1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Looking for sex in all the wrong places. Author: Camargo KR Jr; Mattos RA Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3(S2):92-104. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of how issues on sexuality are captured by the World Bank's economic rationality, producing a sanitised discourse which, through its silences, further contributes to a normalised view of sexuality. Given the Bank's authority to determine what kinds of health and development programmes are established in the developing world, it is in a unique position to influence approaches to issues of gender and sexuality. An analysis of the Bank's documents reveals, however, that rather than addressing these fundamental components of some of the most pressing health emergencies of our time, its economic rationality and technocratic viewpoint has effectively silenced and sanitised the discourse on sexuality, thereby limiting what sexuality and gender-related issues can be tackled in the context of Bank sponsored programmes, and constraining efforts to advance fundamental sexual rights. Nevertheless, unexpected and paradoxical results may arise from that process, which, thus, does not necessarily lead to the furthering of a comprehensive conservative agenda. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | WORLD BANK | SEXUALITY | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC POLICY | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Policy | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Communication | Human Rights Document Number: 327685 |
| 2. Title: Trips and public health: solutions for ensuring global access to essential AIDS medication in the wake of the Paragraph 6 Waiver. Author: Greenbaum JL Source: Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy. 2008 Fall;25(1):142-65. Abstract: In 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO) proposed a waiver to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), known as the "Paragraph 6 Waiver," in order to create flexibility for developing countries and to allow easier importation of cheap generic medication. ... To the companies who own pharmaceutical patents, the notion that a government can use their product without the permission of the patent holder seems unfair and counterproductive. ... Canada was one of the first countries to enact legislation for the sole purpose of exporting generic drugs to developing countries and its experience is indicative of the problems presented by compulsory licensing and the Paragraph 6 Waiver. ... Exact amounts and methods for determining remuneration vary but presumably a fair system would compensate patent holders for the loss of their patent rights while maintaining the system's cost effectiveness for countries issuing the compulsory licenses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | POLICYMAKERS | PRIVATE SECTOR | AIDS PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | LEGISLATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy Document Number: 330589 |
3.  Title: Poverty, employment and globalisation: A gender perspective. Author: Heintz J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):12-13. Abstract: Fundamental and far-reaching changes have taken place in the world economy over the past several decades that have had a profound impact on the lives of women and men. Two key aspects of the transformation are (i) the heightened and growing degree of global economic, social and cultural integration-i.e. the process of 'globalisation'-and (ii) a shift in policy stance towards deregulated markets, privatisation, a smaller role for the state and a relatively narrow focus on reducing inflation. These changes impact employment and poverty outcomes for women and men. Gender dynamics are central to this discussion. Whether households stay out of poverty in this changing global environment may hinge on whether women participate in the labour force and have access to decent paid employment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | POVERTY | EMPLOYMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 323220 |
| 4. Title: From being property of men to becoming equal owners? Early impacts of land registration and certification on women in southern Ethiopia. Revised. Author: Holden S; Tefera T Source: [Oslo], Norway, Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority, Centre for Property Rights and Development, 2008 Jan 2. 94 p. Final research report prepared for UNHABITAT, Shelter Branch, Land Tenure and Property Administration Section. Abstract: Land reforms are again high on the international policy agenda as can be seen from the establishment of the Commission for Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the increasing number of land reform programs funded by the World Bank in recent years and the establishment of the Global Network for Pro Poor Land Tools (GLTN). Among these tools are land registration and certification, wherein husbands and wives are given joint titles to their land. Land certification has been implemented in Ethiopia since 1998 and over 5 million certificates have been delivered. This is the largest delivery of non-freehold rights in such a short time period in Sub Saharan Africa. The new federal and regional land proclamations that form the basis for this land reform, aim to increase tenure security and strengthen women's rights to land as to ensure more sustainable use of land resources. This particular study in the Oromiya region (OR) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia, aims to assess the early impacts of land registration and certification that has been implemented there since 2004. Special emphasis is placed on the impacts of the reform on women, including the impacts of joint certification for husbands and wives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | LAND TENURE | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | AGRARIAN REFORM | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Political Factors | Policy | Rural Development Document Number: 325492 |
