1.  Title: A rural Ethiopian population undergoing epidemiological transition over a generation: Butajira from 1987 to 2004. Author: Berhane Y; Wall S; Fantahun M; Emmelin A; Mekonnen W Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2008 Jun;36(4):436-441. Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological development of a rural Ethiopian population from 1987 to 2004 in terms of mortality and associated sociodemographic factors. A rural population comprising 10 communities was defined in 1987 and has since been followed by means of regular household visits. After an initial census, births, deaths and migration events were recorded, together with key background factors, on an open cohort basis. Over 97,000 individuals were observed during a total of over 700,000 person years. The initial population of 28,614 increased by an average of 3.64% annually to 54,426 from 1987 to 2004, and also grew older on average. Birth and mortality rates fell, but were still subject to short-term variation due to external factors. Overall mortality was 13.5 per 1000 person years. Increasing mortality in some adult age groups was consistent with increasing AIDS-related deaths, but a new local hospital in 2002 may have contributed to later falls in overall mortality. Sex, age group, time period, literacy, water source, house ownership and distance to town were all significantly associated with mortality differentials. This population has undergone a complex epidemiological transition during a generation. Detailed long-term surveillance of this kind is essential for describing such processes. Many factors that significantly affect mortality cannot be directly controlled by the health sector and will only improve with general development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health Document Number: 327582 |
2.  Title: Has the HIV epidemic peaked? Author: Bongaarts J; Buettner T; Heilig G; Pelletier F Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 29 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 9) Abstract: This study first reviews the highly diverse regional and country patterns of HIV epidemics and discusses possible causes of the geographic variation in epidemic sizes. Past trends and projections of the epidemics are presented next and the peak years of epidemics are estimated. The potential future impact of new prevention technologies is briefly assessed. A final section summarizes the future impact of the epidemic on key demographic variables. The main finding of this analysis is that the HIV epidemic reached a major turning point over the past decade. The peak years of HIV incidence rates are past for all regions, and the peaks of prevalence rates are mostly in the past except in Eastern Europe, where it is expected to peak in 2008. But owing in part to the life-prolonging effect of antiretroviral therapy and to sustained population growth, the absolute number of infected individuals is expected to keep growing slowly in sub-Saharan Africa and remain near current levels worldwide, thus posing acontinuing challenge to public health programs. No country is expected to see a decline in its population size between 2005 and 2050 that is attributable to high mortality related to AIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV | EPIDEMICS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 326421 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 2: Parity distribution and completed family size in Europe: Incipient decline of the two-child family model? Author: Frejka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(4):47-72. Abstract: By the end of the 20th century the two-child family became the norm throughout Europe. Between 40 and over 50 percent of women in the 1950s and 1960s cohorts had two children. There were some incipient signs that shares of two-child families were declining, especially in Central and Eastern and Southern Europe. An increase in childlessness among recent generations was an almost universal trend. The increase in proportions of one-child families was prominent in CEE and in SE. Wherever shares of childless women and of women with one child continue to grow, the obvious result will be entrenched below replacement fertility. Much depends on progression ratios to first and to second births. In CEE mainly the progression ratios to second births are declining. In the Nordic countries progression ratios to first and to second births were relatively stable and even more so in France. Altogether, most people opt for two children, very few for three or more, the frequency of the one-child family is increasingas are the proportions of people remaining childless. The latter trends were more pronounced in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe and not so much in Northern and Western countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | SOCIAL CHANGE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | PARITY PROGRESSION RATIO | NULLIPARITY | ONLY CHILD | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 327714 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Twenty years' demographic change in sedentes and migrants of an international migrant-sending community in Tonga. Author: Fukuyama S; Watanabe C; Umezaki M; Ohtsuka R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:1-11. Abstract: In the Kingdom of Tonga, migration to overseas developed countries has prevailed. To elucidate the effects of migration on population dynamics, an interview survey was conducted in the migrant-sending community of Kolovai, in the outer region of Tongatapu Island. All births, deaths, marriages and in- and out-migrations that took place between 1983 and 2002 were recorded for all members of the 'Kolovai population', consisting of persons who had lived in this community for at least a one-year period during this 20 years. The 'Kolovai population' members, numbering 1184 (564 males and 620 females), were divided into three groups based on residence at the end of each year, i.e. Kolovai (called KK), other places in Tonga (KT) or overseas countries (KO). The KK population decreased from 774 in 1982 to 570 in 2002, owing mostly to an increase of 167 persons as the natural balance and a decrease of 324 persons as the balance of international migration. Comparison of total fertility rate (TFR) between KK and KO women revealed that the mean TFR of the former decreased from 3.460 in the earlier 10-year period (1983-1992) to 2.240 in the later 10-year period (1993-2002), while that of the latter was more than 3.5 in both 10-year periods. This difference was largely due to the decrease in the proportion married among KK women. If the current trends of international migration and fertility continue, the population of Kolovai will be reduced and its age composition will become cylinder-shaped in the near future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TONGA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | FERTILITY CHANGES | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 327010 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
