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Title: The economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in Nigeria.
Author: Adedigba MA; Naidoo S; Abegunde A; Olagundoye O; Adejuyigbe E; Fakande I
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009 Apr;8(1):107-114.
Abstract: The study estimates the economic burden of HIV and AIDS on households in a Nigerian population. The data derive from a cross-sectional survey of households affected by HIV or AIDS in Ife-Ijesa Zone, Osun State, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 117 purposively selected, consenting adult HIV patients attending a general and teaching hospital. Participants were asked to self-report monetary expenses for HIV-related care, loss of savings, and funeral costs. The data show a significantly sharp drop in the participants' household income as a result of care for HIV-related illnesses, from the time of knowing one's HIV status to the time of illness, among three occupational categories (artisans, civil servants and unemployed; p = 0.02). Mean income among those in the unemployed category fell by 84.1%, income among artisans dropped by 72.6%, and income among civil servants decreased by 44.4%. The monetary loss during the course of HIV-related illnesses was heaviest for the artisan group, followed by the unemployed and the civil servants. Those who had lost a substantial part of their savings to HIV-related care were most numerous among the unemployed, followed by artisans and civil servants. Out of 16 households, 11 (42.3%) had received support from relatives during a funeral ceremony. There was a significant association between the occupational group and working for more hours after illness ( 2 = 9.28, df = 4; p = 0.05). Nearly all orphaned children were distributed to the extended family following the AIDS death of a parent. Among all the occupational groups, borrowing from a cooperative society during the course of HIV-related sickness was the commonest form. The findings add to data showing that despite the extended family support system, adult deaths due to AIDS continue to undermine the viability of sub-Saharan African households.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | EXPENDITURES | INCOME | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 341292

Title: Eliminating world poverty: Building our common future.
Author: Akkerhuys Z; Allan T; Andreyeva R; Arthy B; Chalinder P
Source: Norwich, United Kingdom, The Stationery Office, 2009 Jul. 154 p.
Abstract: The White Paper represents a fundamental shift in the way the UK delivers development aid, refocusing resources onto fragile countries and for the first time treating security and justice as a basic service alongside health, education, water and sanitation. Fifty per cent of new bilateral funding will be committed to fragile countries. Key announcements in Building our Common Future include: A renewed commitment to 0.7 per cent of UK Gross National Income (GNI) for international development, meaning a contribution of �9bn per year by 2013; Measures to reduce maternal mortality rates and potentially save the lives of six million mothers and babies by 2015; Plans to support over eight million more children in Africa to go to school; Doubling of funding to �1bn for African infrastructure including transport, energy and trade in the region; A tripling of funding to support developing countries to recover stolen assets, and new resources to Interpol, as part of a major effort to stamp out corruption; Increased investment in the Central Emergency Response Fund for humanitarian aid at the UN.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 331494

Peer Reviewed

Title: The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges.
Author: Coovadia H; Jewkes R; Barron P; Sanders D; McIntyre D
Source: Lancet. 2009 Sep 5;374(9692):817-34.
Abstract: The roots of a dysfunctional health system and the collision of the epidemics of communicable and non-communicable diseases in South Africa can be found in policies from periods of the country's history, from colonial subjugation, apartheid dispossession, to the post-apartheid period. Racial and gender discrimination, the migrant labour system, the destruction of family life, vast income inequalities, and extreme violence have all formed part of South Africa's troubled past, and all have inexorably affected health and health services. In 1994, when apartheid ended, the health system faced massive challenges, many of which still persist. Macroeconomic policies, fostering growth rather than redistribution, contributed to the persistence of economic disparities between races despite a large expansion in social grants. The public health system has been transformed into an integrated, comprehensive national service, but failures in leadership and stewardship and weak management have led to inadequate implementation of what are often good policies. Pivotal facets of primary health care are not in place and there is a substantial human resources crisis facing the health sector. The HIV epidemic has contributed to and accelerated these challenges. All of these factors need to be addressed by the new government if health is to be improved and the Millennium Development Goals achieved in South Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PUBLIC HEALTH | COLONIALISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | FAMILY LIFE | VIOLENCE | HEALTH SERVICES | HUMAN RESOURCES | POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health | Political Systems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Family and Household | Behavior | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 342803