| 5. Title: Family policy in Germany: appraisal and assessment. Author: Honekamp I Source: Journal of Family History. 2008 Oct;33(4):452-64. Abstract: The German government spends about euro 185 billion on measures to support families. This amount is above European Union average, but still, families have become smaller and the number of childless couples has increased. This article outlines some of the 145 German policy measures to support families and their purpose. An assessment that takes into account economic theory and empirical studies shows that an increase of monetary incentives could influence the decision to bear a child only moderately. This implies that policy measures alone cannot be held responsible for the entire difference in fertility rates between countries. Cited studies based on surveys among the German and French populations reveal how different attitudes of the population may also play their role in determining the fertility rate of a country. Language: English Keywords: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL MODELS | ECONOMIC MODEL | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY POLICY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FAMILY SIZE | VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS | FERTILITY | ECONOMIC POLICY | INCENTIVES | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330744 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Global costs of attaining the Millennium Development Goal for water supply and sanitation. Author: Hutton G; Bartram J Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):13-19. Abstract: Target 10 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to "halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". Because of its impacts on a range of diseases, it is a health-related MDG target. This study presents cost estimates of attaining MDG target 10. We estimate the population to be covered to attain the MDG target using data on household use of improved water and sanitation for 1990 and 2004, and taking into account population growth. We assume this estimate is achieved in equal annual increments from the base year, 2005, until 2014. Costs per capita for investment and recurrent costs are applied. Country data is aggregated to 11 WHO developing country subregions and globally. Estimated spending required in developing countries on new coverage to meet the MDG target is US$ 42 billion for water and US$ 142 billion for sanitation, a combined annual equivalent of US$ 18 billion. The cost of maintaining existing services totals an additional US$ 322 billion for water supply and US $216 billion for sanitation, a combined annual equivalent of US$ 54 billion. Spending for new coverage is largely rural (64%), while for maintaining existing coverage it is largely urban (73%). Additional programme costs, incurred administratively outside the point of delivery of interventions, of between 10% and 30% are required for effective implementation. In assessing financing requirements, estimates of cost should include the operation, maintenance and replacement of existing coverage as well as new services and programme costs. Country-level costing studies are needed to guide sector financing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WHO | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC POLICY | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Water | Public Health | Health | Financial Activities | Policy Document Number: 323459 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring the role of economic empowerment in HIV prevention. Author: Kim J; Pronyk P; Barnett T; Watts C Source: AIDS. 2008 Dec;22 Suppl 4:S57-71. Abstract: It has been argued that women's economic vulnerability and dependence on men increases their vulnerability to HIV by constraining their ability to negotiate the conditions, including sexual abstinence, condom use and multiple partnerships, which shape their risk of infection. In the face of escalating infection rates among women, and particularly young women, many have pointed to the potential importance of economic empowerment strategies for HIV prevention responses. Global evidence suggests that the relationship between poverty and HIV risk is complex, and that poverty on its own cannot be viewed simplistically as a driver of the HIV epidemic. Rather, its role appears to be multidimensional and to interact with a range of other factors, including mobility, social and economic inequalities and social capital, which converge in a particularly potent way for young women living in southern Africa. To date, there have been few interventions that have explicitly attempted to combine economic empowerment with the goal of HIV prevention, and even fewer that have been rigorously evaluated. This paper explores how programmes such as microfinance, livelihood training and efforts to safeguard women's food security and access to property have begun to incorporate an HIV prevention focus. Although such circumscribed interventions, by themselves, are unlikely to lead to significant impacts on a national or regional scale, they are useful for testing cross-sectoral partnership models, generating practical lessons and providing a metaphor for what might be possible in promoting women's economic empowerment more broadly. Despite numerous calls to 'mainstream AIDS' in economic development, cross-sectoral responses have not been widely taken up by government or other stakeholders. We suggest potential reasons for limited progress to date and conclude by presenting programme and policy recommendations for further exploring and harnessing linkages between economic empowerment and HIV prevention in Southern Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | THEORETICAL MODELS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | POVERTY | TRAINING PROGRAMS | FOOD SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 330382 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The