1.  Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of avoidable mortality on life expectancy at birth in Spain: changes between three periods, from 1987 to 2001. Author: Gispert R; Serra I; Bares MA; Puig X; Puigdefabregas A Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008 Sep;62(9):783-789. Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the impact of avoidable mortality on the changes in life expectancy at birth in Spain. Methods: Standard life table techniques and the Arriaga method were used to calculate and to decompose life expectancy (LE) changes by age, effects and groups of causes of avoidable mortality among three periods (1987-91, 1992-6 and 1997-2001). A list of causes of avoidable mortality reached by consensus and previously published in Spain was used. Main results: Life expectancy increased in all ages and both sexes. The main contribution to the increase of LE at birth was due to people over 50. Mortality in young adults produced a reduction in LE between the first two periods, but there was an important increase in LE between the last two periods; in both cases, this was the result of factors amenable to health policy interventions. The highest improvement in LE was due to non-avoidable causes, but avoidable mortality through health service interventions showed improvements in LE in those younger than 1 year and in those aged 45-75 years. Conclusions: Making a distinction between several groups of causes of avoidable mortality and using decomposition by causes, ages and effects allowed us to better explain the impact of avoidable mortality on the LE of the whole population and gave a new dimension to this indicator that could be very useful in public health. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | CAUSES OF DEATH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Length of Life | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 307983 |
| 2. Title: Increasing differential mortality by educational attainment in adults in the United States. Author: Hadden WC; Rockswold PD Source: International Journal of Health Services. 2008;38(1):47-61. Abstract: Economic inequality has increased substantially in the United States since the early 1970s. Inequality in mortality increased from 1960 to 1986. To assess the trend in inequality in mortality the authors calculate age-adjusted mortality rates by educational attainment for 2000 and compare them with rates from 1960 and 1986, using relative and absolute indexes of inequality. Rates are calculated for non-Hispanic white and black adults aged 25 to 64 years, using mortality data from U.S. Vital Statistics and population estimates from the Census Public Use Microdata Sample. The trend toward increasing inequality in mortality between 1960 and 1986 accelerated from 1986 to 2000. Improvements in mortality went disproportionately to those with the most education. Mortality rates for whites with low education, which declined from 1960 to 1986, actually rose from 1986 to 2000. The relative change was greatest for those with only a high school education. This change, however, is largely explained by shifts in the distribution of education, which left those with a high school education in a lower position. The increase in inequality was particularly strong in whites and stronger in men than in women. For black men there was a small decline in absolute inequality between 1986 and 2000. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ADULTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INEQUALITIES | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Death Rate | Population Statistics Document Number: 325212 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural-urban migration and child survival in urban Bangladesh: Are the urban migrants and poor disadvantaged? Author: Islam MM; Azad KM Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jan;40(1):83-96. Abstract: This paper analyses the levels and trends of childhood mortality in urban Bangladesh, and examines whether children's survival chances are poorer among the urban migrants and urban poor. It also examines the determinants of child survival in urban Bangladesh. Data come from the 1999-2000 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The results indicate that, although the indices of infant and child mortality are consistently better in urban areas, the urban-rural differentials in childhood mortality have diminished in recent years. The study identifies two distinct child morality regimes in urban Bangladesh: one for urban natives and one for rural-urban migrants. Under-five mortality is higher among children born to urban migrants compared with children born to life-long urban natives (102 and 62 per 1000 live births, respectively). The migrant-native mortality differentials more-or-less correspond with the differences in socioeconomic status. Like childhood mortality rates, rural-urban migrants seemto be moderately disadvantaged by economic status compared with their urban native counterparts. Within the urban areas, the child survival status is even worse among the migrant poor than among the average urban poor, especially recent migrants. This poor-non-poor differential in childhood mortality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The study findings indicate that rapid growth of the urban population in recent years due to rural-to-urban migration, coupled with higher risk of mortality among migrant's children, may be considered as one of the major explanations for slower decline in under-five mortality in urban Bangladesh, thus diminishing urban-rural differentials in childhood mortality in Bangladesh. The study demonstrates that housing conditions and access to safe drinking water and hygienic toilet facilities are the most critical determinants of child survival in urban areas, even after controlling for migration status. The findings of the study may have important policy implications for urban planning, highlighting the need to target migrant groups and the urban poor within urban areas in the provision of health care services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | CHILDREN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | CHILD SURVIVAL | POVERTY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Public Health | Health Document Number: 313979 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Decrease in sex difference in premature mortality during system transformation in Poland. Author: Kolodziej H; Lopuszanska M; Jankowska EA Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Mar;40(2):297-312. Abstract: In recent years, sex differences in mortality have followed diverse patterns of change in developed countries. As there is no analogous evidence from Poland, the aim of this study was to describe the pattern of change in excess male mortality among Polish inhabitants aged 35-64 during 1995-2002, when the major socioeconomic transformation occurred, and compare it with sex differences in mortality observed in the late 1980s. During the study period, excess male mortality decreased significantly, independently of age and educational level. The reduction in mortality was observed in both sexes, but its magnitude was greater in men. These changes resulted mainly from a reduction in mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in males and a concomitant increase in mortality rates due to lung cancer and suicides in females. Although, in general, excess male mortality decreased, social gradients related to this phenomenon increased. Subjects (in particularly men) who had graduated from university benefited the most, their magnitude of reduction in mortality rates being the greatest. Changes in social environment during the transformation period in Poland are suggested as major determinants of these changes, but further studies are needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ADULTS | MORTALITY DECLINE | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 323792 |
