Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 7857 records

Your search found 7857 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

1.
Title: High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan.
Author: Altaf A; Saleem N; Abbas S; Muzaffar R
Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Mar;59(3):136-40.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate size of injection drug users (IDU), determine their high risk behaviours and assess the prevalence of HIV. METHOD: As part of second generation surveillance (SGS), we investigated specific demographic and behavioural characteristics of IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur in 2005. It was a cross sectional study. The survey was preceded by geographic mapping to determine size estimation and to define sampling procedures prior to integrated behavioural and biological survey (IBBS). A sample size of at least 400 was calculated for each city. Besides calculating frequencies, chi square was used for comparing variables among HIV positive and negative IDUs like time elapsed as IDU, number of injections, sharing needles and self perception of acquiring HIV infection. RESULTS: A total of 800 (Hyderabad 398; Sukkur 402) questionnaires and DBS samples were collected. The estimated number of IDUs in both cities was 3,225 (Hyderabad 975 and Sukkur 2250 respectively). Average age of IDUs in Hyderabad was 36.5 years and 34.6 years in Sukkur. Sharing of injection equipment for last injection was reported by 34 (8.5%) in Hyderabad and 135 (33.6%) in Sukkur. In both cities behaviours such as injecting drugs for more than 10 years (p = 0.00) and injecting four or more times in a day (p = 0.11) were significantly associated with seropositivity of HIV infection. In Hyderabad the seroprevalence of HIV was 25.4% (101/398) and in Sukkur it was 19.2% (77/402). CONCLUSION: The burden of HIV among IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur is extremely high and can play a significant role in transmitting the infection to other vulnerable groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | NEEDLE SHARING | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Population | Measurement | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Evaluation
Document Number: 330915

Subscription may be needed for full text

Peer Reviewed

Title: Women's use of private and government health facilities for childbirth in Nairobi's informal settlements.
Author: Bazant ES; Koening MA; Fotso JC; Mills S
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):39-50.
Abstract: The private sector's role in increasing the use of maternal health care for the poor in developing countries has received increasing attention, yet few data exist for urban slums. Using household-survey data from 1,926 mothers in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, collected in 2006, we describe and examine the factors associated with women's use of private and government health facilities for childbirth. More women gave birth at private facilities located in the settlements than at government facilities, and one-third of the women gave birth at home or with the assistance of a traditional birth attendant. In multivariate models, women's education, ethnic group, and household wealth were associated with institutional deliveries, especially in government hospitals. Residents in the more disadvantaged settlement were more likely than those in the better-off settlement to give birth in private facilities. In urban areas, maternal health services in both the government and private sectors should be strengthened, and efforts made to reach out to women who give birth at home.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | REFUGEES | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | HOUSEHOLDS | CHILDBIRTH | REFUGEE CAMPS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PRIVATE SECTOR | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH FACILITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health Services | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341077

Peer Reviewed

Title: Association of attitudes and beliefs towards antiretroviral therapy with HIV-seroprevalence in the general population of Kisumu, Kenya.
Author: Cohen CR; Montandon M; Carrico AW; Shiboski S; Bostrom A; Obure A; Kwena Z; Bailey RC; Nguti R; Bukusi EA
Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4573.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available in the developed world, the prevalence of unprotected sex and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV have increased. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may be occurring in sub-Saharan Africa concomitant with the scale-up of HIV treatment. METHODS: We conducted a general population-based survey in Kisumu, Kenya. Participants completed an interview that included demographics as well as ART-related attitudes and beliefs (AB) and then underwent HIV serological testing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of AB about ART indicated two factors: 1) ART-related risk compensation (increased sexual risk taking now that ART is available); and 2) a perception that HIV is more controllable now that ART is available. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of these factors with HIV-seroprevalence after controlling for age. FINDINGS: 1,655 (90%) of 1,844 people aged 15-49 contacted, including 749 men and 906 women, consented to participate in the study. Most participants (n = 1164; 71%) had heard of ART. Of those who had heard of ART, 23% believed ART was a cure for HIV. ART-related risk compensation (Adjusted (A)OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.81), and a belief that ART cures HIV (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.22-3.76) were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence in men but not women after controlling for age. In particular, ART-related risk compensation was associated with an increased HIV-seroprevalence in young (aged 15-24 years) men (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: ART-related risk compensation and a belief that ART cures HIV were associated with an increased HIV seroprevalence among men but not women. HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa that target the general population should include educational messages about ART and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of greater ART availability.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Population | HIV | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 331237