economics of scaling up: cost estimation for HIV/AIDS interventions. Author: Kumaranayake L Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S23-33. Abstract: The scaling up of HIV/AIDS programming has been one of the most extensive undertakings in international public health. Yet decision-makers are encountering significant uncertainties about financing and the need to understand programming costs at different scales of delivery. To review the economic methodologies for examining costs and variation by scale. To summarize and synthesize the current evidence related to the provision of HIV/AIDS interventions and scaling up. We used a review of economic methodologies to generate a conceptual framework for classifying existing data, looking at both short-run and long-run perspectives. A review of the literature was performed using PubMed and available grey literature. Factors facilitating comparison and generalizability are highlighted. There is growing evidence of scale variation among the costs of HIV/AIDS interventions. Scale variation has been found to explain 26-70% of cost variation across locations for similar interventions. Average costs may become larger or smaller as the volume of services expands, depending on the level of coverage and type of intervention. Key constraints to scaling up include infrastructure investments and cost results need to be interpreted in this light. Evidence to date suggests that cost efficiencies associated with scale may reflect different ways of delivering services at higher volumes, including lower quality outputs. There is still, however, an extremely limited economic evidence base and mechanisms to integrate economic analyses into routine programme monitoring are recommended. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | POLICYMAKERS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | CAPACITY BUILDING | ECONOMIC POLICY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | MONITORING | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Program Evaluation Document Number: 328187 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Financing the response to AIDS: some fiscal and macroeconomic considerations. Author: Maacker M Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S17-22. Abstract: This article examines the international response to AIDS from a fiscal perspective: first the financing of the international response to AIDS, especially the role of external financing, and second, a more comprehensive perspective on the costs of the national response to AIDS relevant for fiscal policy. The second half of the article focuses on the effectiveness of the response to AIDS. We find that there is little basis for concerns about macroeconomic constraints to scaling up, in light of the moderate scale of AIDS-related aid flows relative to overall aid. Regarding sectoral constraints, the picture is more differentiated. Many countries with high prevalence rates have also achieved high rates of access to treatment, but most of these are middle-income countries. Our econometric analysis credits external aid as a key factor that has enabled higher-prevalence countries to cope with the additional demands for health services. At the same time, gross domestic product per capita and health sector capacities are important determinants of access to treatment. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | POLICYMAKERS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PREVALENCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CAPACITY BUILDING | ECONOMIC POLICY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Measurement | Program Sustainability | Policy Document Number: 328186 |
| 10. Title: Is there really a "feminisation of poverty"? Author: Medeiros M; Costa J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):24-25. Abstract: The term 'feminisation of poverty' refers to an increase in the relative levels of poverty among women and/or female headed households. It deserves special attention from policy makers since it is related to two negative phenomena: gender inequality and poverty. Given that the increase of poverty among a social group tends to set priorities for public policies, in the last decade the discourse on feminisation has had some impact on the agenda to promote gender equality in the economic sphere. This, however, comes at the risk of collapsing the broader gender inequality concerns into a pure poverty agenda. Based on the available evidence about Latin America and some developed countries, this article briefly reviews whether there really is a generalised feminisation of income poverty. Irrespective of this, we argue that poverty-as currently measured-captures only a small part of important gender inequalities in the economic sphere. Much has been said about a feminisation of poverty in the world. But such a feminisation should not be confused with higher levels of poverty among women or female-headed households. The term 'feminisation' relates to the way poverty changes over time, whereas 'higher levels of poverty' refers to the levels of poverty at a given moment; it includes the so-called over-representation among the poor. Thus, feminisation is a process while 'higher poverty' is a state. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN | HOUSEHOLDS | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC POLICY | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | HOME ECONOMICS | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323226 |