| 6. Title: The graying of the great powers: Demography and geopolitics in the 21st century. Author: Jackson R; Howe N; Strauss R; Nakashima K Source: Washington, D.C., Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS], 2008. 184 p. (Advance Proofs) Abstract: This report explores the geopolitical implications of "global aging"-the dramatic demographic transformation in population age structures and growth rates being brought about by falling fertility and rising longevity worldwide. Its viewpoint is that of the United States in particular and today's developed countries in general. Its timeframe is roughly the next half-century, from today through 2050. The report assesses how population aging and population decline in the developed world may affect the ability of the United States and its traditional allies to maintain national and global security. The analysis not only considers the impact of the demographic trends on population numbers, wealth, and defense capability, it also explores how they could change the temperament of society (by affecting risk tolerance, voter behavior, job mobility, religious extremism, and family structure) - and thus change national goals themselves. The report also looks closely at how demographic trends in the developing world will shape the future global security environment-and the threats and opportunities they pose for today's graying great powers. This overview summarizes the report's main findings under two headings: findings about the demographic transformation and findings about its geopolitical implications. It also lays out the organization of the report and summarizes the ground covered in the different chapters. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION DECREASE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | NATIONAL SECURITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326609 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Natural increase: a new source of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations in the United States. Author: Johnson KM; Lichter DT Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):327-346. Abstract: Updated US Census Bureau estimates and race/ethnic-specific birth and death data for the post-2000 period are used to highlight the increasing role of natural increase as an engine of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations. Newly emerging Hispanic growth areas are distinguished from established and high-growth areas from the 1990s. The findings document that recent Hispanic population gains have been generated increasingly by natural increase -- the excess of Hispanic births over deaths. Hispanics accounted for 46 percent of the population gain and 53 percent of the natural increase in nonmetro America in 2000-2005. Yet, Hispanics represented only 5.4 percent of the nonmetro population in 2000. In metro areas, they accounted for 50 percent of the population gain and 47 percent of the natural increase, although they comprised only 14 percent of the metro population. Current trends suggest that the ascendancy of the US Hispanic population is likely to continue unabated, whether restrictive immigration legislation is enacted or not. The growth of the Hispanic population, caused increasingly by natural increase, has taken on a demographic momentum of its own. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | NATURAL INCREASE | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327376 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Demographic differentials and demographic integration of Turkish and Kurdish populations in Turkey. Author: Koc I; Hancioglu A; Cavlin A Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2008 Aug;27(4):447-457. Abstract: The objectives of the study are threefold: (1) to provide estimates of the total populations and spatial distributions of different language groups in Turkey, (2) to test whether the commonly held belief that Turkish-speaking and Kurdish-speaking populations are "actors" of different demographic regimes is true, and (3) to assess whether a process of integration, in the form of intermarriage of Turks and Kurds is under way in Turkey. Data come mainly from the 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Based on the assumption that the mother tongue composition of women is also representative of that of the whole population, the results of the TDHS-2003 imply that of the population of Turkey, 83% are Turkish-speaking, 14% are Kurdish-speaking, 2% are Arabic-speaking and the remaining 1% belong to other language groups. Results show that despite intensive internal migration movements in the last 50 years, strong demographic differentials exist between Turkish and Kurdish-speaking populations, and that the convergence of the two groups does not appear to be a process under way. Turks and Kurds do indeed appear to be actors of different demographic regimes, at different stages of demographic and health transition processes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | LANGUAGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | ETHNIC GROUPS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Communication | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 325865 |
