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Peer Reviewed

Title: WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS.
Author: Meisenberg G
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 27;41:519-535.
Abstract: SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with 'less developed' nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the average per capita income would decline by 0.79% per year.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | POPULATION | FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | INTELLIGENCE | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Mortality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341480

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ronald Freedman on American population growth: A view from 1957.
Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):155-167.
Abstract: Half a century ago, in 1957, the American baby boom reached its peak. The period total fertility rate (TFR) had climbed to 3.76-a level wholly unexpected even in the immediate postwar years. In combination with the then prevailing pattern of early childbearing and already fairly low mortality, this yielded an intrinsic rate of natural increase slightly above 2 percent per year. Such a rate implied, even without immigration, a long-run population growth potential unprecedented in US history. How should this demographic upsurge be interpreted? And what was the likely future demographic course of the United States? These were questions of manifest public interest. From the vantage point of the crest of the baby boom, Ronald Freedman addressed them in an essay titled "The planned family and American population growth," which appeared in the March 1957 issue of The Antioch Review. At the time Freedman was already a well-known social demographer, director of the first national fertility survey in the US(Growth of American Families); he was to become a leader in worldwide research on fertility and family planning. His 1957 essay is reproduced below in full. Written in nontechnical language but reflecting the best understanding of the factors underlying US fertility trends, Freedman's commentary provides a compelling narrative for today's readers. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHERS | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | BABY BOOM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Contraception | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 325567

Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: Differentials versus concentration.
Author: Giroux SC; Eloundou-Enyegue PM; Lichter DT
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Sep;39(3):187-198.
Abstract: Within developing countries, our understanding of reproductive inequality-how fertility is distributed within a population-has been shaped largely by studies of fertility differentials, a practical but partial-information measure. In this study, we examine whether exclusive reliance on differentials biases this understanding. Findings based on recent data from sub-Saharan Africa show bias. We find that historical and especially cross-country comparisons can yield substantially different conclusions about the magnitude and even the direction of inequality patterns and trends, depending on whether differentials or fuller-information measures are used. For instance, the fertility differentials associated with education have remained relatively stable as national fertility has fallen, but inequality (as calculated by a fuller measure) has increased. Such results underscore the value of complementing existing studies of fertility differentials with analyses based on fuller-information measures. The analyses also show how change in differential fertility behavior and in the educational composition of national populations has shaped recent variations in reproductive inequality in the region. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | HETEROGENEITY | BIAS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Characteristics | Error Sources | Measurement | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328156

Title: Global aging and the demographic divide.
Author: Haub C
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Apr. [7] p.
Abstract: In the latter half of the last century, the world's developed nations completed a long process of demographic transition. The field of demography describes this demographic transition as a shift from a period of high mortality, short lives, and large families to one with a longer life expectancy and far fewer children. This transformation took many centuries in Europe and North America as people moved from farms to cities; basic public health measures steadily reduced the risk of contagious disease; and modern medicine prolonged lives to unprecedented lengths. In developing countries, this demographic transition is certainly underway, though these countries vary widely at their places along the spectrum. Very low birth rates and the resultant population decrease have received considerable media attention, particularly in Europe and parts of eastern Asia. In the past, when demographers projected national and global populations, the projections commonly assumed that birth rates would decline worldwide but only to the "two-child" family, i.e., two children per woman or per couple on average. An assumption that fertility would fall below this rate would have some unpleasant consequences: a decrease in population size and a population top-heavy with retired seniors who would depend upon the social taxes paid by a dwindling number of younger workers. While it may not have been desirable to project such a gloomy scenario in the past, this is exactly what has transpired in many countries. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION PROJECTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | SEX DISTRIBUTION | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Estimation Techniques | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Factors
Document Number: 326012

