1.  Title: [Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study] operations manual. Final draft. Author: Harvard University; University of Washington. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; Johns Hopkins University; University of Queensland; World Health Organization [WHO] Source: [Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University, 2009 Jan 20 142 p. Abstract: The final draft of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study Operations Manual is intended to serve as a guide for the Expert Groups working on the GBD Study. There are opportunities to provide input and feedback, and instructions to do so are included in the operations manual. The new Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (the GBD 2005 Study), which commenced in the spring of 2007, is led by a consortium including Harvard University, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Queensland, and the World Health Organization WHO). It is the first major effort since the GBD 1990 Study to carry out a complete systematic assessment of the data on all diseases and injuries, and produce comprehensive and comparable estimates of the burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors for two time periods, 1990 and 2005. By November 2010 the project will produce a final set of estimates. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | DATA ANALYSIS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | DISEASES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | RISK ASSESSMENT | BIAS | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Population Dynamics | Public Health | Measurement | Evaluation | Error Sources Document Number: 331797 |
2.  Title: Pregnancy and HIV-positive patients FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 25; Abstract: This report contains background issues about pregnancy and HIV-positive patients and specific recommendations for each issue. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | ETHICS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | LITIGATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Social Problems | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341458 |
| 3. Title: Residential care centers for persons with intellectual disability in Israel: Trends in contraception methods 1999-2006. Author: Morad M; Kandel I; Merrick J Source: Medical Science Monitor. 2009 May 29;15(6):PH37-39. Abstract: Background: The past 100 years has revealed a controversial history around the menstrual and contraceptive management of women with intellectual disability in residential care settings. The present study was conducted to examine the trends of contraceptive methods for females with intellectual disability in residential care centers in Israel. Material/Methods: An annual survey of all medical clinics in residential care centers in Israel has been conducted since 1998 by the Office of the Medical Director of the Ministry of Social Affairs and data were extracted from the national surveys for 1999-2006. Results: In the 1999-2006 period, 11-16% of females in residential care centers in Israel used oral or injected contraceptives. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was the most used method due to its convenience and effectiveness. Conclusions: It is recommended that a more detailed study of contraceptive methods be conducted in Israel to get a clearer picture since the data collected from annual surveys only give a rudimentary picture of the actual situation in the field. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | CONTRACEPTION | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 341369 |
| 4. Title: HIV/AIDS and disability in Southern Africa: a review of relevant literature. Author: Rohleder P; Braathen SH; Swartz L; Eide AH Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2009;31(1):51-9. Abstract: Purpose. HIV/AIDS has grown to become the biggest epidemic in modern history. Southern Africa is at the epicentre of the global epidemic, with just of a third of the world's HIV-positive population living here. It is known that HIV/AIDS affect vulnerable population groups. It is surprising then, that persons with disabilities, one of the world's most vulnerable population groups, particularly in southern Africa, have been largely overlooked with regards to HIV/AIDS. This review sought to establish the state of the knowledge at present. Method. This article reports on findings of a literature review conducted as an initial step in a research project currently underway in South Africa. This article focuses on HIV/AIDS as it affects persons with disabilities in southern Africa, as it is in this region that the majority of people living with HIV live. However, as fewer studies exist that have as its focus southern Africa (particularly looking at HIV/AIDS and persons with disabilities), relevant articles from the international literature were used as indications of what we may find through future research also in the southern African countries. Given the paucity of published literature dealing with HIV/AIDS and persons with disabilities, the review looked at various risk factors associated with HIV infection, and how it affects persons with disabilities. Results. Findings from the literature review suggest that persons with disabilities, particularly in southern Africa, are at significant risk for HIV infection. Conclusions. There is an urgent need for more research on HIV/AIDs and sexuality among persons with disabilities in Africa. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | COMPLICATIONS | RISK ASSESSMENT | POVERTY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331086 |
| 5. Title: Providing sex education to persons with learning disabilities in the era of HIV/AIDS: tensions between discourses of human rights and restriction. Author: Rohleder P; Swartz L Source: Journal of Health Psychology. 2009 May;14(4):601-10. Abstract: Research suggests that disabled people may be at increased risk for HIV infection, yet are excluded from HIV prevention campaigns. Historically people with learning disabilities have been constructed as either being asexual or sexually uninhibited, and sex education considered to be unnecessary or potentially harmful. This article reports on findings of a qualitative study exploring the challenges expressed by participants who provide sex education for persons with learning disabilities, revealing a tension between a human rights discourse and a discourse of restriction of sexual behaviours. Sex education, in the context of HIV/AIDS, may potentially construct sex as dangerous, echoing past constructions of disabled people's sexuality as problematic. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | TEACHERS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | SEX EDUCATION | CURRICULUM | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALITY | INTERVIEWS | SEXUAL ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 342176 |