| 11. Title: The (political) economics of antiretroviral treatment in developing countries. Author: Nattrass NJ Source: Trends In Microbiology. 2008 Dec;16(12):574-9. Abstract: Despite unprecedented international mobilisation to support universal provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), national governments continue to play the key role in determining access to treatment. Whereas some AIDS-affected countries have performed as well as or better than expected given their level of development, institutional characteristics and demographic challenges (e.g. Thailand and Brazil), others (notably South Africa) have not. This article argues that the 'economics' of antiretroviral drug delivery is at heart a political-economy of access to treatment. It depends on commitment on the part of national governments to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies over patented antiretroviral drug prices, on their policy towards compulsory licensing, and on the approach they adopt to delivering HAART. Civil society has an important role to play in encouraging governments to become, and remain, committed to taking action to ensure sustainable and widespread access to HAART. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DEMOCRACY | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy Document Number: 330286 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: "Rice is essential but tiresome; You should get some noodles": Doi Moi and the political economy of men's extramarital sexual relations and marital HIV risk in Hanoi, Vietnam. Author: Phinney HM Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Apr;98(4):650-660. Abstract: Research from around the world has suggested that married women's greatest risk for contracting HIV is from having sexual intercourse with their husbands. On the basis of 6 months of ethnographic research in Hanoi, Vietnam, I argue that the contemporary nature of the HIV epidemic in Hanoi is shaped by 3 interrelated policies implemented in 1986 as part of the government's new economic policy, Doi Moi (Renovation). Together, these policies structure men's opportunities for extramarital sexual relations and encourage wives to acquiesce to their husbands' sexual infidelity, putting both at risk of HIV. I propose 4 structural intervention strategies that address the policies that contribute to men's opportunities for extramarital liaisons and to marital HIV risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | MEN | SPOUSE | URBAN POPULATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | HIV PREVENTION | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Policy | Political Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Behavior | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 325568 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences. Author: Sigle-Rushton W Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502. Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 327723 Notification |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Time is costly': Modelling the macroeconomic impact of scaling-up antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Ventelou B; Moatti JP; Videau Y; Kazatchkine M Source: AIDS. 2008 Jan 2;22(1):107-113. Abstract: Macroeconomic policy requirements may limit the capacity of national and international policy-makers to allocate sufficient resources for scaling-up access to HIV care and treatment in developing countries. An endogenous growth model, which takes into account the evolution of society's human capital, was used to assess the macroeconomic impact of policies aimed at scaling-up access to HIV/AIDS treatment in six African countries (Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe). The model results showed that scaling-up access to treatment in the affected population would limit gross domestic product losses due to AIDS although differently from country to country. In our simulated scenarios of access to antiretroviral therapy, only 10.3% of the AIDS shock is counterbalanced in Zimbabwe, against 85.2% in Angola and even 100.0% in Benin (a total recovery). For four out of the six countries (Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast), the macro-economic gains of scaling-up would become potentially superior to its associated costs in 2010. Despite the variability of HIV prevalence rates between countries, macroeconomic estimates strongly suggest that a massive investment in scaling-up access to HIV treatment may efficiently counteract the detrimental long-term impact of the HIV pandemic on economic growth, to the extent that the AIDS shock has not already driven the economy beyond an irreversible 'no-development epidemiological trap'. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | POLICYMAKERS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN CAPITAL | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Human Resources | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Evaluation Indexes Document Number: 322745 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimating the costs of achieving the WHO-UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006 -- 2015. Author: Wolfson LJ; Gasse F; Lee-Martin SP; Lydon P; Magan A Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Jan;86(1):27-39. Abstract: The objective was to estimate the cost of scaling up childhood immunization services required to reach the WHO-UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) goal of reducing mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases by two-thirds by 2015. A model was developed to estimate the total cost of reaching GIVS goals by 2015 in 117 low- and lower-middle-income countries. Current spending was estimated by analysing data from country planning documents, and scale-up costs were estimated using a bottom-up, ingredients-based approach. Financial costs were estimated by country and year for reaching 90% coverage with all existing vaccines; introducing a discrete set of new vaccines (rotavirus, conjugate pneumococcal, conjugate meningococcal A and Japanese encephalitis); and conducting immunization campaigns to protect at-risk populations against polio, tetanus, measles, yellow fever and meningococcal meningitis. The 72 poorest countries of the world spent US$ 2.5 (range: US$ 1.8-4.2) billion on immunization in 2005, an increase from US$ 1.1 (range: US$ 0.9-1.6) billion in 2000. By 2015 annual immunization costs will on average increase to about US$ 4.0 (range US$ 2.9-6.7) billion. Total immunization costs for 2006-2015 are estimated at US$ 35 (range US$ 13-40) billion; of this, US$ 16.2 billion are incremental costs, comprised of US$ 5.6 billion for system scale-up and US$ 8.7 billion for vaccines; US$ 19.3 billion is required to maintain immunization programmes at 2005 levels. In all 117 low- and lower-middle-income countries, total costs for 2006-2015 are estimated at US$ 76 (range: US$ 23-110) billion, with US$ 49 billion for maintaining current systems and $27 billion for scaling-up. In the 72 poorest countries, US$ 11-15 billion (30%-40%) of the overall resource needs are unmet if the GIVS goals are to be reached. The methods developed in this paper are approximate estimates with limitations, but provide a roadmap of financing gaps that need to be filled to scale up immunization by 2015. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WHO | UNICEF | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | VACCINES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC POLICY | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Financial Activities | Policy Document Number: 323460 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Poverty and pro-poor policies for Pacific Island countries. Author: Abbott DF Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Dec;22(3):59-74. Abstract: Although generalizations can be misleading given the diversity of Pacific island countries' situation, the overall trend is that the Polynesian countries have been performing relatively well, the Micronesian countries of the north Pacific have been struggling to maintain gains already made, while Melanesian countries, notably those that have been impacted by natural disasters or where there has been conflict or civil/political tension, a reversal of earlier development progress is being witnessed. The result is that many countries in the Pacific are off-track to achieve at least five or more of the eight Millennium Development Goals. Weak fiscal situations, the impact of global externalities, concern over the future impact of climate change, and high levels of domestic rural/urban migration are all factors which are adversely affecting the ability and commitment of Governments in the Pacific to implement the policy initiatives necessary to realize significant achievements towards the Millennium Development Goals. Indeed the impact of oil price rises, climate change and demography, including the consequences of labour mobility and the growing threat of HIV/AIDS, are having profound affects on the likely long-term sustainability of some small island States. These issues therefore set very challenging policy agendas for human development in the Pacific islands. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | GOALS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | UNEMPLOYMENT | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Employment | Financial Activities Document Number: 326120 |
| 17. Title: Public-private partnerships and global health equity: prospects and challlenges. Author: Asante AD; Zwi AB Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2007 Oct-Dec;4(4):176-80. Abstract: Health equity remains a major challenge to policymakers despite the resurgence of interest to promote it. In developing countries, especially, the sheer inadequacy of financial and human resources for health and the progressive undermining of state capacity in many under-resourced settings have made it extremely difficult to promote and achieve significant improvements in equity in health and access to healthcare. In the last decade, public-private partnerships have been explored as a mechanism to mobilise additional resources and support for health activities, notably in resource-poor countries. While public-private partnerships are conceptually appealing, many concerns have been raised regarding their impact on global health equity. This paper examines the viability of public-private partnerships for improving global health equity and highlights some key prospects and challenges. The focus is on global health partnerships and excludes domestic public-private mechanisms such as the state contracting out publicly-financed health delivery or management responsibilities to private partners. The paper is intended to stimulate further debate on the implications of public-private partnerships for global health equity. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PRIVATE SECTOR | INEQUALITIES | HEALTH POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | ECONOMIC POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Management | Health Document Number: 328761 |
| 18. Title: The feminization of poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: A story told by the women of Bayview, Chatsworth. Author: Benjamin S Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):175-206. Abstract: The adoption of neoliberal economic policies by South Africa as it entered into its democratic era, resulted in thousands, if not millions, of poor South Africans plummeting deeper into poverty. The same people who found themselves poor under apartheid, found themselves caught in a cycle of poverty that seemed to be worsening in democratic South Africa. With the privatization of basic services, many South Africans have found that they have no access to water, electricity, or health care and that they are now being evicted from their homes. This article tells the story of an urban community in South Africa which is home to one of the community organizations, the Bayview Flat Residents Association, that gave rise to the first wave of community struggles against evictions in post-apartheid South Africa. This community struggle and the Bayview Flat Residents Association, have been led by poor, black, urban women who continue to bear the burdern of poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | COMMUNITY | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | ECONOMIC POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HOUSING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Organization and Administration Document Number: 320686 |
| 19. Title: South African politics, inequalities, and HIV / AIDS: Applications for public health education. Author: Cunha M Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):207-219. Abstract: The bulk of the response to the HIV/AIDS crisis in South Africa has been in the form of interventions that address risk behaviors, but not the context in which such behaviors occur. Literature reviews have identified poverty, mobility, and gender inequality as the three major social determinants shaping the AIDS epidemic in developing nations and, specifically, in South Africa. This article first aims to describe how HIV/AIDS risk behavior is linked to social determinants and how social and political power structures have influenced these relationships. The second part of the article encourages public health professionals and HIV/AIDS activists to continue to develop both theories associated with health and inequalities, and interventions that call for social and economic change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PUBLIC HEALTH | POLITICAL FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | HIV PREVENTION | ECONOMIC POLICY | SEX EDUCATION | POVERTY | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Education | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 320687 |
| 20. Title: Globalisation and work: An insight from the Ghananian and Nigerian women experience. Author: Fayankinnu EA; Alo OA Source: Gender and Behaviour. 2007 Jun;5(1):1129-1161. Abstract: This paper examines the implication(s) of globalisation on women in Ghana and Nigeria and suggested policy options. From a qualitative perspective, the paper argued using a comparative approach, that , in spite of the benefits globalisation parades, it has been inherently hostile than pleasant on women in both countries. The policies of deregulation, privatization, devaluation, trade liberalization, monetary restraint, liquidity squeeze and tariff dismantling introduced into both countries as part of the globalisation process led to feminization of employment without corresponding micro benefits for women (female marginalisation).This had consequences for women as the pattern of employment changed from permanent to flexible or casual labour. Thus, women employed under this condition earn low wage, work longer hours, lack job security, deprived of their reproductive rights, and lack union protection. Job loss for women increased due to liberalization of trade which affected women more in the informal sector where they are highly concentrated. Removal of subsidies on goods and services increased prices of commodities and made life difficult for women especially with their unemployed situation. Thus, health care and education fees became unaffordable, leading to decline in health care users. Women lost out with increase in mortality rates, and infections of diseases. Girls had to be withdrawn at the expense of boys from school to assist in domestic chores as well as generate income for the upkeep of the family. This also rendered girls vulnerable to molestation, sexual harassment, rape, pregnancy and STIs. Thus, globalisation increased than reduce women's poverty. The paper concludes by suggesting that the government should increase spending on health and education, encourage women to join unions, organize women in the informal sector, and encourage employers to pay casual workers benefits enjoyed by permanent workers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | ECONOMIC POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | LABOR UNIONS | UNEMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Organizations | Employment | Socioeconomic Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 318182 |
| 21. Title: Poverty and development [editorial] Author: Fosu AK Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 Oct;85(10):734. Abstract: posited that the process of development entails changes in incomes over time. Larger income levels achieved via positive economic growth, appropriately discounted for population growth, would constitute higher levels of development. As many have noted, however, the income measure fails to adequately reflect development in that per-capita income, in terms of its levels or changes to it, does not sufficiently correlate with measures of (human) development, such as life expectancy, child/infant mortality and literacy. The United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) human development index (HDI) constitutes an improved measure for development. HDI has been modified to be gender-sensitive with variants that reflect gender inequality. Various measures reflecting Sen's "capability" concept, such as civil and political rights, have also been incorporated. Countries where the level of poverty is relatively large tend also to exhibit low values of human development, thus lowering the mean values of the development measures. Where inequalities of development indicators are very large, however, the average values may not sufficiently reflect the conditions of the poor, requiring the need to concentrate on poverty per se. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | POLICYMAKERS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC POLICY | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | EMPLOYMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | GOALS | UN | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Planning | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 321011 |
| 22. Title: Free trade, alternative trade and women in Peru: A first look. Author: Henrici J Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):145-157. Abstract: Transnational policies affect alternative trade organizations that reinvest their profits in poorer communities. As transnational corporations expand, low-wage workers - particularly the women preferentially hired in this sector - initially find themselves with greater employment opportunities. These then decrease over time as traditional income sources and local businesses decline. Based on earlier ethnographic research in Lima, this article provides the framework for a new study to discern how trade regulations might affect projects that assist low-income women in Peru. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | PRIVATE SECTOR | POVERTY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ECONOMIC POLICY | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 320684 |
