1.  Title: Correlates of in-law conflict and intimate partner violence against Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong Author: Chan KL; Tiwari A; Fong DY; Leung WC; Brownridge DA; Ho PC Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009 Jan;24(1):97-110. Abstract: This study examines correlates of in-law conflict with intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics in Hong Kong. This was a territory-wide, cross-sectional study of 3,245 pregnant women recruited from seven hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were invited to complete the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen and a demographic questionnaire. About 9% of the pregnant women reported having been abused by their partners in the preceding year. In-law conflict was the characteristic most significantly associated with preceding-year abuse against pregnant women, after controlling for covariates. Findings underscore the need to obtain information on in-law conflict as a risk factor for IPV. In-law conflict should be included in the assessment of risk for IPV. For the prevention of IPV, family-based intervention is needed to work with victims as well as in-laws. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXTENDED FAMILY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 328410 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of distance of residence from a peripheral health facility on pediatric health utilisation in rural western Kenya. Author: Feikin DR; Nguyen LM; Adazu K; Ombok M; Audi A; Slutsker L; Lindblade KA Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Jan;14(1):54-61. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of distance on utilisation of peripheral health facilities for sick child visits in Asembo, rural western Kenya. METHODS: As part of a demographic surveillance system (DSS), censuses of all households in the Asembo population of 55,000 are conducted three times a year, data are collected at all outpatient pediatric visits in seven DSS clinics in Asembo, and all households are GIS-mapped and linkable to a child's unique DSS identification number. Between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004, 3501 clinic visits were linked to 2432 children among 10,973 DSS-resident children < 5 years of age. RESULTS: Younger children and children with more severe illnesses travelled further for clinic visits. The median distance travelled varied by clinic. The rate of clinic visits decreased linearly at 0.5 km intervals up to 4 km, after which the rate stabilised. Using Poisson regression, controlling for the nearest DSS clinic for each child, socio-economic status and maternal education, and accounting for household clustering of children, for every 1 km increase in distance of residence from a DSS clinic, the rate of clinic visits decreased by 34% (95% CI, 31-37%) from the previous kilometer. CONCLUSION: Achieving equity in access to health care for children in rural Kenya will require creative strategies to address a significant distance-decay effect in health care utilisation. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | CHILDREN | DISTANCE | HEALTH FACILITIES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Youth | Geographic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330260 |
| 3. Title: Gender differences in educational attainments and occupational status in Thailand: a study based on Kanchanaburi DSS data. Author: Viswanathan PK; Thongthai V Source: Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2009 Jan;17(2):83-122. Abstract: This paper examines the gender differences in educational attainments and occupational roles in Thailand based on the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (hereafter referred as the KDSS) data. The important objectives of the study are: a) to examine the gender composition in educational attainments and delineate the magnitude and extent of inter-generational disparity in educational attainments across gender and strata over time; b) to dissect the gender wise occupational composition of the economically productive age groups and thereby to bring out the occupational dynamism among women across strata over the KDSS rounds; c) to examine the influence of demographic and socio-economic variables including education on occupational status of the households; and d) to reflect upon the important policy imperatives emerging from the study. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | INEQUALITIES | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Population Characteristics Document Number: 339864 |
| 4. Title: Influence of family planning services on contraceptive failure: evidence from the Kanchanaburi demographic surveillance system. Author: Wattansupt N; Isarabhakdi P; Thongthai V; Casterline JB; Matthew SA Source: Journal of Population and Social Studies. 2009 Jan;17(2):47-82. Abstract: This study aimed to examine the effect of access to and quality of family planning services on contraceptive failure among married women in the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS). Data on contraceptive failure is from the contraceptive calendar of KDSS, implemented by the Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Thailand. Retrospective service provision according to the time of contraceptive calendar data obtained from “the Contextual History Calendar”. Cost weight distance and kernel density are geographic information system (GIS) techniques using for measure a spatial accessibility at the individual level and cost allocation technique is used to measure availability of contraceptive method at the nearest public health facility. Event history analysis, using the discrete-time hazard model, was applied to examine factors affecting contraceptive failure. The results indicated that statistically significant associations were found only between the likelihood of contraceptive failure and a proxy of quality of family planning services, the number of contraceptive methods provided at the nearest public health service facility. Travel time to the nearest family planning service facility and density of family planning facilities within 10 kilometers, is not statistically related to contraceptive failure. Therefore, the policy implications derived from this study is to increase the diversity of methods available in the family planning program in order to decrease the likelihood of contraceptive failure. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DISTANCE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Geographic Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 339865 |
5.  Title: Reforming marriage practices in Bangladesh. Author: Amin S Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008 Jan. [4] p. (Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief No. 31) Abstract: Marriage customs in Bangladesh vary by region, complicating national-level efforts to eliminate some of the more harmful practices, such as early marriage and dowry demands, that undermine the status of women. Efforts to reform such a complex and multidimensional institution as marriage must consider economic concerns, social traditions, and social activism. Dowry demands-in addition to exacting an intolerable financial toll on poor households-have in extreme cases led to gruesome crimes, such as murder or assaults on women whose families could not meet escalating dowry costs. Early marriage-often involving girls as young as 10-has been widely recognized in Bangladesh and elsewhere as a human rights offense. The Bangladesh penal code includes many sanctions against harmful marriage practices: The Child Marriage Restraint Act dates back to 1921; dowry payments were first banned in 1980, and sanctions were further strengthened in 1985. Men who ask for dowry at marriage can face fines and imprisonment. Yet because both age at marriage and dowry are related to competitive processes in the marriage market, the brute force approach of legal bans and sanctions has not proven sufficient to curtail these harmful practices. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | CHILD MARRIAGE | DOWRY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326789 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Associations between premarital sex and leaving school in four Sub-Saharan African countries. Author: Biddlecom A; Gregory R; Lloyd CB; Mensch BS Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):337-350. Abstract: With the spread of formal schooling in sub-Saharan Africa and delays in the age at marriage, a growing proportion of adolescents remain enrolled in school when they "come of age." As a consequence, more and more adolescents have to negotiate sexual maturation and sexual initiation in a vastly different context from that of prior generations. Using data from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents conducted in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda, we investigate the empirical association between premarital sex and leaving school among those who were enrolled in school at the outset of adolescence (age 12). Discrete-time logistic regression models show that, in general, girls are more likely than boys to leave school before completing secondary school, before completing primary school, and, among those completing primary school, before progressing to secondary school. Girls who complete primary school, however, do so at the same age as or a younger age than their male peers. Girls appear more vulnerable to leaving school once they engage in premarital sex. These findings can assist researchers, policymakers, program managers, and educators in understanding and addressing the challenges to educational attainment posed by the increasing proportion of school-aged adolescents engaging in premarital sex. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DROPOUTS | ADOLESCENTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328195 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Demographic and health surveillance: longitudinal ethical considerations. Author: Carrel M; Rennie S Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Aug;86(8):612-6. Abstract: Longitudinal data gathered from health surveillance, when combined with detailed demographic information, can provide invaluable insight into disease outcomes. Many such surveillance sites exist in the developing world, particularly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and focus on diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cholera, malaria and tuberculosis. The indistinct positions of such surveillance systems, often inhabiting an area between research, treatment and population health monitoring, means that the necessity of and responsibility for ethical oversight is unclear. This regulatory vacuum is further compounded by a lack of attention to longitudinal surveillance systems in ethics literature. In this paper, we explore some key ethical questions that arise during demographic and health surveillance in relation to ethical principles of beneficence, respect for persons and justice: health-care provision, informed consent and study sustainability. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POLICYMAKERS | ETHICS | DEMOGRAPHY | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HEALTH POLICY | INFORMED CONSENT | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Public Health | Policy | Political Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs Document Number: 329104 |
| 8. Title: All-cause mortality trends in Dikgale, rural South Africa, 1996-2003. Author: Cook I; Alberts M; Burger S; Byass P Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2008 Sep;36(7):753-60. Abstract: AIMS: The Dikgale Demographic Surveillance System (DDSS) site, established in 1995, is one of three rural surveillance sites in South Africa. This paper describes detailed mortality patterns of a rural African population in the central region of Limpopo Province. METHODS: These data were based on yearly household visits to collect data on vital events, covering 63, 873 person-years of observation over eight years. RESULTS: Crude mortality was 7.5 per 1,000 person-years (females: 6.9, males: 8.1). Under-1 year and under-5 years mortality was 15.1 and 5.8 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Life expectancy at birth was 64.3 years (females: 68.1, males: 60.0). For the two four-year periods (1996-9 and 2000-3) under-20 years mortality risk decreased (rate ratio=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.80) while 20-49 years mortality risk increased (rate ratio=1.55, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.20). Multivariate mortality risk for migrants remained relatively constant (0.71, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.94) across the two four-year periods, but has increased 2.5-fold in all DDSS +50 year-old adults across the two four-year periods. CONCLUSIONS: The DDSS mortality estimates appear to have remained relatively constant while recent mortality estimates for the Agincourt Demographic and Health Surveillance System (ADHSS) site suggest that mortality risk is higher and life expectancy is lower in ADHSS residents. Moreover, DDSS mortality estimates are substantially more favourable compared with provincial and national mortality estimates. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | MIGRANTS | PREVALENCE | DEATH RATE | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Measurement | Mortality Document Number: 328828 |
| 9. Title: Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African demographic surveys. Author: Garenne M Source: Human Biology. 2008 Oct;80(5):473-82. Abstract: Variations of the sex ratio at birth (SRB) were investigated using maternity history data collected in demographic surveys conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Thirty-three countries were covered, totaling about 2.0 million births. The average SRB was 1.034 and varied by ethnicity, birth order, and maternal age. The effect of maternal age was significant for younger mothers (12-19 years old) and older mothers (40-49 years old), with a decline in sex ratios with increasing maternal age in both cases. The effect of birth order was significant only for the 20-39-year-old women, with a decline in sex ratio with increasing birth order. These two effects were similar for the three main population groups identified: populations from southern, eastern, and central Africa (SRB = 1.015), populations from West Africa and Sahelian countries (SRB = 1.040), and populations from Nigeria and Ethiopia (SRB = 1.087). In contrast, no effect of marital duration was found. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | SEX RATIO | MATERNAL AGE | BIRTH HISTORY | BIRTH ORDER | MARRIAGE DURATION | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Parental Age | Age Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 341686 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of adult HIV prevalence from national population-based surveys and antenatal clinic surveillance in countries with generalised epidemics: implications for calibrating surveillance data. Author: Gouws E; Mishra V; Fowler TB Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Aug;84 Suppl 1:i17-i23. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimates of the impact of HIV in countries with generalised epidemics are generally based on antenatal clinic surveillance data collected over time. In an attempt to obtain geographically more representative estimates of HIV prevalence, many countries are now also conducting national population-based surveys in which HIV testing is included. We compare adult HIV prevalence estimates from antenatal clinic surveillance to those from national population-based surveys to assess the implications for calibrating surveillance data. METHODS: HIV prevalence estimates derived from fitting prevalence curves to antenatal clinic surveillance data are statistically compared to prevalence from national population-based surveys using data from 26 countries with generalised epidemics for the year in which the survey was conducted. Appropriate transformations are applied to inform the correction factors needed to adjust prevalence in countries where population-based surveys have not been conducted. RESULTS: HIV prevalence derived from antenatal clinic surveillance data generally overestimate population-based survey prevalence by about 20% (95% confidence interval: 10% to 30%) in both urban and rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: In countries where national population-based HIV surveys have been conducted, survey estimates of HIV prevalence (adjusted for potential survey biases as appropriate) can be used directly to calibrate antenatal clinic surveillance data. In countries where national HIV surveys have not been conducted, HIV prevalence derived from antenatal clinic surveillance data should be multiplied by about 0.8 to adjust for overestimation. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DATA COLLECTION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | STATISTICS | Africa | Developing Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health Document Number: 328284 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Obstacles to prompt and effective malaria treatment lead to low community-coverage in two rural districts of Tanzania. Author: Hetzel MW; Obrist B; Lengeler C; Msechu JJ; Nathan R; Dillip A; Makemba AM; Mshana C; Schulze A; Mshinda H Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:317. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Malaria is still a leading child killer in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, access to prompt and effective malaria treatment, a mainstay of any malaria control strategy, is sub-optimal in many settings. Little is known about obstacles to treatment and community-effectiveness of case-management strategies. This research quantified treatment seeking behaviour and access to treatment in a highly endemic rural Tanzanian community. The aim was to provide a better understanding of obstacles to treatment access in order to develop practical and cost-effective interventions. METHODS: We conducted community-based treatment-seeking surveys including 226 recent fever episodes in 2004 and 2005. The local Demographic Surveillance System provided additional household information. A census of drug retailers and health facilities provided data on availability and location of treatment sources. RESULTS: After intensive health education, the biomedical concept of malaria has largely been adopted by the community. 