| 5. Title: The gap gets bigger: Changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education, 1981 - 2000. Author: Meara ER; Richards S; Cutler DM Source: Health Affairs. 2008 Mar-Apr;27(2):350-360. Abstract: In this paper we examine educational disparities in mortality and life expectancy among non-Hispanic blacks and whites in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite increased attention and substantial dollars directed to groups with low socioeconomic status, within race and gender groups, the educational gap in life expectancy is rising, mainly because of rising differentials among the elderly. With the exception of black males, all recent gains in life expectancy at age twenty-five have occurred among better-educated groups, raising educational differentials in life expectancy by 30 percent. Differential trends in smoking-related diseases explain at least 20 percent of this trend. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 325260 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Are social inequalities in mortality in Britain narrowing? Time trends from 1978 to 2005 in a population-based study of older men. Author: Ramsay SE; Morris RW; Lennon LT; Wannamethee SG; Whincup PH Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008;62:75-80. Abstract: The objective was to examine whether social inequalities in all-cause and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in Britain have reduced between 1978 and 2005. The design of the study was a prospective study of a socioeconomically representative population. The setting for the study was 24 British towns. The participants used were 7735 Men, aged 40-59 years at recruitment in 1978-1980 and followed up until 2005 through the National Health Service Central Register (164 120 person-years). The main outcome measures were relative hazards and absolute risk differences for all-cause and CHD death comparing manual with non-manual social classes, calculated for different calendar periods. 3009 Deaths from all causes (1003 from CHD) occurred during follow-up. The overall hazard ratio (manual versus non-manual) was 1.56 (95% CI 1.45 to 1.69, p < 0.001) for all-cause mortality and 1.54 (95% CI 1.35 to 1.76, p < 0.001) for CHD mortality. The relative difference between these social groups tended to increase over time. The overall relative increase in hazard ratio comparing manual with non-manual groups over a 20-year calendar period was 1.22 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.80, p=0.31) for all-cause mortality and 1.75 (95% CI 0.89 to 3.45, p=0.11) for CHD mortality. The absolute difference in probability of survival to age 65 years between nonmanual and manual groups fell from 29% in 1981 to 19% in 2001 for all-cause mortality and from 17% to 7% for CHD mortality. Relative differences in all-cause and CHD mortality between manual and non-manual social class groups persisted and may have increased during this period. Absolute differences in mortality between these social groups decreased as a result of falling overall mortality rates. Greater effort is needed to reduce social inequalities in all-cause and CHD mortality in the new millennium. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | OLDER ADULTS | INEQUALITIES | TIME FACTORS | SOCIAL CLASS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | MORTALITY CHANGES | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | HEART DISEASES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Mortality | Diseases Document Number: 323232 |
7.  Title: Discrimination from conception to childhood: a study of girl children in rural Haryana, India. Author: Agrawal S; Unisa S Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :247-266. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: The authors investigated both qualitative and less explored factors that can influence child sex ratio. In this study, the made use of the ecological model of gender discrimination developed by Heise (1998). As a first dimension in gender discrimination study, consideration of the individual perpetrator, i.e., the woman who has witnessed or experienced discrimination, marital violence or child abuse in her childhood. The diversity of synergistic effects that impinge on childhood is often ignored by social scientists. Here, the authors argue that their attention to a mother must start not once she has become a mother, neither when she is just about to become a mother, but when she was an infant and a child, as what happened to her during her own childhood may eventually determine the adequacy of her physical and mental state as a mother. Another dimension of gender discrimination examined in this study relates to marital conflicts, wealth control and decision-making in the family. Most of the time, it is found that women's fertility is culturally produced and controlled by marital arrangement. Hence, the importance of married life in demographic analysis cannot be ignored as women spend a major part of their life in marital union and their behaviour is greatly influenced by its characteristics. Studies on marital instability in some developing countries show that the presence of a son in the family consistently decreases the likelihood of marital instability. In this study, the authors posit that the various spheres of women's autonomy may affect their reproductive behaviour and sex preferences. Education, work participation, and exposure to mass media are some of the means by which women gains status and autonomy. It has often been argued that women's status is an indicator of the level of development of a given society. Women's autonomy is likely to have a significant impact on demographic and health seeking behaviour of couples by altering women's relative control over fertility and contraception as well as influencing their attitudes and abilities. In the above perspective, the present study tries to investigate sex-selective discrimination in terms of active and passive elimination of a girl child through life-cycle approach. The specific purpose of the study is to examine female child neglect leading to death (passive elimination) and selective abortion (active elimination) according to childhood experiences, autonomy status and marital instability of the mothers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CENSUS METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX RATIO | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ABORTION | LIFE CYCLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Research | Family and Household Document Number: 308903 Notification |
