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Title: Minors' access to prenatal care. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p.
Abstract: Over the past 30 years, states have expanded minors' authority to consent to health care, including care related to sexual activity. The great majority of states and the District of Columbia currently allow a minor to obtain confidential prenatal care, including regular medical visits and routine services for labor and delivery. Some of these states, however, allow physicians to inform parents that their minor daughter is seeking or receiving services when they deem it in the best interests of the minor. In states that lack relevant policy or case law, physicians may commonly provide medical care to a mature minor without parental consent, particularly if the state allows minors to consent to related health services. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH POLICY | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics
Document Number: 310881

Title: Minors' rights as parents. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p.
Abstract: Many states require parental involvement in a minor's decision to terminate a pregnancy. In sharp contrast, states overwhelmingly consider minors who are parents to be capable of making critical decisions affecting the health and welfare of their children without their own parents' knowledge or consent. Nearly every state permits minor parents to place a child for adoption, although some require an adult to be involved in the process in some capacity. Moreover, most states authorize minor parents to make health decisions for their children, and some allow minor parents to authorize surgery. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | DECISION MAKING | ADOPTION | NOTIFICATION | PARENTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Child Rearing | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 310883 Notification

Title: Sex and STD / HIV education. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p.
Abstract: The advent of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s spurred states to reevaluate their sex education policies and, in some cases, expand their requirements. Most states require that public schools teach some form of sex or STD/HIV education. Most states, including some that do not mandate the instruction itself, also place requirements on how abstinence or contraception should be handled when included in a school district's curriculum. This guidance is heavily weighted toward stressing abstinence; in contrast, while many states allow or require that contraception be covered, none requires that it be stressed. Further affecting whether students receive instruction on sex or STDs/HIV are parental consent requirements or the more frequent "opt-out" clauses, which allow parents to remove students from instruction the parents find objectionable. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | STANDARDS | SCHOOLS | SEX EDUCATION | HEALTH POLICY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 310894

Title: State family planning funding restrictions. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [2] p.
Abstract: Beginning in the 1990s, a small number of states imposed abortion-related restrictions on state family planning funds. Some ban the use of state family planning funds to provide abortion counseling and referrals to women who have unintended pregnancies. (However, in order to prevent the loss of federal funds, all but one specifically allow organizations receiving funding under the federal Title X family planning program to provide the nondirective pregnancy-options counseling and requested referrals required by the program.) Additionally, these restrictions often require strict separation between organizations providing state-funded family planning services and organizations providing abortion-related services. This separation may entail making the organizations entirely separate legal entities, as well as place restrictions on sharing employees, medical supplies and physical facilities. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COUNSELING | FUNDS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning
Document Number: 310896

Title: State funding of abortion under Medicaid. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p.
Abstract: First implemented in 1977, the Hyde Amendment, which currently forbids the use of federal funds for abortions except in cases of life endangerment, rape or incest, has guided public funding for abortions under the joint federal-state Medicaid programs for low-income women. At a minimum, states must cover those abortions that meet the federal exceptions. Although most states meet the requirements, one state is in violation of federal Medicaid law, because it pays for abortions only in cases of life endangerment. Some states use their own funds to pay for all or most medically necessary abortions, although most do so as a result of a specific court order. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | ABORTION | FUNDS | RAPE | INCEST | SAFETY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 310895 Notification

Title: State Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [3] p.
Abstract: In recent years, several states have expanded eligibility for Medicaid coverage of family planning services by securing approval (officially known as a "waiver" of federal policy) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration). Some states have obtained approval to continue Medicaid coverage of family planning services for women who would otherwise lose Medicaid coverage postpartum. (All states are required to fund pregnancy-related care, including family planning services, for 60 days postpartum to women with incomes up to at least 133% of the federal poverty level--far above states' regular Medicaid eligibility ceilings.) Other states have granted coverage solely on the basis of income to individuals not previously covered under Medicaid. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Puerperium | Reproduction | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Family Planning
Document Number: 310897

