1.  Title: Philani program: a case study of an integrative approach of empowerment and social and economic development. Author: Austin SA; Mbewu N Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):148-60. Abstract: This article reports a case study of a South African nongovernmental organization's role in implementing maternal and child health care services for families in Khayelitsha, an informal township in the Western Cape. The township is an extremely poor community with high unemployment and many other social indicators of high need. The case study explores how services were enhanced to respond to the service needs of children and families. The role of economic development as a means of empowering the mothers is examined within the context of nongovernmental organization services. The implications of developing services that integrate social and economic development are discussed as a model for social work practice in the United States. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy Document Number: 341952 |
| 2. Title: On what diseases and health conditions should new economic research on health and development focus? Author: Behrman JR; Behrman JA; Perez NM Source: Health Economics. 2009 Apr;18 Suppl 1:S109-28. Abstract: Given the public goods nature of research, economic research on health in developing countries is likely to have the highest returns by focusing, inter alia, on diseases and health conditions that are relatively widespread and costly and that are relatively rapidly growing. This article first summarizes the time patterns in economic research on diseases and health in developing countries for 1990-2005. It then compares those time patterns with the distribution of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for diseases and health conditions in developing countries estimated for 2005 and for 2030. These comparisons suggest relatively overemphasis on HIV/AIDS and underemphasis on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This opens the possibility for individuals or organizations initiating, re-evaluating, or increasing their economic research on health and development to make a significant contribution by focusing particularly on the analysis of behaviour and policy choices related to NCDs. Careful consideration must, of course, be given to other demands, but on the basis of these two criteria, potential contributions are likely to be greatest from research with such a focus. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ECONOMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | DISEASES | INTERVENTIONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LENGTH OF LIFE | Research Methodology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341823 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS. Author: Meisenberg G Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 27;41:519-535. Abstract: SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with 'less developed' nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the average per capita income would decline by 0.79% per year. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | INTELLIGENCE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Mortality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341480 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Author: Myrskyla M; Kohler HP; Billari FC Source: Nature. 2009 Aug 6;460(7256):741-3. Abstract: During the twentieth century, the global population has gone through unprecedented increases in economic and social development that coincided with substantial declines in human fertility and population growth rates. The negative association of fertility with economic and social development has therefore become one of the most solidly established and generally accepted empirical regularities in the social sciences. As a result of this close connection between development and fertility decline, more than half of the global population now lives in regions with below-replacement fertility (less than 2.1 children per woman). In many highly developed countries, the trend towards low fertility has also been deemed irreversible. Rapid population ageing, and in some cases the prospect of significant population decline, have therefore become a central socioeconomic concern and policy challenge. Here we show, using new cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the total fertility rate and the human development index (HDI), a fundamental change in the well-established negative relationship between fertility and development as the global population entered the twenty-first century. Although development continues to promote fertility decline at low and medium HDI levels, our analyses show that at advanced HDI levels, further development can reverse the declining trend in fertility. The previously negative development-fertility relationship has become J-shaped, with the HDI being positively associated with fertility among highly developed countries. This reversal of fertility decline as a result of continued economic and social development has the potential to slow the rates of population ageing, thereby ameliorating the social and economic problems that have been associated with the emergence and persistence of very low fertility. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Migration Document Number: 342781 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Author: Park BJ; Wannemuehler KA; Marston BJ; Govender N; Pappas PG; Chiller TM Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):525-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most important HIV-related opportunistic infections, especially in the developing world. In order to help develop global strategies and priorities for prevention and treatment, it is important to estimate the burden of cryptococcal meningitis. DESIGN: Global burden of disease estimation using published studies. METHODS: We used the median incidence rate of available studies in a geographic region to estimate the region-specific cryptococcal meningitis incidence; this was multiplied by the 2007 United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS HIV population estimate for each region to estimate cryptococcal meningitis cases. To estimate deaths, we assumed a 9% 3-month case-fatality rate among high-income regions, a 55% rate among low-income and middle-income regions, and a 70% rate in sub-Saharan Africa, based on studies published in these areas and expert