| 8. Title: Decreases in male and female mortality and missing women in Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; Van Ginneken J; Bosch A Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :161-181. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: In Bangladesh, parents have a preference for a balance in sex composition of children; most couples want two sons and one daughter (Chowdhury and Bairagi, 1990). There is a debate over whether the pro-son bias is the result of economic structure or due to sociocultural reasons. The social institutions that shape norms and values prevailing in a number of Asian countries dispose parents and other caretakers to treat boys and girls differently on the ground of their sex, which does not imply deliberate discrimination. Parents do not engage in conscious discrimination between sons and daughters, but sex discrimination is embodied in cultural beliefs (Waldron, 1987). The differential treatment on the ground of sex often leads to poor health and survival of girls. For this reason the 1994 Cairo International Conference of Population and Development placed special emphasis on the need to improve the health, welfare and survival of girls. The objectives of this study are to examine whether discrimination against girls persists in Bangladesh or has shifted over time and to identify the behavioural mechanisms involved in these changes. This study will focus on male/female differentials in mortality of infants and children aged 1-4 years and male/female differences in nutritional status of children aged 1-4 years old. Sex differentials in use of child health services are also considered as well as changes in patterns of enrolment in education for girls versus boys. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | INFANT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EXCESS MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Child | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 308899 |
| 9. Title: Sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality in India: trends, differentials and regional patterns. Author: Arokiasamy P Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :49-72. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: The region comprising the northern and western states of India, where evidence of stronger son preference is well documented, has the history of most imbalanced sex ratio. The corresponding link between adverse female/male child mortality differentials and the recent sharp rise in child sex ratios, related to foetal mortality, constitutes the main focus of this analysis. Set in this context, this chapter assesses the evidence of trends and regional patterns in sex bias against female children. It explores the dynamics of gender bias in terms of two proximate determinants of sex ratio, namely, sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | CHILD MORTALITY | SEX DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | EXCESS MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | AMNIOCENTESIS | ULTRASONICS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 308894 Notification |
| 10. Title: Hindu-Muslim differentials in infant and child survival in India: some unexpected findings. Author: Basu AM; Williams LB; Kusi-Appouh D Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [2] p. Abstract: Much political and intellectual energy has been expended in India (and by outside researchers interested in India) on the higher fertility of Muslims than Hindus in the country. There have been numerous attempts to explain the long-standing finding that Muslim women have more children than Hindu women, even after controlling for a range of socioeconomic variables. And several public pronouncements by political leaders as well as private discourses by citizens use the higher fertility of Muslims as one more alarming piece of evidence of their social backwardness and their potential to eventually outnumber the Hindu population. By this reckoning alone, given the much-explored demographic relationship between fertility and child survival, one would expect infant and child mortality to be higher among Muslims than Hindus in India. This expectation is buttressed by the fact that Muslim women also display so many of the other features of high mortality situations - relatively low levels of education, greater conservatism in medical matters, higher levels of poverty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | INFANT | HINDUISM | ISLAM | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 317862 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Socioeconomic differentials in cause-specific mortality among South Korean adolescents. Author: Cho HJ; Khang YH; Yang S; Harper S; Lynch JW Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Feb;36(1):50-57. Abstract: There is inconsistent evidence regarding the presence of a socioeconomic differential in adolescent all-cause and cause-specific mortality. This study examines possible socioeconomic mortality differentials in Korean adolescents. A total of 330 321 boys and 311 830 girls aged 10-19, who are health insurance beneficiaries for civil servants and private school teachers of Korean Health Insurance Cooperation, were followed for 9 years (1995-2003). Parental income information was linked to national death certificate data. For boys, all-cause mortality showed a graded inverse relationship with income level in both 10-14 year olds (RR 5 1.64, 95% CI: 1.40-1.91) and 15-19 year olds (RR 5 1.68, 95% CI: 1.40-1.91). The major contributor was mortality differentials from external causes, with differentials of transport accident death the most important. Mortality from circulatory disease was higher in the lowest income groups in 15-19 year olds (RR 5 2.21, 95% CI: 1.09-4.50). A significant socioeconomic gradient of non-external cause mortality was found in 15-19 year olds. For girls, socioeconomic differentials were less evident than boys. The all-cause mortality gradient for girls was smaller than for boys and only significant between the lowest and the highest tertile in both 10-14 year olds and 15-19 year olds (RR 5 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02-1.72, RR 5 1.38, 95% CI: 1.11-1.72, respectively). There were significant socioeconomic mortality differentials in all external causes and transport accidents and a marginally significant difference in suicide mortality for 10-19 year olds. Mortality from non-external causes showed no social gradient in girls. Socioeconomic differentials in all-cause mortality were observed in adolescents, even in early youth. This pattern might also apply to mortality from non-external causes, especially cardiovascular disease in 15-19 year old males. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | HEALTH INSURANCE | ACCIDENTAL DEATHS | SUICIDE | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 317146 |