Title: Health and Child Survival Fellows Program, 1985-2007. Final report.
Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Department of International Health. Institute for International Programs. Health and Child Survival Fellows Program. National Secretariat
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Health and Child Survival Fellows Program, National Secretariat, 2007 Jun. [140] p. (USAID Agreement No. HRN-A-00-01-00001-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-729)
Abstract: The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ended more than 20 years of collaboration when the Health and Child Survival Fellows Program (HCSFP) ended on March 31, 2007. This report reviews the highlights of those twenty years and reports on the Activities of the most recent Cooperative Agreement (HRN-A-00-01-00001-00) and the Seventy-six Fellows, six interns and three Urban Child Survival Fellows that were supported during the time period of that agreement. The Urban Child Survival Fellows were fully funded under a contract with the Baltimore City Health but was a response to a USAID initiative regarding reverse technology that began in the late 1990's. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | CHILD | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD HEALTH | EVALUATION | MONITORING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health
Document Number: 318677

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Peer Reviewed

Title: USAID program for the prevention and treatment of vaginal fistula.
Author: MacDonald P; Stanton ME
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Nov;99 Suppl 1:S112-S116.
Abstract: The cornerstone of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) fistula program is to support and strengthen local capacity for fistula repair. The USAID program includes support to upgrade facilities, enhance local surgical repair capability, allocate equipment and supplies to operating rooms, implement quality improvement systems, and cover the women's transportation costs to and from the treatment facilities. The program also offers training in clinical and counseling skills; transferring skills South-to-South; and monitoring and evaluating the program's effectiveness. As new fistula cases continually increase the backlog of untreated cases, its efforts are also directed toward the prevention of fistula and the reintegration of treated women into their communities. Furthermore, the program challenges the culture of sexual violence against women that leads to traumatic gynecologic fistulas. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | USAID | WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | FISTULA | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | TREATMENT | MONITORING | EVALUATION | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Behavior | Diseases | Surgery | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 320846

10.

Title: DKT International, Inc., Plaintiff, v. United States Agency for International Development, et al., Defendants. Memorandum opinion.
Source: Washington, D.C., United States District Court for the District of Columbia, 2006 May 18. 28 p. (Civ. No. 05?1604 (EGS)14)
Abstract: The Court concludes that there are no genuine issues of material fact in this case and that as a matter of law, plaintiff DKT is entitled to summary judgment. 42 U.S.C. � 7631(f) and the certification requirement of AAPD 05-04 are unconstitutional under the First Amendment, as applied to DKT, for they constitute view point based restrictions on speech and they are not narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest. Therefore, defendant USAID is permanently ENJOINED from (1) requiring DKT to have a policy explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking under 42 U.S.C. � 7631(f); and (2) requiring DKT to certify that it has a policy explicitly opposing prostitution under AAPD 05-04. Accordingly, the plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED and the defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | USAID | COURT DECISION | LITIGATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MALARIA | POLICY | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | CRIME | FUNDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Social Problems | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331435

11.

Title: Cost pressures on Title X family planning grantees, FY 2001-2004.
Author: Sonfield A; Gold RB; Frost JJ; Alrich C
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2006. 10 p.
Abstract: Title X of the Public Health Service Act is the only federal program dedicated to providing family planning services and supplies. The program fulfills several roles. It pays for services for women and men who do not meet the narrow eligibility requirements of the federal-state Medicaid program (which provides broad-based health coverage for low-income Americans). Moreover, it helps meet the gap between what Medicaid reimburses for a family planning visit and what the visit actually costs to provide. Title X funds are also often used to pay for outreach and education efforts and for clinic operations. Finally, Title X sets nationwide standards for public family planning services, ensuring that the services provided are comprehensive, voluntary, confidential and affordable. In 2004, Title X-supported clinics provided services to 4.2 million women using a contraceptive method, making a significant contribution toward the 1.3 million unintended pregnancies prevented each year by publicly funded family planning. Title X clinics also provide screening and early treatment for conditions that can threaten women's lives and fertility. In 2004, these clinics provided 2.8 million Pap tests to screen for precursors to cervical cancer. They also provided 531,000 HIV tests and 5.4 million tests for other STIs as part of Title X project services. Nevertheless, inflation-adjusted appropriations for Title X have dropped by nearly 60% since FY 1980. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | PUERTO RICO | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | FUNDS | SCREENING | FEES | TESTING | EXPENDITURES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Caribbean | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 310892

12.

