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Title: On what diseases and health conditions should new economic research on health and development focus?
Author: Behrman JR; Behrman JA; Perez NM
Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S109-28.
Abstract: Given the public goods nature of research, economic research on health in developing countries is likely to have the highest returns by focusing, inter alia, on diseases and health conditions that are relatively widespread and costly and that are relatively rapidly growing. This article first summarizes the time patterns in economic research on diseases and health in developing countries for 1990-2005. It then compares those time patterns with the distribution of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for diseases and health conditions in developing countries estimated for 2005 and for 2030. These comparisons suggest relatively overemphasis on HIV/AIDS and underemphasis on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This opens the possibility for individuals or organizations initiating, re-evaluating, or increasing their economic research on health and development to make a significant contribution by focusing particularly on the analysis of behaviour and policy choices related to NCDs. Careful consideration must, of course, be given to other demands, but on the basis of these two criteria, potential contributions are likely to be greatest from research with such a focus.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ECONOMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | DISEASES | INTERVENTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LENGTH OF LIFE | Research Methodology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 341823

Peer Reviewed

Title: Health economics of contraception.
Author: Mavranezouli I
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):187-198.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancies constitute a global problem associated with substantial costs to health and social services, and emotional distress to women, their families and society as a whole. Provision of contraception has been demonstrated to be a particularly cost-effective healthcare intervention as, besides preventing a significant number of unintended pregnancies, it also results in great cost-savings to society. Male and female sterilization and long-acting reversible methods (such as the copper-T intra-uterine device and the subdermal implant) constitute the most cost-effective contraceptive options, followed by other hormonal methods (such as oral contraceptives); barrier and behavioural methods (such as the male condom and withdrawal, respectively) are least cost-effective compared with other contraceptive options. Nevertheless, when compared with no method, they still prevent a large number of unintended pregnancies, thus leading to important cost-savings. Improvements in compliance and continuation rates are expected to further enhance the contraceptive benefits and cost-savings associated with contraceptive use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | ECONOMICS | FEES | CONTRACEPTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Health
Document Number: 329667

Title: The efficacy of a US-based medicine recycling program delivering antiretroviral drugs worldwide.
Author: Patrick PA; Jibilian A; Herasme O; Valencia J; Hernandez EC
Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;8(1):25-29.
Abstract: Since 1996, AID FOR AIDS International (AFAI) has collected unused antiretroviral drugs (ART) and "recycled" these medications to over 600 people living with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS abroad under its AIDS Treatment Access Program. The investigators evaluated AIDS Treatment Access Program's efficacy using immunologic and virologic outcomes. Of the 404 eligible clients who had baseline and follow-up CD4 counts, mean baseline versus most recent measure was 230 +or- 222 cells/mm3 versus 372 +or- 256 cells/mm3 (P < .01). Of the 216 eligible clients who had baseline (>400 copies/mL) and follow-up viral loads, 62% (134/ 216) had undetectable viral loads �400 copies/mL) at their most recent measure. Median enrollment time in the recycling program was 3.1 years (range: 6 months to 9.5 years). AFAI's medication recycling program is efficacious in reaching and improving the clinical outcomes of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Such programs should be considered a viable option among scale-up programs until governments provide universal access of ART to PLWHA.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HEALTH SERVICES | POVERTY | ECONOMICS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331327

Title: Economics, cultural transmission, and the dynamics of the sex ratio at birth in China.
Author: Lipatov M; Li S; Feldman MW
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008 Dec 9;105(49):19171-6.
Abstract: In rural China, the ratio of newborn boys to newborn girls [sex ratio at birth (SRB)] has been rising for several decades, to values significantly above its biological norm. This trend has a number of alarming societal consequences, and has attracted the attention of scholars and politicians. The root of the problem lies in a 2,500-year-old culture of son preference. This culture is intricately linked with the economic reality of each couple's life, so that there are financial and psychological repercussions to parents who have no sons. To bring greater clarity and understanding to this issue, we present a quantitative framework that describes the interaction between economics and cultural transmission. We start with an explicit mechanism by which economic incentives can change cultural beliefs of a given individual, and go on to include a mechanism of cultural inheritance from generation to generation. We then show how economic conditions can affect the dynamics of cultural change in an entire society, and may lead to a decrease in the country's sex ratio at birth.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX RATIO | CULTURE | SEX PREFERENCE | ECONOMICS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 329780