87.5% (78.2-93.8) of the fever cases in children and 80.7% (68.1-90.0) in adults were treated with one of the recommended antimalarials (at the time SP, amodiaquine or quinine). However, only 22.5% (13.9-33.2) of the children and 10.5% (4.0-21.5) of the adults received prompt and appropriate antimalarial treatment. Health facility attendance increased the odds of receiving an antimalarial (OR = 7.7) but did not have an influence on correct dosage. The exemption system for under-fives in public health facilities was not functioning and drug expenditures for children were as high in health facilities as with private retailers. CONCLUSION: A clear preference for modern medicine was reflected in the frequent use of antimalarials. Yet, quality of case-management was far from satisfactory as was the functioning of the exemption mechanism for the main risk group. Private drug retailers played a central role by complementing existing formal health services in delivering antimalarial treatment. Health system factors like these need to be tackled urgently in order to translate the high efficacy of newly introduced artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) into equitable community-effectiveness and health-impact. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILDREN | MALARIA | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FEVER | PREVALENCE | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | HEALTH EDUCATION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Youth | Age Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Health Services | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Education | Behavior Document Number: 329182 |
| 12. Title: Understanding women's empowerment: a comparative analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data. Author: Kishor S; Subaiya L Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, 2008 Oct. 225 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Comparative Reports No. 20) Abstract: This report examines the distribution and correlates of two different dimensions of the empowerment of currently married women age 15-49 in 23 developing countries. These dimensions are women’s participation in household decisionmaking and their attitudes regarding specific inequalities in gender roles. Language: English Keywords: DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY | PERSONALITY | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Contraception Document Number: 329997 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual and reproductive health issues of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Author: Loeber O Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):330-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that influence aspects of sexual and reproductive health behaviour, such as contraceptive use and teenage pregnancies, among Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. METHOD: This socio-cultural review compares data from demographic surveys and opinion studies. The explanation for the trends found in these data was sought in the differences between the cultural backgrounds of immigrant and host populations, and in the socio-cultural changes that people undergo after immigration. DATA: In the Netherlands, 2.3% of the population are first- and second-generation Turkish immigrants. These people often originate from more traditional or underdeveloped rural areas in Eastern and Southern Turkey. Reproductive behaviour in the Netherlands differs greatly from that in Eastern and Southern Turkey, especially with regard to the use of contraception, abortion and the age at which women have children. These differences are largely the result of community-bound sets of opinions and role patterns. CONCLUSION: After immigration, the acculturation process will lead to a change in behaviour. During this process conflicts in relationships will arise within and between first- and second generation Turkish immigrants. These conflicts are particularly evident within the second generation that grew up in the Netherlands. These persons have adopted a number of opinions prevailing in the host country but, at the same time, cling to various traditional values. Second-generation Turkish women seem to adapt faster to the new culture than their male counterparts. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | IMMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | BELIEFS | MATERNAL AGE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Migrants | Migration | Population Characteristics | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Fertility | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Parental Age | Age Factors Document Number: 331103 |
| 14. Title: Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Author: Mendola M Source: Journal of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;85(1-2):150-175. Abstract: In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on the people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but, given its lumpy-investment nature, lack of resources may constitute both a motivation and a hurdle to migrate. We use a cross-sectional household survey from rural Bangladesh to test whether migration is a diversification strategy that enables sending households to uptake high-yielding seed technology. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints by differentiating between temporary-domestic, permanent-domestic and international movement. We find that households able to engage in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) are more likely to employ modern farming technology, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the other hand, are unable to overcome the entry costs of cross-border movement and fall backon low net-return (i.e. domestic) migration, which does not drive production enhancements and may act as a poverty-trap. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LABOR MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Technology | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development Document Number: 327379 |
| 15. Title: Planned fertility and family background: A quantile regression for counts analysis. Author: Miranda A Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):67-81. Abstract: This paper examines how education and family background affect the fertility plans of young individuals in Mexico. Quantile regression for count data is used for the analysis. Results indicate that education and family structure affect planned fertility only at the tails of the conditional distribution. Education reduces planned fertility only among women with relatively strong preferences towards children. An absent father reduces planned fertility mostly at the bottom of the conditional distribution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | YOUTH | ONE PARENT FAMILY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Fertility | Family Size Document Number: 322756 |
| 16. Title: Child morbidity and care-seeking in Nairobi slum settlements: the role of environmental and socio-economic factors. Author: Ndugwa RP; Zulu EM Source: Journal of Child Health Care. 2008 Dec;12(4):314-28. Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate factors that influence morbidity patterns and health-seeking decisions in an urban slum community. Data were collected between May and August 2003 as part of the ongoing Nairobi urban demographic surveillance system and were analysed to identify factors that influence morbidity patterns and health-seeking decisions. The results show that the factors that influenced morbidity were the child's age, ethnicity and type of toilet facility. Predictors for seeking health care were the child's age, type and severity of illness, survival of father and mother, mother's education, mother's work status and wealth class. The conclusions drawn show that economic resources fall short in preventing child illnesses where children live in poor environmental conditions. However, by enhancing access to health care services, socio-economic status is critical for mitigating disease burden among children in slum settlements. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | SLUMS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CHILD HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ENVIRONMENT | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SANITATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health Document Number: 331063 |
| 17. Title: Only poverty reduction will curtail population growth [editorial] Author: Nuwagaba N Source: African Health Sciences. 2008 Mar;8(1):4-5. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | POPULATION | POVERTY | POPULATION CONTROL | POPULATION POLICY | PREVALENCE | HOME ECONOMICS | CHILD SURVIVAL | TRAINING PROGRAMS | ADVOCACY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Microeconomic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Education | Communication | Women's Status Document Number: 323092 |
| 18. Title: Towards a harmonization of European statistics on international migration. Author: Thierry X Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Feb;(442):1-4. Abstract: Immigration and emigration flows measured in the European Union vary considerably from one country to another. But statistics are not always established in the same way, making comparisons difficult. Xavier Thierry explains that these variations reflect differences between countries in the definition of what constitutes an international migrant, and in the data sources used, i.e. surveys or administrative records. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | DATA SOURCES | STATISTICS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Data Collection Document Number: 325598 |
| 19. Title: Consequences of early marriage on female schooling in rural Bangladesh. Source: Health and Science Bulletin. 2007 Dec;5(4):1-21. Abstract: This analysis aimed assess the relationship between early marriage and duration of schooling for girls in rural Bangladesh. This study used data from ICDDR,B's Abhoynagar Surveillance System, which has been in operation in five unions in this sub-district in southwestern Bangladesh since 1982. The primary objective of this surveillance system is to monitor population change over time. Structured interviews, which collect data on fertility, mortality, migration, contraception, vaccinations, marriage, occupation and education of household members, are administered every three months from every fourth household covering 34,000 individuals and 7,500 households. The sample for this study consisted of all females in Abhoynagar surveillance area who were married in 2005 and 2006. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | CHILD MARRIAGE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 323924 |
| 20. Title: Innovative program dramatically lowers child mortality in Ghana. Author: Population Council Source: Population Briefs. 2007 Oct;13(2):2-3. Abstract: If you live in a remote location where more than one in ten babies die before age five, what do you do? Scientists at the Navrongo Health Research Centre in rural northern Ghana teamed with researchers at the Population Council to design and test an innovative program--employing nurses on motorbikes and using community volunteers--to deliver health care to people in their own homes. The program has succeeded in cutting deaths among children younger than five years by more than half and is on track to achieve a two-thirds reduction in the next few years. A two-thirds reduction of mortality among children under age five by 2015 is one of the eight Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations in 2000. The program has thus demonstrated how professionals in a resource-poor setting can reach such a goal relatively quickly. The program has also increased contraceptive use, reduced fertility, and sought to reduce or eliminate female genital mutilation/cutting. The program has been so successful that the government of Ghana is scaling it up across the country. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CHILDREN | RURAL POPULATION | COMMUNITY WORKERS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | NURSES AND NURSING | CHILD SURVIVAL | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health Personnel | Health | Organization and Administration | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Health Services | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 328339 |
| 21. Title: The highest fertility in Europe -- for how long? The analysis of fertility change in Albania based on individual data. Author: Aassve A; Gjonca A; Mencarini L Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 20 p. Abstract: Albania's demographic changes have sparked considerable interest in recent years. Much of this attention has arisen due to a general lack of knowledge and unexpected demographic behaviour of the Albanian populations. The country has experienced a high level of life expectancy and relatively high levels of fertility in the recent years. While previous research gives some answers to developing trends and patterns of mortality and fertility change, not much is known about the demographic behaviour of Albanians. Though Falkingham and Gjonca (2001), using census data, provide useful insights into the fertility transition in Albania from 1950 to 1990, very little is known about fertility behaviour neither during the communist period nor during the nineties. From being one of the most isolated countries of the world, Albania has embarked on a remarkable transition which involves dramatic political and economic change. The new and emerging situation is bound to have profound impact on society and the behaviour of individuals within it. Using the Albanian Living Standard and Measurement Survey (ALSMS) surveyed in 2002 we analyse fertility behaviour in terms of the quantum and tempo effects during the period following the collapse of the communist era. We use appropriate survival analysis techniques such as non-parametric Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimation and semiparametric Cox regression. The results on one side support the evidence we know so far on Albania, that the reduction of fertility was mainly due to the improvements in the social agenda, with particular emphasis on female education, as well as the improvement in child mortality. The results also reveal that 1990s saw some strong period effects which mainly affected the higher parities. The persistence of traditional norms and values continue to affect the family formation in Albania, while the changes in the social and economic circumstances determine the outcome of childbearing. This paper shows again that similar to its mortality pattern, the fertility behaviour of Albanians are affected by both the south European patterns of family formation and the socio-economic changes that occurred in Eastern European countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | HIGH FERTILITY POPULATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL CHANGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Population | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality Document Number: 317358 |
| 22. Title: Reshaping the post-Soviet periphery: the impact of men's labor migration on women's lives and aspirations in rural Armenia. Author: Agadjanian V; Sevoyan A; Menjivar C Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 21 p. Abstract: The literature dealing with the social effects of migration disproportionately focuses on changes in relationships between spouses and in women's positions within the household. However, husbands' physical absence combined with women's reliance on remittances may also affect the intensity and content of women's social interactions outside the household-with relatives, in-laws and neighbors. In our analyses, we look at women's social interactions and relationships-both those driven by economic needs and those that do not explicitly involve material exchanges. In general, we hypothesize that, controlling for income, economically-driven interactions will be more prevalent among women with non-migrant husbands than among those with migrant husbands, whereas the opposite will be true for interactions that are not centered on material or financial exchanges. Finally, we look at women's migration intentions. Husband's migration is expected to make their wives more prone to migrate too. Armenia's sociopolitical stabilization and macroeconomic growth of recent years notwithstanding, we expect to find a strong positive association between husband's migration status and woman's intention to move out of the community and especially to migrate internationally. However, we also expect that this association will be mediated by household's material conditions, women's economic and social embededness in the community, and a variety of community characteristics that make life in a given rural community more or less attractive. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: USSR | ARMENIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SPOUSE | LABOR MIGRATION | ASPIRATIONS | GENDER RELATIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOME ECONOMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Gender Issues | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 317842 |
| 23. Title: Decreases in male and female mortality and missing women in Bangladesh. Author: Alam N; Van Ginneken J; Bosch A Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :161-181. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: In Bangladesh, parents have a preference for a balance in sex composition of children; most couples want two sons and one daughter (Chowdhury and Bairagi, 1990). There is a debate over whether the pro-son bias is the result of economic structure or due to sociocultural reasons. The social institutions that shape norms and values prevailing in a number of Asian countries dispose parents and other caretakers to treat boys and girls differently on the ground of their sex, which does not imply deliberate discrimination. Parents do not engage in conscious discrimination between sons and daughters, but sex discrimination is embodied in cultural beliefs (Waldron, 1987). The differential treatment on the ground of sex often leads to poor health and survival of girls. For this reason the 1994 Cairo International Conference of Population and Development placed special emphasis on the need to improve the health, welfare and survival of girls. The objectives of this study are to examine whether discrimination against girls persists in Bangladesh or has shifted over time and to identify the behavioural mechanisms involved in these changes. This study will focus on male/female differentials in mortality of infants and children aged 1-4 years and male/female differences in nutritional status of children aged 1-4 years old. Sex differentials in use of child health services are also considered as well as changes in patterns of enrolment in education for girls versus boys. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | INFANT | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EXCESS MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Child | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 308899 |
| 24. Title: Trends in the percent of children who are orphans in South Africa 1995-2005. Author: Anderson BA; Phillips HE Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 70 p. Abstract: All orphaned children suffer in many ways and place a burden on relatives as well as public and private social service agencies. The HIV epidemic has greatly increased the percent of children who are orphans. Protection of children is a special interest of the government of South Africa, with specific rights protected in the constitution. A rise in the percent of children who are maternal orphans is usually interpreted as reflecting HIV mortality. Paternal orphans are the result of HIV and other diseases as well as the effects of unnatural causes of death (homicide, suicide and accidents). This paper uses information from the 1995-1998 October Household Surveys, the 2001 Census, and the 2002-2005 General Household Surveys to estimate the percent of children (age 0-14) who are maternal orphans, paternal orphans, double orphans (both parents dead), and who have at least one dead parent. Estimates are made for all South Africans, for Africans in South Africa, for non-Africans in South Africa and for Africans in Kwazulu-Natal Province. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | CENSUS METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | AIDS | POPULATION SIZE | PREVALENCE | FOSTERING | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Census | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Child Rearing | Behavior | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household Document Number: 317856 |
| 25. Title: Hill out-migration from Uttarakhand: Access to livelihood, education and other determinants of movement. Author: Belwal OK Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):135-143. Abstract: Newly created 27th Indian state Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand) represents a high rate of out-migration 29.7 per cent (Census, 1991) and majority of the population migrate to various urban areas for better economic opportunities (Mehta, 1991). The reasons of that out migration from hill areas to cities is closely related to regional backwardness (Mehta, 1996), small landholding size, unemployment, under-employment and high natural growth of rural population (Singh and Aggrawal, 1998). Earlier the pattern of migration was from plain to hilly areas, but now the direction of migration has changed. Now migration takes place from hill to plains, wherefrom 40 per cent of the total and 67 per cent of the male population migrated to various places of the countries (Rawat, 1984). There is hardly any family in the villages of Garhwal, which has not sent any migrant (Rawat and Rawat, 1986). Out-migration of people especially able-bodied labour force from Uttarakhand has been a regular feature (Tewari, 2001). As migration has its impact on various aspects of rural areas of Uttarakhand, this paper makes an attempt to draw attention on out migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand. The paper was pursued with the following objectives: to study several dimension of hill out-migration from rural areas of Uttarakhand; to examine the reasons of out-migration; to investigate the impact of out-migration on place of origin. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | EMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | ORIGIN | CENSUS | POPULATION DECREASE | REMITTANCES | SEX FACTORS | LAND TENURE | INCOME | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Characteristics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Statistics | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 324148 |
| 26. Title: Estimation of excess in context of AIDS deaths and the probable causes: 1994-2002. Author: Bhattacharya M; Neogi S; Sogarwal R Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [10] p. Abstract: Estimating the number of deaths due to AIDS is an ever-growing challenge across the globe. Dynamics of HIV spread is known to vary from region to region. India with its huge population size would yield a large number of AIDS deaths even with a slight increase in the HIV sero-prevalence rate. It is therefore prudent to try estimating the contribution of HIV/AIDS to overall mortality. In this study, we present estimates of excess deaths in four states of India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu) from 1994 to 2002. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | EXCESS MORTALITY | AIDS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | DEATH RATE | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Mortality | Sex Factors Document Number: 317857 |
| 27. Title: Population, land use change, and changing fortunes of migrant settler households in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Author: Bilsborrow RE; Barbieri AF; Torres-Navarrete B Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 38 p. Abstract: The Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, the principal region of colonization of migrants in Ecuador since the 1970's, has been experiencing major changes in recent years, including a growing rapidly population, fragmentation of agricultural plots, changes in land use, and increased off-farm employment, all of which are affecting farm household incomes and well-being. This paper draws on research based on data from a longitudinal survey of migrant settlers gathered in 1990 and 2000 by the University of North Carolina and collaborators in Ecuador. Based on detailed data, we estimate farm household incomes, show the components of on-farm and off-farm incomes, and estimate Gini coefficients for both land distribution and household income. We consider factors responsible for changes in household income but do not estimate a formal model. The paper has sections on data collection, methodology for estimating household income, results, and implications for policy and further research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | IMMIGRANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | AGRICULTURE | LAND TENURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | EMPLOYMENT | INCOME | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Theoretical Models | Migrants | Migration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development Document Number: 317829 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of vertical transmission and health care -- related factors in HIV infection of children: A community study in rural Uganda. Author: Biraro S; Morison LA; Nakiyingi-Miiro J; Whitworth JA; Grosskurth H Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 Feb 1;44(2):222-228. Abstract: The objectives were to determine the probable route of transmission of HIV to children aged 12 years or younger in a rural area of Uganda from 1999 through 2000 and to examine associations between HIV infection and health care-related variables. The HIV infections status for 6991 children was determined from 1 round of an ongoing population surveillance system, and the reported numbers of injections in the past year and blood transfusions were determined for 5922 of these children based on a medical questionnaire. Data from the surveillance system and from an additional survey were used to assess the potential for vertical infection from a mother to her child. The HIV prevalence among children was 0.4%. Of 23 definite and 4 probable cases of HIV infection in children, vertical transmission was not possible for 1 case, not likely for another case, and possibly not vertical for another case. The population-attributable fraction for vertical transmission was between 90% and 94%. Large numbers of injections in the past year and ever having a blood transfusion were only associated with HIV infection in children exposed to vertical transmission. Up to 10% of HIV infections in children in the study area were not attributable to vertical transmission, and thus were possibly attributable to iatrogenic transmission. Associations seen between health care-related variables and HIV were likely to be attributable to treatment for AIDS-related illness in children infected vertically. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CHILDREN | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | NEEDLE PIERCING | PREVALENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Transmission | Infections | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Behavior | Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 312210 |
| 29. Title: Family size, birth order, and child IQ. Author: Black SE; Devereux PJ; Salvanes KG Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [5] p. Abstract: It is clear that birth order affects children's outcomes along a number of dimensions, including education and earnings, although recent evidence from the psychology literature provides mixed evidence of the effects of birth order on IQ. The evidence on the effect of family size in the economics literature is even more mixed, with inconclusive results on all outcomes. This paper uses a large dataset on the population of Norway and focuses on the effect of birth order and family size on IQ, an outcome not previously available in datasets of this magnitude. Because of the endogeneity of family size, we instrument for family size using twin births. Importantly, we find a strong and significant effect of both birth order and family size on IQ. Our results suggest that earlier born children have higher IQs, and this effect becomes slightly larger when controls for birth characteristics are included, suggesting that it is unlikely that biological explanations for birth order effects play much role. In addition, we find that family size has a negative effect on IQ, suggesting that random shocks to family size have a negative effect on existing children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | RESEARCH REPORT | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CHILDREN | BIRTH ORDER | INTELLIGENCE | FAMILY SIZE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INCOME | MULTIPLE BIRTH | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproduction Document Number: 317833 |
| 30. Title: Demographic change and future carbon emissions in China and India. Author: Dalton M; Jiang L; Pachauri S; O'Neill BC Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 25 p. Abstract: This paper investigates whether projected changes in the demographic characteristics of Chinese and Indian households over the next century could have a substantial influence on consumption, economic growth, energy demand, and carbon dioxide emissions. We use new household projections for China and India that model changes in population size, urbanization, and the size and age structure of households over the next 100 years. The initial economic characteristics of different household types, including demand for consumer goods, supplies of labor, and capital, are estimated from household surveys and production data for each country. A global energy-economic growth model simulates economic growth as well as changes in consumption of various goods, direct and indirect energy demand, and carbon emissions over time. Effects of demographic change are compared under different scenarios that include technical change. Results show that explicit consideration of urbanization leads to a substantial increase in projected emissions, while aging leads to a decrease. The net effect of demographic change is to increase projected emissions from China by 45% by the end of the century, and from India, by 15-35%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY | POPULATION PROJECTION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | URBANIZATION | POPULATION SIZE | PRODUCTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Asia, Southern | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Population | Theoretical Models | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Family Research | Estimation Techniques | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 317828 |
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