| 12. Title: Sex selection and fertility choices: analysis and policy. Author: Ebenstein AY Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [53] p. Abstract: High sex ratios in China and India have historically concerned researchers and their recent increase has alarmed policymakers worldwide. This paper identifies sex selection via infanticide and abortion as the principal explanation for the sex ratio distortion, and rules out competing explanations such as biology or differential mortality rates. Consistent with recent work, I find that the sex ratio of first-born births is close to the natural rate and steeply rising following the birth of low-order daughters, indicating that mothers are practicing pre-natal sex selection or immediate infanticide. Sex ratios are found to be higher among those anticipating lower fertility, such as those under stricter government fertility limits. I outline a model of a mother's fertility choice when she has access to a sex-selection technology and faces a mandated fertility limit. By exploiting variation in fines levied in China for unsanctioned births, I demonstrate that higher fine regimes discourage fertility butare associated with higher sex ratios among those who choose to have an additional child. I then estimate a structural model of parental preferences using China's 2000 census data that indicates that a son is worth 2.90 years of income more than a daughter, and the premium is highest among less educated mothers and rural families. I conclude with a set of simulations to model the effect on sex ratios and total fertility of a propose subsidy to families who fail to have a son, and find that such a policy would reduce sex ratios and lower overall fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | MOTHERS | INFANT | RURAL POPULATION | SEX PREFERENCE | INFANTICIDE | ABORTION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SEX RATIO | CENSUS | CHILD WORTH | INCOME | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Statistics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 317356 Notification |
| 13. Title: Understanding ethnic differentials in mortality in Central Asia: evidence from Kyrgyzstan. Author: Guillot M; Gavrilova N; Pudrovska T Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [34] p. Abstract: In this paper, we use unpublished, detailed census and vital registration data from Kyrgyzstan between 1959 and 1999 to evaluate the different explanations for the Russian mortality paradox: (1) data artifacts; (2) migration effects; (3) cultural effects. The "data artifacts" explanation posits that the higher mortality among ethnic Russians is spurious, due to their better reporting of deaths (coverage and age reporting). According to this explanation, ethnic differentials in mortality between Slavs and Central Asians would be reversed in the absence of data errors. The "migration effects" hypothesis posits that the large increase in adult mortality among Russians between 1989 and 1999 is due to selective migration out of Kyrgyzstan following the break-up of the Soviet Union. Indeed, one third of the Russian population has left Kyrgyzstan since 1991. Mortality trends among Russians would be affected by these migration flows if Russian migrants were healthier than the Russians who stayed (healthy migrant effect). The "cultural effects" explanation posits that the differential in mortality is real and unexplained by differences in socio-economic status. Rather, the differentials would be explained by different cultural practices among various ethnic groups. Indeed, culture may affect mortality outcomes by shaping individual health and lifestyle behaviors (e.g., diet, smoking, alcohol, exercise, use of preventive care) and by shaping the nature of the individual's social environment (family structure and social networks) which, in turn, may affect stress levels and health outcomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KYRGYZSTAN | USSR | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ETHNIC GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | MIGRATION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | CULTURE | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Mortality | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317863 |
| 14. Title: Mortality experience of Tsimane Amerindians of Bolivia: regional variation and temporal trends. Author: Gurven M; Kaplan H; Zelada Supa A Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [38] p. Abstract: This paper examines regional and temporal trends in mortality patterns among the Tsimane, a population of small-scale forager-horticulturalists in lowland Bolivia. We compare age-specific mortality in remote forest and riverine regions with that in more acculturated villages and examine mortality changes among all age groups over the past fifty years. Discretetime logistic regression is used to examine impacts of region, period, sex and age on mortality. Villages in the remote forest and riverine regions show 2-4 times higher mortality from infancy until middle adulthood than in the acculturated region. While there was little change in mortality for most of the lifecourse over the period 1950-89, overall life expectancy at birth improved by 8 years from 45 to 53 after 1990. In both periods, over half of all deaths are due to infectious disease, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Accidents and violence account for a quarter of all deaths. Unlike typical patterns described by epidemiologic transition theory, we find a much larger period reduction of death rates during middle and late adulthood than during infancy or childhood. In the remote villages, infant death rates changed little, whereas death rates among older adults decreased sharply. We hypothesize that that this pattern is due to a combination of differential access to medical interventions, a continued lack of public health infrastructure and Tsimane cultural beliefs concerning sickness and dying. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | NATIVE AMERICANS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEX FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CAUSES OF DEATH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Death Rate | Data Analysis | Length of Life | Health Document Number: 317865 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: The child mortality disadvantage among indigenous people in Mexico. Author: Heaton TB; England JL; Bencomo MG; Lopez GR Source: Population Review. 2007;46(1):1-11. Abstract: This paper compares child mortality rates of Indigenous people with national rates. A long history of discrimination and exclusion experienced by indigenous residents of Mexico has created substantial disadvantage in terms of living conditions, education, and access to state resources. Recent policy efforts have been designed to address issues of poverty and inadequate health care. This paper uses data from the 2000 census of Mexico to examine: 1) the relative risk of child mortality among indigenous people, 2) the influence of living conditions, education and demographic characteristics on mortality differentials, and 3) the role of government programs in reducing mortality differentials. Results indicate that poor living conditions, low education and concentration in rural areas account for higher indigenous mortality. National programs have played a modest role in reducing mortality differentials. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | CHILD MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318100 |