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Influence of wasting and stunting at the onset of the rainy season on subsequent malaria morbidity among rural preschool children in Senegal.
Author: Fillol F; Cournil A; Boulanger D; Cisse B; Sokhna C; Targett G; Trape JF; Simondon F; Greenwood B; Simondon KB
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Feb;80(2):202-8.
Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria and malnutrition are major causes of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age. To explore the impact of malnutrition on subsequent susceptibility to malaria, a cohort of 874 rural preschool children in Senegal was followed-up during one malaria transmission season from July through December. Data on nutritional status and Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia were collected at baseline. Malaria morbidity was monitored through weekly home visits. Wasted children (weight-for-height z-score < -2) were at lower risk of having at least one subsequent clinical malaria attack (odds ratio = 0.33; 95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.81, P = 0.02), whereas stunting (height-for-age z-score < -2) or being underweight (weight-for-age z-score < -2) was not associated with clinical malaria. Although non-biological explanations such as overprotection of wasted children by their mothers should be considered, immunomodulation according to nutritional status could explain the lower risk of malaria attack among wasted children.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | CHILD CARE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BREASTFEEDING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 330300

Title: Traditional postpartum practices of women and infants and the factors influencing such practices in South Eastern Turkey.
Author: Geckil E; Sahin T; Ege E
Source: Midwifery. 2009 Feb;25(1):62-71.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to gain an understanding of traditional postpartum practices for women and babies, and to investigate the factors influencing such practices. DESIGN: descriptive study. SETTING: Maternity and Children's Hospital in Adiyaman city, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: 273 women who gave birth at the Maternity and Children's Hospital in Adiyaman city from March to June 2004. FINDINGS: more than half of the 273 women (55.7%) were aged between 25 and 32 years (mean 27.85, standard deviation [SD] 5.45). A total of 22.3% of women were illiterate, and most were unemployed. The most popular practices among new mothers were eating a kind of dessert, called 'Bulamac' (82.8%). A number of women (69.6%) drank a mixture of grape molasses and butter, 64.5% had their abdomen tightly wrapped, 62.6% were not left alone at home, and more than half of the women (57.9%) avoided sexual intercourse for 40 days after giving birth. Nearly, half of the women (45.4%) fed their babies with water containing sugar just after the birth, and 77.1% of women kept their babies' umbilical cord in a special place. Afterwards, the mothers threw the cords into a river or they buried them in the grounds of a mosque or a school. Most of the mothers (89%) reported that they covered their babies with a yellow cloth in order to protect them from jaundice. A relationship between traditional postpartum practices and demographic characteristics of women was observed. The women's mothers and mothers-in-law (66.7%) usually encouraged such practices. KEY CONCLUSIONS: postpartum care of women and their babies are important cultural practices. Some of these practices may have harmful effects on women and their babies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: it is important to gain an understanding of cultural beliefs and traditional practices relating to the postpartum care of women and their babies. Midwives and nurses should discuss these findings and their implications when they educate new mothers and their families about contemporary methods of postnatal maternal and infant care.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | POSTPARTUM | DIET | MATERNAL NUTRITION | BEHAVIOR | POSTPARTUM ABSTINENCE | TIME FACTORS | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Nutrition | Health | Abstinence | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Infant Nutrition | Culture | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331293

Peer Reviewed

Title: Self-medication prevalence for sexually transmitted diseases: meta-analysis and meta-regression of population level determinants.
Author: Gomez GB; Garnett GP; Ward H
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):112-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimated prevalence of self-medication for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in observational studies differs between studies and it may vary according to population characteristics. METHODS: We investigated the extent of self-medication use for STD and explored population and study level factors correlated to the variability observed between populations. Medical databases were systematically searched for published studies. Crude prevalence data were extracted. Pooled estimates were calculated using random effects models. Univariate and multivariate meta-regression models with categorical population level covariates were constructed. RESULTS: Of the 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria for all self-medication use, 20 were also included in the analysis of antibiotic only use. There was significant heterogeneity present across prevalence estimates for all self-medication, Q = 3954.82, P <0.001; and among antibiotic only self-medication, Q = 3797.94, P <0.001. In meta-regression analyses, publication year seemed to explain 22.5% of variation among studies of self-medication with antibiotic only. No other significant associations with population or study characteristics were found. CONCLUSIONS: No population level factors leading to high levels of self-medication use for STD were identified. Publications before year 2000 seem to present a higher prevalence of antibiotic use for self-medication. Greater risk awareness of antibiotic misuse and improved control of antibiotic availability at population level might explain this result. An analysis of individual level characteristics should indicate which are influential and whether their local prevalence can explain the observed heterogeneity better.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | TARGET POPULATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | SELF CARE | ANTIBIOTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Population
Document Number: 330365