Peer Reviewed

Title: Religious affiliation, religiosity, and male and female fertility.
Author: Zhang L
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Apr 11;18(8):233-262.
Abstract: Religious studies of fertility typically focus on the effect of religious affiliation on fertility; the role of religiosity in determining fertility remains overlooked. Meanwhile, most studies focus on studying female fertility; whether religion and religiosity have significantly different impacts on men's and women's fertility rarely has been examined. To fill these gaps, this study uses data from the 2002 NSFG Cycle 6 on religious affiliation, religiosity, and children ever born (CEB) for both men and women to investigate the effects of religious affiliation and religiosity on male and female fertility. A series of hypotheses which aim to demonstrate the critical role of religiosity, particularly the importance of religious beliefs in people's daily life in shaping people's fertility behavior are tested. The findings show a shrinking pattern of fertility differentials among religious groups. However, religiosity, particularly religious beliefs, shows a substantially positive effect on fertility.The gender interaction terms are not significant which indicates that the effects of religion and religiosity on fertility do not vary by gender. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | SEX FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | PARTICIPATION | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Culture | Social Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 325975

Peer Reviewed

Title: An explanatory model for projecting regional fertility differences in the Netherlands.
Author: de Beer J; Deerenberg I
Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Dec;26(5-6):511-528.
Abstract: Current differences in the level of the total fertility rate (TFR) between Dutch municipalities are smaller than they were in the 1970s and 1980s. Nevertheless, there are still considerable differences. Small municipalities have higher TFRs than large cities. This article aims to answer the question whether these differences will decline further until differences between large and small cities disappear. For that purpose we develop a regression model of regional differences in the TFR including demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural variables. Using the estimation results we decompose differences in fertility between large and small cities into the contribution of differences in levels of the determinants versus differences in the relationships between the determinants and fertility. The results show that differences in cultural variables have a larger effect on differences in the TFR than the demographic and socioeconomic variables. As cultural differences do not tend to change quickly, they will not lead to quick changes in regional differences in the TFR. Demographic differences are not expected to lead to strong changes either, as the two demographic variables (household structure and ethnic structure) have opposite effects. As the effect of the socioeconomic variable is caused by differences in the magnitude of the regression coefficient rather than by differences in the value of this variable, even if differences in this variable disappeared, this would still not lead to convergence of the TFR. Thus the article concludes that differences in the TFR between large and small cities are not likely to diminish quickly. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population | Population Characteristics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 313963

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unwanted fertility among the poor: an inequity?
Author: Gillespie D; Ahmed S; Tsui A; Radloff S
Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 Feb;85(2):100-107.
Abstract: The objective was to determine if higher fertility and lower contraceptive use among the poorer segments of society should be considered an inequality, reflecting a higher desire for large families among the poor, or an inequity, a product of the poor being prevented from achieving their desired fertility to the same degree as wealthier segments of society. Using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys from 41 countries, we analysed the differences in fertility in light of modern contraceptive use, unwanted fertility (defined as actual fertility in excess of desired fertility) and the availability of family planning services found among poorer and wealthier segments of society. The asset index in each survey was used to construct wealth quintiles and the concentration index (CI) of income inequality was found in health variables. The relationship between the CI found in the total fertility rate and the use of contraceptives was linear, R-square of 0.289. Unwanted births in the poorest quintile were more than twice that found in the wealthiest quintile, respectively 1.2 and 0.5, although there was wide variation among the 41 countries. The CI in our measure of family planning availability (radio messages, knowledge of services and contact with field workers) was largely positively associated with the CI in modern contraceptive prevalence, respectively R-squares of 0.392, 0.692 and 0.526. In many countries the higher fertility and lower contraceptive use found among poorer relative to wealthier populations should be considered an inequity. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | INEQUALITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 312904

10.

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Settlement size and fertility in the Nordic countries.
Author: Kulu H; Vikat A; Andersson G
Source: Population Studies. 2007 Nov;61(3):265-285.
Abstract: While the variation in childbearing patterns across countries and between socio-economic groups within a country has been studied in detail, less is known about the differences in fertility patterns across settlements within a country. Using aggregate and individual-level register data, we examine fertility variation across settlements in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We observe a significant variation in fertility level by settlement size in all four of these Nordic countries - the larger the settlement, the lower the fertility. Second, the variation in fertility level has decreased over time, but significant differences in fertility between settlements of different size persist. Third, the timing of childbearing also varies across settlements - the larger the settlement, the later the peak of fertility. Fourth, our analysis of parity-specific fertility in Sweden shows that the major socio-economic characteristics of women account for only a small portion of fertility variation across settlements. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DENMARK | FINLAND | NORWAY | SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | COMMUNITY | POPULATION SIZE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 313933