Peer Reviewed

Title: Universal access to HIV treatment in developing countries: going beyond the misinterpretations of the 'cost-effectiveness' algorithm.
Author: Moatti JP; Marlink R; Luchini S; Kazatchkine M
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S59-66.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Economic cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has been proposed as the appropriate tool to set priorities for resource allocation among available health interventions. Controversy remains about the way CEA should be used in the field of HIV/AIDS. METHODS AND OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews the general literature in health economics and public economics about the use of CEA for priority setting in public health, in order better to inform current debates about resource allocation in the fight against HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: Theoretical and practical limitations of CEA do not raise major problems when it is applied to compare alternatives for treating the same medical condition or public health problem. Using CEA to set priorities among different health interventions by ranking them from the lowest to the highest values of their cost per life-year saved is appropriate only under the very restrictive and unrealistic assumptions that all interventions compared are discrete and finite alternatives that cannot vary in terms of size and scale. In order for CEA to inform resource allocation compared across programmes to fight the AIDS epidemic, a pragmatic interpretation of this economic approach, like that proposed by the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, is better suited. Interventions, like a number of preventive strategies and first-line antiretroviral treatments for HIV, whose marginal costs per additional life-year saved are less than three times the gross domestic product per capita, should be considered cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Because of their empirical and theoretical limitations, results of CEA should only be one element in priority setting among interventions for HIV/AIDS, which should also be informed by explicit debates about societal and ethical preferences.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | DRUGS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ECONOMICS | PUBLIC HEALTH | GOALS | PROGRAMS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 328240

Title: A review of the enrolment and performance of male and female students in Education / Economics Programme of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Author: Faleye BA; Dibu-Ojerinde OO
Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2006;12(2):143-146.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to review the pattern of enrolment into and performance pattern of male and female students on the Education/Economics Programme of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Data were collected from the record (in the Department) of students into the programme from 1999/2000 session to 2002/2003 session. The record of performance of male and female students on the programme were obtained from the students' record as kept in the computer programme designed for results processing (known as the ISIS). It was discovered that there are more males than female students on the programme and male students performed better than their female counterparts. Recommendations on how female enrolment and performance could be enhanced were raised. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | STUDENTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SEX FACTORS | UNIVERSITIES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | ECONOMICS | EDUCATION | ACADEMIC TRAINING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Women's Status | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Training Programs
Document Number: 305540

8.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Climate change and health: global to local influences on disease risk.
Author: Patz JA; Olson SH
Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2006 Jul-Sep;100(5-6):535-549.
Abstract: The World Health Organization has concluded that the climatic changes that have occurred since the mid 1970s could already be causing annually over 150,000 deaths and five million disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), mainly in developing countries. The less developed countries are, ironically, those least responsible for causing global warming. Many health outcomes and diseases are sensitive to climate, including: heat-related mortality or morbidity; air pollution-related illnesses; infectious diseases, particularly those transmitted, indirectly, via water or by insect or rodent vectors; and refugee health issues linked to forced population migration. Yet, changing landscapes can significantly affect local weather more acutely than long-term climate change. Land-cover change can influence micro-climatic conditions, including temperature, evapo-transpiration and surface run-off, that are key determinants in the emergence of many infectious diseases. To improve risk assessment and risk management of these synergistic processes (climate and land-use change), more collaborative efforts in research, training and policy-decision support, across the fields of health, environment, sociology and economics, are required. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WISCONSIN | RESEARCH REPORT | PUBLIC HEALTH | CLIMATE | ENVIRONMENT | SOCIOLOGY | ECONOMICS | CHANGES | DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | NEEDS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Biology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 304949