Peer Reviewed

Title: Prevalence of syphilis and HIV infections among men who have sex with men from different settings in Shenzhen, China: implications for HIV/STD surveillance.
Author: Hong FC; Zhou H; Cai YM; Pan P; Feng TJ; Liu XL; Chen XS
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Feb;85(1):42-4.
Abstract: HIV/STD surveillance system data are important for developing prevention and control programmes for men who have sex with men (MSM), now a core group in Chinese HIV/STD surveillance activities. MSM were recruited from different settings in Shenzhen and were tested for HIV and syphilis. A substantial prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections was found in this population. However, risk behaviours and sociodemographic characteristics varied greatly among MSM recruited from the different settings (gay sauna, gay bar and MSM clinic), suggesting that carefully considering and selecting appropriate settings to represent the MSM population is critical for developing HIV and STD surveillance and prevention programmes.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SYPHILIS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Behavior | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population
Document Number: 330969

Peer Reviewed

Title: Demographic and personality factors as predictors of HIV/STD partner-specific risk perceptions: implications for interventions.
Author: Mehrotra P; Noar SM; Zimmerman RS; Palmgreen P
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Feb;21(1):39-54.
Abstract: Although risk perception as a motivator of precautionary behavior is a key component of several health behavior theories, this motivational hypothesis has found mixed support in the HIV/AIDS area. This may be, in part, because risk perceptions are more complex than they are treated in many studies of the motivational hypothesis. The current study examines demographic, personality, and sexual risk factors as predictors of partner-specific (main vs. casual) HIV/STD risk perceptions in a sample of 1,489 young adults. As expected, perceptions of HIV/STD risk were higher in the context of "casual" as compared with "main" partnerships. Although univariate analyses demonstrated that gender, race/ethnicity, sensation seeking, impulsivity, number of partners, and condom use all influenced HIV/STD risk perceptions, only gender, condom use, and race/ethnicity remained significant in multivariate analyses. Implications of these results for the design of efficacious HIV prevention interventions are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENTUCKY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | YOUTH | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PERSONALITY | HIV PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | MOTIVATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections
Document Number: 331082

10.

Title: Levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine systems (LNG-IUS) and breast cancer [letter]
Author: Neven P; Amant F; Poppe W; Van den Broecke R
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Apr;91(4):e5; author reply e6.
Abstract: The observational study by Trinh et al. concludes that there is a higher recurrence rate when breast cancers are detected during the use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and when it is not removed after diagnosis. Although the authors mainly generate several hypotheses around their observations, we would like to warn about inappropriate interpretation of their data and premature conclusions, as such a message was released in a couple of Belgian newspapers recently. First, there is a problem with the control group in the authors' study. This control group is matched for "all" LNG-IUS users, including a group with a low risk for relapse, those where the clinician decided to insert an LNG-IUS probably long after breast cancer diagnosis, and a group with a higher risk of relapse, i.e., those diagnosed with breast cancer during the use of the LNG-IUS. Understandably, the high risk of relapse group (more chemotherapy, more ER-negative, more grade 3), also being the LNG-IUS users at breast cancer diagnosis, presented with a poorer outcome than the control subjects. To prove their point, the authors should have matched cases with the LNG-IUS at breast cancer diagnosis for control subjects without LNG-IUS at diagnosis and followed up taking into account demographics such as family history as well as prognostic and predictive factors and adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that breast cancers in LNG users are detected in a much more advanced stage based on differences, e.g., in nodal involvement between the group with the LNG-IUS at diagnosis and those where the LNG-IUS was inserted after diagnosis. They now define a second control group (subgroup B), which is inappropriate. The question of whether breast cancers in LNG users are in a much more advanced stage at diagnosis is therefore not proven by this observation, because the control group is likely biased by selection for the use of an LNG-IUS after breast cancer diagnosis to a lower breast cancer relapse risk population. We believe that a case-control study is more appropriate to prove this point. We also do not know whether breast cancer prognosis is different when the LNG-IUS is removed at diagnosis, an important group which is missing in this study. It is also unclear how long the LNG-IUS was inserted before or after the diagnosis of breast cancers, respectively, in subgroup A and subgroup B. We understand that patients in subgroup A could have had the LNG-IUS for >14 years, whereas those in subgroup B might have had the LNG-IUS inserted several years after their breast cancer diagnosis. This may, again, imply bias through a healthy user effect that may affect relapse of breast cancer. It may also explain local versus distant metastasis between subgroups and control subjects. Finally, both Kaplan-Meier curves suppose a much longer mean followup than the stated 2.8 and 2.9 years for LNG-IUS users and control subjects, respectively. Based on these observations, the hypotheses on neither safety nor prognosis of the LNG-IUS in operable breast cancer have been generated. It remains an open question whether low levels of circulating levonorgestrel affect the natural history of breast cancer at diagnosis and follow-up, or whether it interferes with adjuvant antiestrogen therapy. We continue to agree that there is need for further research and welcome their prospective registration of LNG-IUS. This is an important issue, not only because the LNG-IUS is a very popular method of contraception, and 2% of women in Belgium develop breast cancer during their fertile years, but also because the LNG-IUS is now being used in long-term estrogen and tamoxifen users to protect the uterus from bleeding and proliferative endometrial changes. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CONTROL GROUPS | MATCHED GROUPS | PREVALENCE | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | BIAS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population | Measurement | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Error Sources | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331240