Title: Regional immunization programs as a model for strengthening cooperation among nations.
Author: Tambini G; Andrus JK; Fitzsimmons JW; Roses Periago M
Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud P�blica / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2006;20(1):54-59.
Abstract: The Pan American Health Organization traces its origin back to the First General International Sanitary Convention of the American Republics, which was held in Washington, D. C., in December 1902. At the top of the agenda of the meeting were the complex public health issues involved in fighting yellow fever and other epidemic infectious diseases. The final resolution of the first convention stated, "It shall be the duty of the International Sanitary Bureau to lend its best aid and experience toward the widest possible protection of the public health of each of the said Republics, in order that disease may be eliminated and that commerce between said Republics may be facilitated." In the 19th century, efforts at inter-American cooperation had been limited almost exclusively to assisting commerce, and had had almost nothing to do with health. In 1923 the International Sanitary Bureau changed its name to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, which would eventually become known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (1). Pan-Americanism is the guiding principle upon which PAHO was founded. That principle is expressed in the PAHO Member States' commitment to working together to improve the health of their citizens and to support the countries facing the greatest need. This principle recognizes that many health problems require a collective effort. The PAHO Member States acknowledge that the health and public health of one's neighbors is a shared responsibility of all. Pan-Americanism is grounded in values aimed at breaking down the barriers of health inequities. This principle is perhaps even more relevant today in a world of free trade and vast movements of people. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PAHO | IMMUNIZATION | VACCINES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | WHO | UN | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Primary Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 307220

13.
Title: Sex and STD / HIV education. State policies in brief as of August 1, 2005.
Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI]
Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2005 Aug 1. [3] p.
Abstract: The advent of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s spurred states to reevaluate their sex education policies and, in some cases, expand their requirements. Most states require that public schools teach some form of sex or STD/HIV education. Most states, including some that do not mandate the instruction itself, also place requirements on how abstinence or contraception should be handled when included in a school district�s curriculum. This guidance is heavily weighted toward stressing abstinence; in contrast, while many states allow or require that contraception be covered, none requires that it be stressed. Further affecting whether students receive instruction on sex or STDs/HIV are parental consent requirements or the more frequent �opt-out� clauses, which allow parents to remove students from instruction the parents find objectionable. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | AIDS | SEX EDUCATION | POLICY | ABSTINENCE | EDUCATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning
Document Number: 289463

14.

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in the District of Columbia.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307020

15.

Title: Global HIV / AIDS epidemic. Selection of antiretroviral medications provided under U.S. Emergency Plan is limited. Report to Congressional requesters.
Author: United States. Government Accountability Office [GAO]
Source: Washington, D.C., GAO, 2005 Jan. [42] p. (GAO-05-133)
Abstract: In developing countries, only about 7 percent of people with HIV/AIDS receive treatment. In 2003, the Congress authorized the President�s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a 5-year, $15 billion initiative under the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator. The Emergency Plan focuses on 15 developing countries, with a goal of supporting treatment for 2 million people. Treatment regimens use multiple antiretroviral medications (ARV), which can be original or generic. Fixed-dose combinations (FDC) combine two or three ARVs into one pill. Questions have been raised about whether the plan is providing ARVs preferred by the focus countries at reasonable prices. GAO compared the selection of ARVs provided under the plan with that provided under other major treatment initiatives, compared the prices of those selections, and determined what the Coordinator�s Office is doing to expand the plan�s selection of quality-assured lower priced ARVs. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | EVALUATION | INTERVENTIONS | USAID | AIDS PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 285464