| 6. Title: Should issues of sexuality and HIV and AIDS be a rehabilitation concern? The voices of young South Africans with physical disabilities. Author: Wazakili M; Mpofu R; Devlieger P Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2009;31(1):32-41. Abstract: PURPOSE: Although rehabilitation is an integral part of the lives of many young people with physical disabilities, sexuality education and HIV and AIDS prevention services are not. The purpose of this study was to record the voices of disabled young people regarding their experiences of sexuality and HIV and AIDS and to determine the role of rehabilitation professionals in this regard. METHODS: Sixteen young people with physical disabilities, aged 15-24 years participated in the study. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant, followed by focus group discussions comprising four to six participants. Responses were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Textual and contextual features of the Atlas.ti computer programme were used to support the thematic analysis of the data. RESULTS: The results indicated that most participants had received some form of rehabilitation for their physical impairment, yet sexuality and HIV and AIDS matters were not part of the rehabilitation process. Although the majority were aware of sexuality and HIV and AIDS issues, their limited factual knowledge did not persuade them to change their sexual behaviour or take preventive measures against contracting HIV infection. CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation professionals need to widen their scope of practice to include the promotion of good sexual and reproductive health for disabled young people. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SEXUALITY | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | TREATMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Information Processing | Information | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331087 |
| 7. Title: Puberty, contraception, and hormonal management for young people with disabilities. Author: Zacharin MR Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;48(2):149-55. Abstract: Assessment and management of a young person with a severe disability is multifaceted and complex. Variations of puberty can cause major concerns for parents and carers, with fears of imminent menstruation, peer and personal differences, concern for height outcome, as well as grief for a loss of childhood. Addressing physical, emotional, and social issues assists in optimizing outcomes. This article outlines specific evaluation and detailed management strategies for female and male pubertal problems in the context of disability, including treatments for extreme pubertal delay or acceleration, menstrual management at different ages, contraceptive issues, and sexual function and choices for both sexes. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | PUBERTY | MANAGEMENT | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | MENARCHE | SEX FACTORS | STRESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Family Planning | Reproduction | Organization and Administration | Menstruation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 330999 |
| 8. Title: Sexual health for people with intellectual disability. Author: Eastgate G Source: Salud Pública de México. 2008;50 Suppl 2:S255-S259. Abstract: People with intellectual disability experience the same range of sexual needs and desires as other people. However, they experience many difficulties meeting their needs. They may be discouraged from relieving sexual tension by masturbating. They face a high risk of sexual abuse. They are likely not to be offered the full range of choices for contraception and sexual health screening. Poor education and social isolation may increase their risk of committing sexual offences. However, with appropriate education and good social support, people with intellectual disability are capable of safe, constructive sexual expression and healthy relationships. Providing such support is an essential part of supporting people with intellectual disability. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | MENTAL RETARDATION | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIAL WELFARE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developed Countries | Oceania | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Intelligence | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Social Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327283 |
| 9. Title: Disabled persons and HIV / AIDS prevention: A case study of deaf and leprosy persons in Nigeria. Author: Enwereji EE; Enwereji KO Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Aug;5(2):55-61. Abstract: Objective(s): (i) To investigate factors and conditions that influence HIV/AIDS prevention among leprosy and deaf persons in leprosy settlements in Nigerian; (ii) to examine the extent to which the Government includes leprosy and deaf persons in HIV prevention programmes; (iii) To identify immediate needs of leprosy and deaf patients in settlements (iv) to determine possible areas for improving services so as to explore potential solutions. Methods: Total sample of 227 inmates and 34 Health Care Workers were studied in three purposively selected settlements. Two intervention concepts, participatory reservation approach (PRA) and planned action (PLA) were utilized in the study. The concepts enabled researchers to examine factors that influenced provision of HIV/AIDS prevention programmes to inmates in settlements. Data collection instruments were questionnaire and focus group discussions for inmates and interview guides for Health Workers. Data were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively with the help of Stat Pac Gold package. Results: Findings showed that there were no reproductive health and and HIV prevention programmes in the settlements. There was lack of Governments' commitment to fund health programmes and to train Health Workers, as well as rejection, isolation, discrimination and discouragement of HIV/AIDS prevention programmes in settlements. There was poor knowledge of mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS among inmates. About 59 (53.6%) of inmates in Abia, and 60 (51.3%) in Oyo were not interested in voluntary counselling and sex education. Findings showed that inmates in the leprosy settlements were at risk of unprotected sex. About 99 (43.6%) in Oyo and 88 (38.8%) in Abia State, especially those who were single cohabited with opposite sexes to have babies in settlements (p = 003). Conclusion: Number of inmates that had babies in settlements justifies providing sex education, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention programmes. This will assist in reducing HIV/AIDS prevalence among disabled persons in Nigeria. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DEAFNESS | LEPROSY | HIV PREVENTION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | ATTITUDES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sensory Effects | Physiology | Biology | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Management | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 323081 |
| 10. Title: Painful lessons: the politics of preventing sexual violence and bullying at school. Author: Jones N; Moore K; Villar-Marquez E; Broadbent E Source: London, United Kingdom, Overseas Development Institute, 2008. 79 p. (Working Paper 295) Abstract: This paper identifies policies, programs, and legal instruments that address school violence in the developing world. It also draws implications for related policy, practice, and research. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LATIN AMERICA | ASIA | CARIBBEAN | SUMMARY REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | PREVALENCE | STUDENTS | SCHOOLS | VIOLENCE | CULTURE | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | STIGMA | SEXUAL ABUSE | Africa | Developing Countries | Americas | Measurement | Education | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Crime Document Number: 329514 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Patients with severe mental illness: a new approach to testing for HIV. Author: Joska JA; Kaliski SZ; Benatar SR Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 Mar;98(3):213-217. Abstract: Background. The prevalence of HIV infection in South Africa is approaching 20% of young adults. In severely mentally ill people it is probably higher. Testing for infection is subject to stringent ethical principles. Undiagnosed HIV infection in people with severe mental illness increases costs and morbidity. Since effective treatments are available, it is imperative to diagnose HIV infection early in this high-risk population. Methods. A literature review established the prevalence of HIV infection in inpatient populations with HIV infection. The pattern of testing for HIV over 3 years at a major psychiatric hospital was investigated. We surveyed public sector psychiatrists in the Western Cape to establish their attitudes to HIV in their patients. Results. The reported HIV seroprevalence in psychiatric inpatients ranges from 0 to 59.3%, with a mean of 10%. Data show a clear trend towards an increase in prevalence: before 1996 the mean HIV seroprevalence was 7.4%, while after 1996 the mean was 15%. State psychiatrists in the Western Cape do not test routinely for HIV infection, mainly owing to ethical constraints: 14.6% of patients at Lentegeur Hospital were tested in 2006. Conclusions. The high prevalence of HIV infection in South Africa, which is probably higher in patients with severe mental illness (most of whom are not competent to provide informed consent), and the availability of effective treatment require debate and a clear policy regarding testing for HIV infection to be implemented. We recommend a new approach to HIV testing in these patients. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PHYSICIANS | MENTAL DISORDERS | HIV TESTING | ETHICS | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | INFORMED CONSENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Viral Diseases Document Number: 330620 |
| 12. Title: Sexuality in subjects with intellectual disability: An educational intervention proposal for parents and counselors in developing countries. Author: Katz G; Lazcano-Ponce E Source: Salud Pública de México. 2008;50 Suppl 2:S239-S254. Abstract: In developing countries, the study of intellectual disability has enormous knowledge gaps, especially in the areas of intervention, utilization of services and legislation. This article provides information not only for aiding in the potential development of sexuality in individuals with intellectual disability, but also for fostering their social integration. In Mexico and the region, in order to develop educational interventions for promoting sexual health, it is necessary to consider the following priorities: a) mental health professionals should have the knowledge or receive training for carrying out a sexual education and counseling program; b) educational interventions for subjects with intellectual disability should be adapted for the different stages of life (childhood, adolescence and adulthood); c) during childhood, educational intervention should emphasize the concept of public and private conducts; d) in adolescence, intervention should consider the actual mental age and not the chronological age of the subjects receiving intervention; e) the expression of sexuality in the adult with intellectual disability depends on the early incorporation of factors for promoting social inclusion; f) for educational interventions to be successful, it is fundamental that sexual educators and counselors, in addition to working with the clients, also work with their parents and other close family members; g) intervention programs should establish development objectives for developing in persons with intellectual disability a positive attitude towards sexuality and the improvement in self-esteem; h) in subjects with intellectual disability, their linguistic comprehension level should be taken into consideration and techniques for open discussion and non-inductive education should be used; i) social integration programs should address the needs of developing countries and their individuals, since it is not feasible to import external programs due to differences in infrastructure and the absence of public policies for promoting development; j) full sexuality in subjects with intellectual disability should be fostered in a comprehensive manner within an independent living program; k) in Mexico and the region, public policies should be instituted for administering independent living programs for people with intellectual disability and should lead to social, familial and economic power for the purpose of being productive. Thus, people with mental deficiency in developing countries can aspire to being integrated into social and work life and to appropriately expressing their sexuality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MEXICO | RECOMMENDATIONS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PARENTS | COUNSELORS | MENTAL RETARDATION | SEXUALITY | SEX EDUCATION | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Intelligence | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Social Behavior Document Number: 327282 |