11.
Title: Symptoms and quality of life of people living with HIV infection in Puerto Rico.
Author: Rivero-Mendez M; Portillo C; Solis-Baez SS; Wantland D; Holzemer WL
Source: Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal. 2009 Mar;28(1):54-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: People living with HIV infection are confronted with physical and psychological symptoms that impact their quality of life. This study explored the symptom experience of people living with HIV infection in Puerto Rico and its correlation with quality of life. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to survey 44 men, women, and transgender people living with HIV infection. Measures included a demographic questionnaire, sign and symptom checklist, and a quality of life instrument. RESULTS: The sample was 50% male with a mean age of 42.1 years; the participants had been living with HIV infection an average for 9.8 years. The top five symptoms reported by the sample included: muscle aches (81.8%), depression (77.2%), weakness (70.5%), fear/worries (70.5), and difficulty concentrating (65.9%). Symptom frequency was significantly related to four dimensions of quality of life: overall function (r = -0.58), life satisfaction (r = -0.59), health worries (r = 0.32) and HIV medication worries (r = 0.59). The symptom experience was not related to financial worries, disclosure worries, or sexual functioning. Individuals who reported taking HIV medications reported significantly fewer symptoms than those not taking HIV medications (t = 3.061, df=42, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that people living with HIV infection in Puerto Rico experience a wide array of physical and psychological symptoms and that these symptoms have a correlation with their perceived quality of life. Better management of symptoms may have an impact on perceived quality of life for people living with HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | DEPRESSION | PAIN | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Population | Health | Mental Disorders | HIV
Document Number: 341065

12.

13.

Title: Severity and age of rotavirus diarrhea, but not socioeconomic conditions, are associated with rotavirus seasonality in Venezuela.
Author: Schael IP; Gonzalez R; Salinas B
Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2009 Mar;81(3):562-7.
Abstract: Rotavirus (RV) epidemiology presents differences between developing and developed countries among which are seasonality, age at first infection, variability of strain in circulation and severity of disease. Since, in Venezuela, we have distinct seasonal patterns of RV occurrence, we examined the epidemiological profile of RV disease associated to these differences by analyzing data from previous studies conducted in Venezuela. Data were collected from children <5 years of age with diarrhea seen in six hospitals located in five cities. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of RV illness were analyzed according to RV identification by ELISA assay and the seasonal patterns of RV circulation (marked versus minimal seasonality). A total of 6,742 episodes of diarrhea (1,820 rotavirus positive and 4,922 rotavirus negative) were evaluated: 1,951 in Caracas, Cumana and Pto. Ordaz (minimal seasonality) and 4,791 in Merida and Valencia (marked seasonality). Mean age (months) of children with RV was 8.14 +/- 6.74 and 12.21 +/- 9.62 (P < 0.0001) in areas with minimal and marked seasonality, respectively. RV disease was more frequent (33% vs. 24%; OR = 1.536; 95% CI: 1.36-1.73), more severe (dehydration: 64% vs. 29%; OR = 4.436; 95% CI: 3.61-5.44) and more common in infants than in older children (79% vs. 60%; OR = 2.521; 95% CI: 2.01-3.14) in cities with minimal seasonality than in those with marked seasonality. Socioeconomic conditions were not associated with seasonality. In environments with minimal seasonality, children are infected with RV at younger ages and the disease is more severe regardless of malnutrition and poverty.
Language: English
Keywords:
VENEZUELA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | SEASONAL VARIATION | ROTAVIRUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DIARRHEA | AGE FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Population | Measurement | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330232

14.