9.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of fertility limitation on intergenerational social mobility: the quality-quantity trade-off during the demographic transition.
Author: Van Bavel J
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Jul;38(4):553-569.
Abstract: The hypothesis that family size limitation by parents enhances the upward mobility chances of their children in (post)industrial populations has a long-standing record in many disciplines, including sociology and economics, as well as evolutionary anthropology and social biology. Yet the empirical record supporting or contradicting the theory is surprisingly limited. The aim of this contribution is to develop a test of the effect of family size limitation on children's intergenerational mobility. This test is applied to an urban population in Belgium that was in the process of experiencing its demographic transition, including the decline of fertility, at the end of the 19th century. The results indicate that the effect of family size was strong, even after controlling for parental social status as well as birth order. Surprisingly, the effects of birth order and family size appear to be largely independent. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY SIZE | SOCIAL MOBILITY | IMPACT | SOCIOLOGY | ECONOMICS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Communication | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 302362

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Some benefits of migrants� return visits to Ghana.
Author: Asiedu A
Source: Population, Space and Place. 2005;11:1-11.
Abstract: This paper explores some of the benefits associated with expatriates� temporary return visits to Ghana. These return trips to one�s place of origin or birth, commonly referred to as �visiting friends and relatives� (VFR) tourism, represent one of the major outcomes of the migration�tourism nexus. The benefits assessed in this study relate to donations, expenditures and investments made in Ghana by these visiting expatriates. Using two datasets derived from newspaper content analyses on donations made in Ghana by visiting non-resident Ghanaians, and the other a questionnaire interview schedule organised in the United Kingdom for resident Ghanaians on their expenditure and investment outlays during their most recent visit, a number of pertinent issues are investigated. Some of these issues relate to the quantity, timing and beneficiaries of donations, as well as their spatial distribution and their potential for poverty alleviation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | TRAVELERS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | REMITTANCES | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMICS | INVESTMENTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Family and Household | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Financial Activities
Document Number: 281008

11.

Title: Economic analysis of land improvement techniques in smallholder yam-based production systems in the agro-ecological zones of southwestern Nigeria.
Author: Bamire AS; Amujoyegbe BJ
Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;18(1):1-12.
Abstract: For increased crop productivity and sustainable resource management within the practical scope of small-scale farming systems, there is need for a clear understanding of the problems associated with land use and management practices employed by farm operators. This paper examines smallholder yam-based production systems in the rain forest and savannah agro-ecologies of Southwestern Nigeria to determine the net returns to the use of land improvement techniques, their effect and that of farmers socioeconomic characteristics on net returns, and to identify major constraints and requirements for enhanced yam production and sustainable use of the land resource. With the aid of multi-stage sampling technique, primary data were collected from 200 yam farmers using structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions were also conducted. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, costs and returns analysis as well as multiple regression techniques. Major land improvement techniques used by respondents in the study area include mulching, bush fallow, inorganic fertilizer, organic manure and crop rotation. Costs of yam setts constituted more than 60% of the total variable cost, while labour was about 30% for all land improvement techniques in the two agro-ecologies. However, per hectare yield and profitability of inorganic fertilizer in yam production were significantly higher in the savannah zone. Regression results revealed that the effect of land improvement techniques on net returns to yam production, as well as the profitability of each technique varied by agro-ecology. Thus, designing strategies for improved yam production have to be location-specific, while use of inorganic fertilizer and its combination is more profitable in the savannah zone. Research studies and extension services should therefore consider ecological differences in providing relevant information to farmers on the use of appropriate land improvement techniques for sustainable food production. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMICS | MANAGEMENT | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 304667

12.
Title: Population changes, international competitiveness and growth.
Author: Boeri T
Source: Genus. 2005 Jul-Dec;61(3-4):185-192.
Abstract: I was asked by the organizers of this international conference to discuss, in my presentation, the effects of ageing on competitiveness. I will start by arguing that the key economic issue involved by ageing is growth rather than competitiveness per se, as ageing may reduce the growth potential of nations. I will however point out that there is nothing unavoidable about this effect of ageing on growth. Reforming pensions and labour market institutions in order to better exploit returns from experience, it is possible to counteract the effects of a declining workforce on growth and sustain a relatively high rate of capital accumulation even under older societies. But there are strong political obstacles to these reforms. These political obstacles should be fully understood, it is still a matter of positive economics, and possibly counteracted (the domain of normative economics). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMICS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | LABOR FORCE | RETIREMENT | MIGRATION POLICY | WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Human Resources | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 293711

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Remitting the gift: Zambian mobility and anthropological insights for migration studies.
Author: Cliggett L
Source: Population, Space and Place. 2005;11:35-48.
Abstract: This article brings together anthropological theories of gift exchange and ethnographic data on migrant gifting (�remitting�) in order to understand the core of investing in social relations through remitting practices. Migration literature from throughout the developing world documents important patterns of remitting that furthers our understanding of how migrants� earnings help rural investment. In contrast to the majority of migration literature, scholars working in different regions of Zambia have documented migration patterns and remittance practices that do not echo the documented findings from other regions of the developing world. In Zambian migration, remittances consist more of food, �town goods� or cash, rather than the larger sums of money or durable goods that other migration studies describe. The Zambian literature also documents cases of non-remitting. Rather than provide significant support to relatives in sending communities, Zambian migrants invest in social networks over time through �gift-remitting�. These �giftremittances� facilitate options to return to home communities, or to maintain mutually beneficial social ties for both migrants and relatives in home villages. These findings compel policies directed towards enhancing migrants� remitting power to consider the core social foundation of their ties to home, and how investing in social relations can be incorporated into policy development. The article draws on fieldwork with the Gwembe Tonga people of Zambia�s Southern Province since 1994, and recent ethnographic literature from Zambia. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MIGRANTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | REMITTANCES | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMICS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Anthropology
Document Number: 281009

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Remarks on the analysis of causal relationships in population research.
Author: Moffitt R
Source: Demography. 2005 Feb;42(1):91-108.
Abstract: The problem of determining cause and effect is one of the oldest in the social sciences, where laboratory experimentation is generally not possible. This article provides a perspective on the analysis of causal relationships in population research that draws upon recent discussions of this issue in the field of economics. Within economics, thinking about causal estimation has shifted dramatically in the past decade toward a more pessimistic reading of what is possible and a retreat in the ambitiousness of claims of causal determination. In this article, the framework that underlies this conclusion is presented, the central identification problem is discussed in detail, and examples from the field of population research are given. Some of the more important aspects of this framework are related to the problem of the variability of causal effects for different individuals; the relationships among structural forms, reduced forms, and knowledge of mechanisms; the problem of internal versus external validity and the related issue of extrapolation; and the importance of theory and outside evidence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POPULATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMICS | VALIDITY | THEORETICAL EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Social Sciences | Measurement | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 283186

15.
Title: The policies for the management of international migrations from the XX to the XXI century. A tale of territorial sovereignties and people on the move.
Author: Pastore F
Source: Genus. 2005 Jul-Dec;61(3-4):347-368.
Abstract: In 1576, Jean Bodin, one of the earliest theorists of sovereignty as an essential feature of modern states, wrote: "One should never fear there being too many subjects or too many citizens [...] seeing that there is no wealth nor strength but in men". And indeed, for the next two centuries at least, the fundamental idea that having more arms for labour and more chair a canon was a key factor of national strength, remained undisputed in Europe. Emigration, in that cultural context, was generally perceived as a bleeding of the nation and therefore hampered, or at least seen with suspicion. It was only in the second half of the 18th century that the Physiocrats in France and the classical economists in England started to question the supposed inherent virtues of population size, thus laying the conceptual foundations of a different view of (and a different political approach to) international mobility. Managing the physical mobility of people has in fact always been an issue for power holders. But the political meaning and the value of mobility - and of migration as its long term version, in particular - have never been univocal nor stable. Out-migration has been demonized in some historical periods and blessed in others; while the perception and the treatment of immigration have oscillated specularly, across the ages, from that of a fatal threat to that of a vital resource. Obviously, migration perceptions and policy responses to it vary not just in diachronic terms, but also - and often quite dramatically - across social and economic groups, within the same society. Effectively managing the inherent ambiguity in the political meaning and in the value of cross-border mobility, and building consensus around such management, is the specific and 'quite difficult task of migration policies, from a local to an international level. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | HISTORICAL REVIEW | REFUGEES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | UNHCR | ECONOMICS | NATIONAL SECURITY | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 293667

16.
Title: 26th Annual Conference of the Indian Association for the Study of Population on Population, Health and Environment, 9-11 February 2004. Organized by Annamalai University, Annamalainagar. [Abstracts of papers presented].
Author: Annual Conference of the Indian Association for the Study of Population on Population, Health and Environment (26th: 2004: Annamalainagar)
Source: Annamalainagar, India, Annamalai University, Centre for Population Studies, 2004. 98 p.
Abstract: One of the objectives of Madhya Pradesh population policy 2000 is to reduce the risk of death due to complications of pregnancy and delivery from an estimated 498 maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births in 1997 to 220 by the year 2011. The policy calls for making emergency obstetric care services available in all development block level health care institutions by 2011. In order to prevent maternal deaths it is however necessary that EmOc services are made available right up to the village level so as to make possible the management of obstetric emergencies as and when they arise. Making these services available only up to the block level may not contribute significantly in reducing maternal mortality. The extent and nature of emergency obstetric care services may vary in different tires of the health care delivery system. The conceptual framework that has been developed here follows an evidence based approach for making available emergency obstetric care services at different levels of health care delivery system. The conceptual plan focuses on what can be done at the level of community and at different tires of public health care delivery system in managing, treating and referring patients with emergency complications. Starting of immediate treatment and prompt transfer of the patients to a health care facility where specialized services are available can save many young lives. Obstetric first aid to stabilize the patient before referral is life saving delay may mean death. It is recommended that the plan should constitute the basis for developing and expanding emergency obstetric care services in Madhya Pradesh in the efforts towards reducing the maternal mortality rate. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | EMERGENCY SERVICES | OBSTETRICS | MATERNAL HEALTH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | POPULATION GROWTH | MIGRATION | CHILD HEALTH | PUBLIC HEALTH | POVERTY | ECONOMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Sciences
Document Number: 284503

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Eradication versus control: the economics of global infectious disease policies.
Author: Barrett S
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004;82:683-688.
Abstract: A disease is controlled if, by means of a public policy, the circulation of an infectious agent is restricted below the level that would be sustained by individuals acting independently to control the disease. A disease is eliminated if it is controlled sufficiently to prevent an epidemic from occurring in a given geographical area. Control and elimination are achieved locally, but a disease can only be eradicated if it is eliminated everywhere. Eradication is plainly a more demanding goal, but it has two advantages over control. First, the economics of eradication can be very favourable when eradication not only reduces infections but also avoids the need for vaccinations in future. Indeed, when eradication is feasible, it will either pay to control it to a fairly low level or to eradicate it. This suggests that, from an economics perspective, diseases that are eliminated in high-income countries are prime candidates for future eradication efforts. Second, the incentives for countries to participate in an eradication initiative can be strong; indeed they can be even stronger than an international control programme. Moreover, high-income countries typically benefit so much that they will be willing to finance elimination in developing countries. Full financing of an eradication effort by nation-states is not always guaranteed, but it can be facilitated by a variety of means. Hence, from the perspective of economics and international relations, eradication has a number of advantages over control. The implications for smallpox and polio eradication programmes are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | VACCINATION | POLIO | ECONOMICS | HEALTH POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INCENTIVES | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Sciences | Policy | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Economic Factors
Document Number: 275040

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The costs, effects and cost-effectiveness of strategies to increase coverage of routine immunizations in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review of the grey literature.
Author: Batt K; Fox-Rushby JA; Castillo-Riquelme M
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004;82:689-696.
Abstract: Evidence-based reviews of published literature can be subject to several biases. Grey literature, however, can be of poor quality and expensive to access. Effective search strategies also vary by topic and are rarely known in advance. This paper complements a systematic review of the published literature on the costs and effects of expanding immunization services in developing countries. The quality of data on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strategies to increase immunization coverage is shown to be similar across literatures, but the quality of information on costing is much lower in the grey literature. After excluding poorer quality studies from this review we found the quantity of available evidence almost doubled, particularly for more complex health-system interventions and cost or cost-effectiveness analyses. Interventions in the grey literature are more up to date and cover a different geographical spread. Consequently the conclusions of the published and grey literatures differ, although the number of papers is still too low to account for differences across types of interventions. We recommend that in future researchers consider using non- English keywords in their searches. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHILD | IMMUNIZATION | INTERVENTIONS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | ECONOMICS | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Social Sciences
Document Number: 275041

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Informal payments for health care in transition economies.
Author: Ensor T
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2004 Jan;58(2):237-246.
Abstract: There is considerable evidence that unofficial payments are deeply embedded in the markets for health care in transition countries. Numerous surveys indicate that these payments provide a significant but possibly distorting contribution to health care financing. Unofficial payments can be characterised into three groups: cost contributions, including supplies and salaries, misuse of market position and payments for additional services. There is evidence from across the region on the presence of payment in each category although it is often difficult to distinguish between payment types. Regulatory policy must address a number of issues. Imposing penalties may help to reduce some payments but if the system is simply unable to provide services, such sanctions will drive workers into the private sector. There appears to be some support for formalising payments in order to reduce unofficial charges although the impact must be monitored and the danger is that formal fees add to the burden of payment. Regulation might also attempt to increase the amount of competition, provide information on good performing facilities and develop the legal basis of patient rights. Ultimately, unless governments address the endemic nature of payments across all sectors, policy interventions are unlikely to be fully effective. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE, EASTERN | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | INFORMAL SECTOR | COMMERCE | PUBLIC HEALTH | ECONOMICS | HEALTH SERVICES | EXPENDITURES | PRICES | CRIME | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Europe | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Financial Activities | Social Problems | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 188828

20.

Title: The economics of vaccination in low- and middle-income countries [editorial]
Author: Fox-Rushby JA; Kaddar M; Levine R; Brenzel L
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004 Sep;82(9):640.
Abstract: Economic principles and tools have aided policy-making on the allocation of resources for health and have been applied convincingly to vaccination. In the late 1970s cost-effectiveness studies of immunization programmes in low and middle-income countries led to a better understanding of the resources required to reduce morbidity and mortality (1). The push for increased coverage under Universal Childhood Immunization in the 1980s led to cost-effectiveness studies of alternative delivery strategies and interest in sustainability and affordability at country level (2). New vaccines, which cost more per child immunized, present financing challenges for countries � a concern that the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization is responding to by planning for financial sustainability. What can economists bring to the question of how to finance services? Because vaccination of one child confers health benefits for others, in free markets vaccinations will be undersupplied, as the true marginal costs will not be recouped by providers. Families also have disincentives to bear the time and money costs of vaccination: those choosing not to vaccinate reap the benefit of protection created by those who do, but the greater the numbers of unimmunized children the greater the chances of disease transmission. Public financing and provision help to overcome these problems and to ensure an optimal level of service delivery. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | ECONOMICS | VACCINATION | HEALTH POLICY | IMMUNIZATION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Sciences | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Economic Factors | Programs
Document Number: 275034

21.
Title: Linking globalization, consumption, and governance.
Author: French H
Source: In: State of the world, 2004. A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society [by] Brian Halweil, Lisa Mastny, Erik Assadourian, Christopher Flavin, Hilary French. New York, New York, W. W. Norton, 2004. :144-161.
Abstract: Citing the toxic contamination and forest destruction left behind by previous oil development operations elsewhere in the Amazon, the president of the Independent Federation of Shuar Peoples declared emphatically that "the Shuar and Achuar people of the Ecuadorian Amazon want it to be known that the position of our communities is no to oil exploration, no to dialogue and negotiation, no to deforestation, no to contamination, and no to all oil activities." These indigenous leaders provided a vivid reminder of the great but often hidden toll that consumption in the world's richest countries can take on distant peoples and places. The delegation's visit put a human face on the tendency of today's global economy to insulate consumers from the various negative impacts of their purchases by stretching the distance between different phases of a product's lifecycle--from raw material extraction to processing, use, and finally disposal. While sales of sport-utility vehicles have skyrocketed in the United States over the last decade, for instance, few if any of the new owners stop to ponder the connection between their recent purchase and the fate of indigenous peoples whose lives and livelihoods have been torn asunder in the push for petroleum. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | CONSUMPTION | COMMERCE | ECONOMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | TREATIES | FOOD SUPPLY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Environment | Political Factors | Natural Resources
Document Number: 186531