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh state of India to inform resource allocation.
Author: Dandona L; Kumar SG; Kumar GA; Dandona R
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 14;23(2):233-42.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct composite economic analysis of HIV prevention interventions to inform efficient utilization of resources in India. METHODS: We obtained output and economic cost data for the 2005-2006 fiscal year from a representative sample of 128 public-funded HIV prevention programmes of 14 types in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Using data from various sources, we developed a model to estimate the number of HIV infections averted. We estimated the additional HIV infections that could be averted if each intervention reached optimal coverage and the associated cost. RESULTS: In a year, 9688 HIV infections were averted by public-funded HIV prevention interventions in Andhra Pradesh. Scaling-up interventions to the optimal level would require US$38.8 million annually, 2.8 times the US$13.8 million economic cost in 2005-2006. This could increase the number of HIV infections averted by 2.4-fold, if with higher resources there were many-fold increases in the proportional allocation for programmes for migrant labourers, men who have sex with men and voluntary counselling and testing, and reduction of the high proportion for mass media campaigns to one-third of the 2005-2006 proportion of resource utilization. If the proportions of resource allocation for interventions remained similar to 2005-2006, the higher resources would avert 54% of the additional avertable HIV infections. CONCLUSION: The recent four-fold increase in public funding for HIV/AIDS control in India should be adequate to scale-up HIV prevention interventions to an optimal level in Andhra Pradesh, but the prevention would be suboptimal if additional investments were not preferentially directed to some particular interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | HIV INFECTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | FUNDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation
Document Number: 330502

Title: Systematic analysis of research underfunding in maternal and perinatal health.
Author: Fisk NM; Atun R
Source: BJOG. 2009 Feb;116(3):347-56.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little published evidence supports the widely held contention that research in pregnancy is underfunded compared with other disease areas. OBJECTIVES: To assess absolute and relative government and charitable funding for maternal and perinatal research in the UK and internationally. SEARCH STRATEGY, SELECTION CRITERIA, DATA COLLECTION, AND ANALYSIS: Major research funding bodies and alliances were identified from an Internet search and discussions with opinion leaders/senior investigators. Websites and annual reports were reviewed for details of strategy, research spend, grants awarded, and allocation to maternal and/or perinatal disease using generic and disease-specific search terms. MAIN RESULTS: Within the imprecision in the data sets, < or =1% of health research spend in the UK was on maternal/perinatal health. Other countries fared better with 1-4% investment, although nonexclusive categorisation may render this an overestimate. In low-resource settings, government funders focused on infectious disease but not maternal and perinatal health despite high relative disease burden, while global philanthropy concentrated on service provision rather than research. Although research expenditure has been deemed as appropriate for 'reproductive health' disease burden in the UK, there are no data on the equity of maternal/perinatal research spend against disease burden, which globally may justify a manyfold increase. AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review of research expenditure and priorities from national and international funding bodies suggests relative underinvestment in maternal/perinatal health. Contributing factors include the low political priority given to women's health, the challenging nature of clinical research in pregnancy, and research capacity dearth as a consequence of chronic underinvestment.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | CHILDBIRTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY | GRANTS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | EXPENDITURES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Organizations | Pregnancy Outcomes | Reproduction | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology
Document Number: 331089

Title: Family planning and economic well-being: new evidence from Bangladesh.
Author: Gribble J; Maj-Lis V
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 May. 4 p.
Abstract: A new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau looks at the effects of long-term investment in an integrated family planning and maternal and child health program. Drawing on research and data that spans more than 30 years, the evidence reinforces the importance of sustained investment in reproductive health programs, showing that families in communities where the program was implemented became wealthier and healthier than families who lived in other, similar communities.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | HOUSEHOLDS | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | INCOME | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Diseases
Document Number: 328046

Title: Individual versus household migration decision rules: gender and marital status differences in intentions to migrate in South Africa.
Author: Gubhaju B; De Jong GF
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):31-61.
Abstract: This research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision-making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held "own-future" versus alternative "household well-being" migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender-marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the "maximizing one's own future" neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the "maximizing household income" proposition for married men with short-term migration intentions, and the "reduce household risk" proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | NEVER MARRIED | MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | GENDER ISSUES | MARITAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341299

Title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative first-trimester pregnancy termination strategies in Mexico City.
Author: Hu D; Grossman D; Levin C; Blanchard K; Goldie SJ
Source: BJOG. 2009 May;116(6):768-79.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the comparative health and economic outcomes associated with three alternative first-trimester abortion techniques in Mexico City and to examine the policy implications of increasing access to safe abortion modalities within a restrictive setting. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis. SETTING: Mexico City. POPULATION: Reproductive-aged women with unintended pregnancy seeking first-trimester abortion. METHODS: Synthesising the best available data, a computer-based model simulates induced abortion and its potential complications and is used to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative safe modalities for first-trimester pregnancy termination: (1) hospital-based dilatation and curettage (D&C), (2) hospital-based manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), (3) clinic-based MVA and (4) medical abortion using vaginal misoprostol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of complications, lifetime costs, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy. RESULTS: In comparison to the magnitude of health gains associated with all safe abortion modalities, the relative differences between strategies were more pronounced in terms of their economic costs. Assuming all options were equally available, clinic-based MVA was the least costly and most effective. Medical abortion with misoprostol provided comparable benefits to D&C, but cost substantially less. Enhanced access to safe abortion was always more influential than shifting between safe abortion modalities. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the provision of safe abortion is cost-effective and will result in reduced complications, decreased mortality and substantial cost savings compared with unsafe abortion. In Mexico City, shifting from a practice of hospital-based D&C to clinic-based MVA and enhancing access to medical abortion will have the best chance to minimise abortion-related morbidity and mortality.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Public Health
Document Number: 342068 Notification

10.