Title: Socio-demographic characteristics and the three delays of maternal mortality.
Author: Shah N; Hossain N; Shoaib R; Hussain A; Gillani R; Khan NH
Source: Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - -Pakistan. 2009 Feb;19(2):95-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the socio-demographic characteristics and the three delays of maternal mortality in a tertiary teaching hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit III, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from April 2005 to May 2008. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and four consecutive maternal deaths were reviewed. Data regarding age, parity, sociodemographic characteristics, booking status, referral source, cause of death and the three delays was collected on structured proformas, analyzed by the statistical software, SPSS version 13, and presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: The projected maternal mortality ratio was 1650/100,000 live births. The mean age was 28+/-6.2 years and median parity was two. Seventy-one women (68%) were uneducated, 65 (62.5%) belonged to lower socioeconomic class and 60 (58%) had received no antenatal care. Ninety-eight women (94%) had one or more delays, with 70 (71%) having the first delay, 73 (74%) having the second delay and 47 (48%) the third delay. The most frequent reasons for first, second and third delays were lack of awareness in 88.5% women, long distance in 39.7% women and difficulty in getting blood in 49% women respectively. CONCLUSION: The very high maternal mortality ratio suggests lack of access of women to quality healthcare facilities. A majority of these women suffered first and second delays in their management, which could be due to their poor sociodemographic factors.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | HOSPITALS | MATERNAL AGE | PARITY | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | CAUSES OF DEATH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Parental Age | Age Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 341161

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Community influences on young people's sexual behavior in 3 African countries.
Author: Stephenson R
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;99(1):102-109.
Abstract: The author analyzed demographic and health survey data from Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Zambia from 2001 through 2003 to identify individual, household, and community factors associated with reports of risky sexual behaviors among youth aged 15-24. Community demographic profiles were not associated with reports of risky sexual behavior among young women but were influential in shaping the behavior of young men. Prevailing economic conditions and the behaviors and attitudes of adults in the community were strong influences on young people's sexual behaviors. These results provide strong support for a focus on community-level influences as an intervention point for behavioral change.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | YOUTH | COMMUNITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SEX FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ATTITUDES | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Behavior | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 328584

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A community perspective on young people's knowledge of HIV/AIDS in three African countries.
Author: Stephenson R
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):378-383.
Abstract: Individual, household and community-level influences on young people's (15-24) knowledge of HIV/AIDS in three African countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana and Zambia) are explored. The focus of the analysis is on the roles of demographic, economic and behavioral dimensions of the community environment in shaping knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Data from Demographic and Health Surveys, collected independently for males and females in each of the countries, are analyzed. There are clear pathways through which the community environment shapes knowledge, and the community influences on knowledge vary greatly by country and gender. For young women, residences in communities with demographic and behavioral patterns that are indicative of greater opportunities are associated with increased knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The results highlight community-level factors that can be harnessed in the development of community-based interventions to improve knowledge of HIV/AIDS among young people, and reinforce the need to focus on the community environment in designing behavioral change interventions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | HOUSEHOLDS | YOUTH | HIV TRANSMISSION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 325333

17.

Title: Youth unemployment and underemployment in Africa brings uncertainty and opportunity.
Author: Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [2] p.
Abstract: The World Bank's Youth and Unemployment in Africa: The Potential, The Problem, The Promise report, released in December 2008, investigates the nature of Africa's youth demographics and recommends policies to give its youth access to stable employment. It argues that creating viable jobs for young people is a recondition for Africa's poverty eradication, sustainable development, and peace; and in countries emerging from conflict, access to employment for youth is integral to peace-building processes. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | UNEMPLOYMENT | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 331481

18.

19.

20.

21.

Title: An overview of urbanization, internal migration, population distribution and development in the world.
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Jan 14. 34 p. (UN/POP/EGM-URB/2008/01) Prepared for the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, New York, January 21-23, 2008.
Abstract: The distribution of humanity on the earth's surface has always responded to the opportunities that different territories provide. After the invention of agriculture, the availability of arable land largely determined the place where most people settled. The practice of agriculture also permitted the accumulation of food surpluses and the differentiation of productive activities that led to the emergence of more complex settlements generically identified as "cities". In modern history, cities have played key roles as centres of Government, production, trade, knowledge, innovation and rising productivity. The changes brought about by the industrial revolution would be unimaginable in the absence of cities. The mechanization of production made necessary the concentration of population. Rapid industrialization was accompanied by increasing urbanization. In 1920, the more developed regions, being the most industrialized, had just under 30 per cent of their population in urban areas. As industrialization advanced in the developing world so did urbanization, particularly in Latin America where 41 per cent of the population was urban by 1950. In Africa and Asia levels of urbanization remained lower, although the urban population increased markedly, particularly in Asia. Between 1920 and 2007, the world's urban population increased from about 270 million to 3.3 billion, with 1.5 billion urban dwellers added to Asia, 750 million to the more developed regions, just under 450 million to Latin America and the Caribbean, and just over 350 million to Africa. These changes foreshadow those to come. Between 2007 and 2050, the urban population is expected to increase as much as it did since 1920, that is, 3.1 billion additional urban dwellers are expected by 2050, including 1.8 billion in Asia and 0.9 billion in Africa. These powerful trends will shape and in turn be shaped by economic and social development. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | URBAN AREAS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POLICY | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 323730

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV status and age at first marriage among women in Cameroon.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):743-760.
Abstract: Recent research has highlighted the risk of HIV infection for married teenage women compared with their unmarried counterparts. This study assesses whether a relationship exists, for women who have completed their adolescence (age 20-29 years), between HIV status with age at first marriage and the length of time between first sex and first marriage. Multivariate analysis utilizing the nationally representative 2004 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey shows that late-marrying women and those with a longer period of pre-marital sex have the highest risk of HIV. Although women in urban areas overall marry later than their rural counterparts, the positive relationship between age at marriage and HIV risk is stronger in rural areas. The higher wealth status and greater number of lifetime sexual partners of late-marrying women contribute to their higher HIV risk. Given that the age at first marriage and the gap between first marriage and first sex have increased in recent years, focusing preventive efforts on late-marrying women will be of much importance in reducing HIV prevalence among females. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MARRIAGE AGE | HIV INFECTIONS | CHILD MARRIAGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PREVALENCE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 313960

23.

Title: The demographic, economic and financial determinants of international remittances in developing countries.
Author: Adams RH Jr
Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Economics Department, Development Prospects Group, 2008 Mar. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4583)
Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | REMITTANCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 325676

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with wife beating in Egypt: analysis of two surveys (1995 and 2005).
Author: Akmatov MK; Mikolajczyk RT; Labeeb S; Dhaher E; Khan MM
Source: BMC Women's Health. 2008;8:15.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Wife beating is an important public health problem in many developing countries. We assessed the rates of wife beating and examined factors associated with wife beating in 1995 and 2005 in Egypt. METHODS: We used data from two Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Egypt in 1995 and 2005 using multistage household sampling. Data related to wife beating included information from 7122 women in 1995 and 5612 women in 2005. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors independently associated with wife beating. Special weights were used to obtain nationally representative estimates. RESULTS: In 1995 17.5% of married women in Egypt experienced wife beating in the last 12 months, in 2005--18.9% or 16.0%, using different measures. The association between socio-demographic differentials and wife beating was weaker in the newer survey. The 12-month prevalence of wife beating was lower only when both partners were educated, but the differences across education levels were less pronounced in 2005. Based on the information available in the 2005 survey, more educated women experienced less severe forms of wife beating than less educated women. CONCLUSION: Different measures used in both surveys make a direct comparison difficult. The observed patterns indicate that the changes in prevalence may be masked by two opposite processes occurring in the society: a decrease in (severe forms of) wife beating and an increase in reporting of wife beating. Improving the access to education for women and raising education levels in the whole society may help reducing wife beating.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SPOUSE | PREVALENCE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Population | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 329026

25.
Title: Acute pancreatitis: demographics, aetiological factors and outcomes in a regional hospital in South Africa.
Author: Anderson F; Thomson SR; Clarke DL; Loots E
Source: South African Journal of Surgery. Suid - Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Chirurgie. 2008 Aug;46(3):83-6.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The spectrum of aetiologies and outcomes of acute pancreatitis in South African settings is under-reported. We report our experience at a regional hospital and compare it with international norms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were prospectively collected on all admissions of patients with acute pancreatitis to a regional hospital during the period June 2001-April 2006. The causes of the pancreatitis were noted and complications and mortality rate were determined. RESULTS: From June 2001 to April 2006 there were 322 admissions of 282 patients with acute pancreatitis. The median age was 37 years (range 13-73 years). There were 94 females and 188 males. Episodes of pancreatitis were associated with alcohol consumption in 62% of cases and with gallstones in 14%; 4% of cases were associated with both gallstones and alcohol consumption, 8% with dyslipidaemia and 5% with retroviral disease. In 15% of admissions local complications developed, and 9% of admissions ended in death of the patient. Of the 28 deaths, 71% occurred in the first 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: As in other South African reports, alcohol was the main cause of pancreatitis. Outcomes in this series are similar to those in Western studies except that the majority of deaths occurred early, implying that improved supportive care may improve overall survival.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | COMPLICATIONS | DEATH RATE | CAUSES OF DEATH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Measurement | Population | Behavior | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 328902

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV and AIDS in Bangladesh.
Author: Azim T; Khan SI; Haseen F; Huq NL; Henning L; Pervez MM; Chowdhury ME; Sarafian I
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2008 Sep;26(3):311-24.
Abstract: Bangladesh initiated an early response to the HIV epidemic starting in the mid-1980s. Since then, the response has been enhanced considerably, and many HIV-prevention interventions among the most at-risk populations and the general youth are being undertaken. Alongside prevention activities, gathering of data has been a key activity fostered by both the Government and individual development partners. This paper reviews available sources of data, including routine surveillance (HIV and behavioural among most at-risk populations), general population surveys, and various research studies with the aim to understand the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Bangladesh. Available data show that the HIV epidemic is still at relatively low levels and is concentrated mainly among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka city. In addition, when the passively-reported cases were analyzed, another population group that appears to be especially vulnerable is migrant workers who leave their families and travel abroad for work. However, all sources of data confirm that risk behaviours that make individuals vulnerable to HIV are high--this is apparent within most at-risk populations and the general population (adult males and youth males and females). Based on the current activities and the sources of data, modelling exercises of the future of the HIV epidemic in Dhaka suggest that, if interventions are not enhanced further, Bangladesh is likely to start with an IDU-driven epidemic, similar to other neighbouring countries, which will then move to other population groups, including sex workers, males who have sex with males, clients of sex workers, and ultimately their families. This review reiterates the often repeated message that if Bangladesh wants to be an example of how to avert an HIV epidemic, it needs to act now using evidence-based programming.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | MIGRANT WORKERS | PREVALENCE | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SEX FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Measurement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 328888

27.
Title: Profile of Puerto Rican HIV/AIDS patients with early and non-early initiation of injection drug use.
Author: Baez Feliciano DV; Gomez MA; Fernandez-Santos DM; Quintana R; Rios-Olivares E; Hunter-Mellado RF
Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2008 Spring;18(2 Suppl 2):S2-99-104.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Early initiation of injection drug use (IDU) increases the risk of HIV infection. METHODS: We compare the sociodemographic, psychosocial, and clinical profiles of HIV-positive IDU patients according to the age at which IDU was initiated. This is a cross-sectional study of 1308 patients seen from 1992 through 2005. We compared the profile of patients with early (age < 13 years) vs non-early (age > 13 years) initiation of IDU. The Fisher and chi2 differences in proportions were performed to assess difference among study groups with earlier IDU. The Mantel-Haenszel test was used to calculate the odds ratio. The Kaplan-Meier and log rank tests were used to assess the median survival. Differences were considered significant at alpha = .05. RESULTS: Early initiation of IDU was reported in 11% of our sample. The early initiation group was more likely to smoke tobacco, use alcohol, attempt suicide, have a history of incarceration, have economic problems, and have episodes of anxiety, confusion, depression, excitation, impulsivity, and violence (P < .05). The general survival time of patients was 36.9 months (95% confidence interval 31.9-42.0). A higher prevalence of candidial esophagitis and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and a lower prevalence of hepatitis C virus coinfection were seen in the early initiation group (P < .05). No differences in mortality, use of antiretroviral therapy, or CD4 T-cell count were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in terms of lifestyle, stress factors, and history of psychological events were seen in the group of patients with early initiation of IDU seen in our facilities. Differences in the clinical scenario were documented.
Language: English
Keywords:
PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | IV DRUG USERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | SUICIDE | ANXIETY DISORDERS | VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | PERSONALITY | HIV INFECTIONS | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population | Population Characteristics | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Biology
Document Number: 328750

