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1.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Consumer behaviour and contraceptive decisions: resolving a decades-long puzzle.
Author: Campbell M
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 Oct;32(4):241-244.
Abstract: Demographers' theoretical explanations for fertility decline have been based for decades on an assumption that couples make family size decisions influenced by a changing balance between costs and benefits of childbearing, resulting in parents' reduced demand for children. It has been widely assumed that these decisions are based on changes in social or economic factors, such as increased education, wealth or economic opportunities, or urbanisation, or other related factors in their lives. However, a number of situations in developing countries have been documented showing that contraceptive prevalence rose more rapidly than such theories could account for. In some instances desired family size changed when contraception became available, and in others women who said they did not want to use contraception adopted a method when the option to use it arrived. We have reviewed the cases of this kind that are published in the demographic literature, and we offer a plausible explanation grounded in research on consumer behaviour. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 307078

2.
Title: Evidence of a substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women: data from 1995 to 2003 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Author: Urassa W; Kaaya S; Mwakagile D; O'Brien M; Antelman G
Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2006;34(3):272-278.
Abstract: The objective was to determine the prevalence trends of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women seen between 1995 and 2003 at public antenatal clinics (ANC) in the city of Dar es Salaam. Cross-sectional studies among pregnant women at selected antenatal clinics who were offered HIV testing as part of research and service programmes to prevent vertical transmission of HIV infection and improve pregnancy outcomes. Subjects and methods: Consenting women gave blood for HIV antibody testing using a sequential ELISA protocol. Sociodemographic information was collected using structured interviews. In total, 62% of women attending the antenatal clinics gave informed consent for HIV testing and 51,076 had final confirmed results available for this analysis. Women below 20 years of age had the lowest HIV seroprevalence. The HIV-1 prevalence declined from 14.2% in 1995 to 10.6% in 2003. There is a definite substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam following ongoing interventions, which have been carried out in Tanzania. There is a need to further strengthen these interventions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | FEEDBACK | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation Methodology | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 306392

3.
Title: International family planning programs: criticisms and responses.
Author: RAND. Population Matters
Source: Santa Monica, California, RAND, 2002. 7 p.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the main criticisms leveled against international family planning programs (FPP), assesses whether the criticisms are valid, examines whether programs have changed in response, and what lessons can be drawn from those responses. The public policy objectives of FPP are based on demographic, health, and human rights goals. However, each of these objectives has generated concerns, such as whether lowering fertility leads to economic development; whether people in developing countries really want contraception; whether family planning programs are too narrowly focused on technology, provide quality services, or encourage abortion; and whether Western family planning goals infringe on the religious and cultural values of developing nations. Policy recommendations are included.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Family Planning Program Evaluation
Document Number: 168059

4.
Title: Thirty years of global population changes.
Author: Caldwell JC
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :2-23.
Abstract: In demographic terms, the last thirty years have been quite distinct from the period that preceded it, or, indeed, from any other period in history. The global fertility level had been almost stable for at least twenty years prior to 1965-1969, with a total fertility rate just under 5 children per woman, and this stability did not hide countervailing forces in different parts of the world. The developed countries, whether they had participated or not in the post-World War II �baby boom,� showed no strong trends in fertility, with a total fertility rate remaining around 2.7. The same lack of change characterized the developing countries, but there the total fertility rate was well over 6, as it may well have been for millennia. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | EVALUATION | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | UN | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION CONTROL | MORTALITY DECLINE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | POPULATION POLICY | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Social Policy | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 184556

6.
Title: Implementing the reproductive health approach.
Author: Fathalla MF
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :24-46.
Abstract: The solemn commitment that was made in Cairo in 1994 to make reproductive health care universally available was a culmination of efforts made by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and all those concerned about a people-centred and human rights approach to population issues. The commitment posed important challenges to national governments and the international community, to policy makers, programme planners and service providers, and to the civil society at large. The role of UNFPA in building up the consensus for the reproductive health approach before Cairo had to continue after Cairo if the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) were to be achieved. UNFPA continues to be needed to strengthen the commitment, maintain the momentum, mobilize the required resources, and help national governments and the international community move from word to action, and from rhetoric to reality. Reproductive health, including family planning and sexual health, is now one of three major programme areas for UNFPA. During 1997, reproductive health accounted for over 60 per cent of total programme allocations by the Fund. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PREGNANT WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | UN | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | INEQUALITIES | COST EFFECTIVENESS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | MONITORING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | POPULATION POLICY | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities | Social Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Research Methodology | Human Rights | Social Discrimination | Women's Status
Document Number: 184557

7.
Title: Women are the key to development.
Author: Heyzer N
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :81-94.
Abstract: Over the last thirty years since the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) was established, there have been fundamental changes in policies on and approaches to population and gender equality. These are best exemplified in the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) in Beijing. The ICPD recognized that population is basically a development issue and must be addressed in relation to the larger developmental processes. It emphasized intersectoral linkages between consumption and production patterns; social and gender inequities; and population growth, structure and distribution. It moved the focus from a narrow preoccupation with rates of population growth and the provisions of contraceptive services alone, to a broader concern for problems caused by the deepening of poverty and inequality within and across societies. These problems were seen as a result of inappropriate economic and development policies, and not just of population pressures. The ICPD also put more emphasis on investments in people and on quality-of-life issues. For the first time, the reproductive and sexual health rights of women and their empowerment became essential to an international agreement on population and development. This redefinition of the population and development agenda had been earlier aided by the emergence of a strong women's movement following the Nairobi World Conference on Women in 1985. By the time of the FWCW in 1995, several countries reported a narrowing of gender inequality as measured by increases in life expectancy, literacy, labour force participation rates, higher age at marriage, and lower fertility rates. In fact, governments throughout the world have had to recognize and address gender inequalities and reconcile substantively different views on human rights. Nevertheless, gender inequality remains significant in many areas of life. Women have fewer social and economic rights, including rights over basic necessities such as food, health care, and education; less access to labour markets, and lower economic returns for their labour. They also have fewer legal and customary rights over land, property, credit, and other productive resources such as energy, technology, and information. This is despite their multiple burdens, including financial contributions through their work, resource management, and household responsibilities, as well as the care of children and the elderly. In many countries of the world, women still fall far short of men as beneficiaries of development. Their full contribution is still not acknowledged, nor their potential realized, ultimately to the detriment of development itself. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | RELIGION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status
Document Number: 184559

9.
Title: Shaping population and development strategies.
Author: Nizamuddin M
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :189-210.
Abstract: This chapter addresses the full range of policies and programmes that bear directly on population patterns and trends and that guide and strengthen interventions in the broad field of population. While we will consider the impact of deliberate efforts to promote countries' adoption of national population policies, the adoption of formal population policies is but one facet of the much broader process of developing and implementing policies and programmes that guide and support population activities. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | EVALUATION | DATA COLLECTION | POPULATION | FUNDS | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | UN | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Communication
Document Number: 184565