| 16. Title: The effects of education and nativity on cause-specific older age mortality in Taiwan. Extended abstract. Author: Hermalin AI; Ofstedal MB; Sun C Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 10 p. Abstract: This paper initiates an examination into the mortality ramifications of a rather unique migration that took place in Taiwan. Between 1949-51 more than one million people, mostly younger males, arrived from mainland China in the wake of the Communist Civil War victory. The Mainlanders, as they are often called, were distinct from the existing Taiwanese population in a number of ways, although they share a common Chinese cultural heritage. The Mainlanders came largely from different provinces of China than the original Taiwanese settlers, they were better educated on average, and spoke Mandarin rather than Taiwanese. They mainly settled in the northern urban areas of Taiwan and were residentially segregated to some extent insofar as they occupied the neighborhoods vacated by the Japanese, who ruled the island between 1906 and 1945. A large number of migrants were in the military (approximately 600,000) and many of the others were officials or administrators in the Republic of China government. The education and occupational advantages of the Mainlanders may not have extended to income and wealth, as they were mainly salaried and probably lagged behind the rapid gains in income in the private sector and in the business opportunities that began to expand in Taiwan shortly after their arrival. Despite some hostilities and tensions between the two groups, there was also considerable interaction at many levels and, given the strong sex imbalance among the Mainlanders, a fair amount of intermarriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | OLDER ADULTS | MIGRANTS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ORIGIN | RISK BEHAVIOR | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Death Rate | Mortality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 317864 |
| 17. Title: Age at menopause and cause-specific mortality in South Korean women: Kangwha Cohort Study. Author: Hong JS; Yi SW; Kang HC; Jee SH; Kang HG Source: Maturitas. 2007 Apr 20;56(4):411-419. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between age at natural menopause and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among women. This study used the data of the Kangwha Cohort that was followed up from 1985 to 2001, in particular, for the group of 55 years or older women (n = 2658). We calculated the hazard ratio of mortality by the group of age at menopause using the Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for age, alcohol consumption, education, age at first birth, self-cognitive health level, chronic disease, marital partner, parity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use and hypertension. The mean (standard deviation) age at menopause was 46.9 (4.9) years, and the median age was 48 years. After adjusting for the relevant variables, the risk of total death in the early menopause group (< 40 years at menopause) was 1.32 times higher than that of the reference group (45-49 years at menopause) (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.66, p = 0.02). For the early menopause group,relative to the reference group, the adjusted hazard ratios of death due to cardiovascular disease and cancer were 1.53 (95% CI, 1.00-2.39, p = 0.04) and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.06-3.82, p = 0.03), respectively. Through this study, the age at menopause was found to be different between Asian and Caucasian women and the association of age at menopause with death, particularly caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer, was validated. Our study is one of rare studies regarding the age at menopause of Asian women and their risk of mortality, which could be considered to be meaningful. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ASIANS | WHITES | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | CANCER | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 313253 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Inequalities in mortality by marital status during socio-economic transition in Lithuania. Author: Kalediene R; Petrauskiene J; Starkuviene S Source: Public Health. 2007 May;121(5):385-392. Abstract: The objectives were to analyse the changes in mortality inequalities by marital status over the period of socio-economic transition in Lithuania and to estimate the contribution of major causes of death to marital-status differences in overall mortality. A survey based on routine mortality statistics and census data for 1989 and 2001 for the entire country. The proportion of married population has declined over the past decade. Widowed men and never married women were found to be at highest risk of mortality throughout the period under investigation. Although inequalities have not grown considerably, mortality rates have increased significantly for divorced populations and for never married men, widening the mortality gap. Cardiovascular diseases contributed most to excess mortality of never married and divorced men, as well as all unmarried groups of women. The excess mortality of widowed men from external causes was greatest in 2001. Marriage can be considered as a health protecting factor, particularly in relation to mortality from cardiovascular diseases and external causes. Local and national policies aimed at health promotion must focus primarily on improving the position of unmarried groups and providing psychological support. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LITHUANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | WIDOWED | NEVER MARRIED | DIVORCED | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | MARITAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | CAUSES OF DEATH | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Population Statistics | Behavior Document Number: 314842 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Military rank and AIDS proportionate mortality in the Brazilian Navy. Author: Silva M; Santana V; Dourado I Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Feb;23(2):419-426. Abstract: This study describes AIDS mortality and occupational factors among servicemen in the Brazilian Navy. This is a proportional mortality study of 2,586 servicemen's death certificates (20-72 years of age) recorded from 1991 to 1995. Death certificates and occupational histories came from the Brazilian Navy Insurance System archives. Association was measured using proportionate mortality odds ratios obtained with unconditional logistic regression. AIDS proportionate mortality was estimated at 4.8% (n = 125) and increased during the study period, particularly among servicemen under 50 years of age and those with low rank. As compared to other occupations, there was relative excess AIDS in the "management" (proportionate mortality odds ratio, PMOR/age-adjusted = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.27-4.71), "secretarial" (PMOR/age-adjusted = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.22-5.08), and "janitorial" (PMOR/age-adjusted = 2.61; 95% CI: 1.10-6.16) occupational groups. AIDS proportionate mortality was higher among male than female military members. Higher rates were observed in some occupational groups when the members were low ranking. Power distribution, gender issues, and low socioeconomic status require further investigation using more appropriate methods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MILITARY PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 312986 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Differential mortality among Pacific Island countries and territories. Author: Taylor R; Lopez A Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Dec;22(3):45-58. Abstract: The purposes of the present article are to: (a) document levels of uncertainty in mortality estimates in Pacific island countries, (b) identify the major quality and analytical problems affecting estimates of mortality in Pacific island countries, and (c) provide best possible estimates based on an assessment of published data and application of demographic techniques. The scope of the current exercise is limited to total mortality levels from the 1990s to 2005 and is an update of previously published studies. A similar assessment of causes of death data and causes of death estimates is essential to help determine the need for priority health programmes. The present study focuses on: Melanesia which refers commonly to Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu; Micronesia: Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau; Polynesia: American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Niue, Samoa (formerly Western Samoa), Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: OCEANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | INFANT MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Population Statistics Document Number: 326118 |
| 21. Title: Revealing patterns -- a cross-country analysis of the gender gap in mortality. Author: Zielonke N Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 20 p. Abstract: Previous studies identified the middle-aged and elderly Europeans aged 50 and older to be the most decisive age-group when it comes to life-expectancy differences between women and men. This study at hand aims to shed further light on the question why the age-group 50-80 does not only determine the magnitude, but also the dynamic of the gender gap in mortality and furthermore why the importance differs across European countries. This paper utilized data from the 2004 SHARE (Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) baseline wave. First descriptive findings on the impact of several possible predictors of premature mortality on the country-specific differences of the gender gap will be presented. The preliminary results bring out the role of particular health- and health behavior parameters and identified those aspects where further research might take its point of departure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | HEALTH SURVEYS | BASELINE SURVEYS | OLDER ADULTS | SEX FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | PREMATURE MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | RISK BEHAVIOR | CAUSES OF DEATH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | Developed Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Behavior Document Number: 317861 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Cause-specific mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Author: Adjuik M; Smith T; Clark S; Todd J; Garrib A Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Mar;84(3):181-188. Abstract: The objective was to provide internationally comparable data on the frequencies of different causes of death. We analysed verbal autopsies obtained during 1999-2002 from 12 demographic surveillance sites in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh to find cause-specific and age-specific mortality rates. The cause-of-death codes used by the sites were harmonized to conform to the ICD-10 system, and summarized with the classification system of the Global Burden of Disease 2000 (Version 2). Causes of death in the African sites differ strongly from those in Bangladesh, where there is some evidence of a health transition from communicable to noncommunicable diseases, and little malaria. HIV dominates in causes of mortality in the South African sites, which contrast with those in highly malaria endemic sites elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa (even in neighbouring Mozambique). The contributions of measles and diarrhoeal diseases to mortality in sub-Saharan Africa are lower than has been previously suggested, while malaria is of relatively greater importance. The different patterns of mortality we identified may be a result of recent changes in the availability and effectiveness of health interventions against childhood cluster diseases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | DATA COLLECTION | HIV INFECTIONS | MALARIA | Developing Countries | Africa | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases Document Number: 297464 |
| 23. Title: How HIV and AIDS affect populations. Author: Ashford LS Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], BRinging Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2006. [4] p. Abstract: The AIDS epidemic is one of the most destructive health crises of modern times, ravaging families and communities throughout the world. By 2005, more than 25 million people had died and an estimated 39 million were living with HIV. An estimated 4 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2005--95 percent of them in sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, or Asia. While sub-Saharan Africa has been hardest hit, other regions also face serious AIDS epidemics (see the table and Box 1). In recent years, nationally representative surveys have enabled researchers to lower the previously published HIV prevalence estimates for some countries. But the number of people infected and the effects on their families, communities, and countries are still staggering. This policy brief gives an overview of the effects of HIV and AIDS on population size, characteristics, and well-being. It also highlights the major efforts needed to control the epidemic. The pandemic continues to spread worldwide despite prevention efforts and successes in a few countries. Comprehensive approaches to improve reproductive and sexual health will require continued commitment and investment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PUBLIC HEALTH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HIV TRANSMISSION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Mortality Document Number: 310518 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Economic development, gender inequality, and demographic outcomes: evidence from India. Author: Bhattacharya PC Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Jun;32(2):263-291. Abstract: This article examines the relative roles of economic development and women's agency in determining demographic outcomes in India. The analysis is based on district-level data from the 1981 and 1991 Indian censuses. (Sufficiently detailed data from the 2001 census were not available at the time of writing.) The district is the basic unit of administration and the lowest level at which spatially disaggregated information on key demographic variables is available. The results of the analysis challenge the dominant view that women's agency played the crucial role in determining demographic outcomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CASTE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | LITERACY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Religion | Educational Status Document Number: 304174 |
| 25. Title: Gender differentials in health. Author: Buvinic M; Medici A; Fernandez E; Torres AC Source: In: Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed., edited by Dean T. Jamison, Joel G. Breman, Anthony R. Measham, George Alleyne, Mariam Claeson et al. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2006. :195-210. Abstract: In health, more than in other social sectors, sex (biological) and gender (behavioral and social) variables are acknowledged useful parameters for research and action because biological differences between the sexes determine male-specific and female-specific diseases and because behavioral differences between the genders assign a critical role to women in relation to family health. Until recently, however, the importance of sex and gender informed work on female-specific diseases but did not carry over to diseases shared by men and women. As a result, the literature contained comparatively little about which diseases affect men and women differently, why that difference might be the case, and how to structure prevention and treatment in response to these differences. This situation has changed, however, and interest in measuring, understanding, and responding to sex and gender differentials in disease has surged, nurtured by breakthroughs in science and advances in advocacy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | HEALTH | DISEASES | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 323141 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Important issues in the continuing mortality revolution in the Asian and Pacific region. Author: Caldwell JC; Caldwell BK Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006;21:47-64. Abstract: This study will focus on mortality changes in the ESCAP region over the last two decades, predominantly from 1980-1985 to 2000-2005, but will also compare this experience with that of the three preceding decades, 1950-1955 to 1980-1985, in order to achieve perspective. That perspective will be often confined to the 99 per cent of the ESCAP region's population that live in Asia, though we will frequently employ figures for the whole of Asia. In contrast to a previous report on the ESCAP area, we will focus on anomalies in mortality change that offer the possibility of improving the mortality experience. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | PALAU | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MORTALITY DECLINE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | WAR | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SEX FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 315631 |
| 27. Title: A study of cause specific mortality for persons at ages 40 years and above in Guwahati city: 1991 and 2001. Author: Choudhury L; Rajbongshi R Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):319-336. Abstract: Information about cause of death is an indispensable item in any mortality analysis. Such data provide a valuable insight into the network of interactions between a viable human host and a series of environmental, genetic and behavioural factors which result in one or more morbid conditions that lead ultimately to the death of the host (Preston et al., 1972). The cause of ill health is not only the concern of individual or his near and dears; the state is equally concerned about the causes of morbidity and mortality among its population. As such the knowledge of the causes of death among the population of the state or a particular area during a certain period of time, is of paramount importance for an organization, which is responsible for the upliftment of health status of the people in that area. From several studies conducted in the developed as well as in developing countries like India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, it has been observed that the deaths due to infectious and parasitic diseases have drastically gone down during the last few decades, perhaps because of the implementation of different health programmes by the respective governments to prevent the recurrence of the infectious diseases (RGI (SCD), 1995; Caminiratne, 1984). From these studies, it has also been found that the trends of death rates from non-infectious diseases like cardiovascular disorders, neoplasm, diabetes, cirrhosis of liver, renal failures etc. are increasing. This phenomenon has occurred in all developed countries, and the developing countries are in transition towards this state (Crimmins et al., 1994). These noninfectious and degenerative diseases seem to have their onsets on and around the age 40 years and deaths in India are higher specially from age 40 years (Dyson, 1987). No studies have so far been conducted in Assam, in general and Guwahati city, in particular, that could provide a systematic description of the different diseases, which are claiming a heavy toll of lives at different ages, particularly at 40 years and above. The objectives of this study are: (a) to study the change in mortality level by leading causes of death during 1991 to 2001; (b) to study the age and sex differentials of leading causes of death. Of course in these two cases deaths are calculated from the age 40; (c) to construct life tables for Guwahati, 2001 (males and females) and to estimate gains in life expectancy, after partial elimination of the major cause of death. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | OLDER ADULTS | URBAN POPULATION | CAUSES OF DEATH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LIFE TABLES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Adults | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Length of Life Document Number: 324138 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Examining cause-specific mortality effects of economic crisis in a country with rapidly declining total mortality. Author: Khang YH; Lynch JW; Kaplan GA Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2006 Oct;35(5):1358. Abstract: In his letter on our paper Tapia Granados suggested that we were obviously looking for increments in mortality. However, looking for mortality upsurges followed by an economic recession was not our mission in the paper. Rather, we were concerned about why all-cause mortality was so reluctant to respond to a powerful economic recession in South Korea. While South Korea experienced economic recessions in the early 1980s and late 1990s, 'the momentum' in the increase in life expectancy was hardly affected. Based on the Korean National Statistical Office's calculation, male life expectancy at birth in South Korea inexorably increased from 59.0 in 1971 to 73.9 in 2003, representing a nearly half year increase in life expectancy per calendar year. Patterns in women were the same. According to the OECD health data, South Korea registered the greatest gains in life expectancy among OECD countries during the past 4 decades. Actually, the gain in life expectancy after the 1997 economic crisis was greater than the gain before the crisis as we mentioned elsewhere. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CRITIQUE | CAUSES OF DEATH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life Document Number: 309313 |
| 29. Title: The cost of reproduction in the Gambia: Does investment in reproduction decrease women's survival rates? Draft. Author: Sear R Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. [22] p. Abstract: Life history theory predicts that where resources are limited, investment in reproduction will cause a decline in body condition and ultimately may lower survival rates. We investigate the relationship between reproduction and mortality in women in rural Gambia. We use a number of different measures of reproductive investment: the timing of reproduction, intensity of reproduction and cumulative reproductive investment (parity). Though giving birth is clearly a risk factor for increased mortality, we find limited evidence that the timing, intensity or cumulative effects of reproduction have a survival cost. Instead, there is some evidence that women who have invested heavily in reproduction have higher survival rates than women with lower reproductive investment. The one exception is that women who have given birth to twins (considered to be a marker of heavy investment in reproduction) have higher mortality rates than other women, after the age of 50 years. A potential confounding factor may be differences in health between women: particularly healthy or robust women may be able to invest substantially in both reproduction and their own survival, leading to the correlation we observe. To control for differences in health between women, we re-analyse the relationship between reproduction and mortality but include anthropometric variables in our models (for height, BMI and haemoglobin level). Even when controlling for health, the positive correlation between investment in reproduction and survival remains unchanged. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAMBIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | ANTHROPOMETRY | PARITY | MULTIPLE BIRTH | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality | Length of Life | Measurement | Fertility Measurements | Reproduction Document Number: 318947 |
| 30. Title: [Maternal mortality in Guatemala: differences between hospital and non-hospital deaths] Mortalidad materna en Guatemala: diferencias entre muerte hospitalaria y no hospitalaria. Author: Tzul AM; Kestler E; Hernandez-Prado B; Hernandez-Giron C Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2006 May-Jun;48(3):183-192. Abstract: The objective was to estimate the association between obstetric and socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors related to intra- and extra-hospital maternal mortality in Guatemala during the year 2000. A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was carried out in 649 maternal mortality (MM) cases that occurred in Guatemala during 2000, comparing characteristics of intra- and extra-hospital maternal deaths. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 7.0 software. Out of 649 registered MM cases, 270 (41.6%) were classified as intra-hospital MM and 379 (58.4%) as extra-hospital MM. A larger proportion of deaths occurred in women over 35 years of age (29.28%), those of indigenous ethnicity (65.49%), married or cohabiting (87.83%), who had unpaid employment (94.78%), and without formal education (66.56%). Compared with intra-hospital MM cases, the risk of extra-hospital MM was greater among indigenous women (OR 3.4; CI95% 2.8-5.3), those who had unpaid employment (OR 8.95; CI95% 1.7-46.4), a low level of formal education (OR 1.96; CI95% 1.0-3.8) and hemorrhaging as the immediate cause of death (OR 4.28; CI95% 2.3-7.9). Although some characteristics of intra- and extra-hospital MM cases are similar, a greater proportion of deaths were extra-hospital. This could be related to the high percentage of the population that lives in rural or marginalized areas, which in addition to certain cultural aspects (related to the fact that most of the population is indigenous) may impede access to health services. The results of this study can be useful for determining intervention strategies to prevent maternal mortality in intra- and extra-hospital contexts in Guatemala. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Estimar la asociación entre características obstétricas, sociodemográficas y factores de riesgo relacionados con la mortalidad materna hospitalaria y no hospitalaria en Guatemala durante el año 2000. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico transversal con 649 casos de muertes maternas (MM) ocurridas en la República de Guatemala durante el año 2000, en el que se compararon las características de las muertes maternas hospitalarias y no hospitalarias. De 649 MM registradas, 270 (41.6%) se clasificaron como MM hospitalarias y 379 (58.4%) como MM no hospitalarias. La mayor proporción de muertes ocurrió en mujeres mayores de 35 años de edad (29.28%), indígenas (65.49%), casadas o unidas (87.83%), con ocupación no remunerada (94.78%), sin educación (66.56%). El riesgo de MM no hospitalaria fue mayor en mujeres del grupo indígena (RM= 3.4; IC95% 2.8-5.3), con ocupación no remunerada (RM= 8.95; IC95% 1.7-46.4), bajo nivel escolar (RM= 1.96; IC95% 1.0-3.8), y hemorragia como causa básica de muerte (RM= 4.28; IC95% 2.3-7.9). De los 679 casos de MM ocurridas en Guatemala en el año 2000, 58% correspondió a MM no hospitalarias, lo que puede estar relacionado con el hecho de que una alta proporción de la población habita en áreas rurales o de alta marginalidad, además de aspectos culturales (mayoría indígena) que dificultan la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud. Los resultados presentados pueden servir de orientación para determinar estrategias de intervención que prevengan la mortalidad materna en los ámbitos hospitalario y extrahospitalario, en Guatemala. (del autor) Language: Spanish Keywords: GUATEMALA | SUMMARY REPORT | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | RURAL AREAS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | HOSPITALS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315761 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |