1.  Title: The association of serotonin transporter genotypes and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated sexual side effects: possible relationship to oral contraceptives. Author: Bishop JR; Ellingrod VL; Akroush M; Moline J Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2009 Apr;24(3):207-15. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between functional variants in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated sexual dysfunction. METHODS: One hundred fifteen subjects aged 18-40 years and currently being treated with an SSRI for depression were assessed for clinical variables known to affect sexual well-being. SSRI-associated sexual difficulties were assessed with the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). Subjects were subsequently genotyped for the SLC6A4 promoter region (5HTTLPR) insertion/deletion variant and a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the second intron. RESULTS: The 5HTTLPR insertion/deletion variant was associated with sexual dysfunction in this study sample [odds ratio (OR) = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 6.4; p = 0.02]. The relationship between promoter genotypes and sexual well-being differed in males and females and was related to whether females were taking an oral contraceptive (OC) medication. Females with the ll genotype were nearly eight times more likely to be categorized as having sexual dysfunction if they were taking OCs, while no relationship was observed in those not taking OCs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a functional variant in the serotonin transporter gene is associated with sexual difficulties in persons taking an SSRI for depression. This relationship may differ by sex and be dependent on OC status in females. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CLIENTS | DEPRESSION | DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SEROTONIN | SIDE EFFECTS | DECREASED LIBIDO | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341959 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence in HIV+ Ugandan parents and their children initiating HAART in the MTCT-plus family treatment model: role of depression in declining adherence over time. Author: Byakika-Tusiime J; Crane J; Oyugi JH; Ragland K; Kawuma A; Musoke P; Bangsberg DR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S82-S91. Abstract: The authors conducted a study to assess the effect of family-based treatment on adherence amongst HIV-infected parents and their HIV-infected children attending the Mother-To-Child-Transmission Plus program in Kampala, Uganda. Adherence was assessed using home-based pill counts and self-report. Mean adherence was over 94%. Depression was associated with incomplete adherence on multivariable analysis. Adherence declined over time. Qualitative interviews revealed lack of transportation money, stigma, clinical response to therapy, drug packaging, and cost of therapy may impact adherence. Our results indicate that providing ART to all eligible HIV-infected members in a household is associated with excellent adherence in both parents and children. Adherence to ART among new parents declines over time, even when patients receive treatment at no cost. Depression should be addressed as a potential barrier to adherence. Further study is necessary to assess the long-term impact of this family treatment model on adherence to ART in resource-limited settings. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PARENTS | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | QUESTIONNAIRES | DEPRESSION | PACKAGING | STIGMA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Marketing | Economic Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 341904 |
| 3. Title: Induced abortion and anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders: isolating the effects of abortion in the national comorbidity survey. Author: Coleman PK; Coyle CT; Shuping M; Rue VM Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2009 May;43(8):770-6. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between abortion history and a wide range of anxiety (panic disorder, panic attacks, PTSD, Agoraphobia), mood (bipolar disorder, mania, major depression), and substance abuse disorders (alcohol and drug abuse and dependence) using a nationally representative US sample, the national comorbidity survey. Abortion was found to be related to an increased risk for a variety of mental health problems (panic attacks, panic disorder, agoraphobia, PTSD, bipolar disorder, major depression with and without hierarchy), and substance abuse disorders after statistical controls were instituted for a wide range of personal, situational, and demographic variables. Calculation of population attributable risks indicated that abortion was implicated in between 4.3% and 16.6% of the incidence of these disorders. Future research is needed to identify mediating mechanisms linking abortion to various disorders and to understand individual difference factors associated with vulnerability to developing a particular mental health problem after abortion. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MENTAL HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health Document Number: 342106 Notification |
| 4. Title: Rates of spontaneous and therapeutic abortions following use of antidepressants in pregnancy: results from a large prospective database. Author: Einarson A; Choi J; Einarson TR; Koren G Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009 May;31(5):452-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The use of antidepressants during pregnancy remains a controversial issue, and there is little information on the risk of spontaneous abortions following antidepressant exposure in early pregnancy. We sought to examine whether use of antidepressants increases the rates of spontaneous abortion (SA) and therapeutic abortion (TA) in women exposed in early pregnancy. METHODS: In a cohort of women who contacted the Motherisk program during pregnancy, we compared two groups of women, one exposed and the other not exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy, and calculated the associated rates of SA and TA. RESULTS: Among 937 women exposed to antidepressants prior to and during early pregnancy, there were 122 SAs (13.0%) including three ectopic pregnancies, and in the comparison group there were 75 SAs (8.0%) and no ectopic pregnancies. The relative risk was 1.63 (95% CI 1.24-2.14). Three-fold more women reported a TA in the exposed group, 26 (2.4%) compared to 8 (0.7%) in the non-exposed group (RR 3.25; 95% CI 1.48-7.14). A sub-analysis revealed that in both groups, of 338 women with a prior SA, 58 (17.2%) reported having a SA in the current pregnancy, compared with 61/652 (9.4%) with no prior SA (chi square = 12.09, P lt; 0.001). In the antidepressant group, the incidence was 20.7%, and in the non-exposed group, it was 13.3%. Logistic regression confirmed that only antidepressant exposure and prior SA were significantly associated with current SA. CONCLUSION: Exposure to antidepressants in the first trimester of pregnancy appears to be associated with a small but statistically significant increased risk of SA and decision to terminate a pregnancy. The risk for SA is further elevated with a history of previous SA. However, any underlying depression must be taken into consideration when evaluating these results. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | ABORTION | RISK FACTORS | DEPRESSION | DRUGS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | INCIDENCE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Mental Disorders | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Measurement | Data Collection Document Number: 342785 Notification |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Micronutrient supplementation affects maternal-infant feeding interactions and maternal distress in Bangladesh. Author: Frith AL; Naved RT; Ekstrom EC; Rasmussen KM; Frongillo EA Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Jul;90(1):141-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Good maternal-infant interaction is essential for optimal infant growth, health, and development. Although micronutrient malnutrition has been associated with poorer interaction, the effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on interaction are unknown. OBJECTIVES: We examined differences in maternal-infant feeding interaction between 3 maternal pre- and postpartum micronutrient supplementation groups that differed in iron dose and inclusion of multiple micronutrients and determined whether any differences observed were mediated by maternal distress. DESIGN: A cohort of 180 pregnant women was selected from 3300 women in the randomized controlled trial Maternal Infant Nutritional Interventions Matlab, which was conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh. At 8 wk of gestation, women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups to receive a daily supplement of micronutrients (14 wk gestation to 12 wk postpartum): 60 or 30 mg Fe each with 400 microg folic acid or multiple micronutrients (MuMS; 30 mg Fe, 400 microg folic acid, and other micronutrients). A maternal-infant feeding interaction was observed in the home when infants were 3.4-4.0 mo of age, and maternal distress was assessed. RESULTS: Compared with 30 mg Fe, 60 mg Fe decreased the quality of maternal-infant feeding interaction by approximately 10%. Compared with 30 mg Fe, MuMS did not improve interaction but reduced maternal early postpartum distress. Distress did not mediate the effects of micronutrient supplementation on interaction. CONCLUSION: For pregnant and postpartum women, micronutrient supplementation should be based on both nutritional variables (eg, iron status) and functional outcomes (eg, maternal-infant interaction and maternal distress). Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | BONDING | MATERNAL HEALTH | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | IRON | FOLIC ACID | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Metals | Psychological Factors | Mental Disorders Document Number: 341995 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Adjustment to termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a longitudinal study in women at 4, 8, and 16 months. Author: Korenromp MJ; Page-Christiaens GC; van den Bout J; Mulder EJ; Visser GH Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):160.e1-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We studied psychological outcomes and predictors for adverse outcome in 147 women 4, 8, and 16 months after termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a longitudinal study with validated self-completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Four months after termination 46% of women showed pathological levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms, decreasing to 20.5% after 16 months. As to depression, these figures were 28% and 13%, respectively. Late onset of problematic adaptation did not occur frequently. Outcome at 4 months was the most important predictor of persistent impaired psychological outcome. Other predictors were low self-efficacy, high level of doubt during decision making, lack of partner support, being religious, and advanced gestational age. Strong feelings of regret for the decision were mentioned by 2.7% of women. CONCLUSION: Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly has significant psychological consequences for 20% of women up to > 1 year. Only few women mention feelings of regret. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | POSTABORTION | POSTABORTION CARE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | DECISION MAKING | IMPACT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Communication Document Number: 342609 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Peer-group support intervention improves the psychosocial well-being of AIDS orphans: cluster randomized trial. Author: Kumakech E; Cantor-Graae E; Maling S; Bajunirwe F Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(6):1038-43. Abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that AIDS orphanhood status is accompanied by increased levels of psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, intense guilt, shame, and anger. However, few studies have examined the possible reduction of psychological distress in AIDS orphans through the help of interventions that promote well-being. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based peer-group support intervention combined with periodic somatic health assessments and treatment on the psychosocial well-being of AIDS orphans in the Mbarara District of southwestern Uganda. In a cluster randomized controlled design, 326 AIDS orphans aged 10-15 years were assigned to either peer-group support intervention combined with monthly somatic healthcare (n=159) or control group (n=167) for follow-up assessment. Baseline and 10 week follow-up psychological assessments were conducted in both groups using self-administered Beck Youth Inventories. Complete data were available for 298 orphans. After adjusting for baseline scores, follow-up scores for the intervention group in comparison with controls showed significant improvement in depression, anger, and anxiety but not for self-concept. This study demonstrated that peer-group support intervention decreased psychological distress, particularly symptoms of depression, anxiety and anger. Thus, the use of peer-group support interventions should be incorporated into existing school health programs. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PEER GROUPS | SUPPORT GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | AIDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | SELF ESTEEM | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Mental Disorders Document Number: 341167 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Psychometric evaluation of the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC) among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Author: Li X; Fang X; Stanton B; Zhao G; Lin X; Zhao J; Zhang L; Hong Y; Chen X Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):261-70. Abstract: The current study, utilizing the baseline data from a longitudinal assessment of psychosocial needs of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS or living with HIV-infected parents in China, was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC) among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. The psychometric properties assessed in this study include internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and construct validity. The sample in the current study include 296 double orphans, 459 single orphans, and 466 children living with HIV-infected parents in central China where many residents had been infected with HIV through unhygienic blood collection. The results demonstrate adequate reliability and validity of the TSCC among study population. Children who experienced more traumatic events scored significantly higher on all TSCC clinical scales and subscales than those children who experienced less such events. The Chinese version of the TSCC should provide mental health researchers and practitioners with a reliable and valid assessment instrument in studying posttraumatic distress and related psychological symptomology among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | STRESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANGER | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | TESTING | RELIABILITY | VALIDITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Mental Disorders | Measurement Document Number: 341831 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: a cluster survey study. Author: Reza A; Breiding MJ; Gulaid J; Mercy JA; Blanton C; Mthethwa Z; Bamrah S; Dahlberg LL; Anderson M Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1966-72. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite concern, few studies have been done about sexual violence against girls younger than 18 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. We report the prevalence and circumstances of sexual violence in girls in Swaziland, and assess the negative health consequences. METHODS: We obtained data from a nationally representative sample of girls and women aged 13-24 years from selected households in Swaziland between May 15, 2007, and June 16, 2007, with a two-stage cluster design. The questionnaire examined demographics, type of sexual violence that took place before the respondent was 18 years of age, circumstances of the incident, and health-related conditions. Information was gathered from 1244 women and girls (response rate 96.3%), of whom 1242 provided retrospective responses to questions about sexual violence. We used regression models adjusted for relevant demographics to estimate the odds ratios for the associations between sexual violence and health-related conditions. FINDINGS: 33.2% (95% CI 29.9-36.7) of respondents reported an incident of sexual violence before they reached 18 years of age. The most common perpetrators of the first incident were men or boys from the respondent's neighbourhood (32.3% [28.8-36.1]) and boyfriends or husbands (26.2% [22.2-30.7]). The first incident most often took place in the respondent's own home (26.1% [21.6-31.2]). Sexual violence was associated with reported lifetime experience of sexually transmitted diseases (adjusted OR 3.69 [95% CI 1.78-7.66]), pregnancy complications or miscarriages (3.54 [1.47-8.55]), unwanted pregnancy (2.92 [1.87-4.55]), and self-report of feeling depressed (2.30 [1.70-3.11]). INTERPRETATION: Knowledge of the high prevalence of sexual violence against girls in Swaziland and its associated serious health-related conditions and behaviours should be used to develop effective prevention strategies. FUNDING: UNICEF. Language: English Keywords: SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | PREVALENCE | DEPRESSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Mental Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 341674 |
| 10. Title: Symptoms and quality of life of people living with HIV infection in Puerto Rico. Author: Rivero-Mendez M; Portillo C; Solis-Baez SS; Wantland D; Holzemer WL Source: Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal. 2009 Mar;28(1):54-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: People living with HIV infection are confronted with physical and psychological symptoms that impact their quality of life. This study explored the symptom experience of people living with HIV infection in Puerto Rico and its correlation with quality of life. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to survey 44 men, women, and transgender people living with HIV infection. Measures included a demographic questionnaire, sign and symptom checklist, and a quality of life instrument. RESULTS: The sample was 50% male with a mean age of 42.1 years; the participants had been living with HIV infection an average for 9.8 years. The top five symptoms reported by the sample included: muscle aches (81.8%), depression (77.2%), weakness (70.5%), fear/worries (70.5), and difficulty concentrating (65.9%). Symptom frequency was significantly related to four dimensions of quality of life: overall function (r = -0.58), life satisfaction (r = -0.59), health worries (r = 0.32) and HIV medication worries (r = 0.59). The symptom experience was not related to financial worries, disclosure worries, or sexual functioning. Individuals who reported taking HIV medications reported significantly fewer symptoms than those not taking HIV medications (t = 3.061, df=42, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that people living with HIV infection in Puerto Rico experience a wide array of physical and psychological symptoms and that these symptoms have a correlation with their perceived quality of life. Better management of symptoms may have an impact on perceived quality of life for people living with HIV infection. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | DEPRESSION | PAIN | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Population | Health | Mental Disorders | HIV Document Number: 341065 |
| 11. Title: Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression, and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. Author: Roberts B; Damundu EY; Lomoro O; Sondorp E Source: BioMed Central. 2009 Mar 4;9(7):1-10. Abstract: Background: The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 marked the end of the civil conflict in Sudan lasting over 20 years. The conflict was characterised by widespread violence and large-scale forced migration. Mental health is recognised as a key public health issue for conflict-affected populations. Studies revealed high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst populations from Southern Sudan during the conflict. However, no studies have been conducted on mental health in post-war Southern Sudan. The objective of this study was to measure PTSD and depression in the population in the town of Juba in Southern Sudan; and to investigate the association of demographic, displacement, and past and recent trauma exposure variables, on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Methods: A cross-sectional, random cluster survey with a sample of 1242 adults (aged over 18 years) was conducted in November 2007 in the town of Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan. Levels of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (original version), and levels of depression measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the association of demographic, displacement and trauma exposure variables on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Multivariate logistic regression was also conducted to investigate which demographic and displacement variables were associated with exposure to traumatic events. Results: Over one third (36%) of respondents met symptom criteria for PTSD and half (50%) of respondents met symptom criteria for depression. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong associations of gender, marital status, forced displacement, and trauma exposure with outcomes of PTSD and depression. Men, IDPs, and refugees and persons displaced more than once were all significantly more likely to have experienced eight or more traumatic events. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of high levels of mental distress in the population of Juba Town, and associated risk-factors. Comprehensive social and psychological assistance is urgently required in Juba. Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | REFUGEES | WAR | MENTAL HEALTH | NEEDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Migrants | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 340211 |
| 12. Title: Domestic violence and forced sex among the urban poor in South India: implications for HIV prevention. Author: Solomon S; Subbaraman R; Solomon SS; Srikrishnan AK; Johnson SC; Vasudevan CK; Anand S; Ganesh AK; Celentano DD Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Jul;15(7):753-73. Abstract: This article examined the prevalence of physical and sexual violence among 1,974 married women from 40 low-income communities in Chennai, India. The authors found a 99% and 75% lifetime prevalence of physical abuse and forced sex, respectively, whereas 65% of women experienced more than five episodes of physical abuse in the 3 months preceding the survey. Factors associated with violence after multivariate adjustment included elementary/middle school education and variables suggesting economic insecurity. These domestic violence rates exceed those in prior Indian reports, suggesting women in slums may be at increased risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | URBAN AREAS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | RAPE | HIV | AIDS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | PAIN | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Signs and Symptoms | Health Document Number: 342986 |
| 13. Title: Sex risk practices among HIV-positive individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author: Valverde EE; Cassetti I; Metsch LR; Bugarin G; Bofill L; Laurido M; McCoy C Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jul;23(7):551-6. Abstract: We have limited information regarding the sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive individuals in Argentina. It is important to understand these behaviors in order to develop strategies oriented at decreasing unsafe sex practices. A random sample of 140 HIV-positive individuals was recruited from an HIV primary care clinic in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between August and September 2005. Participants responded survey questions regarding their sexual behaviors in the previous three months. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with inconsistent condom use during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Of the 140 participants surveyed, 69% were male, the mean age was 38 years old, 29% reported having less than a high school education, and 84% reported having engaged in vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex in the past 3 months. Of 53 participants who reported engaging in anal sex, 60% were men who have sex with men, and 40% were heterosexuals. Inconsistent condom use was reported by 31% of participants engaging in anal sex, 39% of participants engaging in vaginal sex, and 71% of participants engaging in oral sex. When adjusting for other factors, participants reporting symptoms of depression were 5.2 times more likely to use condoms inconsistently during vaginal sex, and 4.3 times more likely to use condoms inconsistently during anal sex compared to participants reporting no depression symptoms. Providers should assess sexual risk practices of HIV-positive individuals reporting symptoms of depression, and provide counseling regarding the importance of consistent condom use to those patients who are engaging in unsafe sex practices. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | DEPRESSION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Mental Disorders | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342946 |
| 14. Title: Intimate partner violence against women, health effects and health care seeking in rural Vietnam. Author: Vung ND; Ostergren PO; Krantz G Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2009 Apr;19(2):178-82. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Health effects and health care seeking were investigated among women in rural Vietnam exposed to physical and/or sexual violence from their partner in the past year. The study was conducted within the framework of the demographic surveillance site in Bavi District, Ha Tay Province in northern Vietnam. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews based on a questionnaire developed by the WHO for use in violence research were conducted with 883 randomly selected women. Past-year violence and health effects were investigated in bi and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of past-year physical and/or sexual violence was 9.2% (n = 81). Women exposed to violence ran a considerably elevated risk of memory loss (OR 3.7; 1.8-7.5), pain or discomfort (OR 3.8; 2.3-6.3), sadness or depression (OR 4.5; 2.7-7.5) and having suicidal thoughts (OR 2.8; 1.04-7.3) compared with those with no violence experience in the past year, when adjusted for socio-demographic factors. Almost 50% (n = 40) of the women exposed to violence reported injuries and, of those, 58% had to seek health care. Conclusions: Physical and/or sexual violence are common occurrences in Vietnam, associated with pain, injuries and mental health problems in exposed women. These results point to the need for a reliable health surveillance system, along with health care and support activities for victimised women, and policy initiatives to prevent this violence. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | DEPRESSION | PAIN | SADNESS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Data Collection Document Number: 342006 |
| 15. Title: Knowing kids dying of HIV: a traumatic event for AIDS orphans. Author: Zhao Q; Li X; Lin X; Fang X; Zhao G; Zhao J Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 Jul-Aug;20(4):275-82. Abstract: Data from 755 AIDS orphans living in a rural area of China with high rates of HIV infection were used to examine the association between a child's trauma symptoms and knowing a peer with HIV infection or one who had died of HIV. Trauma symptoms were measured by the Traumatic Symptoms Checklist for Children-Chinese Version (TSCC-CV). About 47% of participants reported they knew a child with HIV or one who had died of HIV. More orphans living in family-based care reported such knowledge, and trauma symptoms were significantly higher in children who reported such knowledge. Multivariate analysis showed that such knowledge was significantly associated with traumatic symptoms, controlling for gender, age, family socioeconomic status, orphan status (double vs. single), and care arrangement (family-based vs. institutional care). The results underscored the importance of psychosocial support and counseling to orphans in communities with high levels of HIV-related mortality. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PEER GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | DEATH | KNOWLEDGE | STRESS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | ANGER | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge Sources | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Emotions | Mental Disorders Document Number: 342815 |
| 16. Title: Relationship between depression and quality of life in persons with HIV infection in Nigeria. Author: Adewuya AO; Afolabi MO; Ola BA; Ogundele OA; Ajibare AO Source: International Journal of Psychiatry In Medicine. 2008;38(1):43-51. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite the fact that two-thirds of all the people with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the emotional state and quality of life (QOL) of subjects with HIV in this region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between clinical depression and quality of life in a group of HIV sero-positive subjects in Nigeria. METHODS: Subjects with HIV infection (n = 87) completed a questionnaire detailing sociodemographic and HIV related variables. The subjects were assessed for the diagnosis of depression using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and their subjective health related quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the short version of the WHO quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS: There were 25 (28.7%) subjects with diagnosis of depression. Lower educational level correlated with poorer QOL in all the domains of WHOQOL-BREF except the "social relationship" domain. Also, poor social support correlated with poorer QOL scores on domains of "physical health" and "social relationship" and presence of medical problems was significantly associated with poorer scores on domains of "physical health" and "psychological health." Diagnosis of depression was significantly correlated with poorer QOL in all domains except the "social relationship" domain. CONCLUSION: Poorer health related QOL in Nigerian subjects with HIV was associated with depression, lower educational and socioeconomic levels, and poor social support. Early identification and referral of patients with depression needs to be incorporated into intervention programs designed for HIV infected individuals in this region. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | MENTAL HEALTH | DEPRESSION | HIV INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health | Mental Disorders Document Number: 328775 |
| 17. Title: Breastfeeding duration and postpartum psychological adjustment: Role of maternal attachment styles. Author: Akman I; Kuscu MK; Yurdakul Z; Ozdemir N; Solakoglu M Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2008 Jun;44(6):369-373. Abstract: Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in new mothers. The aim of this study is to explore the link between postpartum psychological adjustment and feeding preferences of the mothers. Sixty mothers and newborns were enrolled in this prospective, longitudinal study. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and maternal anxiety level was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory at 1 month postpartum. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was used for the assessment of maternal social support. The Adult Attachment Scale was used to determine the attachment style of the mother. Infants were examined and evaluated at 1 and 4 months of life. All mothers started breastfeeding their infants postpartum; 91% and 68.1% continued exclusive breastfeeding at 1 and 4 months, respectively. The first-month median EPDS score of mothers who breastfeed at the fourth month was statistically significantly lower than those who were not breastfeeding (6 and 12, respectively) (P = 0001). The first-month median EPDS score of mothers with secure attachment was lower than the median score of mothers with insecure attachment (5 and 9, respectively) (P less than 0001). Exclusive breastfeeding rate was not statistically different among mothers with secure and insecure attachment styles. The median state and trait anxiety scores and social support scores of mothers were not different between groups according to breastfeeding status. This study has shown an association between higher EPDS scores and breastfeeding cessation by 4 months after delivery. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | MATERNAL HEALTH | BREASTFEEDING | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 326607 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons: a prospective study in Southwest Ethiopia. Author: Amberbir A; Woldemichael K; Getachew S; Girma B; Deribe K Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jul 30;8:265. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The devastating impact of AIDS in the world especially in sub-Saharan Africa has led to an unprecedented global effort to ensure access to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Given that medication-taking behavior can immensely affect an individual's response; ART adherence is now widely recognized as an 'Achilles heel' for the successful outcome. The present study was undertaken to investigate the rate and predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons in southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy unit of Jimma University Specialized Hospital. A prospective study was undertaken on a total of 400 HIV infected person. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire at first month (M0) and third month (M3) follow up visits. RESULTS: A total of 400 and 383 patients at baseline (M0) and at follow up visit (M3) respectively were interviewed. Self-reported dose adherence in the study area was 94.3%. The rate considering the combined indicator (dose, time and food) was 75.7%. Within a three month follow up period, dose adherence decreased by 2% and overall adherence rate decreased by more than 3%. Adherence was common in those patients who have a social support (OR, 1.82, 95%CI, 1.04, 3.21). Patients who were not depressed were two times more likely to be adherent than those who were depressed (OR, 2.13, 95%CI, 1.18, 3.81). However, at the follow up visit, social support (OR, 2.42, 95%CI, 1.29, 4.55) and the use of memory aids (OR, 3.29, 95%CI, 1.44, 7.51) were found to be independent predictors of adherence. The principal reasons reported for skipping doses in this study were simply forgetting, feeling sick or ill, being busy and running out of medication in more than 75% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The self reported adherence rate was high in the study area. The study showed that adherence is a dynamic process which changes overtime and cannot reliably be predicted by a few patient characteristics that are assumed to vary with time. Adherence is a process, not a single event, and adherence support should be integrated into regular clinical follow up. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | LOGISTIC MODEL | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ACCEPTORS | USER COMPLIANCE | NONACCEPTORS | DEPRESSION | DIET | HOSPITALS | QUESTIONNAIRES | SUPPORT GROUPS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Nutrition | Health Facilities | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328263 |
19.  Peer Reviewed Title: Double jeopardy: Depressive symptoms and rapid subsequent pregnancy in adolescent mothers. Author: Barnet B; Liu J; DeVoe M Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Mar;162(3):246-252. Abstract: The objective was to examine whether depressive symptoms are a risk factor for a subsequent pregnancy in adolescent mothers. The design used was a secondary analysis from a longitudinal risk-reduction intervention. The setting was five community-based prenatal sites in Baltimore, Maryland. The participants for the study were two hundred sixty-nine consenting teens, predominantly African American and with low income, who received prenatal care at any of the 5 community-based prenatal sites and completed follow-up questionnaires at 1 or 2 years post partum. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The outcome measure was an occurrence of and time to subsequent pregnancy by 2 years post partum. Among teens completing at least 1 follow-up questionnaire, baseline depressive symptoms were present in 46%. A subsequent pregnancy by 2 years post partum was experienced by 49%, with a mean (SD) time to first subsequent pregnancy of 11.4 (5.8) months. Depressive symptoms were associated with increased risk of subsequent pregnancy in both unadjusted models (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.03) and adjusted models (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.01). Depressive symptoms may be an independent risk factor for subsequent pregnancy in African American adolescent mothers. Because depression is treatable, future studies should evaluate whether improved recognition and treatment of adolescent depression reduces the risk of rapid subsequent pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INTERVENTIONS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | DEPRESSION | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 325015 |
| 20. Title: Adverse mood effects of combined oral contraceptives in relation to personality traits. Author: Borgstrom A; Odlind V; Ekselius L; Sundstrom-Poromaa I Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Dec;141(2):127-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Mood symptoms, such as depressed mood, anxiety and increased irritability, remain one of the major reasons for discontinuation of combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills. The aim of this study was to compare personality traits in women with ongoing or previous use of COCs and different experiences from these compounds with respect to adverse mood symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty women currently on COCs with no reports of adverse mood symptoms, 28 women currently on COCs and experiencing mood-related side effects, 27 women who had discontinued COC use for reasons other than adverse mood symptoms and 33 women who had discontinued COC use due to adverse mood effects were included. All participants were asked to fill out the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) to assess different personality traits. RESULTS: The women who were experiencing mood-related side effects on their current COC use exhibited higher scores on the somatic anxiety and stress susceptibility traits as comparedto the women who did not experience any mood-related side effects from their current COCs. Women who had discontinued COC treatment because of adverse mood effects had higher scores of detachment and mistrust compared to women who had discontinued COC for reasons unrelated to mood effects. CONCLUSION: Higher scores on specific personality traits such as somatic anxiety and stress susceptibility are found in women with ongoing experience of adverse mood symptoms from COC. Higher scores of mistrust and detachment are more common among women who have discontinued COC treatment due to adverse mood effects. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK ASSESSMENT | WOMEN | PERSONALITY | ESTROGENS | DEPRESSION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | STRESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330844 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Depressive symptoms in youth heads of household in Rwanda. Correlates and implications for intervention. Author: Boris NW; Brown LA; Thurman TR; Rice JC; Snider LM Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Sep;162(9):836-843. Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the level of depressive symptoms and their predictors in youth from one region of Rwanda who function as heads of household (ie, those responsible for caring for other children) and care for younger orphans. A cross-sectional survey was taken in four adjoining districts in Gigonkoro, an impoverished rural province in southwestern Rwanda. Trained interviewers met with the eldest member of each household (n=539) in which a youth 24 years old or younger was caring for 1 child or more. The main outcome measures were rates and severity of depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; measures of grief, adult support, social marginalization, and sociodemographic factors using scales developed for this study. Of the 539 youth heads of household, 77% were subsistence farmers and only 7% had attended school for 6 years or more. Almost half (44%) reported eating only 1 meal a day in the last week, and 80% rated their health as fair or poor. The mean score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was 24.4, exceeding the most conservative published cutoff score for adolescents. Multivariate analysis revealed that reports of depressive symptoms that exceeded the clinical cutoff were associated with having 3 basic household assets or fewer, such as a mattress and a spare set of clothes (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-2.70), eating less than 1 meal per day (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.09- 2.60), reporting fair health (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.76- 2.29) or poor health (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.17-4.64), endorsing high levels of grief (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.73- 4.13), having at least 1 parent die in the genocide as opposed to all other causes of parental death (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10-3.04), and not having a close friend (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.17-3.12). There was an interaction between marginalization from the community and alcohol use; youth who were highly marginalized and did not drink alcohol were more than 3 times more likely to report symptoms of depression (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.73-5.42). When models were constructed by grouping theoretically related variables into blocks and controlling for other blocks, the emotional status block of variables (grief and marginalization) accounted for the most variance in depressive symptoms. Orphaned youth who head households in rural Rwanda face many challenges and report high rates of depressive symptoms. Interventions designed to go beyond improving food security and increasing household assets may be needed to reduce social isolation of youth heads of household. The effect of head-of-household depressive symptoms on other children living in youth-headed households is unknown. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | YOUTH | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | RURAL AREAS | DEPRESSION | MENTAL HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health | Behavior Document Number: 328157 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: A common pathway toward women's health. Author: Chibber KS; Kaplan RL; Padian NS; Anderson SJ; Ling PM Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jan;3(1):26-38. Abstract: This paper calls for an alternate approach to studying the aetiology of women's health conditions. Instead of the long-established disease-specific, compartmentalized approach, it recommends focusing on risk exposures that allows for the identification of multiple disease conditions that stem from the same risk factors. Identifying common risk factors and the related pathways to adverse health outcomes can lead to the development of interventions that would favourably affect more than one disease condition. The utility of such an approach is illustrated by a review of literature from across the globe on the association between gender inequity-related exposures and women's health (namely, three health conditions: sexually transmitted infections [STIs], including Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV], blindness, and depression; as well as two risk behaviours: eating disorders and tobacco use). The review demonstrates how women's health cannot be viewed independently from the larger social, economic, and political context in which women are situated. Promoting women's health necessitates more comprehensive approaches, such as gender-sensitization of other family members, and the development of more creative and flexible mechanisms of healthcare delivery, that acknowledge the gender inequity-related constraints that women face in their daily lives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | EXPOSURE | INEQUALITIES | TOBACCO USE | HIV | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | DEPRESSION | BLINDNESS | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Mental Disorders | Ophthalmological Effects | Physiology Document Number: 325320 |
| 23. Title: The effect of spousal violence on women's health: Findings from the Stree Arogya Shodh in Goa, India. Author: Chowdhary N; Patel V Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2008 Oct;54(4):306-312. Abstract: Spousal violence has wide-ranging effects on the physical, reproductive, sexual and psychological health of women. There are few longitudinal studies that describe this association in developing countries. To test the hypothesis that spousal violence is an independent risk factor for a broad range of adverse health outcomes in women. A population-based cohort study of women living in the catchment area of a primary health center in north Goa. Two thousand four hundred and ninety-four of 3000 randomly selected women were recruited of whom 1750 married women were included for this paper. Each participant was assessed at baseline with a structured interview for the assessment of exposure to spousal violence (verbal, physical, sexual) over two time periods (lifetime; recent in the past three months). The interview collected data on gynecological complaints and the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the diagnosis of depressive disorder. Laboratory tests for anemia and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were carried out. Longitudinal data was collected after six and 12 months on these outcomes. In addition, baseline measures for nutritional status and menstrual health were also obtained. Univariate analyses were carried out on the cross-sectional and longitudinal data to assess the association between each type of spousal violence and each health outcome. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, literacy, household per capita income. Logistic regression was used for all analyses in Stata (Version 10). Lifetime spousal violence was reported by 290 (16.6%, 95%CI=14.9-18.4) women; recent violence was reported by 230 (13.0%, 95%CI=11.6-14.8). The cross-sectional data showed an association between violence and a range of self-reported gynecological complaints, low Body Mass Index, depressive disorder and attempted suicide. The longitudinal analyses confirmed these associations only for STI and attempted suicide. Spousal violence is specifically associated as an independent risk factor for two adverse women's health outcomes, viz., STI and attempted suicide. Public health and clinical programs targeting these outcomes must specifically address spousal violence. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SPOUSE | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | GYNECOLOGIC DISEASES | DEPRESSION | ANEMIA | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Biology | Genital Effects, Female | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Health Document Number: 328490 |
| 24. Title: The impact of caring for persons living with HIV and AIDS on the mental health of nurses in the Limpopo Province. Author: Davhana-Maselesele M; Igumbor JO Source: Curationis. 2008 Jun;31(2):67-73. Abstract: This study assessed the impact of caring for AIDS sufferers on the mental health of nurses. This assessment was measured against the level of burnout, stress and depression among 174 nurses caring for people living with HIV and AIDS in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire incorporated the AIDS Impact Scale (AIS), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the participants' demographic and professional profiles. Participants were conveniently selected from five selected hospitals in Limpopo Province. The study participants' valuation using the AIS showed that nurses tended to develop strong bonds and relationships with the patients; felt frustrated by their inability to help the terminally ill AIDS sufferers and were subsequently affected by the death of their patients. Personal accomplishments of the nurses remained high and the levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization levels were low. The BDI showed that over 3 out of 4 nurses were experiencing between mild mood disturbance and extreme depression. Higher average scores were noted for items of the depression scale like sadness, dissatisfaction, fatigue and low level of energy. The findings highlight the need to develop psychological support programmes for nurses caring for AIDS patients and promote the provision of social incentives and recognition of the role of nurses in AIDS care. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | NURSES AND NURSING | CARE AND SUPPORT | IMPACT | DEPRESSION | AIDS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Communication | Mental Disorders | Behavior Document Number: 329846 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Women with non-Swedish speaking background and their children: a longitudinal study of uptake of care and maternal and child health. Author: Fabian H; Radestad I; Rodriguez A; Waldenstrom U Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Dec;97(12):1721-8. Abstract: AIM: To study uptake of care at the antenatal and child health clinic (CHC), and maternal and child health up to 5 years after the birth, as reported by mothers with a non-Swedish speaking background (NSB). METHODS: A sample of 300 women with a NSB, 175 originated from a poor country and 125 originated from a rich country, were compared with a reference group of 2761 women with a Swedish speaking background. Four postal questionnaires were completed: during pregnancy, and 2 months, 1 year and 5 years after the birth. RESULTS: Mothers with a NSB from a poor country of origin did not differ from the reference group of mothers with a Swedish speaking background regarding number of clinic visits, but they had a lower attendance rate at antenatal and postnatal education classes. Depressive symptoms, parental stress and poor self-rated health were more common in these women, and they reported more psychological and behavioral problems in their 5-year olds. Women with a rich country origin did not differ from the reference group regarding maternal and child health, but had a lower uptake of all out-patient care, except parental classes after the birth. CONCLUSION: Women originating from a poor country seem to be under great stress during pregnancy and the child's first years. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | CHILDREN | IMMIGRANTS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ANTENATAL CARE | LANGUAGE | ORIGIN | DEPRESSION | STRESS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Services | Communication | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330293 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: The relationship between behavioural inhibition, anxiety disorders, depression and CD4 counts in HIV-positive adults: a cross-sectional controlled study. Author: Fincham D; Smit J; Carey P; Stein DJ; Seedat S Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Nov;20(10):1279-83. Abstract: This study examined the relationships between behavioural inhibition (BI), anxiety disorders, depression and CD4 counts in 456 HIV-infected adults attending primary healthcare HIV clinics in South Africa. Our first hypothesis was that BI would be positively correlated with anxiety disorders and with depression. Our second hypothesis was that BI, anxiety disorders and depression would be negatively correlated with CD4 counts. Participants completed the Retrospective Self-Report of Childhood Inhibition scale (RSRCI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). We found that BI was positively correlated with depression, agoraphobia, social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, we found that BI, anxiety disorders and depression were not associated with CD4 counts. Finally, we found no gender effects for BI, depression, CD4 counts or any anxiety disorder diagnosis. While BI was linked to certain anxiety disorders, we found no evidence to suggest that BI, a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, and/or depressive symptoms were associated with CD4 counts among HIV-positive adults. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | HIV | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mental Disorders | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 329733 |
| 27. Title: Risk for postpartum depression, breastfeeding practices, and mammary gland permeability. Author: Flores-Quijano ME; Cordova A; Contreras-Ramirez V; Farias-Hernandez L; Tolentino MC Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008;24(1):50-57. Abstract: In a cross-sectional study, 163 breastfeeding women completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a questionnaire on demographics and infant feeding and hand-expressed breast milk for Na and K quantification, between 2 and 12 weeks postpartum. Forty women (24.5%) had an EPDS score compatible with the risk of a depressive episode, and 63 (41%) did not feel confident about breastfeeding. These 2 variables were significantly correlated to each other and individually correlated to breastfeeding exclusiveness. Weeks postpartum was correlated to breastfeeding exclusiveness and Na:K in milk (all P less than .001). A logistic regression model showed that supplementation increased the risk of high Na:K in milk by 209%, whereas a longer time postpartum lowered the risk for mammary gland permeability. This study suggests that postpartum depression and low breastfeeding confidence, which may be present concomitantly, are associated with increased mammary gland permeability, only to the extent in which depression dissuades the mother from exclusive breastfeeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | DEPRESSION | HUMAN MILK | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | LACTATION | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 324668 |
| 28. Title: Depressive symptoms among female college students experiencing gender-based violence in Awassa, Ethiopia. Author: Gelaye B; Arnold D; Williams MA; Goshu M; Berhane Y Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008;:[18] p. Abstract: Little epidemiologic research has focused on the mental health effects of gender-based violence among sub-Saharan African women. The objective of this study was to assess risk of depression and depressive symptoms among 1,102 female undergraduate students who were victims of gender-based violence. Students who reported experience of any gender-based violence were nearly twice as likely to be classified as having moderate depression during the academic year (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.39-2.82) as compared with nonabused students. Compared with nonabused students, those who had experienced both physical and sexual abuse were 4 times more likely to report either moderately severe (OR = 4.32, 95% CI = 2.00-9.31) or severe depressive symptoms (OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.01-17.43). Our findings, consistent with previous studies, support the thesis that women's mental health status is adversely affected by exposure to gender-based violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | YOUTH | WOMEN | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | MENTAL HEALTH | STRESS | DEPRESSION | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Public Health | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 326734 |
| 29. Title: Difficulties reported by HIV-infected patients using antiretroviral therapy in Brazil. Author: Guimaraes MD; Rocha GM; Campos LN; de Freitas FM; Gualberto FA; Teixeira RA; de Castilho FM Source: Clinics. 2008 Apr;63(2):165-72. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the degree of difficulty that HIV-infected patients have with therapy treatment. INTRODUCTION: Patients perceptions about their treatment are a determinant factor for improved adherence and a better quality of life. METHODS: Two cross-sectional analyses were conducted in public AIDS referral centers in Brazil among patients initiating treatment. Patients interviewed at baseline, after one month, and after seven months following the beginning of treatment were asked to classify and justify the degree of difficulty with treatment. Logistic regression was used for analysis. RESULTS: Among 406 patients initiating treatment, 350 (86.2%) and 209 (51.5%) returned for their first and third visits, respectively. Treatment perceptions ranged from medium to very difficult for 51.4% and 37.3% on the first and third visits, respectively. The main difficulties reported were adverse reactions to the medication and scheduling. A separate logistic regression indicated that the HIV-seropositive status disclosure, symptoms of anxiety, absence of psychotherapy, higher CD4+ cell count (> 200/mm3) and high (> 4) adverse reaction count reported were independently associated with the degree of difficulty in the first visit, while CDC clinical category A, pill burden (> 7 pills), use of other medications, high (> 4) adverse reaction count reported and low understanding of medical orientation showed independent association for the third visit. CONCLUSIONS: A significant level of difficulty was observed with treatment. Our analyses suggest the need for early assessment of difficulties with treatment, highlighting the importance of modifiable factors that may contribute to better adherence to the treatment protocol. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIDE EFFECTS | USER COMPLIANCE | ANXIETY DISORDERS | DEPRESSION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Program Evaluation | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Mental Disorders Document Number: 342117 |
| 30. Title: Correlates of relationship, psychological, and sexual behavioral factors for HIV risk among Indian women. Author: Gupta RN; Wyatt GE; Swaminathan S; Rewari BB; Locke TF Source: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2008 Jul;14(3):256-65. Abstract: The rate of HIV/AIDS among women in India is expected to rise yet few studies have examined factors related to HIV risk among Indian women. The objective of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to characterize similarities and differences in the relationships, psychological well-being, and sexual behaviors among Indian women (N=459). Both HIV positive (N=216) and negative (N=243) women from urban and rural areas in India were included in this study. Chi-square, analysis of variance, and logistic regression analyses revealed that in both geographic groups, HIV-positive women were significantly more likely to report marital dissatisfaction, a history of forced sex, domestic violence, depressive symptoms and husband's extra marital sex when compared to the HIV-negative women. Findings also indicate that specific factors related to the quality of the marital relationship such as domestic violence, martial dysfunction, and depressive symptoms may be related to HIV-related risks for women. Implications for future research and culturally relevant interventions are discussed. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SPOUSE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | DEPRESSION | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SELF-PERCEPTION | SATISFACTION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Perception | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 328562 |
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