22.
Title: The state of consumption today.
Author: Gardner G; Assadourian E; Sarin R
Source: In: State of the world, 2004. A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society [by] Brian Halweil, Lisa Mastny, Erik Assadourian, Christopher Flavin, Hilary French. New York, New York, W. W. Norton, 2004. :3-21.
Abstract: Consumption is not a bad thing. People must consume to survive, and the world's poorest will need to consume more if they are lead lives of dignity and opportunity. But consumption threatens the well-being of people and the environment when it becomes an end in itself--when it is an individual's primary goal in fife, for example, or the ultimate measure of the success of a government's economic policies. The economies of mass consumption that produced a world of abundance for many in the twentieth century face different challenge in the twenty-first: to focus not on the indefinite accumulation of goods but instead on a better quality of life for all, with minimal environmental harm. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | CONSUMPTION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | COMMERCE | ECONOMICS | FOOD SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | RECYCLING | ENERGY SUPPLY | ADVERTISING | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Natural Resources | Environment | Waste Management | Promotion | Marketing
Document Number: 186528

23.
Title: Falling short of expectations: public health interventions in developing and transition economies [editorial]
Author: Jack W; Lewis M
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2004 Jan;58(2):223-225.
Abstract: The papers in this volume examine the effects of public intervention in a number of developing and transition country environments. Each of the papers describes a health sector intervention by a government that seems to fall short of what are widely held objectives of public policy�efficiency enhancement and redistribution. Such observations of ineffectual policy naturally beg the question of what determines policy formation. The papers do not go as far as to model the actual political process by which public policies are formulated and implemented, so cannot be seen as applied theory of government failure. Instead, they should be read as examples of government intervention that appear to have gone wrong, and as such, they suggest caution in launching into top-heavy public schemes in institutionally weak environments. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | ECONOMICS | EXPENDITURES | INFORMAL SECTOR | PRICES | HEALTH INSURANCE | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Health | Social Sciences | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Commerce
Document Number: 188827

24.

Title: Economics of immunization: a guide to the literature and other resources.
Author: Kaddar M; Gaul� P
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, 2004. vii, 77 p. (WHO/V&B/04.02)
Abstract: In an effort to make information more readily available to those seeking to increase vaccine coverage worldwide and improve, manage, and deliver immunization services in developing countries, an annotated bibliography was developed. This document is intended as a tool for donor agencies, ministries of health and finance in developing countries, public health institutions and universities, as well as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). Within the context of immunization financing, this tool identifies literature and web resources on costing, cost�benefit analyses, financing, policy issues, tools, and other related topics. For copies of documents listed, please contact the author or publisher listed in the citation. A contact list of key institutions and individuals working on immunization issues is provided as well. This document contains the following: Background information on immunization financing issues; Summaries of 87 key articles related to immunization financing; List of 345 documents primarily from 1995 to the present; Directory of contacts and web sites for additional information. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | DIRECTORY | ECONOMICS | IMMUNIZATION | VACCINES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | WHO | Social Sciences | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 275293

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: James Mill on the growth and limitation of population.
Author: Mill J
Source: Population and Development Review. 2004 Sep;30(3):531-536.
Abstract: The brief passages reproduced below from James Mill's 1821 work, Elements of Political Economy, present an early analysis of total and net fecundity, a discussion of the scope and limits of government influence on fertility, and a reflection on the goal of a stationary population. In his preface Mill describes the Elements as "a school-book in political economy "-it was in fact based on the lessons he gave to his then barely teenaged son-and he disavows any claim to originality. Moreover, the chapter on wages, from which the excerpts come, has been generally disdained because of its espousal of the discredited wage-fund theory of wage determination. But Mill's treatment of population is as fresh and stimulating as it is concise. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION GROWTH | ECONOMICS | FECUNDITY | POVERTY | CAPITAL | STATIONARY POPULATION | BIRTH LIMITING | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Sciences | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Size | Family Planning
Document Number: 276974

26.
Title: Moving toward a less consumptive economy.
Author: Renner M
Source: In: State of the world, 2004. A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society [by] Brian Halweil, Lisa Mastny, Erik Assadourian, Christopher Flavin, Hilary French. New York, New York, W. W. Norton, 2004. :96-119.
Abstract: In 1895, traveling salesman King Camp Gillette came up with the idea of disposable razor blades--a product consumers would have to keep coming back for again and again. Sales soon soared, reaching more than 70 million by 1915, and today Gillette his a company with $10 billion annual turnover. What started out as one business- man's high-profit vehicle for ensuring an endless stream of sales became a widely embraced concept of great endurance-- planned obsolescence. Fast-forward to the present: in mid-2003, the Walt Disney company announced that it would soon test-market a new DVD that is intended to replace rental video discs and cassettes and that stops working after a short, pre-set time. Opening the DVD's airtight package kicks off a chemical countdown that renders the disc unusable after a mere 48 hours. The sophisticated technologies involved may be strictly from the twenty-first century, but the underlying philosophy hews to that time-honored concept pioneered by Gillette and his contemporaries. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | GOVERNMENT | POPULATION | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | CONSUMPTION | COMMERCE | ECONOMICS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | TAXATION | ECOLOGY | WASTE MANAGEMENT | Political Factors | Technology | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Financial Activities | Environment
Document Number: 186530

27.

Title: In search of an alternative development paradigm: feminist proprosals from Latin America.
Author: Feminist Initiative of Cartagena
Source: Gender and Development. 2003 May;11(1):52-58.
Abstract: This article is taken from five presentations given at AWID by members of the Feminist Initiative of Cartagena. Its main goal was to suggest that there is a Southern � more specifically, Latin American � vision of globalisation, and to identify what is needed to develop a new model of development. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | WOMEN | FEMINISM | ECONOMICS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Sciences | Economic Factors
Document Number: 284525

28.

Title: IAEN: Current Issues in the Economics of HIV / AIDS. AIDS and education, April 25, 2003. Transcript.
Author: International AIDS Economics Network [IAEN]
Source: [Palo Alto, California], Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003. 43 p.
Abstract: Each country with a slightly different focus on the piece of research and in Malawi, the piece I'm going to talk about today is really embedded in a much larger study, a larger longitudinal study. But because of some of the data that we're finding in our pupils and teachers in the conditions of AIDS in Malawi, we decided that we should look a little bit further into what the impact is on the classroom and specifically on learning, so that's going to be the focus of my remarks and I hope really it stimulates some discussion. We're at the beginning of looking at this issue more systematically in the classroom, so I hope I don't fall into the category that Steve referred to earlier as maybe I should have come next year instead of this year. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | EDUCATION | ECONOMICS | IMPACT | HEALTH POLICY | Organizations | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Sciences | Communication | Policy
Document Number: 284061

29.

Title: IAEN: Current Issues in the Economics of HIV / AIDS. Contrasts and comparisons of simulation modeling exercises and their use in analysis of policy options and interventions, Thursday, April 24, 2003. Transcript.
Author: International AIDS Economics Network [IAEN]
Source: [Palo Alto, California], Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003. 61 p.
Abstract: The problem that we were addressing with this model was the fact that most countries now have strategic plans for organizing the national HIV/AIDS effort. But, that there�s very little strategic analysis of the funding that goes into that plan. In fact, the costing (unintelligible) after the goals are already set. This creates a variety of problems, but the major one is that the funding and the goals are not linked in any way that allows you to see how changes in the funding, either in the total amount or in the allocation, effects the goals you can achieve. It means, it makes it difficult to set reasonable goals. It also makes it difficult to do strategic allocation funding. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | ECONOMICS | IMPACT | HEALTH POLICY | Research Methodology | Studies | Organizations | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Sciences | Communication | Policy
Document Number: 284059

30.

Title: IAEN: Current Issues in the Economics of HIV / AIDS. Effective strategies for resource mobilization and resource allocation -- global and regional perspectives, Thursday, April 24, 2003. Transcript.
Author: International AIDS Economics Network [IAEN]
Source: [Palo Alto, California], Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2003. 49 p.
Abstract: I want to talk about now a kind of evaluation for a couple of minutes that is perhaps a little bit different than what we think about when we say monitoring and evaluation and I want to start out by whispering something that you are not allowed to repeat outside of this room and that's that, well I think we have very convincing evidence of the effectiveness of specific interventions intervention of HIV/AIDS. I don't think we know what works at the level of communities or countries. We have very little information about what works at that level. We have three very important randomize community trials that you are probably all familiar with. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | ECONOMICS | IMPACT | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | Organizations | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Sciences | Communication | Policy
Document Number: 284057


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