10.
Title: The Cairo imperative: how ICPD forged a new population agenda for the coming decades.
Author: Sai FT
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :113-135.
Abstract: The remarkable originality and achievements of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), held in Cairo in September 1994, have sometimes been disregarded in the years since. Most fair-minded people acknowledge that ICPD succeeded in its main aims. But for those of us who participated in earlier population conferences and in the preparations for Cairo, it can be said to have succeeded beyond our wildest dreams -- in terms of its intent and programmatic content at least. In addition, it helped mobilize the population, health, women's rights and allied communities to shape a broad agenda for the population and related development fields for the next two decades. Of the three international conferences organized by the United Nations to help build world consensus on the need to address population issues, ICPD was by far the most successful, measured by numbers attending, levels and quality of delegates, international media attention, and the quality of the final consensus -- and an important watershed. After long preparation and vigorous debate, more than 180 countries agreed to adopt the 16-chapter ICPD Programme of Action. The 115-page document outlines a 20-year plan to promote sustainable, human-centred development and a stable population, framing the issues with broad principles and specific actions. The Cairo Programme of Action was not simply an updating of the World Population Plan of Action (WPPA), agreed to at Bucharest and revised at Mexico City, but an entirely fresh and original programme, calling for a major shift in strategies away from demographic goals and towards more individual human welfare and development ones. ICPD was the largest intergovernmental conference on population ever held: 11,000 representatives from governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), United Nations agencies and intergovernmental agencies participated, 4,000 NGOs held a parallel forum, and there was unprecedented media attention. ICPD was not just a single event, but an entire process culminating in the Cairo meeting. There were six expert group meetings, and regional conferences in Bali, Dakar, Geneva, Amman and Mexico City. There were many formal and informal NGO meetings and three official Preparatory Committee (PrepCom) meetings. Other crucial influences came from the 1987 Safe Motherhood Conference, the 1990 World Summit for Children, the 1990 Jomtien World Conference on Education for All, and the 1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | UN | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CATHOLICISM | ISLAM | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Organizations | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | International Agencies | Christianity | Religion
Document Number: 184561

11.
Title: Challenges remain but will be different.
Author: Sinding S; Seims S
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :137-150.
Abstract: This volume chronicles the remarkable success -- indeed, the reproductive revolution -- that has taken place over the last thirty years, in which the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has played such a major role. Our purpose in this chapter is to contrast the situation at the century's end with the one that existed at the time of UNFPA's creation thirty years ago, and to project from the current situation to the new challenges that lie ahead. In many respects, the successful completion of the fertility transition that is now so far advanced will bring an entirely new set of challenges, and these will require a fundamental rethinking about the future mandate, structure, staffing and programme of UNFPA in the twenty-first century. Our purpose here is to identify those challenges and speculate about their implications. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | RECOMMENDATIONS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | POPULATION | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | UN | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | BIRTH RATE | URBANIZATION | MORTALITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DECLINE | ATTITUDES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | Research Methodology | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Mortality | Fertility Changes | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 184562

12.
Title: UNFPA and the global conferences.
Author: Singh JS
Source: In: An agenda for people: the UNFPA through three decades, edited by Nafis Sadik. New York, New York, New York University Press, 2002. :152-174.
Abstract: This document outlines the UNFPA's stance and involvement � financially and politically � in global conferences including those focusing on women (Mexico City, 1975; Copenhagen, 1980; Nairobi, 1985; and Beijing, 1995), and other issues related to the world�s population.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | POPULATION | POPULATION POLICY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | UN | FUNDS | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Financial Activities
Document Number: 184563

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Early pregnancy termination with vaginal misoprostol before and after 42 days gestation.
Author: Zikopoulos KA; Papanikolaou EG; Kalantaridou SN; Tsanadis GD; Plachouras NI
Source: Human Reproduction. 2002;17(12):3079-3083.
Abstract: Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue that has been used for medical abortion. We conducted this prospective study to compare the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol for abortion in women at a gestational age of <42 days and in women at a gestational age of 42�56 days. A total of 160 women seeking medical termination of a pregnancy of < 56 days were enrolled in the study. Medical termination was performed using 800 �g of vaginal misoprostol, repeated every 24 h for a maximum of three doses. The overall complete abortion rate was 91.3%. In group A (gestation < 42 days) complete abortion occurred in 96.3% of women, whereas in group B (gestation = 42�56 days) complete abortion occurred in 86.3% of women (P < 0.025). The two groups did not differ significantly with respect to side-effects (incidence of pain, bleeding, nausea, diarrhoea, fever and headache). Women who had aborted successfully were significantly more satisfied with the method compared with women who did not (P < 0.001). The vaginal misoprostol-alone regimen is highly effective for women seeking medical abortion of pregnancies of = 56 days. However, better efficacy may be achieved at a gestational age of < 42 days. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | MISOPROSTOL | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Drugs | Treatment | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 285222 Notification