| 23. Title: Neo-liberal globalization in the Philippines: Its impact on Filipino women and their forms of resistance. Author: Lindio-McGovern L Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):15-35. Abstract: This article argues that neo-liberal globalization is not a neutral process. Using the Philippines as a case in point, it shows that neo-liberal policies have exacerbated poverty especially within already marginalized communities, and especially among women, while benefiting transnational capital and wealthier nations. Consequently, neo-liberal globalization has engendered conflict and resistance both on the home front and across national borders. The politics of GABRIELA, the militant women's movement organization in the Philippines, and Migrante International, a coalition of Filipino migrant organizations overseas, are examined. Both organizations challenge neo-liberal globalization in the Philippines. The nation-state is implicated in the implementation of neo-liberal policies and in the politics of resistance. In the former, the state plays an instrumentalist role; in the latter, the state is a target for transformation and is called upon to take the side of those who are harmed by globalization. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | GOVERNMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POVERTY | ECONOMIC POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy Document Number: 320680 |
| 24. Title: Women and neoliberal globalization inequities and resistance. Author: Lindio-McGovern L Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):285-297. Abstract: The articles in this special issue demonstrate that neoliberal globalization has a detrimental impact on most women and their families in the global South or Third World. These essays reveal that not only does globalization exacerbate their already subordinate position in the global political economy, but also that women are fighting back. They have devised various ways to resist the negative consequences of neoliberal policies and corporate globalization on their everyday lives and on their nation states. Their politics of resistance offers strategies, insights and practical ideas about how a better, more just world can be achieved. This concluding article focuses on the common themes that appear throughout the articles in this issue, and it gives particular attention to the contradictions of neoliberal globalization and how these contradictions create resistance to it as well as the search for equitable and empowering alternatives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WORKERS | POLICYMAKERS | LABOR FORCE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC POLICY | PRIVATE SECTOR | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | POVERTY | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Women's Status | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 320688 |
| 25. Title: Women's rights in a global context. Author: McLaren MA Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):159-173. Abstract: The classical liberal theories of rights overemphasize individual autonomy. Feminists from a variety of approaches criticize this individualistic model. Other feminists argue that rights discourse is essential to help end discrimination against women. However, these proponents of international women's rights too often focus on legal and political rights at the expense of economic rights. In a global context it is important to recognize the interconnections between different kinds of rights. A case study of the cooperative organization Marketplace/SHARE illustrates the importance of economic empowerment to the overall goal of advancing the cause of women's rights and equality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | FEMINISM | SEX DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | COOPERATIVES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Interest Groups | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Human Rights | Organizations Document Number: 320685 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Experiences of democracy in South Africa from a feminist perspective. Author: Meer S Source: Development. 2007;50(1):96-103. Abstract: Shamim Meer highlights the need for ongoing organization in civil society in order to achieve the redistribution necessary to change unequal and oppressive social relations that continue to exist in South Africa despite the new democracy. She explores how and why shifts took place in South Africa from a liberation movement's dreams of socialism or at the very least social democracy, and an end to sexism, to a pragmatic acceptance that there is no alternative to a neoliberal economic and political order, as that movement became the ruling party in a new democratic order. She points to the need to engage in struggles over meanings of both democracy and feminism, at the same time as material struggles are waged. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GOVERNMENT | DEMOCRACY | GENDER ISSUES | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | SOCIAL CHANGE | INEQUALITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Policy Document Number: 317534 |