| 9. Title: The impact of future demographic trends in Europe, 2005 -- 2050. Author: Kupiszewski M; Bijak J; Nowok B Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:147-183. Abstract: The objective of the paper is to examine the future of populations within the Council of Europe member states, identify the main trends and discuss their policy implications. The analysis focuses on the impact that future demographic trends will have on the following social domains: education, the labour market, health care and care of the elderly and social protection. The study aims to be policy-oriented and to provide an overview of future demographic trends for 2005-2050 in the Council of Europe member states, as well as presenting an analysis related to selected policies and an interpretation of these trends. The analysis of population dynamics in the coming 45 years is based on the United Nations population projection of 2005. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | OLDER ADULTS | LABOR FORCE | POPULATION FORECAST | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SOCIAL POLICY | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326071 |
| 10. Title: Demographic challenges and the implications for children in CEE / CIS. Revision. Author: Menchini L; Marnie S Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2008 Feb. [50] p. (Innocenti Working Paper No. IWP-2007-01) Abstract: The paper discusses some of the implications of recent demographic changes in the CEE/CIS on children of the region. The first part of the paper documents the striking changes in population size and structures which have occurred since the beginning of transition, and which have led to a substantial reduction in the child population. It is argued that they have been mainly driven by the drop in birth rates which has characterised the whole region, but which has been most dramatic in the CEE and Western CIS. Some countries in these subregions now rank among those with the lowest levels of fertility in the world, and the shrinking cohorts of children in these countries face the prospect of a growing old-age dependency burden. The second part of the paper discusses recent data on infant and under-five mortality, which are direct measures of child wellbeing and of the success of policy measures aimed at improving child survival and development. The paper highlights the marked differences not only in levels, but also in progress in reducing mortality rates across the CEE/CIS. Whereas some countries of Central Europe have made impressive progress during the past decade and now rank among those with the lowest levels of infant mortality in the world, the high levels in the Caucasus and Central Asian countries are a matter for concern. The paper also draws attention to the substantial monitoring challenges which still exist in estimating and tracking infant and child mortality, particularly in these latter two subregions, despite the recent official adoption of the internationally recommended definition of 'live births'. Official estimates based on civil registry records lead to an underestimation of the scale of the child survival problem and detract policy attention from the urgent need to improve the quality of pre and post natal care, mainly through incentives and training for medical staff. Without improvements in monitoring, it will be difficult for these countries to devise appropriate policy responsesto correct the problems and remove existing barriers to improving child survival. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, EASTERN | USSR | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | POPULATION SIZE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | HEALTH POLICY | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | CHILD SURVIVAL | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Developing Countries | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Fertility | Mortality | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 326763 |
| 11. Title: Exclusive breast feeding and children immunization as demographic determinants of child mortality in Delta State. Author: Ogbe JO Source: Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2008 Jan-Feb;7(1):35-39. Abstract: This study on exclusive breast-feeding and child immunization on child mortality provides opportunities to continuously improve child health and reduce mortality. The ex-post facto design was employed while two research questions and two hypotheses gave direction to the study. The population was all children below their fifth birthday in 300 hundred households. The multi-stage sampling technique was combined with the ballot and systematic method to select 20 households in the state. The research instrument was standardized multi topic household survey instrument designed by Grosh and Glewwe (2002). It was reliable at 0.90. It was found that exclusive breast feeding and child immunization have no significant relationship on child mortality. This is so because exclusive breast-feeding and child immunization is not significantly practiced in Delta State, Nigeria. The practical implication of this study was the call for inhabitant of Delta State, Nigeria to pay more serious attention to child immunization and exclusive breast-feeding through organized Health Education Programme in Schools, Churches and Community Health Programme and through the media. This study has revealed the low child immunization coverage and low participation of reproductive women in exclusive breast-feeding in Delta State, Nigeria. Hence child immunization and exclusive breast-feeding cannot be a determinant of child mortality at the present level of practice in Delta State, Nigeria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | CHILDREN | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | IMMUNIZATION | CHILD MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 308626 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Does the presence of parents and parent-child relationship affect preferred type of marriage and marriage age? An investigation from urban Uttar Pradesh. Author: Prakash R; Parasuraman S Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2008 Jun;54(1):35-46. Abstract: The main focus of this study was on women's autonomy and contraceptive use. Results reveal that, in general, physical and economic autonomy plays a positive association with use rate whereas a contrary association has been found with decision-making autonomy, even after controlling for sociodemographic and other variables. Most of the states follow a similar pattern of contraceptive use as well. It is expected that women who have more mobility have greater access and control over resources, more autonomy, increasing their likelihood to innovate and use contraception. These findings are contrary to the widely accepted view that women who have financial autonomy have more say in household decisions, are more likely to have more power and influence in their family, and thus are able