egypt. It describes the main challenges in the empirical literature and introduces a conceptual model to explore the links between migration and poverty. The empirical model accounts for the direct effects of migration on poverty and for the role of migration in moderating the dynamics of poverty. Results show the selectivity of migration with respect to subjective poverty and that migration can have a significant impact on helping people improve their livelihoods. The paper further finds that selectivity with respect to human capital depends on 'reasons for migration' and visa status. These findings enrich existing empirical studies by providing a clear estimation of sequential events and enable policymakers to better understand the processes behind migration and poverty. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | EGYPT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, North | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 326456

30.

Title: Communication for better health.
Author: Salem RM; Bernstein J; Sullivan TM; Lande R
Source: Population Reports. Series J: Family Planning Programs. 2008 Jan;(56):1-27.
Abstract: This issue of Population Reports can help managers of family planning and reproductive health programs to: advocate inclusion of BCC in family planning programs, a crucial element that has had a low cost for each new contraceptive user; learn how to apply theories of behavior to help choose the most appropriate BCC strategies and messages; learn the key factors contributing to effective BCC programs; oversee the steps in planning, carrying out, and monitoring and evaluating a BCC program; make sure that monitoring and evaluation collect information that helps guide the program; compare and assess different approaches to developing capacity for BCC programming and to scaling up BCC activities. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | RADIO PROGRAM | MONITORING | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | EVALUATION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | MASS MEDIA | PLANNING | PARTICIPATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Health | Radio | Broadcast Media | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 324697


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