12.
Title: Does family policy affect fertility? Lessons from Sweden.
Author: Bjorklund A
Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2006;19:3-24.
Abstract: From the mid-1960s to around 1980, Sweden extended its family policies that provide financial and in-kind support to families with children very quickly. The benefits were closely tied to previous work experience. Thus, women born in the 1950s faced markedly different incentives when making fertility choices compared to women born only 15-20 years earlier. This paper examines the evolution of completed fertility patterns for Swedish women born in 1925-1958 and makes comparisons to women in neighbouring countries where the policies were not extended as much as in Sweden. The results suggest that the extension of the policy raised the level of fertility, shortened the spacing of births, and induced fluctuations in the period fertility rates, but it did not change the negative relationship between women's educational level and completed fertility. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY POLICY | MATERNITY BENEFITS | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 298741

13.

Title: Low and lowest-low fertility in Europe: causes, implications and policy options.
Author: Kohler HP; Billari FC; Ortega JA
Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 51 p.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the causes and implications of, and potential policy responses to, low and lowest-low fertility in Europe. Our portrait of contemporary European fertility patterns identifies a systematic pattern of lowest-low fertility that is characterized by a rapid delay of childbearing, a low progression probability after the first child, a "falling behind" in cohort fertility at relatively late ages (in Southern Europe). The emergence of lowest-low fertility during the 1990s has also been accompanied by a disruption or even a reversal of many well-known patterns that have been used to explain cross-country differences in fertility patterns. The policy options in response to lowest-low fertility, however, are limited. The existing empirical evidence provides mixed conclusions as to the effects of various policies on fertility behavior, and on balance, that the evidence supports only a weak positive relation between reproductive behavior and a variety of policies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FERTILITY DECLINE | POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | PROBLEM FORMULATION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 316990

14.
Title: Nonmarital fertility and the effects of divorce rates on youth suicide rates.
Author: Messner SF; Bjarnason T; Raffalovich LE; Robinson BK
Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2006 Nov;68(4):1105-1111.
Abstract: Using pooled, time-series data for a sample of 15 developed nations, we assess the effect of divorce rates on gender-specific suicide rates for youths aged 15 - 19 with models of relative cohort size, lagged nonmarital fertility, and an interaction term for divorce rates and nonmarital fertility. The results reveal that, for young men, relative cohort size is positively related to suicide rates, and divorce rates interact with lagged nonmarital fertility. The interaction effect indicates that increases in divorces are especially consequential for suicide cohorts of male youths who were born in periods of high nonmarital fertility. For female youths, only divorce rates exert a significant effect on suicide rates, and it is a positive, main effect. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | SUICIDE | DEATH RATE | DIVORCE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | ILLEGITIMACY | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Fertility | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 310584

15.

Title: Kinship system, fertility and son preference among the Muslims: A review.
Author: Nasir R; Kalla AK
Source: Anthropologist. 2006 Oct;8(4):275-281.
Abstract: This review illustrates that differences in kinship system between north (by an large patrilineal) and south (by an large matrilineal) of India is an important factor to bring about regional disparities in sex preference of children by the Hindu parents but not by the Muslim parents in whom Kinship system is traditionally unique as it shares similarity with Dravidian system in marriage pattern and inheritance from paternal side and similarity in kinship terminology with Indo Aryan system of the north while among the Hindus it is traditionally based on patrilineal inheritance, not withstanding the Hindu succession Act of 1956'. Though dowry and sex selective abortion are the determinants of status of women among the Hindus, they are generally not practiced among the Muslims. However, the lower education status, economic status and social status (due to patriarchy and religious ideologies) respectively and together produce circumstances leading to son being seen as the best socio-economic insurance by the Muslim women. This review of studies conducted on the above topic shows that high fertility among the Muslim women is also a consequence of son preference arising out of socio-economic compulsion in the traditional absence (due to strict religious prohibition) of sex selective abortions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ISLAM | HINDUISM | SEX RATIO | SEX PREFERENCE | DOWRY | SEX PRESELECTION | KINSHIP NETWORKS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Nuptiality | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Family and Household | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 321443