Title: Confidential inquiries into maternal deaths: Modifications and adaptations in Ghana and Indonesia.
Author: Hussein J; D'Ambruoso L; Armar-Klemesu M; Achadi E; Arhinful D; Izati Y; Ansong-Tornui J
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 8;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Factors contributing to the limited use of confidential inquiries into maternal deaths include the negative focus and demotivating effect of such inquiries, perceptions of unavailability of sufficient documentation of events, and lack of time and resources. To ascertain whether these problems can be overcome, variations to confidential inquiries into maternal deaths were introduced in Ghana and Indonesia. METHODS: Clinical review panels were set up as part of the usual process of confidential inquiries, and modifications to the confidential inquiries were introduced. In Ghana, the traditional confidential inquiry process focusing on health facility care was modified to introduce the assessment of positive factors. In addition to the assessment of positive factors, adaptations in Indonesia consisted of including cases of obstetric complications, as well as deaths, and the use of interview testimonials as data sources. Information about resource and time needs for conducting confidential inquiries was collected. RESULTS: The introduction of positive aspects to the process provided a balanced and more motivating setting for the inquiry. The data obtained from case notes in district hospitals and interview testimonials provided sufficient information to assess why maternal deaths and severe complications occurred. The costs of conducting the inquiries ranged from US $4000 to US $11000 (per study), and the estimated time required for a panel member to review each case was more than 3 hours. CONCLUSION: This study introduced practical ways to encourage the implementation of maternal death reviews, inquiries, and audits that are context specific and, therefore, acceptable to local practitioners.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PERCEPTION | MOTIVATION | TIME FACTORS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | AUTOPSY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341454

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Italy's path to very low fertility: the adequacy of economic and second demographic transition theories.
Author: Kertzer DI; White MJ; Bernardi L; Gabrielli G
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):89-115.
Abstract: The deep drop of the fertility rate in Italy to among the lowest in the world challenges contemporary theories of childbearing and family building. Among high-income countries, Italy was presumed to have characteristics of family values and female labor force participation that would favor higher fertility than its European neighbors to the north. We test competing economic and cultural explanations, drawing on new nationally representative, longitudinal data to examine first union, first birth, and second birth. Our event history analysis finds some support for economic determinants of family formation and fertility, but the clear importance of regional differences and of secularization suggests that such an explanation is at best incomplete and that cultural and ideational factors must be considered.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | FERTILITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331297

12.

Title: Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States.
Author: Landau S; Besinque K; Chung F; Dries-Daffner I; Maderas NM; McGhee BT; Foster DG
Source: Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-50.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess pharmacist interest, comfort level, and perceived barriers regarding providing pharmacist-initiated access to hormonal contraceptives (i.e., tablets, patches, rings, injectables, emergency contraception [EC]). DESIGN: Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. SETTING: United States between November 2004 and January 2005. PARTICIPANTS: 2,725 pharmacists working in community chain pharmacies (64%), community independent pharmacy (31%), and other practice settings, including hospitals and home care facilities (5%). INTERVENTION: Survey sent electronically by the American Pharmacists Association to a random sample of 14,142 of its 50,000 pharmacist members nationally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharmacist interest and comfort level in providing pharmacy access to hormonal contraception (HC), perceived barriers and training needs, and familiarity with and provision of EC. RESULTS: 2,725 survey responses (19% response rate) were received. Pharmacists reported being very familiar with HC. The majority of respondents were comfortable and interested in providing direct access to HC in the pharmacy. Perceived barriers to providing HC in the pharmacy included lack of time, no mechanism of reimbursement for the service, and possible resistance from physicians. CONCLUSION: Strong interest, comfort level, and capability from pharmacists, combined with a documented demand for direct pharmacy access from patients, indicate that pharmacy access to HC has the potential to meet patient needs and increase access to HC. Education about current clinical practice recommendations-which no longer require pelvic examinations and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears before hormonal contraception is initiated-may increase pharmacist support for providing hormonal methods directly.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PHARMACISTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | TIME FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 330051

13.

Title: Age at first reproduction and economic change in the context of differing kinship ecologies.
Author: Leonetti DL; Nath DC
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):438-47.
Abstract: Kinship systems which tend to be based on ecologies of subsistence also assign differential power, privilege, and control to human connections that present pathways for manipulation of resource access and transfer. They can be used in this way to channel resource concentrations in women and hence their reproductive value. Thus, strategic female life course trade-offs and their timing are likely to be responsive to changing preferences for qualities in women as economic conditions change. Female life histories are studied in two ethnic groups with differing kinship systems in NE India where the competitive market economy is now being felt by most households. Patrilineal Bengali (599 women) practice patrilocal residence with village exogamy and matrilineal Khasi (656 women) follow matrilocal residence with village endogamy, both also normatively preferring three-generation extended households. These households have helpful senior women and significantly greater income. Age at first reproduction (AFR), achieved adult growth (height) and educational level (greater than 6 years or less) are examined in reproductive women, ages 16-50. In both groups, women residing normatively are older at AFR and taller than women residing nonnormatively. More education is also associated with senior women. Thus, normative residence may place a woman in the best reproductive location, and those with higher reproductive and productive potential are often chosen as households face competitive market conditions. In both groups residing in favorable reproductive locations is associated with a faster pace of fertility among women, as well as lower offspring mortality among Khasi, to compensate for a later start.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CHANGES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Social Change
Document Number: 342989

14.
Title: The contributing role of tourism in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean.
Author: Orisatoki RO; Oguntibeju OO; Truter EJ
Source: Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2009 Apr-Jun;18(2):143-8.
Abstract: The first confirmed case of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean was reported in 1982, however a recent report by UNAIDS shows that the epidemic has risen to over 250,000 persons living with the virus with the highest prevalence rates shown to be in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Various factors ranging from commercial sex trading to unsafe injection employed for drug abuse have been identified to play a contributing role in this increase. Also, the role and impact of tourism on the spread of HIV infection has been reported. Due to concerns shown by countries and territories who are dependent on tourism and that they rank amongst the most highly affected by HIV/AIDS in the region, this paper endeavours to examine the impact of HIV/AIDS and the contributing role of tourism to HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean.
Language: English
Keywords:
CARIBBEAN | CRITIQUE | SEX WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | PREVALENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SEX BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Americas | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 342685

15.
Title: [AIDS along Brazil's borders, 1990-2003] A AIDS nas regioes de fronteira no Brasil de 1990 a 2003.
Author: Rodrigues-Junior AL; de Castilho EA
Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud P�blica / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;25(1):31-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the AIDS epidemic in Brazil's border areas, from the spatial and temporal perspective. METHODS: This was an ecological study in which the cases of AIDS reported to the Ministry of Health of Brazil from 1990-2003 were grouped according to "hunger areas" as defined by Josue de Castro in the 1940s and according to 19 cultural subregions. Spatial assessment was based on incidence rates for border municipalities; temporal assessment considered the absolute number of cases occurring quarterly from 1990-2003 in each of the hunger areas studied (Extreme South, Midwest, and Amazon). RESULTS: During the study period, 7,973 cases of AIDS were reported from the Brazilian border areas: 648 in the Amazon area, 1,579 in the Midwest, and 5,746 in the Extreme South (populations of 668,098, 895,489, and 2,769,361, respectively). The subregions with the highest AIDS incidence rates in each of the three border areas were those near triple-borders, between more than two Latin American countries. Sexual transmission was predominant, with heterosexual transmission being the most frequent, followed by transmission by male homosexuality. These two categories accounted for 87.2% of the cases reported. The estimates of the trend parameter in the temporal analysis were 0.53 (P < 0.0001), 0.83 (P < 0.0001), and 3.47 (P < 0.0001), respectively, for the Amazon, Midwest, and Extreme South areas. CONCLUSION: The improvement of health care services along Brazil's borders may be a strategy for territorial integration and for dealing with the AIDS epidemic, as long as social, economic, and cultural differences are taken into account.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | AIDS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341613

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Asset ownership and health and mental health functioning among AIDS-orphaned adolescents: findings from a randomized clinical trial in rural Uganda.
Author: Ssewamala FM; Han CK; Neilands TB
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;69(2):191-198.
Abstract: This study evaluated an economic empowerment intervention designed to promote life options, good health, and good mental health among AIDS-orphaned adolescents in rural Uganda. The study used an experimental design in which adolescents (N=267) were randomly assigned to receive an economic empowerment intervention or usual care for orphaned children. The study measured mental health functioning using 20 items of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS: 2)-a standardized measure for self-esteem-and measured overall health using a self-rated health measure. Data obtained at a 10-month follow-up revealed significant positive effects of the economic empowerment intervention on adolescents' self-rated health and mental health functioning. Additionally, health and mental health functioning were found to be positively associated with each other.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | RURAL POPULATION | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MENTAL HEALTH | INTERVENTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SAVINGS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 339855

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Community influences on young people's sexual behavior in 3 African countries.
Author: Stephenson R
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;99(1):102-109.
Abstract: The author analyzed demographic and health survey data from Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Zambia from 2001 through 2003 to identify individual, household, and community factors associated with reports of risky sexual behaviors among youth aged 15-24. Community demographic profiles were not associated with reports of risky sexual behavior among young women but were influential in shaping the behavior of young men. Prevailing economic conditions and the behaviors and attitudes of adults in the community were strong influences on young people's sexual behaviors. These results provide strong support for a focus on community-level influences as an intervention point for behavioral change.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | YOUTH | COMMUNITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SEX FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ATTITUDES | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 328584

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Female selective abortion - beyond 'culture': family making and gender inequality in a globalising India.
Author: Unnithan-Kumar M
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1.
Abstract: There is an emerging global discourse on female selective abortion (FSA) as several Asian countries witness an increasing imbalance in their sex ratios in favour of boys. While there is an attendant increase in demographic and social surveys on the issue, little is understood about FSA as either a desired or contested practice of family making in the contexts in which it is practiced. Drawing on the accounts of feminists, doctors and lower, middle-class Hindu and Muslim women and their families in Rajasthan, Northern India, the paper explores differing perceptions and attitudes to FSA in the region. Focusing on the agency of pregnant women who resort to FSA, the paper suggests that gender inequality and marriage anxieties shape especially lower-middle-class women's engagement with reproductive technologies, including those of sex selection. The paper also concludes that the decisions of both Hindu and Muslim lower-middle-class women to abort female babies is informed by their shared, pragmatic understanding of the economic realities of gender discrimination and of their social obligation as wives to reproduce a particular quality of patriarchal family.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | SEX PREFERENCE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | FEAR | MARRIAGE | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SOCIAL CLASS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ABORTION | PATRIARCHY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 341495

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The gender approach in community AIDS projects in Mozambique: agreement and disagreement between government and civil society.
Author: Villela WV; Barber-Madden R
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):694-9.
Abstract: This article discusses some areas where government and civil society converge and clash in their gender approaches in community HIV/AIDS projects in Mozambique, based on an evaluative study conducted in 2006 encompassing 160 of the 1,124 NGO projects undertaken with the support of the country's national AIDS council, known as the Conselho Nacional de Combate ao SIDA (CNCS). An analysis of projects and official documents shows that, for the CNCS, the term 'gender' represents a way of underscoring the epidemic's impact on women. In community projects, the gender approach often times finds expression in initiatives to mitigate the economic impact of the epidemic on widows. Initiatives aimed at men and at the population as a whole generally pay little attention to power relations between men and women or their affect on the epidemic. This suggests that any endeavor to transfer Western analytical techniques or forms of intervention for coping with the HIV/AIDS epidemic to other regions of the world demands painstaking efforts to translate these and adapt them to local cultural standards.
Language: English
Keywords:
MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | GENDER RELATIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342664

20.

Title: Seasonal modulation of reproductive effort during early pregnancy in humans.
Author: Vitzthum VJ; Thornburg J; Spielvogel H
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):548-58.
Abstract: Life history theory predicts that early pregnancy presents a relatively low cost, uncontested opportunity for a woman to terminate investment in a current reproductive opportunity if a conceptus is of poor quality and/or maternal status or environmental conditions are not propitious for a successful birth. We tested this hypothesis in rural Bolivian women experiencing substantial seasonal variation in workload and food resources. Significant risk factors for early pregnancy loss (EPL) included agropastoralism versus other economic strategies, conception during the most arduous seasons versus other seasons, and increasing maternal age. Anovulation rate (AR) was higher during the most arduous seasons and in older women. Breastfeeding and indicators of social status and living conditions did not significantly influence either risk of EPL or AR. Averaged over the year, anovulation occurred in about 1/4 of the cycles and EPL occurred in about 1/3 of the conceptions. This is the first evidence of seasonality of EPL in a non-industrialized population, and the first to demonstrate a relationship between economic activities and EPL. These findings suggest that both anovulation and EPL are potential mechanisms for modulating reproductive effort; such "failures" may also be nonadaptive consequences of conditions hostile to a successful pregnancy. In either case, variation in EPL risk associated with different subsistence activities can be expected to influence fertility levels and birth seasonality in both contemporary and past human populations. These consequences of variability in the risk of EPL can impact efforts to understand the sources of variation in reproductive success.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOLIVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | PREGNANCY | SEASONAL VARIATION | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | RISK FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Health | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342988

21.

Title: A Qualitative Analysis of the Economic Impact of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy on Individuals and Households in Uganda.
Author: Wagner G; Ryan G; Huynh A; Kityo C; Mugyenyi P
Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Aug 10;
Abstract: Abstract Despite the acceleration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the social and economic effects of ART on individuals and households. In January 2008, we conducted semistructured interviews with 24 adult ART clients attending urban and rural HIV clinics operated by Joint Clinical Research Center in Uganda. Using content analysis we explored changes in physical health, work activity and asset management from before HIV to after ART. Twenty-one (88%) participants were working prior to HIV (mostly microenterprises and subsistence farming), of whom 18 had to stop work at least temporarily after onset of HIV. After ART, 20 (83% of the sample) were engaged in some type of work, but for many it was not at the same level as before HIV. Also, most that previously had salaried employment were unable to return to the formal labor market. Two thirds of the sample reported having to sell off at least some of their land, capital, or household property after HIV, and few were able to buy it back after ART. A majority (67%) reported that economic support from family was instrumental after the onset of HIV, and for 38% this support continued to be necessary after ART. These findings highlight that while ART helps people to regain a capacity to work, other economic supports are needed to enable individuals and households to reestablish their livelihoods, especially in resource-constrained settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | HOUSEHOLDS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMPACT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Communication | Social Welfare
Document Number: 342532