opinion. RESULTS: Published incidence ranged from 0.04 to 12% per year among persons with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest yearly burden estimate (median incidence 3.2%, 720 000 cases; range, 144 000-1.3 million). Median incidence was lowest in Western and Central Europe and Oceania (Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | MENINGITIS | COMPLICATIONS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | DEATH RATE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors Document Number: 341165 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Levels of change in adolescent sexual behavior in three Asian cities. Author: Zabin LS; Emerson MR; Nan L; Chaohua L; Ersheng G Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):1-12. Abstract: This study explored the dimensions and context of changes in romantic and sexual behaviors of Asian young people at three sites at different stages of modernization: Hanoi (early), Shanghai (intermediate), and Taipei (later stage). The authors conducted a survey of 17,016 males and females aged 15-24 in urban and rural settings in three large metropolitan areas. Survival analysis and Cox regressions were performed to explore ages of respondents at key transitions and the significance of differences between two age cohorts: 15-19 and 20-24. The authors found significant differences in levels of sexual and other transitions, even within the narrow time span reflected by the age cohorts. The findings highlight the differential impact of modernization on adolescent sexual behavior as traditional societies undergo social change, and they underline the importance of context in exploring youthful transitions. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | URBAN POPULATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | AGE FACTORS | MODERNIZATION | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341078 |
7.  Title: Rapid youth assessment in the Eastern Caribbean. Author: Educational Development Center [EDC] Source: Newton, Massachusetts, EDC, 2008 Aug. [84] p. Abstract: The Education Development Center conducted a rapid youth assessment to glean information and strategic ideas from a diverse range of stakeholders about the lives of 15- to 20-year-olds in Antigua, Grenada, St. Kitts, and St. Lucia in July 2008. Across the four islands, researchers interviewed 211 key informants from the private sector, government, nongovernmental organizations, community colleges, and international donor organizations. This report describes regional and country-specific youth programs, and it organizes the assessment's findings into three major sections: (1) a multisectoral analysis of key issues surrounding young people; (2) a supply (youth assets) and demand (key industries and emerging markets) analysis across the four countries; and (3) recommendations for youth strategy development. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | EDUCATION | HEALTH | POPULATION GROWTH | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342034 |
| 8. Title: Change lives, save lives. Reducing poverty with sexual and reproductive health. Author: Family Planning International Source: [Wellington, New Zealand], Family Planning International, [2008]. [15] p. Abstract: This set of speech cards and briefing sheets are tools to use in your work to promote the sexual and reproductive health of your people. You can use these to inform yourself and others, and to stimulate discussion about the situation in your country. The key message contained in the speech cards and briefing sheets is that by investing in sexual and reproductive health you will be able to prevent and eradicate poverty in your communities and country. (Excerpt) . Language: English Keywords: OCEANIA | CRITIQUE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 331851 |
| 9. Title: Paying the price. The economic cost of failing to educate girls. Author: Plan Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan, 2008. 11 p. Abstract: Perhaps it is impossible to quantify the difference it makes to individuals' confidence, well-being and life-chances. But there is increasing evidence that we can make a serious estimate of the cost to economies of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys. This report presents a new analysis of the economic cost of failing to educate girls. Based on World Bank research and economic data and UNESCO education statistics, it estimates the economic cost to 65 low and middle income and transitional countries of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys as a staggering US$92 billion each year. This is just less than the $103bn annual overseas development aid budget of the developed world. The message is clear: investment in girls' education will deliver real returns, not just for individuals but for the whole of society. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILD, FEMALE | EDUCATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 326794 |
| 10. Title: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, 21-23 January 2008. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Mar. 364 p. (ESA/P/WP.206) Abstract: In 2008, the world is reaching an important milestone: for the first time in history, half of the world population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization has significant social and economic implications: Historically, it has been an integral part of the process of economic development and an important determinant of the decline in fertility and mortality rates. Many important economic, social and demographic transformations have taken place in cities. The urban expansion, due in part to migration from rural to urban areas, varies significantly across regions and countries. The distribution and morphology of cities, the dynamics of urban growth, the linkages between urban and rural areas and the living conditions of the rural and urban population also vary quite substantially across countries and over time. In general, urbanization represents a positive development, but it also poses challenges. The scale of such challenges is particularly significant in less developed regions, where most of the urban growth will take place in the coming decades. To discuss trends in population distribution and urbanization and their implications, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development. The meeting, which took place from 21 to 23 January at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, brought together experts from different regions of the world to present and discuss recent research on urbanization, the policy dimensions of urban growth and internal migration, the linkages and disparities between urban and rural development, aspects of urban infrastructure and urban planning, and the challenges of climate change for the spatial distribution of the population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED KINGDOM | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | UN | GROUP MEETING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 325697 |