15.
Title: The contraceptive revolution [editorial]
Author: Diczfalusy E
Source: Contraception. 2000 Jan;61(1):3-7.
Abstract: This article offers reflections on the contraceptive revolution and its historical impact. In the field of human procreation, the chain of revolutions was ushered into existence by the contraceptive revolution, which started in 1955. Its impact on history was enormous. The recognition that it is no longer mother nature but Homo sapiens that sets the boundaries between artificial and natural human procreation has shaken the foundations of the deterministic world view and opened the door to the new era of anthropocentric philosophy. In retrospect, it is clear that the introduction of steroidal contraception in 1959 and beyond is a major historical revolution--scientifically, medically, socially, and ethically. The contraceptive revolution gave rise to the revolution in reproductive health and gender equity. Worldwide contraceptive use by almost 1 billion couples creates a palpable demographic impact. To demonstrate its effect on demography, data from the years 1955, 1970, 2000, and 2030 are presented. Estimates reveal an impressive decline in fertility rates in all parts of the world. However, the revolution of contraception has ended. Because of its major health and social benefits, contraception has come to develop further in the next century. There is still a need for a new contraceptive revolution with a woman-centered agenda, which remains a challenge in the 21st century.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | Family Planning | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 148999

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Would women trust their partners to use a male pill?
Author: Glasier AF; Anakwe R; Everington D; Martin CW; van der Spuy Z
Source: Human Reproduction. 2000;15(3):646-649.
Abstract: Despite a renewed interest in the development of hormonal contraceptives for men, many discussions about the potential acceptability of a 'male pill' end by speculating whether women would trust their partners to use the method reliably. To determine the views of women, we undertook a survey of 1894 women attending family planning clinics in Scotland (450), China (900) and South Africa (544). In all centres over 65 % of women thought that the responsibility for contraception falls too much on women. More than 90% in South Africa and Scotland thought that a 'male pill' was a good idea, with Chinese women (71% in Hong Kong and 87% in Shanghai) only slightly less positive. Only 13 % of the total sample did not think that hormonal male contraception was a good idea and only 36 women (2% of the total) said that they would not trust their partner to use it. 78% of Scottish women, 71% of Shanghai women, and 78% of white women and 40% of black and coloured women in Cape Town thought that they would use the method. This survey should dispel the myth that women would not trust their partners to use a 'male pill' reliably and illustrates the potential market for the method. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | ASIANS | WOMEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Decision Making | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 185726

17.
Title: Implications of the 1996 Welfare and Immigration Reform Acts for U.S. immigration.
Author: Espenshade TJ; Baraka JL; Huber GA
Source: POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW. 1997 Dec;23(4):769-801, 929-30, 932.
Abstract: The authors assess the impact of the U.S. welfare and immigration reforms enacted in 1996. They "suggest that these reforms will produce unintended, and possibly undesirable, consequences. They argue in particular that the 1996 reform measures, instead of preserving legal immigration and discouraging illegal immigration, are more likely to reduce the former and expand incentives for the latter. In addition, the Personal Responsibility Act creates added pressures for eligible legal immigrants to apply for U.S. citizenship. To the extent that higher rates of naturalization were unanticipated by reformers of welfare policy, the actual cost savings attributable to reduced benefits for noncitizens will be smaller than expected." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIAL WELFARE | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | NATIONALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 254856

18.
Title: Schooling and labor market consequences of the 1970 state abortion reforms.
Author: Angrist JD; Evans WN
Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER], 1996 Jan. 36, [15] p. (NBER Working Paper No. 5406)
Abstract: "This study uses the 1970 state abortion reforms to estimate the effect of teen and out-of-wedlock childbearing on the schooling and labor market outcomes of mothers observed in 1980 and 1990 [U.S.] Census microdata. Reduced-form estimates suggest that state abortion reforms had a negative impact on teen marriage, teen fertility, and teen out-of-wedlock childbearing. The teen marriage effects are largest and most precisely estimated for white women while the teen fertility and out-of-wedlock childbearing effects are largest and most precisely estimated for black women." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | WHITES | BLACKS | ILLEGITIMACY | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Social Problems
Document Number: 251275 Notification

19.
Title: The pace of family building in modern China.
Author: Choe MK; Wu J; Zhang R; Guo F
Source: In: China: the many facets of demographic change, edited by Alice Goldstein and Feng Wang. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1996. :135-49.
Abstract: This monograph chapter examines the impact of Chinese state policies on marriage and fertility and the impact of socioeconomic conditions on trends in age at first marriage and first birth intervals. Data were obtained from the 1987 In-Depth Fertility Survey in Beijing municipality and the provinces of Liaoning, Shandong, Guangdong, Gansu, and Guizhou. Analysis is limited to ever married women who married before the age of 30 years and to marriages occurring between 1966 and 1985 in 5-year groups by province and urban/rural residence. Findings indicate that in the 1966-70 cohort marriage age was low in Gansu, high in Beijing, and intermediate elsewhere. Marriage age increased in the 1976-80 cohort and then decreased in subsequent cohorts. Regional differences persisted. Estimated first birth intervals by life table method indicate that 25% of women had their first birth within 12 months of first marriage. The widest variation in intervals between urban and rural women was that among women with intervals of 17-35 months. There were shorter first birth intervals, regardless of the reversal in the pattern of age at first marriage. Areas with younger age at first marriage had longer first birth intervals. The shortened first birth interval is attributed to increased fecundability after marriage. A very high proportion of women had a first birth within 60 months of marriage. The proportion of women who had a first birth within 18 months increased with time in urban and rural areas of all provinces except urban Beijing. In urban and rural Beijing there was evidence of delayed childbearing. Logistic analysis reveals that first birth intervals (within 18 months) among urban Beijing women who married during 1981-85 were significantly affected by women's education, place of residence after marriage, and women's role in mate selection. In rural Beijing intervals were related to year of marriage and living with own parents after marriage.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | MARRIAGE AGE | FIRST BIRTH INTERVALS | POPULATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Birth Intervals | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Economic Factors
Document Number: 118273

20.
Title: Family planning in the Solomon Islands [letter]
Author: Saint-Yves IF
Source: AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1996 Jun;20(3):321.
Abstract: This letter comments on some of the early history of the Solomon Islands Planned Parenthood Association (SIPPA). In 1973, the organization, then known as the Family Planning Association, provided information from its sole office in Honiara, Guadalcanal; its chief administrative officer was Mrs. Smith. She was replaced by the author's wife, Margot, who was experienced as a training officer for the New South Wales branch of the Family Planning Association of Australia, and the organization officially received its current designation. A song, "S-I-P-P-A", was written and broadcast on SIBS, and the author designed a logo (a female Nsu-Nsu carrying a child in her arms) for the organization. SIPPA expanded with local volunteers, many from the malaria eradication program. Although initial efforts concentrated on providing information and education, clinics, which were staffed by hospital physicians working voluntarily, opened in Honiara. SIPPA met with some opposition from the Catholic Church, local politicians (especially on Malaita), and the British colonial government, which threatened to deport Margot for sending SIPPA literature through the post. Edward Kingmele, the first chief administrative officer from the Solomon Islands, replaced Margot as the final step to full localization. Margot persuaded the International Planned Parenthood Federation to provide funds and a Toyota Land Cruiser. When the author and his wife left in 1976, SIPPA was very active on Guadalcanal, Malaita and in the Western District, and was well known on Choiseul and in the Eastern District. In 1976, the author estimated the annual population growth rate to be 2.6% in his MD thesis on population dynamics and the progress of the malaria eradication program; in 1986, it had risen to 3.5%.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOLOMON ISLANDS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | OBSTACLES | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | POPULATION GROWTH | Developing Countries | Oceania | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 116892

21.
Title: [East-West migration in Europe 1918-1992] Migracije istok-zapad u Europi od 1918-92.
Author: Fassmann H; Munz R
Source: MIGRACIJSKE TEME/MIGRATION THEMES. 1995 Mar;11(1):53-87.
Abstract: "The paper [analyzes] available demographic data on international migration within and to Europe during the periods 1918-39 and 1945-92. The main focus is on the East-West dimension of this migration. In the inter-war period some 9.2 million people either left their countries as labour migrants or were displaced.... In the post-war period (1945-50) some 15.4 million people fled or were displaced within Europe. Most of them moved or were forced to move westwards.... In recent times the wars in Croatia and Bosnia as well as ethnic cleansing have led to the largest wave of refugees and displaced persons since 1945.... The paper argues that push and pull factors causing massive migration cannot...be contained by erecting new legislative barriers and deploying more armed guards against newcomers." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Language: Croatian
Keywords:
EUROPE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ORIGIN | DESTINATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | REFUGEES | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | MIGRATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning
Document Number: 254451

22.
Title: [Control of population growth in China] A nepessegnovekedes ellenorzese Kinaban.
Author: Gyula J
Source: STATISZTIKAI SZEMLE. 1995 Aug-Sep;73(8-9):726-34.
Abstract: "By way of introduction the study outlines the serious problems caused by the huge mass of population, and the problems associated with the strict birth control introduced by [the] Chinese government. The prevailing administrative methods, previously applied under the conditions of centralised planned economy, have lost much of their effectiveness in the developing market economy. The author analyses what other methods might be applied, in addition to (sometimes instead of) those referred [to] above, being in line with the market and based on the interests of families and communities." (SUMMARY IN ENG) (EXCERPT)
Language: Hungarian
Keywords:
CHINA | POPULATION PRESSURE | ANTINATALIST POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Economic Factors
Document Number: 250642

23.
Title: Singapore's "three or more" policy: the first five years.
Author: Yap MT
Source: ASIA-PACIFIC POPULATION JOURNAL. 1995 Dec;10(4):39-52.
Abstract: "Although this article does not attempt a full evaluation of the `selectively pro-natalist' national population policy of Singapore, it does bring out some indicative findings useful for assessing the effects of the policy on fertility. It finds that, while the new policy has succeeded in increasing the annual number of births, the total fertility rate still remains under two children per woman." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
SINGAPORE | POPULATION POLICY | PRONATALIST POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developed Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 251062

24.
Title: Towards a comprehensive population policy: a review of population policies in Kenya.
Author: Arum G; Shah WP
Source: Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Energy and Environment Organizations, Policy and Planning Department, 1994 Jan. v, 50 p. (KENGO Policy Study Series. Occasional Paper No. 2)
Abstract: This is a study on "Kenyan population policies which is expected to provide an evaluative critique of the impact of national population policies in Kenya upon grassroots populations, and especially upon women and the environment....The overall purpose is to identify a number of the major constraints in the population control policy by focusing on the linkages between demographic factors and socio-economic realities." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | POPULATION POLICY | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | ENVIRONMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Economic Development
Document Number: 253529

25.
Title: Child care, infant mortality and the impact of legislation: the case of Florence's foundling hospital, 1840-1940.
Author: Viazzo PP; Bortolotto M; Zanotto A
Source: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE. 1994 Aug;9(2):243-69.
Abstract: "This article analyses the evolution of infant mortality at Florence's foundling hospital from the mid-nineteenth century to the Second World War in order to shed some light on the vexed question of the impact of legislative measures on infant mortality [in Italy]. It shows that, contrary to what had been previously assumed, the major restrictions imposed on child abandonment in 1875 through the abolition of the 'wheel' (the revolving box whereby infants were anonymously introduced into foundling hospitals) had limited effects on the levels and trends of infant mortality. Later pieces of local and national legislation proved, however, decisive in starting a rapid and irreversible process of decline." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER) (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | INFANT MORTALITY | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | LEGISLATION | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PUBLIC HEALTH | SOCIAL POLICY | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Policy | Family and Household
Document Number: 241589

26.
Title: Emerging issues of low performance in FP programme: the case of India.
Author: Das NP
Source: [Unpublished] 1993. Presented at the Workshop on Demographic Transition and Development Alternatives, Jaipur, India, November 26-27, 1993. [7] p.
Abstract: The impact of over four decades of efforts to contain the population growth in India through curtailment of birth rate is well below expectations. The birth rate is still high and has remained almost stationary around 31-32/1000 population during the last 5 years. Two main issues emerging of the Indian Family Planning (FP) Programme include: 1) the acceptance rate is not high enough to bring down the country's birth rate to the desired level; and 2) there is no corresponding decline in birth rate, in spite of an increase in crude population rate. As such, this paper discusses program and non-program factors at the policy-making levels and service-providing levels that affect the acceptance of FP method. These are: greater reliance on terminal methods, poor quality of services, weak demand for contraception, gap between knowledge and practice, biased incentive scheme, lack of men's involvement, horizontal linkages, role of nongovernmental organizations, high infant and child mortality, son preference, low female status, and lack of focused approach. Other issues that need to be studied and addressed to optimize the adoption and continuity of contraception include withdrawal of method targets, identification of specific target groups, quality of services, generation of demand for contraception, and strengthening of non-family planning approaches.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | POPULATION GROWTH | BIRTH RATE | POPULATION CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Program Evaluation
Document Number: 163209

27.
Title: Immigration policy and immigrant quality: empirical evidence from Canada.
Author: Wright RE; Maxim PS
Source: JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS. 1993;6(4):337-52.
Abstract: "This paper examines the earnings of foreign-born and native-born men [in Canada] in an attempt to evaluate whether the decline in the quality [based on earnings] of Canadian immigrants is related to changes in the country-of-origin mix and the class (type) mix of immigrants....The analysis consists of two parts. The first part is based on individual data on earnings and socio-economic characteristics collected in the 1971 and 1986 Canadian Censuses....In the second part of the analysis, additional regression equations are estimated, pertaining to the period 1968 to 1985, that relate these Census-based measures of immigrant quality to the country-of-origin and class mix of immigrants." The impact of changes brought about by the 1967 restructuring of the Canadian immigration system is analyzed. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | MIGRANTS | NATIVE-BORN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ORIGIN | SOCIAL CLASS | MIGRATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | MEN | CHANGES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Social Change
Document Number: 239580

28.
Title: [The impact of contraception on fertility] L'effet de la contraception sur la fecondite.
Author: Morocco. Direction de la Statistique. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Demographiques [CERED]
Source: Rabat, Morocco, Direction de la Statistique, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Demographiques [CERED], 1992 Oct. 42 p.
Abstract: The impact of current levels of contraceptive practice on fertility in Morocco is analyzed using methods developed by John Bongaarts and data from recent fertility surveys, including the 1979-1980 National Fertility and Family Planning Survey, the 1983-1984 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, and the 1987 National Survey on Family Planning, Fertility, and Health. The report examines fertility trends over the period 1966-1987 and fertility determinants, the development of organized family planning activities in the country, and the demographic impact of family planning programs. The report concludes that the total fertility rate declined from 5.91 in 1980 to 4.46 in 1987 and that organized family planning efforts have made a major contribution to this decline.
Language: French
Keywords:
MOROCCO | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 237009

29.
Title: Ethnicity and fertility differentials in Peninsular Malaysia: do policies matter?
Author: Govindasamy P; DaVanzo J
Source: POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW. 1992 Jun;18(2):243-67, 393, 395.
Abstract: Ethnic groups have had differing demographic responses to economic and population policies in peninsular Malaysia. Of 14 million inhabitants in 1988, 58% were Malay, 32% Chinese, and 10% India. While the national fertility rate began falling in the late 1950s, this trend was not uniform over these main ethnic groups. Although the total fertility rate (TFR) for Chinese and Indians steadily declines, the TFR for the Malay population leveled off in the mid 1970s. The TFR for Malays reversed from being the lowest among the three ethnic groups in the 1950s to become the highest; the gap between Malay and non-Malay population growth rates has steadily widened since the mid 1970s. Analysis of micro-level data from the first and second Malaysian Family Life surveys of 1976 and 1988 indicate that the New Economic and New Population Policies reduced desired fertility for Chinese and Indians, but had a modest pronatalist effect upon Malays. These results clearly demonstrate that differential response to broad-based population policies may change the ethnic composition of populations. Moreover, if current policy remains in effect in peninsular Malaysia, current demographic trends will most likely persist.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | ETHNIC GROUPS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | POPULATION POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SOCIAL POLICY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Policy | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 081785

30.
Title: [Female sterilization in Ecuador: characteristics and impact on fertility, 1979-1989] La esterilizacion femenina en el Ecuador: caracteristicas e impacto en la fecundidad, 1979-1989.
Author: Ordonez Sotomayor J; Stupp PW; Monteith RS
Source: Quito, Ecuador, Centro de Estudios de Poblacion y Paternidad Responsable [CEPAR], 1992 Aug. 48 p.
Abstract: Data from the 1979 National Fertility Survey (ENF) and the 1989 Demographic and Maternal-Child Health Survey (ENDEMAIN) are the basis for this analysis of the role of sterilization in Ecuador's fertility decline and of the characteristics of women who undergo sterilization. The first of 4 sections describes Ecuador's fertility decline over the past 2 decades and compares contraceptive prevalence in 1979 and 1989. The middle sections examine characteristics of sterilization acceptors and satisfaction with the method, and the final section estimates the effect of sterilization on fertility and its possible future impact if current trends continue. Ecuador's total fertility rate declined from 7.1 to 3.8 during 1965-88, a 46% drop. The total fertility rate has consistently been lower in urban than rural areas, with the differences amounting to 2.1 children on average in 1964-69 and 1.9 children in 1984-89. Contraceptive prevalence increased by 57% during 1979-89. In rural areas, the prevalence rate increased from 22 to 40%. By 1989, 48% of women in union in the sierra and 58% on the coast used a method. During 1979-89, the proportions of contraceptive users among illiterate women and those with primary educations increased by 106 and 82%, respectively. Female sterilization, used by 18.3% of women in union in 1989, was the most used method. In 1989, sterilization was the choice of 22.4% of urban women, 12.8% of rural women, 12.7% of sierra women, 23.8% of coastal women, 13.2% of illiterte women, and 20.7% of women with complete primary education. Prevalence of sterilization increased with age, duration of union, and number of living children. In 1979, 56% of sterilized women had 5 or more children and 35% had 3-4 children. By 1989, 51% had 3-4 living children. Increases in the prevalence of sterilization during 1979-89 were concentrated in women aged over 30, women in union for more than 10 years, and women with 3 or more children. During 1979-89, the average number of living children among women undergoing sterilization declined only in urban areas and the coast. Sterilization was the first method used by 44% of all women undergoing the operation in 1989, but the porportion was 62% among rural women and 77% among illiterate women. 88% of sterilized women interviewed in the 1989 survey declared their satisfaction with the operation. Women aged 15-24 at the time of operation had the lowest level of reported satisfaction. 37% of women not desiring more children expressed interest in sterilization. Despite the significantly increased prevalence of sterilization, the estimated number of births averted per sterilization declined from .67 in 1979-84 to .64 in 1984-89. The decline occurred because of the increased use of reversible methods by nonsterilized women. A small reduction in fertility owing to female sterilization can be expected in the future if the sterilization rates by duration of union remain at the 1984-89 levels. But future fertility reductions are more likely to result from increased use of reversible methods.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
ECUADOR | FEMALE STERILIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTIVENESS | SATISFACTION | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility Measurements | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 093180


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