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Improving maternal and child health in difficult environments: the case for "cross-border" health care.
Author: Walraven G; Manaseki-Holland S; Hussain A; Tomaro JB
Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Jan 13;6(1):e5.
Abstract: Health indicators, including levels of maternal and infant mortality, are very different in adjacent geographical border areas of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. These differences reflect the combined and complex interplay of elements within the different health systems, as well as political, economic, social, and cultural factors. Reducing maternal and child mortality requires focus and balance in all of these dimensions and can best be achieved through service interventions underpinned by general development. A policy promoting "cross-border" health programmes could immediately make available existing resources that could contribute to reducing maternal and child mortality in all three geographical locations. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | BORDER CROSSING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CULTURE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CHILD SURVIVAL | MATERNAL HEALTH | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality
Document Number: 330709

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A chorus of disapproval [editorial]
Source: Nature. 2008 Jul 31;454(7204):551.
Abstract: The fight against AIDS is losing ground, but the current spate of mud-slinging is far from helpful. The global conversation about AIDS is beginning to sound like a high-decibel exercise in finger-pointing and blame. This dangerous trend should be on the minds of the thousands of attendees convening in Mexico City this weekend for the XVII International AIDS Conference. Thirty-three million people around the world are HIV-positive, and more than 6,800 become infected every day. Tests on microbicides and vaccines have failed, and have put some volunteers at greater risk of HIV infection. Yet critics are attacking the very programmes and people trying to solve these problems, with some even calling for an end to government spending on the search for a vaccine. This is an overreaction. As many scientists point out, the search for a malaria vaccine has seen dozens of failed trials, whereas only three AIDS vaccines have so far been tested in efficacy studies. What is needed are better vaccine candidates to test, so it makes sense that the major backers of HIV vaccine trials, including the US National Institutes of Health, are now focusing on the basic research that could help the field move forward. Meanwhile, two books published last year claim that the United Nations AIDS programme, UNAIDS, has led an ineffective, politically motivated response to the disease and has distorted statistics in an effort to garner more money. And critics such as Roger England, who runs a small think tank in Grenada, argue that spending on AIDS has distorted poor countries' priorities and weakened their health systems. England proposes that UNAIDS be shut down, and the money spent on AIDS programmes shifted to general funding for health systems. Amid the debate on these questions, the founding director of UNAIDS, Peter Piot, announced in April that he would step down at the end of this year, throwing the agency into uncertainty at a crucial time. There is no doubt that many poor countries' health systems are struggling, but it is wrong to say that AIDS aid is responsible. In fact, AIDS programmes have shown how poor countries can use new models to deliver needed care, for instance by providing antiretroviral treatments effectively, putting to rest claims that the costly drugs could not be used correctly outside resource-rich nations. It is also wrong to assume that governments will spend money effectively to fight AIDS if given funds to support health systems overall, as England suggests. Today, many strategies for delivering AIDS treatment target groups such as women, homosexuals and intravenous drug users that have been ignored by governments in the past - neglect that fuelled the spread of the disease. More money should be spent on both AIDS and strengthening health-care systems. And this will be possible if donor governments live up to their promises, such as the pledges of general and disease-specific aid to Africa that were repeated this July at the G8 meeting in Japan. On that front, it is heartening that the US House and Senate have reauthorized $48 billion for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ($9 billion of which is for fighting malaria and tuberculosis). If President Bush signs the bill as expected, the programme will also permit the US government to reverse the shameful and embarrassing policy that bans travellers with HIV from entering the country. That might serve as an example to other governments that still sanction discrimination against those who are HIV-positive. The world is still far from achieving the goal adopted in 2000 by UN member states, which pledged to provide universal access to AIDS treatment by 2010. Three million people now receive lifesaving antiretroviral drugs, but 70% of those in low- to middle-income countries who need them don't get them. Indeed, the example of wealthy nations themselves shows what happens when they lose focus on AIDS. In the United States, for instance, reports now indicate that HIV infection rates have begun to rise in Latinos and young gay men. The activists and scientists about to meet in Mexico City must demand that leaders keep their eye on the ball. The world now has models for providing treatment and care in the places that sorely need it, and is in a position to make more tangible gains against AIDS. This is no time to backslide, and the Mexico City meeting must deliver this message loud and clear. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | UNAIDS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 328254

24.