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Reduced fertility among HIV-infected women associated with viral load in Rakai district, Uganda.
Author: Nguyen RH; Gange SJ; Wabwire-Mangen F; Sewankambo NK; Serwadda D
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2006 Dec;17(12):842-846.
Abstract: We assessed whether HIV-1 viral load affects the likelihood of live birth among HIV-positive women in a nested case-control study of HIV-positive women from a community cohort in Rakai District, Uganda. Cases were women who had a live birth (n = 270), and controls were sexually active women who did not use contraception and did not become pregnant during follow-up (n = 263). In women with a live birth and non-pregnant controls, median HIV viral loads were 4.12 log10 copies/mL and 4.41 log10 copies/mL, respectively (P = 0.001). A non-linear association was observed, and a segmented linear regression with spline knot at 4.5 log10 copies/mL was fit. We observed a decline in the log (adjusted odds ratio [adj. OR]) = -0.08 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.36, 0.20) between 3.0 and 4.49 log10 viral load and -0.92 (95% CI: -1.21, -0.63) between 4.5 and 6.5 log10 viral load. The two reductions differed significantly from one another (P < 0.001). Each increase in log10 viral load after 4.5 log10 resulted in an adj. OR of live birth which was 12% of the previous viral load category. Our data suggest that there may be considerable differences in the ability to produce a live birth among HIV-positive women with high viral loads. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 310570

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility differences between the majority and minority nationality groups in China.
Author: Poston DL Jr; Chang CF; Dan H
Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2006 Feb;25(1):67-101.
Abstract: There is an extensive sociological and demographic literature about why racial and ethnic minority groups in the U.S. have different levels of fertility, usually higher, than the majority white group. The four major hypotheses are the subcultural hypothesis, the social characteristics hypothesis, the minority group status hypothesis, and the economic hypothesis. In this paper we focus on fertility patterns of the majority Han and the larger minority groups in China and examine the degree to which the above hypotheses may be useful in articulating the reasons why the fertility of the Han majority differs from that of the minorities. We first present a brief historical review of the genesis and development of the majority and minority nationalities in China. We next present short vignettes of each of the eight minority nationalities we will be examining. We then review the Western literature on fertility differentials between majority and minority nationalities, and summarize the theoretical expectations behind the four prominent hypotheses to be tested. Finally, we present the results of the analysis, and draw out the implications of our work. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | CULTURE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 306621

18.
Title: Importance of community level effects in explaining the fertility of rural India: a comparative study under multiple linear and multilevel multiple linear regression analysis.
Author: Ram U; Dwivedi LK
Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):263-279.
Abstract: A closer examination of the literature related to fertility reveals that majority of the research carried out in the past put lot of emphasis in identifying the factors that directly and/or indirectly determine the fertility levels in the population. The significant contributions of these studies have provided us with useful insights to these phenomenons is beyond debate. Aside from adding to our knowledge they are extremely useful in explaining fertility dynamics in various populations (Srinivasan, 1988; Arora, 1989; Pathak, 1989). However, it may be argued that the community level variables/characteristics that emerge as the significant players in the analysis may actually have been influenced, to a larger extent, by the selection of the techniques itself (Bryk and Raudenbush, 1992; Goldstein, 1995). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | DATA AGGREGATION | HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | RURAL POPULATION | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MARITAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 324134

19.
Title: [Towards a new fertility regime. The timing of childbearing in the life course, the effects of partnership types and educational differences] Mintavaltas kozben. A gyermekvallalas idozitese az eletutban, kulonos tekintettel a szulo nok iskolai vegzettsegere es parkapcsolati statusara.
Author: Speder Z
Source: Demografia. 2006;49(2-3):113-149.
Abstract: This paper describes some basic features of changing childbearing behaviour, moving from the early childbearing fertility regime to a new not (yet) stabilised regime of childbearing behaviour. In the analyse the first wave of the Hungarian panel survey "Turning points of the life-course" carried out in 2001/2002 is used. A cohort specific application of retrospective data from the survey reveals two types of ongoing postponement: first, the well-known postponement of entry into motherhood (first birth) and, second, the early signs of a postponement of second birth. After documenting the basic nature of postponement two types of differentiating factors are closer analysed: the level of education of the mothers and the forms of partnership. Highly educated mothers adapted themselves more quickly to social change, therefore experienced longer postponement. However if opted for the first child there were no any postponement of second birth. The influence of education is not clear, but there are signs that educational differentials are assuming a growing importance in childbearing behaviour. Partnership relation changed profoundly and contributed in different extent to fertility decline. The postponement of union formation, rapid rise of cohabitation as first partnership, the growing instability of partnerships are all accompanied with lower fertility outcomes. (author's)
Language: Hungarian
Keywords:
HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | COUPLES | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | LIFE CYCLE | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | BIRTH INTERVALS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 308246