to influence reproductive decisions such as contraceptive use. Results suggest that there is an increase in contraceptive use by literacy considering different levels of physical, decision-making and economic autonomy; the effects do not appear to be very strong in all the states. For fertility reduction, it is important to advocate for women's empowerment in its own right with different levels of development. This study is based on secondary data analysis and the choice of dimensions of women's autonomy was therefore restricted to what was available in the data set. Another limitation of the study is that some women may not be using contraceptives because they are planning a pregnancy. It would have been ideal not to include these women in the sample. Future research may examine the relationship between female autonomy and contraceptive use, taking into account different contextual factors. As in some contexts, certain dimensions of autonomy may be important, while in different contexts these same dimensions may have no influence on contraceptive use. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | MARRIAGE | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Population Dynamics Document Number: 340184 |
| 13. Title: Demographic change in the Arab countries: prospects for the future. Summary of social policies. No. 1. Author: Shakour B Source: Beirut, Lebanon, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia [ESCWA], 2008 Dec 16. 11 p. (E/ESCWA/SDD/2008/Technical Paper.4) Workshop on Reinforcing National Capacities in Responding to the World Programme of Action on Youth: National reports and systematic documentation of accomplishments, Beirut, 17 December 2008. Abstract: Demographic analysis indicates that in the near future the Arab countries will fall into two groups. The first group will consist of those countries enjoying a demographic return from the increased supply of jobs, the fall in the dependency ratio and the resultant increase in savings: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The second group will comprise those countries enjoying a demographic return but one whose onset was too late to fall within the time frame set by the programme of work of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the United Nations? Millennium Declaration of 2000. Both groups will face major challenges and both need to formulate appropriate policies. The first group could face multiple challenges, so it must not miss this opportunity and must make an effort to seize it, especially as it will help these countries carry out their commitments to eradicate poverty and improve the quality of human life. The countries in the second group need to work to accelerate the onset of the demographic dividend by developing population policies that will accelerate fertility reduction and develop human capital. These countries may not manage to halve the material poverty rate by 2015, but they may be able to reduce human poverty. They could do this by directing their policies towards human welfare, especially in the countries that suffer from human poverty in addition to the poverty of income. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | WORKSHOPS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PROJECTION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | POLITICAL FACTORS | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Program Sustainability | Programs | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Estimation Techniques | Planning | Age Distribution Document Number: 331362 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Overview Chapter 7: The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe. Author: Sobotka T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(9):225-248. Abstract: This contribution looks at the influence of immigration on childbearing trends in the countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe, which have received relatively large numbers of immigrants during the last decades. It analyses the contribution of migrants to the total number of births and compares fertility rates of migrant women with the fertility rates of native women, pointing out huge diversity between migrant groups. It also discusses the evidence regarding the progressive 'assimilation' in migrants' fertility to the local fertility patterns and analyses the net impact of migrants on period fertility rates. This review reveals that migrant women typically retain substantially higher levels of period fertility than the 'native' populations, but this difference typically diminishes over time and with the duration of their stay in a country. Immigrants contribute substantially to the total number of births and their share of total births has increased in the last decade, exceeding in some countries one fifth of the recorded live births. However, the 'net effect' of the higher fertility of migrants on the period total fertility of particular countries remains relatively small, typically between 0.05 and 0.10 in absolute terms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | IMMUNE SYSTEM | MIGRANTS | NATIVE-BORN | MIGRATION | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY RATE | BIRTH RATE | HETEROGENEITY | ACCULTURATION | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developed Countries | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327719 |
| 15. Title: TRANSMONEE 2007 features. Data and analysis on the lives of children in CEE / CIS and Baltic States. Author: UNICEF Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2007. 58 p. Abstract: While the quality of data on children has improved recently, many statistics continue to be collected using mechanisms and definitions that were prevalent in the time of central planning, and that work less well in the new environment. The challenges associated with the data on infant and under-five mortality rates are perhaps the best documented, and are summarized in this publication. However, the statistics used in the region to monitor other aspects of child wellbeing suffer from different but also serious weaknesses. For example, efforts have recently been made to improve and standardize the collection of data on children without parental care, yet the fact that they tend to be collected by different ministries or agencies, using different definitions and levels of disaggregation, still hampers consistency. Employment of young people in the informal labour market is not well captured by routine statistical collection. Formal enrolment in education can be monitored, but it is difficult to monitor the quality of education and the number of children actually attending school as opposed to enrolled in school. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, EASTERN | USSR | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD SURVIVAL | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | MONITORING | BIRTH RATE | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developing Countries | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Evaluation | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326765 |