| 11. Title: Research subsidies, population control policies, and growth. Author: Alexandrakis C Source: Review of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;12(1):106-123. Abstract: Several R&D-based growth models without scale effects claim that subsidies to R&D are not conductive for economic growth while a faster growing population is. Yet, in an effort to maintain high growth rates, most OECD countries continue to subsidize R&D, while several developing countries are trying to control the size of their population. Are these countries misguided? This study introduces an R&D-based growth model that is characterized by complementarities between technology and human capital. The model is free of scale effects and consistent with the above-mentioned policies. By applying the model to US data the study uncovers a possible explanation for the productivity slowdown. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION GROWTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | TECHNOLOGY | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRODUCTIVITY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Financial Activities | Human Resources Document Number: 324779 |
| 12. Title: Gender equality and economic growth - for poverty reduction. Author: Alsop R; Healey P Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):14-15. Abstract: Analysis indicates that investments in gender equality can accelerate economic growth and poverty reduction. However, despite increasing interest in the growth effects of inequality and a resurgence of concern over gender discrimination, there is little to suggest that gender differentiation is consistently or effectively addressed in growth policy formulation or implementation. The evidence suggests that gender inequality and women's limited capacity to respond to economic opportunity inhibits growth via three main channels: Education affects women's capacity to make effective choices about employment, family planning and investments in children; Labour market participation impacts productivity, income and savings; Institutions govern women's asset use, time burden, and intra and extra household bargaining positions. There are serious limitations in current analysis resulting partly from lack of data and partly from the difficulties in examination of complex information. Creating better data and improving analysis are obviously priorities for well informed growth policy. In addition though, and even prior to better informed policy development, there is sufficient proof currently available to begin the process of addressing the detrimental growth and poverty effects of gender inequality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | EDUCATION | INSTITUTION BUILDING | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323221 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Author: Andre FE; Booy R; Bock HL; Clemens J; Datta SK Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Feb;86(2):140-146. Abstract: In low-income countries, infectious diseases still account for a large proportion of deaths, highlighting health inequities largely caused by economic differences. Vaccination can cut health-care costs and reduce these inequities. Disease control, elimination or eradication can save billions of US dollars for communities and countries. Vaccines have lowered the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and will control cervical cancer. Travellers can be protected against "exotic" diseases by appropriate vaccination. Vaccines are considered indispensable against bioterrorism. They can combat resistance to antibiotics in some pathogens. Noncommunicable diseases, such as ischaemic heart disease, could also be reduced by influenza vaccination. Immunization programmes have improved the primary care infrastructure in developing countries, lowered mortality in childhood and empowered women to better plan their families, with consequent health, social and economic benefits. Vaccination helps economic growth everywhere, because of lower morbidity and mortality. The annual return on investment in vaccination has been calculated to be between 12% and 18%. Vaccination leads to increased life expectancy. Long healthy lives are now recognized as a prerequisite for wealth, and wealth promotes health. Vaccines are thus efficient tools to reduce disparities in wealth and inequities in health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | VACCINATION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324407 |
| 14. Title: Fertility behavior in Armenia and Moldova: the decline during the post-Soviet transition and current preferences. Author: Billingsley S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008 Jul. 45 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 45) Abstract: In the context of a fertility decline across the countries of the former Eastern bloc, this paper analyzes the fertility decline in Armenia and Moldova using 2005 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) data. Easterlin's (1976) hypothesis about the negative impact on fertility of reducing living standards is contrasted with Becker's (1981) theory of opportunity costs. If Easterlin's hypothesis is true, we would expect to see women with lower resources suppress fertility because of the hardships brought on by the economic transition, especially for those with fewer marketable skills. Conversely, if Becker's theory is correct, opportunity costs would lead women with the highest earning potential to suppress their fertility. Specifically, the extent of parity declines is analyzed during the transition from Communism, with special attention given to identifying women for whom parity declines are greater. The conditions under which women currently want children are also analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between economic conditions and the desire for another child or the desired timing of childbirth. Since 1986, parity progression ratios have declined more for women with vocational education than for women with higher education or secondary education only. Logistic analyses of current fertility preferences suggest that women who are employed are more likely to want a second birth in both countries, whereas the wealthiest women in Armenia have higher odds of wanting a third birth. Armenian women have higher odds of wanting to postpone the next birth if their partners are unemployed, whereas Moldovan women who are employed prefer to postpone their next childbirth. Language: English Keywords: ARMENIA | MOLDOVA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STANDARD OF LIVING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | UNEMPLOYMENT | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 329537 |