16.
Title: "I know what love means." Gender-based violence in the lives of urban adolescents.
Author: Johnson SB; Frattaroli S; Campbell J; Wright J; Pearson-Fields AS
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2005;14(2):172-179.
Abstract: In focus groups designed to probe violence and fighting, urban youth emphasized the impact of gender-based violence in their lives. We used this opportunity to qualitatively explore how gender-based violence affects the lives of urban adolescents. Thirteen structured focus group interviews were held with youth from three high-violence settings: a large, urban high school, a training center for disadvantaged youth, and a school for adjudicated youth. Participants were 120 urban, predominant African American youth and young adults ages 14�22. Seven focus groups were conducted with females and six with males. Participants did not talk about violence without discussing the gender-based violence they experienced in a number of social roles: as witnesses to family violence, as victims of intimate partner and dating violence, or as peer observers of harassing and violent behavior. Male participants felt that other males used violence as a way of maintaining a sense of power over their partners. Participants of both genders struggled to identify the boundaries between playing, harassment, and abuse. Female participants suggested that females sometimes wanted males to hit them, interpreting this violence as a sign of commitment. Similarly, females struggled to determine if gender-based violence could be a reflection of love. Gender-based violence is a significant issue in the lives of urban adolescents. Youth experienced gender-based violence in a number of contexts and roles, and many had concluded that such violence was sometimes acceptable. Prevention strategies should start early and address the spectrum of youths� experiences. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN AREAS | VIOLENCE | SEX FACTORS | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 286509

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Serostatus disclosure, seroconcordance, partner relationship, and unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-positive Latino men who have sex with men.
Author: Poppen PJ; Reisen CA; Zea MC; Bianchi FT; Echeverry JJ
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2005;17(3):227-237.
Abstract: This article examined, in a sample of 219 HIV-positive Latino men who have sex with men (MSM), a set of three variables that can shape the context of sexual encounters between men and influence sexual risk behaviors: disclosure of positive HIV serostatus, seroconcordance of partners, and relationship between partners. Participants from Boston, New York, and Washington completed a survey in English or Spanish using computer-assisted self-interview technology with audio enhancement. At the bivariate level, disclosure, seroconcordance, and partner relationship were all interrelated, as well as associated with the likelihood of unprotected intercourse. Unprotected anal intercourse with the most recent partner was more likely when the partner (a) knew that the participant was HIV�positive, (b) was the participant�s main partner, and (c) was himself also HIV�positive. A logistic set regression revealed that the set of three variables added significantly to the prediction of unprotected anal intercourse, beyond demographic variables of income, education, and age. In the multivariate model, however, of the three, only seroconcordance achieved significance. The importance of a contextual approach to understanding sexual risk behavior was discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HISPANICS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Behavior | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 289097

18.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The influence of primary caregivers on the sexual behavior of early adolescents.
Author: Rose A; Koo HP; Bhaskar B; Anderson K; White G
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2005;37:135-144.
Abstract: The purpose was to describe rates of sexual intercourse initiation, anticipated level of sexual activity in the next 12 months, and other risk behaviors among fifth graders and to examine parental factors associated with such behaviors. This study is based on a cross-sectional, self-administered survey conducted with a nonrandom sample of 408 fifth graders and their caregivers. Children answered questions regarding sexual intercourse initiation, anticipated sexual activity in the next 12 months, and involvement in other risk behaviors. Caregivers answered questions about parenting factors such as monitoring behaviors, parent-child relationship quality, and parent-child communication. Bivariate and multivariable analyses examined the association of these variables with the adolescents� behaviors. Almost 5% of girls and 17% of boys reported they had engaged in sexual intercourse. Only 34% of girls and 13% of boys said they did not expect to engage in any type of sexual contact in the next 12 months if they were going with someone they �liked a lot.� Parental factors associated with fewer risk behaviors and expected sexual behaviors included higher levels of monitoring, fewer communication barriers, less permissive attitudes regarding adolescent sexual behavior, higher relationship quality with child, having fewer than five children in the household, higher levels of education, and being employed. Significant gender interactions were found for several variables. Adolescents are initiating sexual intercourse at extremely young ages. To delay early sexual activity and prevent adolescent pregnancy, prevention efforts must begin during the elementary school years and include those who raise and care for the adolescent. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing
Document Number: 288868