Title: 2008 Africa population data sheet.
Author: African Population and Health Research Center; Population Reference Bureau [PRB]
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008. 11 p.
Abstract: Even as African women use family planning more and bear fewer children, the continent's youthful population will fuel the continent's growth for many decades to come. Africa's population of 967 million is projected to grow to 1.9 billion by 2050, according to the 2008 Africa Population Data Sheet, produced by the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) and the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). The report highlights the regional differences within Africa, especially between sub-Saharan and Northern Africa. Contraceptive use has increased fastest in Northern and Southern Africa, and as a result, the number of children the average woman in those regions has during her lifetime has dropped from nearly six children in the early 1980s to around three in 2005. This has slowed population growth in those regions. In most Eastern, Western, and Middle African countries, however, use of family planning remains low, and fertility rates have dropped little, with women averaging between five and six children. Educational attainment, considered an important element in reducing poverty, has increased in many countries, especially at the primary level. But fewer than 75 percent of primary school-age children were enrolled in primary school in Chad, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and several other countries. African countries have made less progress getting children to advance to secondary school. For all of sub-Saharan Africa, the average net enrollment for secondary school is 28 percent. The 2008 Africa Population Data Sheet also includes a series of indicators on population growth, urbanization, family planning use, teenage motherhood, HIV/AIDS, and gross national income per capita for African countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | TABLES AND CHARTS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | INFANT MORTALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Mortality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Health
Document Number: 328222

25.

Title: AIDS Strategy and Action Plan (ASAP): a service of UNAIDS. Business plan 2008-2009.
Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]. AIDS Strategy and Action Plan [ASAP]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, ASAP, 2008. 30 p.
Abstract: This ASAP Business Plan sets out the operational direction for 2008-2009 of the UNAIDS AIDS Strategy and Action Plan service. It presents the history of ASAP, explains how ASAP is governed, and describes operational achievements to date. These have included delivery of 15 peer reviews, provision of technical support to 29 countries, development of four technical tools for country use and initiation of a capacity building program. The document also presents conclusions of the ASAP Assessment which found that: ASAP had generally met the expectations set out in the ASAP Business Plan for 2006-07 in terms of the quantity and quality of work and adherence to agreed operating principles; ASAP is on track to meet the quantitative goal for technical support, development of tools, and capacity building; The mix of technical support has been stronger than anticipated on broad strategic planning and less on action planning, reflecting the relatively low demand received by ASAP in this area to date; ASAP outputs have been good, especially the peer reviews, the Self-Assessment Tool, and the planning effort for the capacity building program; The review noted that is was not possible to assess ASAP's impact on the quality of strategic and action planning at this early stage in the program; Finally, the assessment pointed out that since ASAP has already fully committed funds for capacity building and for the MEAN program, there is sufficient funding for new country requests only through the second quarter of 2008. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | PEER REVIEW | POLICYMAKERS | UNAIDS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | CAPACITY BUILDING | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | HIV PREVENTION | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Program Sustainability | Social Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 326308

26.

Title: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008. The MPOWER package.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008. 329 p.
Abstract: Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. This year, tobacco will kill more than five million people - more than tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. By 2030, the death toll will exceed eight million a year. Unless urgent action is taken tobacco could kill one billion people during this century. Tobacco is the only legal consumer product that can harm everyone exposed to it - and it kills up to half of those who use it as intended. Yet, tobacco use is common throughout the world due to low prices, aggressive and widespread marketing, lack of awareness about its dangers, and inconsistent public policies against its use. Most of tobacco's damage to health does not become evident until years or even decades after the onset of use. So, while tobacco use is rising globally, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun. But we can change the future. The tobacco epidemic is devastating - but preventable. The fight against tobacco must be engagedforcefully and quickly - with no less urgency than battles against life-threatening infectious diseases. We can halt the tobacco epidemic and move towards a tobacco-free world - but we must act now. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | POPULATION AT RISK | TOBACCO USE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | INDOOR AIR POLLUTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | TAXATION | ADVERTISING | PROMOTION | Research Methodology | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Pollution | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Diseases | Behavior Change | Communication Programs | Communication | Financial Activities | Marketing
Document Number: 324513

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproduction in upheaval: Ethnic-specific fertility responses to societal turbulence in Kazakhstan.
Author: Agadjanian V; Dommaraju P; Glick JE
Source: Population Studies. 2008 Jul;62(2):211-233.
Abstract: This study contributes to the literature on demographic adjustments to societal crises by examining ethnic-specific probabilities of having first, second, and third marital births in late-twentieth-century Kazakhstan. Discrete-time logit models, employing data from the 1995 and 1999 Kazakhstan Demographic and Health Surveys, are fitted. The results show that the probability of a first birth responded to societal cataclysms of the post-Soviet transition, but this response was most manifest and enduring in the ethnic group that had been most demographically advanced and that also found itself most politically and economically vulnerable. While ethnic differences in the probabilities of second and third births were generally more pronounced than in the probability of first birth, the pace of their post-Soviet decline was relatively uniform across all ethnic groups. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
KAZAKHSTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | ETHNIC GROUPS | FIRST BIRTH | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Birth Intervals
Document Number: 327527

28.