| 27. Title: Madagascar naturellement: Birth control is my environmental priority. Author: Ravalomanana M Source: In: Environmental Change and Security Program report. Issue 12 2006-2007, [compiled by] Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Environmental Change and Security Program. Washington, D.C., Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2007. :8-11. Abstract: At the recent marriage of my daughter, I altered the traditional wish of the father at Malagasy weddings, which is for the couple to have 14 children: seven sons and seven daughters. Instead, I wished the couple "to have a healthy life together and three children." I have also tried to change the way everyone in my country thinks about raising families because I have a strong personal commitment to balancing population growth with sustainable natural resources. In my first four years as president, I have developed a far-reaching plan to free Madagascar from a cycle of poverty that harms the people and destroys the island's rich biodiversity. My dream, which I call "Madagascar Naturellement," is that we can build a strong economy, invest in our people, and maintain the nation's precious natural treasures. Family planning lies at the heart of all of these efforts. And here is how it all comes together. My country's strengths outnumber its weaknesses and we believe in our ability to succeed. Potentially, we are a rich country. We have important natural resources, a favorable climate, strong cultural values, hard-working farmers, and opportunities in agriculture, livestock, fisheries, mining, and wood. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | POVERTY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Environment Document Number: 324687 |
| 28. Title: Budgeting with women in mind. Author: Stotsky JG Source: Finance and Development. 2007 Jun;44(2):[9] p. Abstract: When leaders in developed and developing countries alike ponder ways to boost growth, reduce inequality, and improve living standards, the enduring battle of the sexes is most likely the last thing on their minds. But they might want to think again. Gender differences have long been incorporated into economic analysis at the microeconomic level in such fields as public finance, labor, and development economics. For instance, different migration patterns for men and women in developing countries from rural to urban areas have long been a staple of models in development economics and contribute to our understanding of the overall development process. But more recently, the focus has turned to the potential macroeconomic implications of gender differences in behavior-both for understanding economic developments and for formulating sensible policies. Gender differences in behavior that are the outcome of private decisions or reflect the influence of public policies may lead to different outcomes in the macroeconomy, with implications for aggregate consumption, investment, and government spending and, hence, national output. Yet fiscal policies are rarely formulated to take account of gender. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | INEQUALITIES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | CONSUMPTION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Policy | Political Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Health Document Number: 317669 |
| 29. Title: Urban policy implications of international migration. Source: Habitat Debate. 2006 Sep;12(3):10-11. Abstract: Declining transport costs and the universal reach of the media showing how much better life can be elsewhere are two major factors of globalisation behind the growing numbers of international migrants in the modern world. International migrants are heading increasingly towards urban areas, particularly large cities where they have better job prospects. It is in cities where they can join the informal sector, taking up low-paid service jobs, and tap into the shelter and job networks that cities provide. Migration policies are generally determined at the national government level. Migration affects labour markets and welfare policies. It alters demographic trends. And almost everywhere it is considered as a security issue. Faced with the challenges raised by international migration, most governments seek to curb it. International migration only compounds the conditions which globalisation has created. Migrants arriving from abroad usually are low-income workers, though they rarely are among the poorest. In developing countries, most end up living in informal settlements lacking basic services, healthy living conditions and security of tenure. In transition economies and in several cities in the economically advanced countries, slums and irregular settlements were first established by international migrants. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | URBAN POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | MIGRATION POLICY | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Geographic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy Document Number: 315642 |
| 30. Title: Gender equality as smart economics: a World Bank Group gender action plan (fiscal years 2007-10). Author: World Bank Source: [Washington, D.C.], World Bank, 2006 Sep. [29] p. Abstract: This Action Plan seeks to advance women's economic empowerment in the World Bank Group's client countries in order to promote shared growth and accelerate the implementation of Millennium Development Goal 3 (MDG3 - promoting gender equality and women's empowerment). The Plan would commit the World Bank Group to intensify and scale up gender mainstreaming in the economic sectors over four years, in partnership with client countries, donors, and other development agencies. The Bank Group and its partners would increase resources devoted to gender issues in operations and technical assistance, in Results-Based Initiatives (RBIs), and in policy-relevant research and statistics. An assessment at the end of the four-year period would determine whether to extend the Action Plan's timeframe. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WORLD BANK | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | ECONOMIC POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | MONITORING | HUMAN RESOURCES | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy Document Number: 326797 |
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