20.
Title: Estimation of parity progression ratios and total fertility rate by birth order statistics.
Author: Yadava RC; Tiwari AK; Sharma SS
Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):281-289.
Abstract: The parity progression ratio (PPR), defined as the probability that a woman after delivering her any particular birth will ever proceed to the next birth, is a crucial factor in explanation of fertility differentials among populations. In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the study of PPR's because these are considered useful measures in assessing the impact of contraceptive practices in populations. There is one additional advantage to study fertility through PPR's that it does not require information on age of the mothers. This advantage is worth considering since age reporting is very poor in most of the developing countries. Recently, Blacker et al. (1989), have elucidated a technique to estimate PPR from the data on births in a given year tabulated by birth order and age of mother. This procedure needs, besides other information, the estimate of mean reproduction rate, which is approximated by the product of gross reproduction rate (GRR) and infant mortality rate. The authors have also suggested to use an iteration procedure if the exact value of gross reproduction rate is not known. However, the procedure still requires some direct estimate of infant mortality rate. Yadava and Srivastava (1993) suggested an alternative methodology to that of Blacker et al. (1989) to obtain parity progression ratio which does not need estimate of gross reproduction rate as well as the infant mortality rate, but it requires knowledge of the growth rate of the population. The authors have also seen the applicability of the technique on the data given in Blacker et al. (1989). The procedure suggested by Yadava and Srivastava (1993) requires the knowledge of the value of difference between mean ages of mothers at ith and (i + l)th births. In this reference Pandey el al. (1997) have suggested a procedure to estimate the value of mean ages of mothers at ith and (i + l)th births utilizing data on complete fertility rate (CFR). However, the procedure suggested by Yadava and Srivastava (1993) needs some logical modification. One of the objectives of the present paper is to suggest the logical modification in the procedure suggested by Yadava and Srivastava (1993) and apply it to some observed sets of data. A TFR can also be calculated from set of PPPR's (Period Parity Progression Ratios). Utilizing this procedure recently Gandotra et al. (1998) have obtained the estimates of PPR utilizing life table technique and from these estimates they have obtained estimates of TFR. In the present paper, we have also obtained estimates of TFR utilizing estimates of PPR, using our suggested modified procedure for estimating PPR. The data utilized for the purpose have been taken from NFHS-1. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | BIRTH ORDER | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Parity | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science
Document Number: 324135

21.

Title: The effect of modernization on desired fertility in Egypt.
Author: Baschieri A
Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 37 p.
Abstract: Using a conceptual framework that borrow notions both from the economic theory of fertility and social interaction theory, this paper assesses the relative importance of social and economic modernization at individual and community level in explaining the geographical differential in desired fertility in Egypt. Using 2000 Egyptian Demographic Health Survey and an up-to-date map of land cover in Egypt, this paper provides an application of an advanced methodology which uses a combination of the multilevel modeling and Geographical Information System techniques and shows how the GIS techniques facilitate the construction of several variables representing level of economic modernization as land use, road density and urbanization. This study also analyses the effect of current family composition on desired fertility in Egypt and shows the desire of Egyptian society to have at least two children and at least one boy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MODERNIZATION | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Fertility
Document Number: 319580