| 16. Title: Interplay between HIV / AIDS epidemics and demographic structures based on sexual contact networks. Author: Bai WJ; Zhou T; Wang BH Source: International Journal of Modern Physics C. 2007;18(6):1025-1045. Abstract: In this article, we propose a network spreading model for HIV epidemics, wherein each individual is represented by a node of the transmission network and the edges are the connections between individuals along which the infection may spread. The sexual activity of each individual, measured by its degree, is not homogeneous but obeys a power-law distribution. Due to the heterogeneity of activity, the infection can persistently exist at a very low prevalence, which has been observed in the real data but cannot be illuminated by previous models with homogeneous mixing hypothesis. The model displays a clear picture of hierarchical spread: In the early stage the infection is adhered to these high-risk persons, and then, diffuses toward low-risk population. Furthermore, we find that to reduce the risky behaviors is much more effective in the fight against HIV/AIDS rather than the antiretroviral drug therapies. The prediction results show that the development of epidemics can be roughly categorized into three patterns for different countries, and the pattern of a given country is mainly determined by the average sex-activity and transmission probability per sexual partner. In most cases, the effect of HIV epidemics on demographic structure is very small. However, for some extremely countries, like Botswana, the number of sex-active people can be depressed to nearly a half by AIDS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HIV TRANSMISSION | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | PREVALENCE | RISK BEHAVIOR | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROBABILITY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Behavior | HIV | Statistical Studies | Studies Document Number: 320630 |
| 17. Title: The determinants of female decision-making power and its demographic implications: An analysis of northern and southern India. Author: Barrett K Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):1-19. Abstract: Over the last 20 years there has been an onslaught of research on the determinants of "women's autonomy" and the role of female autonomy in hastening demographic transition. Unfortunately, the complex nature of female autonomy and the challenges of accurately measuring each of its elements have hindered past efforts to elucidate these relationships (Mason, 1985,1995; Agarwala, 2004). As a result, many hypotheses about the impact of female autonomy on fertility decline remain speculative, and we have limited understanding of how policy may be used to decrease fertility via the influence of female autonomy. Whether fertility reduction is necessarily desirable is a disputed issue which is beyond the scope of this paper; however, population control is a concern in at least some developing nations. Hence for the purposes of this paper I assumed that fertility reduction is a worthwhile goal, and explored the question of whether female autonomy plays a role in the pursuit of this goal. In the present study I focused on a single aspect of female autonomy: intra-household decision-making power. I examined its determinants as well as its relationship to fertility, considering three fertility-related variables for a comprehensive view of reproductive preferences and behaviours. Rather than using a simple summed index, as is common in the literature (Agarwala, 2004), I used a weighted index in order to more accurately proxy for decision-making power. I examined a large region in pursuit of broadly applicable results, and separated northern and southern India for greater accuracy. This study also considered two explanatory variables which past research has examined very little, but are of great interest from a policy perspective: exposure to mass media and educational difference between spouses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CURRENTLY MARRIED | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Family Size | Family Characteristics Document Number: 324140 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Eight Mondays: a parliamentary group ends the silence on population. Author: Campbell M Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Apr;33(2):75-76. Abstract: In the summer of 2006, the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Population, Development and Reproductive Health held a series of Monday hearings at Westminster, London, UK, on population growth and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For a joyous moment, good science and sound politics came together. Thirty to forty years ago, population had the salience on the international agenda that global warming now receives. In 1967, British economist and Nobel laureate James Meade drew attention to the extra investment required to build additional infrastructure and create new jobs in a country with a rapidly growing population. In the late 1980s, however, the subject of population growth began to be pushed off the policy agenda and largely disappeared from public discussion. The press began to treat population with a mixture of scepticism and silence, and most articles and books written about poverty or the environment did not even mention the population factor. Dr Chris Rapley, Director of the British Antarctic Survey, frequently points out that demographers are notable by their absence at scientific meetings on climate change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | POPULATION GROWTH | AIDS | FAMILY PLANNING | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 314552 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Adult mortality and erosion of household viability in AIDS-afflicted towns, estates, and villages in eastern Zimbabwe. Author: Gregson S; Mushati P; Nyamukapa C Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 Feb 1;44(2):188-195. Abstract: Households form the basic social and economic building blocks of sub-Saharan African societies. Household viability is threatened by sustained crisis-level mortality in widely disseminated HIV-epidemics. This article describes the impact of adult deaths on households in small towns, estates, and villages in eastern Zimbabwe. A stratified baseline household census was conducted, and 9842 adults were interviewed, tested for HIV infection, and followed up after 3 years. For 374 (93%) of 404 respondents who died, verbal autopsies were conducted with caregivers and data were collected on income foregone, health care and funeral expenditure, and household dissolution and relocation. The household impact of AIDS and non-AIDS deaths was compared. Deaths occurred disproportionately in more urban and low income households, with AIDS deaths more often resulting in the loss of the household head (57% vs. 46%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.47; P = 0.003). The median gross expenditure on health care and funerals was US $25 (interquartile ratio [IQR]: 5-88) and US $73 (IQR: 43-128), respectively, with external contributions being substantial for funerals (US $25, IQR: 10-54). Households with AIDS deaths spent more on health care (incidence rate ratio = 1.83; 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 3.15) and had more frequently dissolved or relocated (39% vs. 27%, AOR = 1.87; P = 0.038) than those with non-AIDS deaths. Households migrated disproportionately to rural villages. Despite the extended family system, adult deaths undermine the viability of sub-Saharan African households. HIV epidemics have greatly increased adult mortality, and AIDS deaths can be particularly destabilizing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | ADULTS | HOUSEHOLDS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | AUTOPSY | INCOME | EXPENDITURES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Death Rate | Mortality | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 312209 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Parental gender preferences and reproductive behaviour: A review of the recent literature. Author: Hank K Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Sep;39(5):759-767. Abstract: This paper reviews various theoretical approaches towards an explanation of parental gender preferences and empirical findings from developing as well as from industrialized countries, focusing on the role of gender preferences in reproductive decisions. Although various attempts have been made to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the observed patterns of sex preferences for children, a fully satisfying theoretical explanation is still not at hand. Empirically, a distinct and stable preference for at least one child of each sex can be observed as a common pattern of parental sex preferences across many different social, economic and cultural contexts. Further - and ideally multidisciplinary - research that helps to improve our understanding of this phenomenon is highly desirable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | PARENTS | CHILD | SEX PREFERENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 318919 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of the HIV / AIDS epidemic in Papua New Guinea, 1990-2030. Author: Hayes G Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Dec;22(3):11-30. Abstract: The first case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Papua New Guinea was detected in the capital in 1987. After a relatively short period during which the epidemic was concentrated in certain "high-risk" groups, the disease spread throughout the country and by 2005 had become a "generalized epidemic" - with a 1 per cent HIV prevalence rate among adults aged 15-49. The most recent (2007) estimates suggest that the adult prevalence rate has risen to 1.6 per cent, confirming that the epidemic is continuing to grow rapidly. The scale of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic in the country has reached the point where future demographic patterns are likely to be affected, possibly severely. Among the demographic impacts to be expected based on the experience of other countries with generalized epidemics are an increase in the number of deaths, particularly among young adults leading in turn to reduced life expectancy. The rate of population growth will drop as a higher death rate reduces the rate of natural increase. The number of births can also be expected to decline owing to the impaired fecundity of HIV positive women. Changes to the age structure follow from the concentration of excess AIDS mortality in the young adult age groups. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EXCESS MORTALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developing Countries | Oceania | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 326114 |
| 22. Title: A "lineage" matrix population model of the Rendille of northern Kenya. Author: Kang M; Engineer M Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [23] p. Abstract: The Rendille tribe of Northern Kenya is an "age-group society" in which cohorts of similarly aged males known as "age sets" are organized along periodic lines of descent. This paper develops a matrix population model that reveals the genealogical dynamics inherent in the Rendille social organization. The rules governing marriage as they relate to lineage considerations substantially reduce the size and the growth rate of the population; they also induce periodicity in the demographics, and dramatically favour one of the age-set lines. More generally, the analysis suggests that matrix population modeling is a powerful tool for analyzing the social dynamics of age-group societies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | GENEALOGIES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | POPULATION SIZE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Estimation Techniques | Age Distribution | Age Factors Document Number: 318536 |
| 23. Title: Public health: Could eliminating malaria significantly extend life expectancy? Author: Population Council Source: Population Briefs. 2006 Jun;12(2):[3] p.. Abstract: Malaria, a life-threatening parasitic disease, is endemic in about 90 countries of the world, half of which are in Africa. The disease kills more than one million people every year, most of them children. Malaria, like HIV and tuberculosis, is a major public health challenge in the poorest countries of the world. Despite this fact, little systematic attention has been directed to researching the demographic impact of malaria in Africa. Recently, Ayaga A. Bawah, a Population Council Berelson Postdoctoral Fellow, and his colleague Fred N. Binka, executive director of the INDEPTH-Network in Ghana, investigated how many years of life could be saved if malaria were eliminated from a hyperendemic area of northern Ghana. The parasite that causes malaria is transmitted from person to person by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria produces fever, headache, vomiting, and other flu-like symptoms. If drugs are not available for treatment or if the parasite develops resistance to them, the infection can progress rapidly and become life-threatening. The malaria parasite kills by destroying red blood cells and by obstructing the capillaries that carry blood to the brain or other vital organs. Malarial infections have been eliminated in some locales through programs of spraying pesticides, by using insect repellents on the body and bed-nets impregnated with insecticide, and by promptly treating all infections. There is currently no preventive vaccine against malaria. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | MALARIA PREVENTION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | PUBLIC HEALTH | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | AUTOPSY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 309762 |
| 24. Title: Placing international migration in the context of the 3D's: demography, development, and democracy. Author: Adepoju A Source: International Migration. 2006;44(4):3-13. Abstract: The report of the Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) is a milestone in the migration discourse globally, and for many reasons. The GCIM's members are eminent personalities drawn from various facets of life, experiences, and from the major world regions. The range of themes covered -- migrants in a globalizing labour market; dynamics of international migration; migration and development; irregular migration; migrants in society; laws, norms, and human rights; and the governance of international migration, all in the context of an interconnected world -- are issues of contemporary interest, and those that shape the global architecture and policy agenda. The methodology adopted by the Commission by conducting regional hearings is quite enriching. The report is expertly written and easily accessible to the public, devoid of jargons that are the hallmark of academic debate on the subject matter. The Commission took advantage of a variety of commissioned expert reports from various regions of the world, and several more reports were submitted by experts on specific themes and which are available on the Commission's website. Wading through the myriad of expert reports must have tasked the members and the secretariat of the Commission to the limit. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | MIGRATION POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOCRACY | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Planning | Economic Factors | Political Systems Document Number: 314590 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing demographics, emerging risks of economic-demographic mismatch and vulnerabilities faced by older persons in South Asia: Situation review in India and Pakistan. Author: Alam M; Karim M Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006 Dec;21(3):63-92. Abstract: This paper provides an overview of some important demographic changes in two major South Asian countries, India and Pakistan, resulting in a situation marked by sustained fertility decline, life prolongation and a growth of population in both the young (especially 25 years and over) and old (60 years and over) age groups. The study postulates that these changes may prove significant for both the countries - affecting, inter alia, the size and clearance mechanism of their labour markets, nature of dependencies, increasing ratios of young to old, etc. The study further postulates that a fair proportion of families in the two countries may find it difficult to endure old-age dependencies owing to increasingly widespread casualization of employment and jobless growth. Enduring old-age dependencies may also be difficult due to limited work opportunities for older persons, functional disabilities, perpetuating poverty, lack of social assistance, compression in real public health expenditure, etc. The study also postulates that the pro-market changes in these countries may not particularly conform to their age structure changes. It may as well create a situation fraught with a significant economic-demographic mismatch. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | OLDER ADULTS | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION GROWTH | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | RETIREMENT | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Age Distribution | Microeconomic Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Planning Document Number: 315593 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Migration and violent conflicts in some southeast Asian regions. Author: Ananta A Source: Population Review. 2006;45(1):1-5. Abstract: As is well known in all demographic text books, population dynamics is attributed to changes in fertility, mortality, and migration. The change in fertility will immediately change the number of the young population, particularly those below five years old. Change in mortality can affect any age group of the population. In developing countries, change in mortality usually affects the young population more than the old population; while in developed countries change in mortality affects the number of old population more than the young one. In both fertility and mortality changes, there is almost no change in the "culture" of the population. However, it is very different with migration. As described by Tirtosudarmo in this volume, the impact of changes in fertility and mortality will be seen in the long run, but the impact of changes in migration can be seen in a relatively short time. Migrants are most likely to be young and productive. They may affect the working age group more than the non-working age group. Furthermore, migrants may come from very different cultures, and they are usually the winners in the economic and political fields. Social and economic jealousies appear and are often accompanied by a perception among the locals that the migrants will eventually wipe them out. Therefore, not only do migrants change the number and age-composition of the population, they may also alter the social, economic and political composition of the population. A society may not be necessarily prepared to face a fast change in population composition. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | THAILAND | INDONESIA | CRITIQUE | ETHNIC GROUPS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | VIOLENCE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Religion | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 309948 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Economic development, gender inequality, and demographic outcomes: evidence from India. Author: Bhattacharya PC Source: Population and Development Review. 2006 Jun;32(2):263-291. Abstract: This article examines the relative roles of economic development and women's agency in determining demographic outcomes in India. The analysis is based on district-level data from the 1981 and 1991 Indian censuses. (Sufficiently detailed data from the 2001 census were not available at the time of writing.) The district is the basic unit of administration and the lowest level at which spatially disaggregated information on key demographic variables is available. The results of the analysis challenge the dominant view that women's agency played the crucial role in determining demographic outcomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CASTE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | LITERACY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Religion | Educational Status Document Number: 304174 |
| 28. Title: The spread of HIV in Africa: an epidemic of epic proportions. Author: Brown LR Source: Washington, D.C., Earth Policy Institute, 2006 Feb 23. 3 p. (Earth Policy News) Abstract: There is no precedent for the number of lives affected by the HIV epidemic. To find anything similar to such a potentially devastating loss of life, we have to go back to the smallpox decimation of Native American communities in the sixteenth century or to the bubonic plague that took roughly a fourth of Europe’s population during the fourteenth century. HIV should be seen for what it is—an epidemic of epic proportions that, if not checked soon, could take more lives during this century than were claimed by all the wars of the last century. Since the human immunodeficiency virus was identified in 1981, this infection has spread worldwide. By 1990, an estimated 10 million people were infected with the virus. By the end of 2004, the number who had been infected climbed to 78 million. Of this total, 38 million have died; 39 million are living with the virus. Twenty-five million HIV-positive people today live in sub-Saharan Africa, but only 500,000 or so are being treated with anti-retroviral drugs. Seven million live in South and Southeast Asia, with over 5 million of them in India alone. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL SYSTEMS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 300205 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Modelling the demographic impact of HIV / AIDS in South Africa and the likely impact of interventions. Author: Johnson LF; Dorrington RE Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Jun 30;14(22):541-574. Abstract: This paper describes an approach to incorporating the impact of HIV/AIDS and the effects of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programmes into a cohort component projection model of the South African population. The modelled HIV-positive population is divided into clinical and treatment stages, and it is demonstrated that the age profile and morbidity profile of the HIV-positive population is changing significantly over time. HIV/AIDS is projected to have a substantial demographic impact in South Africa. Prevention programmes -- social marketing, voluntary counselling and testing, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and improved treatment for sexually transmitted diseases -- are unlikely to reduce AIDS mortality significantly in the short term. However, more immediate reductions in mortality can be achieved when antiretroviral treatment is introduced. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Document Number: 304093 |
| 30. Title: Demographic development: reversing course? Author: Leahy E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2006 Nov. [6] p. (Research Commentary Vol. 1, No. 10) Abstract: With the largest population in Africa, Nigeria's political and economic developments reverberate across the continent. Nigeria chairs the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and is the eighth largest oil exporting country in the world. More than 40 percent of the region's gross domestic product is accounted for by Nigeria's economy, and the petroleum industry is responsible for about two-thirds of national revenue and a great deal of international interest in the country. Yet the government maintains a delicate hold on democracy, and the country has recently experienced political instability. Throughout 2006, militant rebels angry about the distribution of oil revenue have conducted a series of attacks against the industry, including kidnapping foreign workers, which resulted in the country's petroleum output dropping by 25 percent. Most of these angry rebels are young men. The lens of population age structure--that is, the proportional size of different age groups within a population--is useful for better understanding Nigeria's development and that of many other countries. Age structures reflect a country's present and past mortality and fertility trends, which can be extrapolated to broader health and development dynamics. Age structures also yield insights into national political and economic challenges, now and in the future. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | YOUTH | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | AGE FACTORS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 313122 |
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