| 15. Title: The burden of gender inequalities for society. Author: Costa J; Silva E Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):8-9. Abstract: Gender inequalities are present in many ways in the labour market. Two relevant indicators of these inequalities are the ratio between female and male participation in the paid workforce and the ratio between female and male hourly wages. These indicators reflect the fact that women face barriers to enter the labour market and, when they find a job, their earnings are lower than those of men. The gender gap indicators among urban adults in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador and Mexico are shown in the chart below. In each of these countries, the rate of economic activity among females is below 62 per cent while the male rate is higher than 84 per cent. The ratio between female and male labour market participation is not more than 0.6 in Chile and Mexico. The female hourly wage is around 80 per cent of that of males for all countries, except Argentina with a ratio of 92 per cent. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323218 |
| 16. Title: Gender, institutions and development: Better data, better policies. Author: Drechsler D Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):10-11. Abstract: Gender equality represents an untapped source when it comes to stimulating economic growth and promoting social development. This is particularly true in the developing world, where women are often systematically deprived from having equal access to social services as well as to physical and social capital. In fact, increased gender equality promises significant returns. Apart from being an important goal in itself, empowering women by improving their living conditions and enabling them to actively participate in the social and economic life of a country may well be the key for long-term sustainable development. According to the World Bank's World Development Report 2000/01, closing the gender gap in schooling would have significantly increased and sometimes more than doubled economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa. Despite international declarations on gender equality, as examplified by the Millenium Development Goals, only few countries have actually achieved gender equality in primary and secondary education. The differences are even more pronounced in higher education. In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, for example, girls only make up half of the number of students in tertiary education. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | INSTITUTION BUILDING | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL | POVERTY | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 323219 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: India's progress towards achieving the targets set in the millennium development goals [editorial] Author: Elizabeth KE Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;54(5):287-90. Abstract: The Millennium declaration signed by leaders of 189 countries and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted in 2000 by all the Member States of the United Nations have become a universal framework for development and a means for developing countries and their partners to work together. This blueprint agreed upon by all the countries has eight goals-which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education and gender equality by the target date of 2015-and has galvanized an unprecedented effort to meet the needs of all. The MDGs are interlinked and have set measurable time-bound goals on commitments in the development agenda. The status report on Millennium goals for India published in 2005 evaluates the progress made so far from the base year 1990 and also highlights the strategies developed for the attainment of the MDGs in 2005. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | POVERTY | DISEASE PREVENTION | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Planning | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 329716 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration - development nexus. Author: Faist T Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):21-42. Abstract: Migrant networks and organisations have emerged as development agents. They interact with state institutions in flows of financial remittances, knowledge, and political ideas. In the discursive dimension, the new enthusiasm on the part of OECD states and international organisations, such as the World Bank, for migrant remittances, migrant associations and their role in development, is a sign of two trends which have coincided. Firstly, community as a principle of development has come to supplement principles of social order such as the market and the state. Secondly, in the current round of the migration-development nexus, migrants in general and transnational collective actors in particular have been constituted by states and international organisations as a significant agent. In the institutional dimension, agents such as hometown associations, networks of businesspersons, epistemic networks and political diasporas have emerged as collective actors. These formations are not unitary actors, and they are frequently in conflict with states and communities of origin. The analysis concludes with reflections of how national states structure the transnational spaces in which non-state actors are engaged in cross-border flows, leading towards a tight linkage between migration control, immigrant incorporation and development cooperation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COMMUNITY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | IMMIGRANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | REMITTANCES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organizations | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Policy | Social Change Document Number: 323244 |
| 19. Title: "This is the time to get in front": Changing roles and opportunities for women in Liberia. Author: Fuest V Source: African Affairs. 2008 Apr;107(427):201-224. Abstract: Most research on women in war focuses on female losses. This article demonstrates that wars may also bring gains. The scope of political and economic roles that Liberian women perform today appears to be larger than before the war. Both individually and collectively, certain women have gainfully used openings the war provided them. The article discusses the historicity of Liberian gender roles, examining the social subgroups of politicians, businesswomen, women's organizations, employees, and school girls. Changes have also been fostered by the international peace-building and development business. Although the realization of female ambitions seems to be constrained by various institutional and economic factors, Liberia may harbour a unique potential for sustainable shifts in gender roles. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LIBERIA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WAR | PEACEMAKING | FEMALE ROLE | CHANGES | POWER | LEADERSHIP | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Change | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325875 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change. Author: Gjonca A; Aassve A; Mencarini L Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(11):261-292. Special Collection 7: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe. Abstract: For a very long time, Albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in Europe: in 2002 the total fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman was the highest in Europe. Although this current level is high, the country has experienced a rapid fertility reduction during the last 50 years: a TFR decline from 7 to 2.2. This reduction has occurred in the absence of modern contraception and abortion, which indicates the significance of investments in the social agenda during the communist regime that produced policies with indirect effects on fertility. Most significant of these were policies focused on education, in particular on female education. Social and demographic settings for a further fertility reduction in Albania have been present since 1990. Contraception and abortion have been legalized and available since the early 1990s, but knowledge of their use is still not widespread in the country, largely due to the interplay between traditional and modern norms of Albanian society. This chapter points out that future fertility levels will be determined not only by new policies that might be introduced, but predominantly by the balance of this interplay. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POPULATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327530 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Despite differences in legal status, abortion occurs at similar rates in developing and developed countries. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):55-56. Abstract: An estimated 42 million abortions occurred throughout the world in 2003, and although the vast majority were in developing countries, where abortion laws generally are restrictive and unsafe procedures common, overall abortion rates were similar in developed and developing countries-26 and 29 per 1,000 women of reproductive age, respectively. Nearly half of abortions were unsafe procedures, which occurred at a rate of 16 for every 1,000 women aged 15-44 in developing countries and two per 1,000 women in developed countries. These findings are part of the picture painted by the first comprehensive assessment of abortion worldwide since 1995. The researchers gathered data on safe abortions-"those that meet legal requirements in countries in which abortion is legally permitted under a broad range of criteria"-from official national reporting systems, nationally representative surveys and published reports. They examined the quality of the data and corrected for under-reporting of abortions when the data appeared to be incomplete. To estimate the incidence of unsafe abortions-procedures performed "by people lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that does not conform to minimum medical standards"-they relied mainly on data from hospital records, surveys and published studies. United Nations population and birth estimates were used for the calculations of abortion rates and ratios. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION RATE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 325198 Notification |
| 22. Title: Economic strengthening for vulnerable children. Principles of program design and technical recommendations for effective field interventions. Author: James-Wilson D; Torres V; van Bastelaer T; Yamba B; Parrott L Source: [Westport, Connecticut], Save the Children, 2008 Feb. 69 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. EEM-A-00-06-00001-00) Abstract: This guide provides examples of economic strengthening best practices in a format that multi-sectoral teams of donors and practitioners can use to inform their own work. The document offers two sets of tools: 1. A series of seven principles for program design and implementation, which donors and partner agencies may refer to as they progress from early program concept through implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. 2. A set of technical recommendations on how to implement selected economic strengthening activities. The document also provides an annotated list of technical references and concludes with a glossary of terms. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT | INTERVENTIONS | BEST PRACTICES | PROGRAM DESIGN | IMPLEMENTATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 308669 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Macroeconomic and household-level impacts of HIV/AIDS in Botswana. Author: Jefferis K; Kinghorn A; Siphambe H; Thurlow J Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S113-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth and poverty in Botswana and estimate how providing treatment can mitigate its effects. METHODS: Demographic and financial projections were combined with economic simulation models, including a macroeconomic growth model and a macro-microeconomic computable general equilibrium and microsimulation model. RESULTS: HIV/AIDS significantly reduces economic growth and increases household poverty. The impact is now severe enough to be affecting the economy as a whole, and threatens to pull some of the uninfected population into poverty. Providing antiretroviral therapy can partly offset this negative effect. Treatment increases health's share of government expenditure only marginally, because it increases economic growth and because withholding treatment raises the cost of other health services. CONCLUSION: Botswana's treatment programme is appropriate from a macroeconomic perspective. Conducting macroeconomic impact assessments is important in countries where prevalence rates are particularly high. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | COMPUTERS | EXPENDITURES | HEALTH SERVICES | ECONOMIC MODEL | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Information Processing | Information | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Theoretical Models | HIV Document Number: 328251 |
| 24. Title: Gender, labour markets and poverty: An overview. Author: Kabeer N Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):3-5. Abstract: The pro-poor potential of labourintensive growth is based on the recognition that labour power is the primary asset at the disposal of the poor and hence labour markets the key transmission mechanism through which the benefits of growth can be distributed to the poor. However, it is also premised on a number of implicit, often unexamined, assumptions about the ease with which the poor can transform their labour into paid work and paid work into improved levels of livelihood, security and accumulation. A gender analysis of labour and labour markets suggests that this 'transformation' process not only cannot be taken for granted but that it is also far more problematic for women than for men because of the existence of various gender-related constraints. These constraints relate to social norms and values which govern the gender division of labour in production and reproduction in different regions of the world. In general, these tend to assign primary responsibility for the reproduction and care ofthe family to women and overall decision-making authority to senior males, but allow considerable variation in the roles and responsibilities assigned to men and women in the productive efforts of the family. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SEX FACTORS | POVERTY | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 323216 |
| 25. Title: The role of emigration in foreign aid policies: The case of Spain and Morocco. Author: Lacomba J; Boni A Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):123-150. Abstract: This article analyses the relationships between emigration and Official Development Aid (ODA) policies, taking the cases of Spain and Morocco as the backdrop to the study. It discusses the principal characteristics of both the Spanish state and non-governmental cooperation in Morocco, the underlying motivations of the principal stakeholders, and the way international cooperation policies now encompass the phenomenon of emigration. The paper compares the field of co-development, which encompasses a rather limited understanding of immigration, with ODA policies, in which immigration is an increasingly important agenda item for both the central government and the Spanish autonomous communities. The article then examines the relationship between migration and development, and considers necessary changes of perspective required to enhance the development and emigration policies in both Spain and Morocco. Lastly, we conclude with a series of recommendations, based on our analysis, aimed at Spanish and Moroccan stakeholders, both state institutions and non-governmental organizations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | MOROCCO | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Organizations Document Number: 324347 |
| 26. Title: Girls count: a global investment and action agenda. Author: Levine R; Lloyd C; Greene M; Grown C Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2008. [95] p. Abstract: This report is about why and how to put girls at the center of development. It is about how the health of economies and families depends on protecting the rights of and fostering opportunities for today's girls. It is about how far girls in many developing countries have come-but how far we remain from a world in which girls' rights are respected. With adolescent girls the case is perfectly clear that the economic and human rights agendas are perfectly aligned: in new global economy girls and young women are no longer as sheltered by their parents and communities, but they also are not armed with education or understanding of their own rights to protect themselves in the world. Unfortunately, adolescent girls are awkward for governments and donors to think about, with their physical sexuality but their nonadult vulnerability. Ministries of health and education do not have a mandate to serve them, ministries of social welfare have more politically rewarding programs to operate, and donor agencies find it far easier to promote investments in very young children and older mothers than to deal with the complicated and controversy-generating age between childhood and adulthood. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHILD, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | EDUCATION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | CHILD MARRIAGE | HIV PREVENTION | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 323725 |
| 27. Title: Social exclusion and the gender gap in education. Author: Lewis M; Lockheed M Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Human Development Network, Chief Economist's Office, 2008 Mar. 38 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4562) Abstract: Despite a sharp increase in the share of girls who enroll in, attend, and complete various levels of schooling, an educational gender gap remains in some countries. This paper argues that one explanation for this gender gap is the degree of social exclusion within these countries, as indicated by ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, which triggers both economic and psycho-social mechanisms to limit girls' schooling. Ethno-linguistic heterogeneity initially was applied to explaining lagging economic growth, but has emerged in the literature more recently to explain both civil conflict and public goods. This paper is a first application of the concept to explain gender gaps in education. The paper discusses the importance of female education for economic and social development, reviews the evidence regarding gender and ethnic differences in schooling, reviews the theoretical perspectives of various social science disciplines that seek to explain such differences, and tests the relevance of ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity in explaining cross-country differences in school attainment and learning. The study indicates that within-country ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity partly explains both national female primary school completion rates and gender differences in these rates, but only explains average national learning outcomes when national income measures are excluded. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILD, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 325679 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The changing relationship between family size and educational attainment over the course of socioeconomic development: Evidence from Indonesia. Author: Maralani V Source: Demography. 2008 Aug;45(3):693-717. Abstract: Many studies from developed countries show a negative correlation between family size and children's schooling, while results from developing countries show this association ranging from positive to neutral to negative, depending on the context. The body of evidence suggests that this relationship changes as a society develops, but this theory has been difficult to assess because the existing evidence requires comparisons across countries with different social structures and at different levels of development. The world's fourth most populous nation in 2007, Indonesia has developed rapidly in recent decades. This context provides the opportunity to study these relationships within the same rapidly developing setting to see if and how these associations change. Results show that in urban areas, the association between family size and children's schooling was positive for older cohorts but negative for more recent cohorts. Models using instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of fertility confirm these results. In contrast, rural areas show no significant association between family size and children's schooling for any cohort. These findings show how the relationship between family size and children's schooling can differ within the same country and change over time as contextual factors evolve with socioeconomic development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | FAMILY SIZE | CHILDREN | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL CHANGE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors Document Number: 327987 |
| 29. Title: Decomposing poverty changes in Zambia: Growth, inequality and population dynamics. Author: Mulenga S; Van Campenhout B Source: African Development Review. 2008 Sep;20(2):284-304. Abstract: During the 1990s, the Zambian economy underwent major structural adjustments. This paper presents an application of a recently proposed poverty decomposition that attributes changes in poverty to income growth, changes in inequality and population dynamics. Our results confirm earlier findings that the existence of a severe urban bias in the economy effectively shielded large parts of the rural population from the economic slump caused by the structural adjustments. In addition, we find that the exodus from urban centres that followed the adjustments contributed significantly to the increase in national poverty. The latter finding highlights the importance of considering population movements when studying poverty, especially in situations where policy changes affect migrant labour, as was the case for the Zambian copper industry. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | SURVEYS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | INEQUALITIES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 328140 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria vector management: Where have we come from and where are we headed? Author: Muturi EJ; Burgess P; Novak RJ Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;78(4):536-537. Abstract: Considering the global prevalence of malaria and the ease with which it has evaded the global control and eradication efforts, we can arguably say it is one of the successful human diseases. In our opinion, it seems the fight against the increasing burden of malaria will require adoption of multiple approaches that have proven effective now or in the past. The results of larval control earlier in the last century were spectacular but were not good enough to rid the world of malaria - so were the DDT during World War II and ITNs currently. In view of proven effectiveness of each of these vector control approaches, it would be interesting to see how they would impact malaria burden if they were applied in an integrated fashion relying on field-derived evidence-based information about the vector, parasite, and human host: the so-called integrated vector management (IVM) philosophy. This concept involves combining several vector control tactics, which if applied separately or not used at the right time or place would not achieve the desired results, but together with the correct information are mutually complementary. An IVM program involving source reduction, IRS (especially with DDT), and ITNs is now practical after the recent approval by the World Health Organization of DDT use in malaria control where the vectors are still susceptible to this chemical and the renewed interest in larval control. It is worth noting that challenges such as civil unrest, tribal wars, and lack of political goodwill need to be addressed, because effective malaria control is only possible under a stable civil setting. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | MALARIA PREVENTION | VECTOR CONTROL | MANAGEMENT | TARGET POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILD | MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Organization and Administration | Program Design | Programs | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 325907 |
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