22.
Title: Are urban poor doing better than their rural counterpart in India? A study of fertility, family planning and health.
Author: Chattopadhyay A; Roy TK
Source: Demography India. 2005;34(2):299-312.
Abstract: Explosive quantitative increase of Indian population is thinning down the quality of life of the mass due to skewed distribution of resources. Added problems are the rapid rate of urbanization, growth of large cities in volume without adequate infrastructural robustness, migration of the poor into already overcrowded cities, resulting into overburdening of the facilities available in urban hubs. One of the major areas of concern in India is the unsatisfactory situation of the poor in the field of mortality and health not only in the rural areas which is partly devoid of the facilities but also in the urban areas where the facilities are insufficient to cater to the service to a satisfactory quality. As mentioned by the United Nations in 1950s., rural people of India need to travel a greater distance to obtain health care, yet the health status of the urban population is inferior to that of rural inhabitants because of the fact that urban dwellers are plagued by inadequate housing condition, social problems and diseases, assuming that the instances of higher mortality can not be explained entirely in terms of differences in the quality of vital statistics between rural and urban areas. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CHILD MORTALITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality
Document Number: 304544

23.
Title: [The fertility trends and their determinants of differentials for Japan's municipalities]
Author: Sasai T
Source: Journal of Population Problems / Jinko Mondai Kenkyu. 2005;61(3):39-49.
Abstract: In this paper, the relationship between fertility levels and the patterns of their changes are statistically analyzed, using municipality data after the end of 1980s. In concrete terms, municipalities are classified based on the level of Total Fertility Rate and thereafter the patterns of fertility changes by each TFR level group are examined. Fertility change is assumed to be determined by two factors, one is the change in marriage rate and the other is the change in marital fertility. Those factors influence differently on fertility level and its pattern of change by TFR level group. In each TFR level group, a decline in marriage rate in age 20s is the most influential on the decline in TFR and the tendency is observed that the higher in TFR , the larger decline in marriage rate. Furthermore, in the higher TFR level group, a decline in marital fertility for their 20s is also affected on the fertility decline. Population migration is another important factor on the fertility changes for municipalities. The change in marriage rate for each municipality is attributed by migration of youth marital population and this tendency is more seen particularly in lower TFR level groups. (author's)
Language: Japanese
Keywords:
JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | URBAN POPULATION | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE AGE | MIGRATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 293769

24.
Title: The politics of demography: a study of inter-community fertility differences in India.
Author: Borooah VK
Source: European Journal of Political Economy. 2004;:1-28.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in fertility between Hindu and Muslim women in India with a view to shedding light on an issue that both polarises and inflames academic and political opinion in India: how much of the higher fertility rate of Muslim women is due to differences between the communities in their responses towards fertility-influencing factors and how much is due to differences between them in their endowments of such factors? The answer to this question is based on an econometric analysis of data for over 28,000 currently married women, drawn from rural households across India. The sample of women was divided into three mutually exclusive groups: Hindus, Muslims and scheduled castes/tribes. An econometric equation, with the number of live births to each woman as the dependent variable, was estimated, and the size of the coefficient, on each of the determining variables, was allowed to vary according to the community of the woman. After comparing the high-fertility central, and the low-fertility southern, regions of India, the results suggest that slightly over a half of the observed births surplus of Muslims over Hindus was due to differences between Muslims and Hindus in their responses toward fertility influencing factors. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMMUNITY SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | CHILD SURVIVAL | RELIGION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Value Orientation
Document Number: 190366

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Pervasive Muslim-Hindu fertility differences in India.
Author: Dharmalingam A; Morgan SP
Source: Demography. 2004 Aug;41(3):529-545.
Abstract: Using the 1993 Indian Family and Health Survey, we examined Muslim-Hindu differences in (1) the parity-specific intent to have another child and (2) given a stated intent for no more children, reports of the current use of contraceptives. We found that Muslims are much more likely than Hindus to intend to have additional children and, among those who do not want more children, Muslims are much less likely than Hindus to use contraceptives. These findings are robust to model specification and pervasive across the states of India. This national study provides the context within which local studies should be enmeshed and begs for general (as opposed to place-specific) explanations for these pervasive differences. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PARITY SPECIFIC BIRTH RATE | RELIGION | HINDUISM | ISLAM | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 275709

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The population impact of HIV on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Lewis JJ; Ronsmans C; Ezeh A; Gregson S
Source: AIDS. 2004;18 Suppl 2:S35-S43.
Abstract: Objectives: To examine new evidence from studies on the estimates of the fertility rate ratio comparing HIV-infected and uninfected women, of the population change in total fertility attributable to HIV, and to review the evidence of changes in fertility in HIV-uninfected women. Design: A review and analysis of data from the many individual studies that have examined the associations between HIV/AIDS and fertility. Methods: Data from sub-Saharan Africa were collected from published studies, personal communications and the Demographic and Health Surveys. A mathematical model was used to demonstrate the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the number of births in Uganda. Results: Fertility was lower among HIV-infected women than HIV-uninfected women, with the exception of those aged 15�19 years, in whom the selective pressure of sexual debut on pregnancy and HIV infection led to higher fertility rates among the HIV infected. This fertility differential resulted in a population-attributable decline in total fertility of 0.37% (95% confidence interval 0.30%, 0.44%) for each percentage point of HIV prevalence. The evidence for fertility changes in HIV-uninfected women was ambiguous. An estimated reduction of 700 000 births occurred in Uganda, as a result of the reduced fertility in HIV-infected women and premature mortality among reproductive age women. Conclusion: Large fertility differentials existed between HIV-infected and uninfected women, with substantial variation by age. The extent to which these could be attributed to the direct impact of the epidemic on both infected and uninfected women, as opposed to pre-existing differences in their fertility, merits further study. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | UGANDA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY RATE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | HIV INFECTIONS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 274878

27.

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Rwanda 2000: results from the Demographic and Health Survey. Rwanda 2000 : r�sultats de l'Enqu�te D�mographique et de Sant�.
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2003 Jun;34(2):138-142.
Abstract: The 2000 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey, or l�Enqu�te D�mographique et de Sant� du Rwanda (EDSR-II), was conducted by the Office National de la Population, Kigali, Rwanda, within the framework of the DHS Program of ORC Macro. Data for the nationally representative EDSR-II were collected from 9,696 households, and complete interviews were carried out with 10,421 women aged 15�49. In addition, 2,717 men were interviewed. The fieldwork took place from 26 June to 30 November 2000. The summary statistics presented below were taken from the Rwanda country report, with exceptions as noted. (excerpt)
French Abstract: L'Enqu�te D�mographique et de Sant� de 2000 du Rwanda, ou 2000 Rwanda and Health Survey (EDSR-II), a �t� conduite par l'Office National de la Population de Kigali, au Rwanda, dans le cadre du Programme DHS (Demographic and Health Survey) d'ORC Macro. Les donn�es se rapportant � l'EDSR-II nationale ont �t� recueillies aupr�s de 9 696 m�nages, et des entrevues compl�tes ont �t� conduites chez 10 421 femmes �g�es de 15 � 49 ans. De plus, 2 717 hommes ont �t� interrog�s. Le travail sur le terrain s'est d�roul� entre le 26 juin et le 30 novembre 2000. Les statistiques collectives pr�sent�es ci-dessous ont �t� tir�es du rapport national du Rwanda, � l'exception de celles qui sont not�es. (extrait)
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | TABLES AND CHARTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILD | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY RATE | POPULATION | EDUCATION | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | MARITAL STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | BIRTH ORDER | FIRST BIRTH | CHILD SURVIVAL | INFANT MORTALITY | VACCINES | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | TREATMENT | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Youth | Age Factors | Fertility | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Pregnancy Rate | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Surveys | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Pregnancy History | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders
Document Number: 182029

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: An analysis of fertility differentials by religion in Kerala state: a test of the interaction hypothesis.
Author: Alagarajan M
Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2003 Dec;22(5-6):557-574.
Abstract: In a re-evaluation of overall decline to below replacement fertility in the Kerala state of India, it was generally found that fertility among Muslims is higher and contraceptive prevalence lower than among Hindus and Christians. This paper examines the interaction between religion and other socioeconomic factors, that is, whether the effect of religion on fertility remains constant across other factors. The analysis is based on the data from the National Family Health Survey-1 in Kerala. The analysis found that large Hindu-Muslim fertility differences at a low level of education do not persist at higher levels. For contraceptive use, wider gaps are found at a middle level of education and at a medium level of standard of living than at lower and higher levels. This indicates that couples at different socioeconomic settings make different decisions in spite of belonging to the same religion. The fact that fertility of Muslims at higher levels of socioeconomic status is low, and not much different than the fertility of other religions, suggests that the observed fertility gap between Hindus/Christians and Muslims is a passing phenomenon. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | RELIGION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 191329


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