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Don't time first teen visit to first pap test.
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Dec;25(12):[2] p..
Abstract: The next patient in your exam room is 20 years old. When you note that this is her first gynecologic visit, she tells you that she didn�t think she needed such a checkup until her first Pap test. Adolescents and their parents may have become confused on when to schedule a teen�s first gynecologic exam when updated cervical cancer screening guidelines were issued in November 2002 by the Atlanta-based American Cancer Society (ACS). The 2002 guidelines called for Pap tests beginning either at age 21 or three years after a woman first has sexual intercourse; previous recommendations advised an initial Pap screen shortly after first intercourse or by age 18, whichever occurred first. The Washington, DC-based American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) followed up with similar guidance in July 2003. Now ACOG is clarifying its guidance with the issuance of a new committee opinion on the subject. Because of the changes in cervical cancer screening guidelines, there is concern that teens will delay important preventive care and sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing until they come in for their first Pap screening, says Paige Hertweck, MD, immediate past chair of ACOG�s Committee on Adolescent Health Care and associate professor in the department of obstetrics, gynecology, and women�s health at the University of Louisville (KY) School of Medicine. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | MANUAL | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PAP SMEAR | SCREENING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Health | Evaluation
Document Number: 281894

20.

Title: Short shrift for prevention.
Source: Washington Post. 2004 Aug 2;:A16.
Abstract: LAST YEAR, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared a shift in HIV prevention strategy, placing more emphasis on reaching those already infected by the virus. The approach has some merit: It is now easier to identify HIV-positive people using newer, faster tests, and it is vital to educate them on how to avoid spreading the virus. But the CDC's implementation of its shift has resulted in halting federal support for key local HIV-prevention programs for teenagers, a shortsighted strategy that fails to acknowledge the importance of teaching young people how to be smart about HIV and AIDS -- before they are infected. The problem is particularly worrisome in the Washington region, which has been hit hard by the AIDS epidemic. As reported by The Post's Arielle Levin Becker, four local youth-oriented HIV-prevention groups recently failed to win renewal of CDC grant funding; each had been receiving at least $200,000 annually. For Metro TeenAIDS, the rejection means fewer full-time staffers to go into schools; for the Sasha Bruce Youthwork agency, suspending an educational play about AIDS. The National Organization of Concerned Black Men has had to suspend its prevention programs primarily serving 15 Southeast District public schools. The Northern Virginia AIDS Ministry was forced to pull back its high school peer outreach and health education programs from Prince William County, affecting 6,400 teenagers. These valuable HIV-prevention programs are seeking help from city and county governments, along with private companies and nonprofits. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | ADOLESCENTS | HIV PREVENTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Organizations | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 195765

21.

Title: Law enforcement toolkit on trafficking in persons.
Author: Polaris Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Polaris Project, [2004]. 26 p.
Abstract: The Law Enforcement Toolkit is designed to assist law enforcement in understanding trafficking in persons in the United States, the legal framework, the role of different agencies, and effective strategies for investigation and prosecution. The Toolkit also will provide a list of resources to assist law enforcement, including referrals to specialized service providers for victims of the crime. Trafficking in persons, also known as human trafficking, is the third largest criminal industry in the world, after drugs and arms, and is the fastest growing. Combating trafficking in persons is a major priority for the U.S. government, both within the United States and internationally. An estimated 17,000 foreign nationals are trafficked in the United States every year, and over 100,000 American children are at high risk for commercial sexual exploitation in the U.S., including sex trafficking. Since the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, traffickers can be prosecuted under several federal statutes and a variety of benefits are available to serve victims of the crime, including victims without legal immigration status. An increasing number of states are also adopting legislation on trafficking, though other associated laws can also be used at the state level to prosecute if no trafficking statutes exist. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | PROGRESS REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | POLICE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | LEGISLATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | LAWS AND STATUTES | SOCIAL POLICY | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Crime | Social Problems | Policy
Document Number: 316787

22.
Title: Did legalized abortion lower crime?
Author: Joyce T
Source: Journal of Human Resources. 2004 Winter;39(1):1-28.
Abstract: In this paper I compare changes in homicide and arrest rates among cohorts born before and after the legalization of abortion to changes in crime in the same years among similar cohorts who were unexposed to legalized abortion. I find little consistent evidence that the legalization of abortion in selected states around 1970, and then in the remaining states following Roe v. Wade, had an effect on recent crime rates. I conclude that the dramatic association as reported in a recent study is most likely the result of unmeasured period effects such as changes in crack cocaine use. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | CRIME | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Problems
Document Number: 284184 Notification

23.
Title: The challenges ahead in implementing the goals of Cairo.
Author: Singh JS
Source: Population 2005. 2004 Jun;6(2):1, 3.
Abstract: While noteworthy efforts have been made in many countries toward achieving the goals and objectives of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), significant problems remain, especially those relating to provision of reproductive health services, prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS, trafficking in women and children and gender-based violence, and the increase in abortion rates where contraception is unavailable or unaffordable. These are some of the major conclusions that were recorded at the Global Population Forum. The Forum brought together policy makers, parliamentarians, non-governmental and media representatives, and experts from 42 countries, and was one of the several being organized in 2004 by governments, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs, in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of ICPD. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
WORLD POPULATION CONFERENCES | REFUGEES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MIGRATION | POVERTY | PUBLIC HEALTH | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries
Document Number: 311063

24.
Title: ILO concern: the unbearable fate of child soldiers. [La pr�occupation de l'OIT : l'intol�rable destin�e des enfants soldats]
Source: World of Work. 2003 Jun;(47):7-8.
Abstract: Among the voiceless victims of the worst forms of child labour are child soldiers - or children who fight, for whatever reason, or provide various forms of support in conflicts. Many of these children face not only the dangers of combat, but suffer physical abuse or rape at the hands of their fellow combatants. A recent conference organized by the US Department of Labor (USDOL) in Washington highlighted the plight of child soldiers, and announced a US $13 million programme to rehabilitate them - including US $7 million to develop comprehensive strategies with the ILO. (author's)
French Abstract: Parmi les victimes silencieuses des pires formes de travail sont les enfants soldats - ou les enfants qui se battent, pour une raison ou pour une autre, ou qui offrent diverses formes de soutien aux conflits. Nombre de ces enfants doivent faire face non seulement aux dangers li�s aux combats, mais aussi supporter les abus physiques ou les viols commis � leur encontre par leurs compatriotes combattants. Une conf�rence r�cente organis�e par le US Department of Labor (USDOL, ou D�partement du Travail des Etats-Unis) � Washington a mis en lumi�re la situation d�sesp�r�e des enfants soldats, et a annonc� un programme de 13 millions de dollars US visant � leur r�habilitation - y compris 7 millions de dollars US pour d�velopper des strat�gies compl�tes avec l'OIT. (de l'auteur)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RWANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CHILD LABOR | CHILD ABUSE | MILITARY PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | FOREIGN AID | WAR | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Government | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Violence | Behavior | Diseases
Document Number: 183514

26.

27.

Title: Expert consultation on vasectomy: meeting report, Washington, D.C., December 3-5, 2003.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]; EngenderHealth; EngenderHealth. ACQUIRE Project
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2003. 31 p. Also available in Spanish.
Abstract: Over 50 representatives from 24 reproductive health research, service delivery, training, advocacy, and donor organizations and institutions, as well as universities, met in Washington, DC, December 3 to 5, 2003 to prioritize future research related to vas occlusion techniques and to develop guidelines for vasectomy techniques in diverse health care settings. The first day of the meeting, led by Family Health International (FHI), featured discussion of recent clinical research findings on vasectomy techniques. Several points of consensus on the strength of the evidence favoring certain occlusion methods were developed and news briefs reflecting that level of agreement were disseminated in English and Spanish. Based on the points of consensus, FHI plans to prepare a manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The second and third days of the meeting, led by the ACQUIRE Project, focused on the programmatic implications of the research and key steps needed to improve vasectomy services both regionally (in Africa, Latin America, and Asia) and globally. This strategic meeting built on previous FHI/EngenderHealth collaborative efforts largely supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | MEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | PHYSICIANS | VASECTOMY | MALE UROLOGIC SURGERY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment
Document Number: 274613

28.

Title: A Global Conference on: �Reaching Men to Improve Reproductive Health of All�, Washington, D.C., USA, September 15-18, 2003.
Author: International HIV / AIDS Alliance
Source: Brighton, England, International HIV / AIDS Alliance, 2003. 30 p.
Abstract: In 2003, the Alliance published Working with men, responding to AIDS, Gender, sexuality and HIV � A case study collection in order to help projects conduct this work with men on HIV/AIDS. It presents experiences and lessons from a range of different projects (some supported by the Alliance and some not) that are working with men. By showcasing experiences and lessons from the field in the form of case studies, this collection offers inspiration, ideas and models for working with different kinds of men in a range of contexts. In September 2003, USAID�s Interagency Gender Working Group (IGWG) organized the conference: �Reaching Men to Improve Reproductive Health for All.� The conference was a multi-agency collaboration led by EngenderHealth, PATH, and the Population Reference Bureau (PRB), and guided by an advisory group of senior developing-nation experts. The Alliance was invited to participate in the conference to share lessons about working with men and to launch its publication. Alan Greig prepared this report on the conference and the Alliance would like to make it more widely available. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 276271

29.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Availability of adolescent health services and confidentiality in primary care practices.
Author: Akinbami LJ; Gandhi H; Cheng TL
Source: Pediatrics. 2003 Feb;111(2):394-401.
Abstract: Background. Little is known about availability of services and confidential care for adolescents in primary care practices or how availability among pediatric practices compares to that among other primary care practices. The objective of this study was to assess self-reported availability of services for medically emancipated conditions and confidential care in primary care practices, to compare physician responses to those from office staff who answer appointment lines, and to compare availability in pediatric practices to other primary care practice types. Methods. We conducted a telephone survey of randomly selected practices from the Washington, DC, metropolitan area in pediatrics (Peds), internal medicine (IM), and family medicine (FM). We asked staff who answer appointment lines about availability of services for medically emancipated conditions and confidential appointments for adolescents. Physicians received the same questions via a mail survey. Responses from office staff and physicians in the same practice were linked for comparison. Results. Of 434 practices contacted by telephone, 372 (86%) responded. Of the 615 physicians surveyed from these 372 practices, 264 (43%) from 170 practices responded to the mail survey. Peds practices were less likely than FM and IM practices to offer services for medically emancipated conditions and were less likely than FM practices to offer confidential services to adolescents. Office staff and physicians from FM and IM had higher agreement compared with Peds about availability of services for medically emancipated conditions. Agreement between office staff and physicians about provision of confidential appointments to adolescents was low among all practice types. However, having a written office policy on adolescent confidentiality was significantly associated with agreement between office staff and physicians about availability of confidential services. Conclusions. Care for medically emancipated conditions and confidential services for adolescents are limited among primary care practices, especially among pediatric practices. All primary care practice types had significant disagreement between office staff and physicians about availability of confidential services to adolescents. Adolescents who call appointment lines are likely to receive inaccurate information about confidentiality policies. Establishing written office policies on adolescent confidentiality may help to improve access to confidential care for adolescents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LOGISTIC MODEL | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PILOT PROJECTS | ADOLESCENTS | PHYSICIANS | INTERVIEWS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SURVEYS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | MEDICINE | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | STATISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Collection | Health Services | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Ethics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 184926

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Application of simple fertility awareness -- based methods of family planning to breastfeeding women.
Author: Ar�valo M; Jennings V; Sinai I
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 Nov;80(5):1241-1248.
Abstract: Objective: To determine the potential efficacy of two simple fertility awareness�based methods of family planning � the Standard Days Method and the TwoDay Method � among breastfeeding women. Design: Analysis of pre-existing data set, collected in 1986�1990. Setting: Pre-existing data from Australia, Britain, and Canada. Patient(s): Seventy-three breastfeeding women in Australia, Britain, and Canada, who were followed starting 42 days postpartum, until they had at least two potentially fertile cycles (defined as cycles with adequate levels of urinary estrogens (E) and pregnanediol glucuronide and a long enough luteal phase to support a pregnancy). We examine this existing data set. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Probability of pregnancy from intercourse on different days of the cycle relative to ovulation for breastfeeding women following the instructions of the Standard Days Method or the TwoDay Method. Result(s): These two methods may be appropriate for different groups of breastfeeding women at different times. The Standard Days Method may be appropriate after cycle regularity is established, whereas the TwoDay Method may be a more effective option earlier in the postpartum period. Conclusion: A need remains for a more appropriate simple fertility awareness� based method during this early period. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | WOMEN | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | BREASTFEEDING | SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | FERTILITY AWARENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 188695


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