| 13. Title: "I thought . . . maybe this is my chance" Sexual abuse against girls and women with disabilities in Malawi. Author: Kvam MH; Braathen SH Source: Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2008 Mar;20(1):5-24. Abstract: This article is based on a pilot study conducted in Malawi in 2006 that intended to uncover episodes of violence and abuse against women and girls with disabilities and furthermore to explore the mechanisms behind such acts. The stories of 23 women with disabilities were obtained through in-depth semistructured interviews that covered, among other topics, aspects of sexual abuse experienced by or known to these women. None of the informants reported having been sexually abused during childhood. In adulthood, several had experienced what they themselves defined as sexual abuse: Men came and wanted to "marry" them. When the woman became pregnant, the man disappeared and left her alone. The interviewees were very opinionated regarding this theme and sought both social and political action in this matter, especially a means to enforce men to take economic responsibility for their biological children. The informants stressed that adapted education for women with disabilities would allow them to become more economically independent and be better able to refuse the advances of unserious suitors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | NEEDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326925 |
| 14. Title: Making schools inclusive: How change can happen. Save the Children's experience. Author: Pinnock H; Lewis I Source: London, United Kingdom, Save the Children, 2008. 62 p. Abstract: "Making education more inclusive requires schools and education authorities to remove the barriers to education experienced by the most excluded children - often the poorest, children with disabilities, children without family care, girls, or children from minority groups." Also included in the text are examples of children from very remote areas, girls excluded from school, children from ethnic groups, children with language barriers, and children in countries affected by conflict. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | STUDENTS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | MINORITY GROUPS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Adolescents Document Number: 328183 |
| 15. Title: Healthy Communities Support Initiative. Final program report, January 1, 2006 - December 31, 2006. Submitted to USAID/CAR/OHE. Author: Counterpart International. Healthy Communities Support Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Counterpart International, [2007]. 19 p. (USAID Award No. 176-A-00-03-00004-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-369) Abstract: In January 2006, Counterpart International received a one-year extension of the regional, five-country Health NGO Capacity Building Initiative (HNCBI) program successfully implemented in January 2003- December 2006. The HNCBI program empowered local NGOs and communities to identify and address priority health needs, build the capacity of NGOs and communities to mobilize their constituencies and build partnership with local governmental and non-governmental organizations. The program extension, named Healthy Communities Support Initiative (HCSI), was to be implemented in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan building upon the successes of its predecessor program. In Uzbekistan, Counterpart and USAID were presented with a unique opportunity to work in collaboration with the Uzbekistani government on improving citizens' health in three target oblasts through increased public awareness and capacity to address community defined health issues related to improvement of mother and child health. The extended programwas going to focus on building the capacity of community councils (mahallas) to address health needs of mahalla residents by means of community mobilization. The program was going to involve cooperation and partnership with the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Uzbekistan (Health 2 Project funded by the World Bank), the International Development Association and ZdravPlus II/Abt Associates to support mahalla initiatives that support USAID's SO. 3.2.: Increased access to quality primary health care in select populations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UZBEKISTAN | TURKMENISTAN | EVALUATION REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | COMMUNITY | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | USAID | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | COMMUNITY RELATIONS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Group Processes | Social Behavior | Behavior | Education Document Number: 323493 |
| 16. Title: How young people with disabilities conceptualize the body, sex and marriage in urban India: Four case studies. Author: Addlakha R Source: Sexuality and Disability. 2007 Sep;25(3):111-123. Abstract: Historically in India as elsewhere in the world, there has been a deep-rooted cultural antipathy to persons with disabilities. They have been portrayed as medical anomalies, helpless victims and a lifelong burden for family and society. While today there is a general recognition in India of the need to enhance educational and employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in order to promote economic self-reliance and independent living, their sexual needs, dreams and aspirations are more or less invisible. Sexual and reproductive rights are considered irrelevant for persons with disabilities. Using qualitative data, this paper discusses notions of sexual identity among urban Indian youth through four case studies of college students in Delhi. Gender emerges as a key analytical category in perceptions of sexuality among young men and women with visual and locomotor disabilities. The paper does not claim to capture the complex reality of disabled sexuality in India, but highlights some key issues in a hitherto largely under-research domain. But the author's analysis carries added value, since she herself has low vision; thus conferring a reflexive angle to the research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | SELF-PERCEPTION | SEXUALITY | GENDER ISSUES | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Personality | Physiology | Biology | Social Behavior Document Number: 321088 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexuality in chronic illness: no longer ignored. Author: Basson R Source: Lancet. 2007 Feb 3;369(9559):350-352. Abstract: Even though many diseases and their treatments impair sexual function, medical publications often omit sexual issues. However, national probability samples and clinical studies from many countries confirm that most men and women regard sexual wellbeing as centrally important. The majority of 480 men made paraplegic by spinal-cord injury confirmed that regaining sexual function was their major priority. That sexual function is a legitimate aspect of medicine is shown in the draft working definition of the WHO declaration of sexual rights in 2002. "Sexual rights…include the right of all individuals…to (achieve) the highest attainable standard of sexual health…and to pursue a satisfying, safe and pleasurable sexual life." Being invited to edit and coauthor a series on sexual medicine is a welcome honour: I had a long-term dream of submitting six papers (the ultimate sextet) to the Lancet. Instead, today's Lancet sees the first of three papers: sexual sequelae of common chronic diseases will be followed by reviews on sexual repercussions of endocrine disorders and neurological disorders. All three papers give examples of increased prevalence of sexual dysfunction with comorbid depression. Interdisciplinary fields such as psychoneuroendocrinology confirm that matters of the mind greatly modulate immunological, neurological, and endocrinological systems. Improved mental state from regained satisfactory sexual life might well ameliorate the conditions we seek to treat. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | CHRONIC DISEASES | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | IMPOTENCE | DRUGS | HORMONES | TREATMENT | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System Document Number: 312118 |
| 18. Title: Developing countries and neglected diseases: Challenges and perspectives. Author: Boutayeb A Source: International Journal for Equity in Health. 2007 Nov 26;6:20. Abstract: It is now commonly admitted that the so-called (most) neglected tropical diseases have been given little attention. According to World Health Organization, neglected diseases are hidden diseases as they affect almost exclusively extremely poor populations living in remote areas beyond the reach of health service. The European Parliament recognised that, to our shame, Neglected Diseases have not received the attention they deserve from EU actions. In the Millennium Development Goals they were given very little attention and mentioned just as other disease. Investing in drugs for these diseases is thought to be not marketable or profitable. However, despite their low mortality, neglected diseases are causing severe and permanent disabilities and deformities affecting approximately 1 billion people in the world, yielding more than 20 millions of Disability Adjusted Life Years (56.6 million according to Lancet's revised estimates) and important socio-economic losses. Urgent pragmatic and efficient measures are needed both at international and national levels. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | DISEASES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | GOALS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Technology | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 322490 |
| 19. Title: Child health in impoverished nations: A professional issue? Author: Callender D Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):417-420. Abstract: Several task forces, research groups, and partnerships have formed to study, report on, and take action on the issue of global poverty in relation to neonatal survival and child morbidity and mortality, development, disability, and immunization status. Excellent resources are available for nurse practitioners (NPs) wanting to frame the issues according to their specific areas of interest or to develop their role in the emerging area of pediatric heath care in impoverished nations. With this end in mind, a brief summary describing the focus of the Millennium Declaration, the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group, the LNSST, the International Child Development Steering Group, the Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization (GAVI), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Childhood Disability Meta-Analysis follows. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | NUTRITION | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | VACCINES | IMMUNIZATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Primary Health Care | Population Characteristics | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321822 |
| 20. Title: The forgotten tribe: people with disabilities in Zimbabwe. Author: Choruma T Source: London, England, Progressio, 2007 Jan. 23 p. (Progressio Report) Abstract: This report draws on the findings of a survey conducted in 2006 by Progressio Zimbabwe in collaboration with the National Association of Societies for the Care of the Handicapped (NASCOH). The survey sought to collect information about the experience of people with disabilities in Zimbabwe and their views on what needs to be done to improve the situation. Drawing on the survey findings, this report aims to: Raise awareness on issues currently being faced by people with disabilities in Zimbabwe; Enable the Zimbabwean government, international NGOs and local service organisations to reframe their programmes and actions targeted toward people with disabilities so that they become contextual and inclusive of the needs of the different segments of society that are living with disabilities; Help those in development work see the greater link of disabilities and development and also how disability today is linked to other issues such as HIV and AIDS, poverty, gender, civil society participation, and evengovernance. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | TECHNICAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | KAP SURVEYS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | AWARENESS | LEGISLATION | POVERTY | PARTICIPATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | HUMAN RIGHTS | GOVERNMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Communication Document Number: 321120 |
| 21. Title: [Home technological support network for technology-dependent children discharged from a state-run hospital] Rede de suporte tecnologico domiciliar a crianca dependente de tecnologia egressa de um hospital de saude publica. Author: Drucker LP Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2007 Sep-Oct;12(5):1285-1294. Abstract: Due to major advances, life maintenance technology has improved remarkably over the past few years. Research and development in the field of intensive pediatric and neonatal care has prompted the appearance of a new type of patient: the Technologically-Dependent Child (TDC), a heterogeneous and loosely-defined group whose survival is dependent on technological and pharmacological artifacts. A Government pediatric hospital in Rio de Janeiro, the Instituto Fernandes Figueira (IFF/FIOCRUZ) cares for this group. When eligible patients return home, they are enrolled in the Interdisciplinary Home Care Program (PADI) run by this Institution. This paper discusses the life maintenance equipment purchase and maintenance network, analyzing how families absorb technology so as to become homecare givers and take decisions. Finally, it also examines how families, hospitals and funding agencies must cooperate in order to care for the TDC at home and at this Institution. This qualitative research project is based on observations and interviews conducted at hospital facilities and children being treated in their homes through the Interdisciplinary Home Care Program. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | INFANT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | TECHNOLOGY | HOME CARE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | COORDINATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Economic Factors | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 324597 |
| 22. Title: Child participation in education initiatives. Author: Fanelli CW; Mushunje M Source: [Harare], Zimbabwe, Catholic Relief Services [CRS], 2007. 62 p. (How-to Guide) Abstract: This Guide begins by summarizing the work of the CRS/Zimbabwe country program so that you have an understanding of how this program operates and how we are connected to the examples explored in this Guide. Then, it provides an overview of the concept of child participation, explaining why child participation is so important and providing guidance on how to analyze and evaluate the scope and level of child participation in a project. Next, the Guide offers six examples of how CRS/ Zimbabwe partner organizations facilitate child participation in their education initiatives. Each example includes relevant background information on the partner's programming; the specifics of how the partner organization facilitates child participation; a description of the critical steps organizations need to follow to facilitate child participation in a similar way; and an activity that can get you started on the road to child participation in your organization's education initiative. Please note that the guide is inno way comprehensive-there are literally hundreds of ways your organization could facilitate child participation in education activities. The examples provided here are ideas that hopefully will get you thinking about the many and varied ways that children access their participation rights and strategies you could use in your own context. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | MANUAL | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | FIELD WORKERS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PARTICIPATION | DECISION MAKING | DEAFNESS | EDUCATION | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sensory Effects | Physiology | Biology | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318958 |
| 23. Title: HIV / AIDS and disability: Differences in HIV / AIDS knowledge between deaf and hearing people in Nigeria. Author: Groce NE; Yousafzai AK; van der Maas F Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2007 Mar;29(5):367-371. Abstract: Studies both in North America and Europe have found that deaf individuals lack access to AIDS information, due to problems in communication, low literacy and tightly woven social networks within the deaf community. However few comparable studies are available from countries in the Developing World. The present study was undertaken in Nigeria where there is an estimated adult HIV prevalence rate of 5.4%. We sought to compare HIV knowledge among deaf and hearing individuals in order to identify how effectively deaf members of the community are being reached by HIV/AIDS messages. A survey comparing knowledge about HIV/AIDS among deaf and hard of hearing adolescents (n=50) and young adults (n=50) was undertaken. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in levels of understanding about certain aspects of how AIDS is spread were identified as well as differences in available resources for access to accurate information among deaf members of the population. These findings from Nigeria speak strongly to the need for the development of interventions that include people with disabilities in public health and HIV/AIDS strategies and that address their specific vulnerabilities. Evaluating the adaptation of education material and the inclusion of the deaf population in HIV awareness programmes is an urgent 'next step.' (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | YOUTH | DEAFNESS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Sensory Effects | Physiology | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 317536 |
| 24. Title: Study on children in difficult circumstances. Author: Gupta A Source: Health for the Millions. 2007 Jan;32(4-5):35-39. Abstract: In the course of its work at the grassroots - during disasters (both natural and man-made), in the most backward districts amongst hilly areas as well as tribal areas, etc., VHAI has come across children in a range of difficult circumstances. Through this arose the need to enhance the focus on children in our work. However, to begin with, it is essential to document and understand their situation. We have done this through a comprehensive report entitled: "Seen, but not heard: India's marginalised, neglected and vulnerable children." Seen, but not heard, is as much a report about India's forgotten children, as it is a commentary by these children about the world that adults have bequeathed to them. A world that neglects them, tramples on their vulnerability and pushes them to the fringes, and, very often, over the edge. A unique feature of this report is that children's views share space with adult analysis, very much in the spirit of participation enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD SURVIVAL | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH POLICY | PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Health | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Program Evaluation | Policy Document Number: 308825 |
| 25. Title: Health and health care of the older population in urban and rural China: 2000. Author: He W; Sengupta M; Zhang K; Guo P Source: Washington, D.C., United States Goverment Printing Office, 2007 Sep. [78] p. (International Population Reports P95/07-2) Abstract: This report presents a descriptive analysis of the health status and health care of China's older population in 2000. Data come from the Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural China (SSAPUR) conducted in December 2000. SSAPUR was the first national survey of the older population sponsored solely by the Chinese government, with a national random sample of approximately 20,000 respondents from 20 provinces. A second SSAPUR was fielded in June-August 2006 with a similar sample size and an improved sampling frame and questionnaire design. The 2006 survey included a subsample of 9,380 respondents from the 2000 survey. When the 2006 data become available, the two SSAPUR surveys will provide a source for studies on trends and changes in older people's health status and health care utilization, and they will permit longitudinal analyses on the dynamics of health status and transitions to and from different health conditions. This report first examines older people's activity limitations, self-assessed health, chronic disease status, and lifestyle behaviors. In addition to providing information on physical health, SSAPUR results permit study of the mental health of older Chinese, an area that has been unexplored due to a lack of data. This report also examines the utilization of health care services by China's older people, another area that has not been widely researched. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | OLDER ADULTS | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | HEALTH SERVICES | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MENTAL HEALTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 324530 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: The burden of disease attributable to sexually transmitted infections in South Africa in 2000. Author: Johnson L; Bradshaw D; Dorrington R Source: South African Medical Journal. 2007 Aug;97(8):658-662. Abstract: Objectives. To estimate the burden of disease attributable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in South Africa, to identify the factors contributing to this burden, and to review successes and failures in reducing this burden. Design. Years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated using different approaches for HIV/ AIDS, other STIs and cervical cancer. Burden in respect of HIV/ AIDS was estimated using the ASSA2002 model, and for the other diseases the revised national burden of disease estimates for 2000 based on 1996 cause-of-death data were used. The ASSA2002 model was used to estimate numbers of AIDS deaths under different prevention and treatment scenarios. Setting. South Africa. Outcome measures. Deaths, YLL and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with HIV/AIDS, other STIs and cervical cancer. Results. STIs accounted for more than 26% of all deaths and over 5 million DALYs in 2000 and over 98% of this burden was due to HIV/AIDS. A combination of social, behavioural and biological conditions contribute to this burden. HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity are estimated to have increased significantly since 2000, and the future change in this burden is largely dependent on the extent to which antiretroviral treatment and HIV prevention programmes are introduced. 2.5 million AIDS deaths could be prevented by 2015 if high levels of access to antiretroviral treatment are achieved. Conclusion. South Africa faces one of the largest STI epidemics in the world. A multifaceted strategy to prevent and treat STIs is needed, and burden of disease assessments should look beyond the role of "unsafe sex" when attributing this disease burden to risk factors. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | QUALITY OF LIFE | LENGTH OF LIFE | CERVICAL CANCER | AIDS | CAUSES OF DEATH | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Cancer | Neoplasms | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330608 |
| 27. Title: Blindness in children at the Ida Rieu School for the blind and deaf. Author: Khan SJ; Hassan A; Khalid L; Karim U; Hashmi E Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2007 Jul;57(7):334-337. Abstract: The objective was to identify the causes of blindness at the Ida Rieu school for the blind and deaf, Karachi, Pakistan. A cross sectional study was conducted at the Ida Rieu School for the blind and deaf. The data collected from medical record of students was entered into the WHO/PBL eye examination form for children with blindness and low vision. Records of 144 pupils aged between 4-30 years were reviewed, including 67% males and 33% females. One third (31%) children had visual impairment (<6/18-6/60) and 69% were blind (<3/60-NPL). The commonest anatomical site was retina (41%) and whole globe (20%). The etiology was unknown in 49% cases. In 33% of cases, the data suggested hereditary cause as the etiology, 40% of cases were preventable and 13% treatable. Avoidable causes of blindness were seen in 53% of children, 58% of which were preventable and 19 were treatable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | BLINDNESS | SCHOOLS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ophthalmological Effects | Physiology | Biology | Education Document Number: 320213 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparing the magnitude of discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV / AIDS and toward people with mental illness in the Hong Kong general population. Author: Lau JT; Tsui HY Source: Health Education Research. 2007;22(1):139-152. Abstract: The study compared the level of discriminatory attitudes toward people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA) and people with mental illness (PMI) and investigated factors associated with the absolute and relative levels of these discriminatory attitudes. An anonymous cross-sectional telephone survey interviewed 604 Chinese adults aged 18-50 years from the general Hong Kong population. Discriminatory attitudes toward both groups are prevalent, and with that toward PLWHA stronger than that toward PMI. Over half (58%) would rather make social contact with PMI than with PLWHA. Among other factors, respondents who perceived PLWHA to be promiscuous or perceived PLWHA to cause apprehensiveness in others had a higher likelihood of being more discriminatory toward PLWHA than toward PMI. These respondents were also more willing to make social contact with PMI than with PLWHA. Factors such as those related to less sympathy or unfavorable perceptions toward PLWHA were associated with discriminatory attitudes toward both PLWHA and PMI. Discriminatory attitudes toward the two groups were positively correlated with one another (r = 0.58, P < 0.001). PLWHA face stronger discriminatory attitudes than PMI. Value-laden judgment and less frequent opportunities for personal interaction with PLWHA may partially explain the differences. Discriminatory attitudes toward different social groups may share similar underlying roots. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV INFECTIONS | STIGMA | MENTAL DISORDERS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 311314 |
| 29. Title: Children and vulnerability in Tanzania: a brief synthesis. Author: Leach V Source: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Research on Poverty Alleviation [REPOA], 2007. 26 p. (Special Paper 07.25) Abstract: The intention of this paper is to highlight the key issues of children and vulnerability in Tanzania. The paper states that a national framework for social protection must be established to address these overwhelming facets of insecurity and vulnerability for children in Tanzania. The framework needs to reduce vulnerability, strengthen capabilities and must therefore put priority on improving the rural economy and rural conditions of life, and on improving health care and other services in rural areas to reduce the toll of ill-health on children and their caregivers. According to the paper pre-natal and obstetric care must be improved so that at birth babies and their mothers are provided health services which minimise their risk of death. Moreover, individuals who require special support may be identified through a combination of community and local government systems, with strengthened organised community groups to care for the most vulnerable. The paper further states that the level of support provided by several programmes to a relatively small number of children, for clothing, for example, is far in excess of the average expenditures by the majority of households on their children. The challenge is to provide support mechanisms which are not stigmatising, nor discriminatory, but which ensure that all children, no matter what their circumstances, benefit from and contribute to their own development and that of the nation to their fullest capacity. In conclusion the paper emphasises that the implications of this analysis suggest that investments are most critically needed to ensure that there is equitable access to quality health care, and that much more serious attention is needed towards the social attitudes towards children and young people and practices of caring for children, not only as infants, but also as older children. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | PROGRESS REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | UNICEF | MALNUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | EDUCATION | CHILD LABOR | CHILD ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Households | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Nutrition | Health | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 327133 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Fostering disability-inclusive HIV / AIDS programs in northeast India: A participatory study. Author: Morrow M; Arunkumar MC; Pearce E; Dawson HE Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Jun 26;7(1):[33] p. Abstract: Manipur and Nagaland in northeast India are among the Indian states with the highest prevalence of HIV. Most prevention and care programs focus on identified "high risk" groups, but recent data suggest the epidemic is increasing among the general population, primarily through heterosexual sex. People with disability (PWD) in India are more likely than the general population to be illiterate, unemployed and impoverished, but little is known of their HIV risk. This project aimed to enable HIV programs in Manipur and Nagaland to be more disability-inclusive. The objectives were to: explore HIV risk and risk perception in relation to PWD among HIV and disability programmers, and PWD themselves; identify HIV-related education and service needs and preferences of PWD; and utilise findings and stakeholder consultation to draft practical guidelines for inclusion of disability into HIV programming. Data were collected through a survey and several qualitative tools. The findings revealed that participants believe PWD in these states are potentially vulnerable to HIV transmission due to social exclusion and poverty, lack of knowledge, gender norms and obstacles to accessing HIV programs. Neither HIV nor disability organisations currently address the risks, needs and preferences of PWD. The Guidelines produced in the project and disseminated to stakeholders emphasise opportunities for taking action with minimal cost and resources, such as using the networks and expertise of both HIV and disability sectors, producing HIV material in a variety of formats, and promoting accessibility to mainstream HIV education and services. The human rights obligations and public health benefits of modifying national and state policies and programs to assist this highly disadvantaged population are also highlighted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PREVALENCE | HETEROSEXUALS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | PERCEPTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 313672 |
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