Title: Impact of urban agriculture on water reuse and related activities on the rural population of the coastal settlements of Ondo State, Nigeria.
Author: Akegbejo-Samsons Y
Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008 Sep;8(1):48-62.
Abstract: Throughout the globe, agriculture is increasingly a part of city landscapes. Rising demands for water to supply agriculture, industry and cities are leading to competition over the allocation of limited water resources. It has been observed that coastal wetland settlements are usually worse hit by discharge and effluents of upper-stream water uses. This paper discusses the practice of urban agriculture (UA) and fishing, which is a predominant coastal activity in the coastal settlements of Ondo state of Nigeria. It highlights the problems and prospects of urban agriculture on the local economies of the study areas. Results from this study show that UA was a preferred complement to rural agricultural practice. It was observed that UA complemented supplies from rural agriculture, whereby arable crops and regular village menu items are produced along side perennial crops. Products like tomatoes, okra, African garden-eggs and peppers are produced to complement those produced from rural agriculture. Increasing coastal poverty was found to have assumed a staggering phenomenon in over 64% of the visited coastal cities. Community food security at the household level in the study area has forced the community to be involved in the following UA activities: (a) arable farming within open spaces and court yards; (b) vegetable production; (c) paddy rice production especially in cities like Mahin, Idiogba, that are located close to canals and lagoons; (d) cassava and yam production in upland coastal cities such as Igbokoda and Igbekebo. The results show that as successful as urban agriculture seems to be, incomes from fishing and other aquacultural activities was higher than rural and urban agriculture. Successful local water recycling has not been practicable in the study area and as a result the same quality of water is used for human, animal and agricultural purposes. Specifically, over 80% of household water demand is from canals, rivers and streams in these study areas. This was found to have a serious health implication. In monetary terms, incomes from fishing were found to be higher than that from urban agriculture by over 65%, however fishers still prefer to combine UA with fishing for reason of food intake (feeding the family with staple food varieties). Sustainable management of the coastal areas for overall productivity is advocated.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | WATER SUPPLY | RECYCLING | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | FISHING | FOOD SUPPLY | PUBLIC HEALTH | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Waste Management | Macroeconomic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Health | Economic Development
Document Number: 322519

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Confirming the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemics on household vulnerability in Asia: the case of Cambodia.
Author: Alkenbrack Batteh SE; Forsythe S; Martin G; Chettra T
Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S103-111.
Abstract: This study explores the effects of HIV and AIDS on household economics and the social wellbeing of children in HIV-affected families in Cambodia. A purposive sample of parents living with HIV and their children was selected from networks of people living with HIV. 'Nearest-neighbour' households served as the comparison group. Interviews were conducted with the parent and at least one child or adolescent in each household between October 2003 and January 2004. The urban/rural sample included 1000 households, 1000 adults, and 1443 children aged 6-17 years, inclusive, and was drawn from Phnom Penh, Battambang and Takeo provinces. Despite similar overall expenditures, HIV-affected households incurred proportionately larger expenditures on medical care and funerals. Income among case households was lower than comparison households. HIV-affected households were more likely to sell off assets, borrow from family members, take out loans, and ration medical care and food for children. Children in HIV-affected households reported eating fewer meals in a day, increased frequency of hunger, and increased household and employment responsibilities compared with comparison children. School enrollment rates were similar between pairs of households. The results add to growing evidence that HIV and AIDS contribute to increased vulnerability to poverty and increased burdens on families and children. This study corroborates findings from previous studies in Asia, while providing country-specific information to stakeholders in Cambodia. At this stage in the epidemic, policy makers should focus on implementing and evaluating mitigation interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HOUSEHOLDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | POVERTY | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health
Document Number: 328252

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Multi drug resistant tuberculosis: a challenge in the management of tuberculosis.
Author: Amukoye E
Source: African Journal of Health Sciences. 2008 Jan-Mar;15(1-2):6-13.
Abstract: Multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) will not usually respond to short course chemotherapy. Unless the individual infected with this bug is treated appropriately, they can continue spreading resistant strains in the community and further fuel the tuberculosis epidemic. Diagnosis requires drug sensitivity testing and the capability to do this is not widely available. Multi drug resistant tuberculosis has been reported all over Africa but the prevalence is still low. The treatment is not only expensive but also quite prolonged and compliance cannot be overemphasized. The recent outbreaks of extensive drug resistant TB further complicate the management and control of the disease. This is a perspective on challenges of managing MDR TB and its effect on the control program the information presented is gathered from published data.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUG RESISTANCE | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | MANAGEMENT | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323096


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