28.
Title: [Neonatal mortality and morbidity in newborn newborns of single mothers] Morbidite et mortalite des nouveau-nes issus de meres celibataires.
Author: Ben Hamida Nouaili E; Ben Ammar H; Zouari B; Chaouachi S; Marrakchi Z
Source: La Tunisie Medicale. 2008 Jan;86(1):9-11.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Newborns of single mothers constitute a high risk population for intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and neonatal mortality. AIM: Our study analysed the influence of this socio-economic factor on neonatal mortality and morbidity. METHODS: A retrospective cohort compiling all births resulting from illegitimate pregnancies reported between January 2001 and December 2003 at the Charles Nicolle hospital (Tunis-Tunisia) "IG = illegimate group" (n=75), apparied for mothers gestity, parity and age, to 75 legitimate births "LG=legitimate group" reported after or before each illegitimate birth. RESULTS: The mean age for mothers in the "IG" was 24.3 years. The mean of prenatal consultations was 0.5 in the "IG" vs. 5.2 in the "LG" (p < 0.001). Delivery by caesarean section was of 6.7% in the "IG" vs. 18.7% in the "LG" (p = 0.049). Prematurity was observed in 17% in the "IG" vs. 8% in "LG". IUGR was observed in 29% of "IG" vs. 4% in "LG" (p < 0.001). Neonatal mortality was of 4.1% in "IG" vs. 1.3% in "LG". CONCLUSION: These results indicate the importance of illegitimate pregnancies as a demographic risk factor of neonatal morbidity. The IUGR was the most significant risk factor associated to illegitimate pregnancies.
Language: French
Keywords:
TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | ONE PARENT FAMILY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MORBIDITY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population | Diseases
Document Number: 341795

29.

Title: Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in the United States population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 -- 2000.
Author: Bennett DE; Courval JM; Onorato I; Agerton T; Gibson JD
Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2008 Feb 1;177(3):348-355.
Abstract: RATIONALE: The goal for tuberculosis (TB) elimination in the United States is a TB disease incidence of less than 1 per million U.S. population by 2010, which requires that the latent TB infection (LTBI) prevalence be less than 1% and decreasing. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of LTBI in the U.S. population. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS: Interviews and medical examinations, including tuberculin skin testing (TST), of 7,386 individuals were conducted in 1999-2000 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. LTBI was defined as a TST measurement of >/=10 mm. Associations of age, race/ethnicity, sex, poverty, and birthplace were assessed. Results among the 24- to 74-year-old subgroup were compared with NHANES 1971-1972 data. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Estimated LTBI prevalence was 4.2%; an estimated 11,213,000 individuals had LTBI. Among 25- to 74-year-olds, prevalence decreased from 14.3% in 1971-1972 to 5.7% in 1999-2000. Higher prevalences were seen in the foreign born (18.7%), non-Hispanic blacks/African Americans (7.0%), Mexican Americans (9.4%), and individuals living in poverty (6.1%). A total of 63% of LTBI was among the foreign born. Among the U.S. born, after adjusting for confounding factors, LTBI was associated with non-Hispanic African-American race/ethnicity, Mexican American ethnicity, and poverty. A total of 25.5% of persons with LTBI had been previously diagnosed as having LTBI or TB, and only 13.2% had been prescribed treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to basic TB control measures, elimination strategies should include targeted evaluation and treatment of individuals in high-prevalence groups, as well as enhanced support for global TB prevention and control.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | POVERTY | IMMIGRANTS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 325761

30.

Title: Chakaria Health and Demographic Surveillance System: focusing on the poor and vulnerable. Demographic profile and utilization of healthcare services -- 2006.
Author: Bhuiya A; Hanifi SM; Urni F
Source: Dhaka, Bangladesh, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [ICDDR, B], 2008 Mar. 52 p. (Scientific Report No. 102)
Abstract: ICDDR,B started its activities in Chakaria in 1994. The focus of the activities has been to facilitate local initiatives for the improvement of health of the villagers in general and of children, women, and the poor in particular. Thus, the activities of the project have been participatory with emphasis on empowering the people by raising awareness about health, inducing positive preventive behaviour through health education, and providing technical assistance to any health initiatives taken by the village-based indigenous self-help organizations. Some major initiatives taken by the villagers included assessment of health needs, defining actions for health, implementing them, and monitoring their implementation and outputs. Among the health-related activities, identification of volunteers for health education, mobilizing local resources for the establishment of village health posts and their management, introduction of a pre-paid family health card, and establishment of health cooperatives have been the major ones. Details of the activities of the project and the outcomes have been reported elsewhere. Health services that are currently available in the intervention and comparison areas are presented in the box below. Collection of data from sample households on a quarterly basis, referred hitherto as Chakaria Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Chakaria HDSS), has been initiated in both the areas since 1999. The primary purpose of this surveillance system is to monitor the impact of interventions with equity focus and generate relevant health, demographic and socioeconomic information for policies and programs, and further research. This report presents data collected through the chakaria HDSS during 2006. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | TECHNICAL REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING | INTERVENTIONS | MONITORING | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Maternal Health | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328024


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy