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Title: Use of and unmet need for injectable contraception.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] 2009 Jun 8. 12 p.
Abstract: Understanding trends in contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning is critical to creating policies which respond to current gaps in service delivery and address future needs for services to meet existing and unmet demand. Creating non clinic-based mechanisms to deliver services has the potential to expand access to underserved populations and reduce pressure on weak health systems. This document examines patterns of the current use of and unmet demand for injectable services. Trends in use of clinic and non clinic-based services for injectables, differentials in injectable use by place of residence, and potential negative consequences of increased use of injectables are explored. Information described in this paper is intended to inform the Technical Consultation on Expanding Access to Injectable Contraception. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331836

10.

Title: Success story: Bangladesh averts a stock crisis with help from the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Apr. [2] p. (USAID Deliver Project, Task Order 1)
Abstract: In the fall of 2007, the Ministry of Health in Bangladesh faced a severe shortage of condoms in the public sector; countrywide stockouts were very likely. A shipment was underway, but despite negotiated contracts, the supplier made some last minute changes that were unacceptable to the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). While the GoB and the supplier continued to negotiate, the condom supply dwindled. December 2007 approached, and the condom stocks continued to go down. It soon became clear that negotiations with the supplier were not going to be resolved in time to head off a countrywide stockout of public sector condoms. As always, the Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP) and the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT jointly monitored the consumption and pipeline for public sector products; the project kept the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and other partners informed of the potential stock issues. The USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, in discussions with DGFP and local stakeholders, pursued various options for alleviating this short-term problem, including moving up other procurement ship dates and borrowing supplies. These solutions, however, would not be enough to fill the gap in time. At this point, after the project alerted USAID to the potential stockout, they agreed to airlift 6 million condoms to Bangladesh-in time to prevent a stockout. The project worked closely with the DGFP, with USAID in Washington and in Dhaka, as well as with the Bangladesh Social Marketing Company (SMC) to get the condoms into the country and through the various tiers of the supply chain. SMC, a recipient of USAID-donated condoms, agreed to receive and clear the emergency condom donation-the shipment came into the country quickly, without any disruption. In just one month, Bangladesh had received the USAID-donated condoms in-country, and the condoms were on their way through the supply chain to the end user. This action successfully averted a full blown stockout and gave the government time to sort out issues with the supplier. The contract negotiation was eventually completed and the first shipment arrived in-country in March 2008. At the time of delivery, condoms were still available because fewer condoms than usual were distributed during the shortages.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPORTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Availability | Family Planning Program Administration | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 339992

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in Lesotho and implications for mother-to-child transmission.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78.
Abstract: In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26.4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3.5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15-49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | BIRTH SPACING | POVERTY | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331114

12.

Title: Wealth Index association with gender issues and the reproductive health of Egyptian women.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Nursing and Health Sciences. 2009 Mar;11(1):29-36.
Abstract: This study investigated the association of the Wealth Index of married women in Egypt with a number of gender and reproductive health issues found in the 2005 Egypt Demographic Health Survey. The data from a subsample of 5249 currently married women from a total of 19,474 was examined using logistic regression analysis. The women's lowest wealth quintile predicted the intention to continue female genital cutting for their daughters, exposure to physical and sexual marital violence, not being empowered in household decisions, having a higher number of children, having an unintended last child, mothers' maltreatment of their children, the perception of a lack of health-care providers or drugs as an obstacle to receiving care, and not being covered by health insurance. The association of poverty with the aforementioned adverse health outcomes are discussed. Physicians should understand the effect of poverty on health and endeavour to influence policy-makers to reduce the poverty burden on health.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | GENDER ISSUES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | POVERTY | ANTENATAL CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Economic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 342089

13.
Title: Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt.
Author: Afifi M
Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 Mar;12(2):154-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study aimed to (dis)prove the association of the level of women's empowerment with their future intention to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters. METHODS: In a national representative community-based sample of 14,393 currently-married women in Egypt, the level of empowerment, intention to continue the practice, and other socio- demographic variables were collected in the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Secondary in-depth analysis was conducted on data downloaded from MEASURE Demographic Health Surveys (MEASURE DHS) website.RESULTS: About 14% of the women intended to discontinue the practice. Twenty-six percent of the women were empowered in all household decisions. Levels of women's empowerment adjusted for age, residence, education, interaction between empowerment and education, work status, and female genital cutting status of currently-married women were entered in six logistic regression models in a sequential way.CONCLUSION: In the last model, those of high levels of empowerment and education were 8.06 times more likely not intending to perpetuate female genital cutting for their daughters than low- empowered low-educated women.
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | DECISION MAKING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | ATTITUDES | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342003

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Spousal violence and potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss in an African setting: cross-sectional study.
Author: Alio A; Nana PN; Salihu HM
Source: Lancet. 2009;373:318-324.
Abstract: Background Spousal violence is a global issue, with ramifications for the reproductive health of women. We aimed to investigate the effect of physical, sexual, and emotional violence on potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss. Methods We analysed data from the Cameroon Demographic Health Survey. In the violence module of this survey, women were questioned about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their spouses. Respondents were also asked about any stillbirths and spontaneous abortions. We measured risk for single and recurrent fetal loss with odds ratios, with adjustment for intracluster correlations as appropriate. We also estimated the proportion of preventable excess fetal loss at various levels of violence reduction. Findings 2562 women responded to the violence module. Those exposed to spousal violence (n=1307) were 50% more likely to experience at least one episode of fetal loss compared with women not exposed to abuse (odds ratio 1-5; 95% CI 1-3-1-8). Recurrent fetal mortality was associated with all forms of spousal violence, but emotional violence had the strongest association (1-7; 1-2-2-3). If the prevalence of spousal abuse could be reduced to 50%, 25%, or entirely eliminated, preventable excess recurrent fetal demise would be 17%, 25%, and 33%, respectively. Interpretation Spousal violence increases the likelihood of single and repeated fetal loss. A large proportion of risk for recurrent fetal mortality is attributable to spousal violence and, therefore, is potentially preventable. Our findings support the idea of routine prenatal screening for spousal violence in the African setting, a region with the highest rate of fetal death in the world.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Communication
Document Number: 340220

15.

Title: Intimate partner violence and contraception use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Alio AP; Daley EM; Nana PN; Duan J; Salihu HM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 28;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between contraceptive use and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Sub-Saharan African women. METHOD: The data analyzed were from national Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2006 in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Women of childbearing age completed surveys regarding the use of contraception and about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their partners. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 24311 women who responded to the violence modules, 39.8% reported that they had experienced IPV. Women who had experienced IPV were significantly more likely to report that they had used contraception compared with women who had not experienced IPV (odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.38). CONCLUSION: Intimate partner violence appears to be associated with increased contraception use in the African setting. Among women who have experienced IPV, modern contraception is used more commonly than traditional and folkloric contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTERVIEWS | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Violence | Behavior | Aggression
Document Number: 341449

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Knowledge of HIV status, sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive need among people living with HIV in Kenya and Malawi.
Author: Anand A; Shiraishi RW; Bunnell RE; Jacobs K; Solehdin N; Abdul-Quader AS; Marum LH; Muttunga JN; Kamoto K; Aberle-Grasse JM; Diaz T
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jun 17;
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Several studies support the need for effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). DESIGN:: Cross-sectional nationally representative demographic health survey of Kenya (2003) and Malawi (2004-2005) that included HIV testing for consenting adults. METHODS:: We analyzed demographic health survey data for awareness of HIV status and sexual behaviors of PLWHAs (Kenya: 412; Malawi: 664). The analysis was adjusted (weighted) for the design of the survey and the results are nationally representative. FINDINGS:: Eighty-four percent of PLWHAs in Kenya and 86% in Malawi had sex in the past 12 months and in each country, 10% reported using condoms at last intercourse. Among sexually active PLWHAs, 86% in Kenya and 96% in Malawi reported their spouse or cohabiting partner as their most recent partner. In multivariate logistic regression models, married or cohabiting PLWHAs were significantly more likely to be sexually active and less likely to use condoms. Over 80% of PLWHAs were unaware of their HIV status. Of HIV-infected women, nearly three-quarters did not want more children either within the next 2 years or ever, but 32% in Kenya and 20% in Malawi were using contraception. INTERPRETATION:: In 2003-2005, majority of PLWHAs in Kenya and Malawi were unaware of their HIV status and were sexually active, especially married or cohabiting PLWHAs. Of HIV-infected women not wanting more children, few used contraception. HIV testing should be expanded, prevention programs should target married or cohabiting couples and family planning services should be integrated with HIV services.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AWARENESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | HIV TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Fertility | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341748

17.

Title: Collective violence and attitudes of women toward intimate partner violence: evidence from the Niger Delta.
Author: Antai D; Antai J
Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2009 Jun 9;9(12):10 p.
Abstract: Background: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been undergoing collective violence for over 25 years, which has constituted a major public health problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the predictors of women's attitudes toward intimate partner violence in the Niger Delta in comparison to that of women in other parts of Nigeria. Methods: The 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was used for this study. Respondents were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure through which 3725 women were selected and interviewed. These women contributed 6029 live born children born to the survey. Internal consistency of the measure of the women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence against a woman was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (a). Percentage distributions of the relevant characteristics of the respondents were carried out, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the outcome and predictor variables were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and statistical significance was determined at the 95 percent confident interval level (CI). Results: Tolerance for intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger delta (47 percent) was higher than that of women from the rest of the country (42 percent). Rural residence, lower household wealth, lower status occupations, and media access (newspaper and radio) were associated with lower risk of justifying IPV among the women in the Niger Delta. In contrast full or partial autonomy in household decisions regarding food to be cooked, and access to television were associated with a lower risk of justifying violence. Conclusion: The increased justification of intimate partner violence among the women in the Niger Delta could be explained by a combination of factors, among which are cognitive dissonance theory (attitudes that do not fit with other opinions they hold as a means of coping with their situation), ecological theory (behaviour or attitudes being shaped by current factors in their neighbourhood, community or family), and gender-role attitudes. Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand women's attitudes toward violence in areas of conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ATTITUDES | WAR | VIOLENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 341880

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Faith and child survival: the role of religion in childhood immunization in Nigeria.
Author: Antai D
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):57-76.
Abstract: This study assessed the role of mother's religious affiliation in child immunization status of surviving children 12 months of age and older in Nigeria, using data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Guided by two competing hypotheses--the 'characteristics hypothesis' and the 'particularized theology hypothesis'--variations in the risks of child immunization in Nigeria were examined using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that religion plays a role in the risk of non-immunization; religion was not associated with the risk of partial immunization; however, religion was significantly associated with the reduced risk of full immunization.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | RELIGION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture
Document Number: 330568

19.

Title: Hormonal methods of contraception for youth. More effective strategies are needed to improve access and encourage consistent use.
Author: Aradhya K; Lebetkin E
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2009 May. [4] p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 30)
Abstract: Youth, defined here as people ages 10 to 24 years old, need better access to contraception. The decreasing age of menarche and increasing age of marriage have created an ever-widening window of time for premarital sexual intercourse and pregnancies. Hormonal methods of contraception -- including oral contraceptive pills, injectables, and implants -- are among the most effective methods of preventing unintended pregnancies. They are generally well known among youth and, as an alternative to condoms, allow a young woman to control her risk of pregnancy. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | YOUTH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | STIGMA | HEALTH FACILITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331499

20.

Title: Condom use for preventing STI/HIV and unintended pregnancy among young men in sub-saharan Africa.
Author: Bankhole A; Singh S; Hussain R; Oestreicher G
Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Mar;3(1):60-78.
Abstract: The condom is the only known method that provides simultaneous protection against unplanned pregnancy and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among sexually active people. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined condom use and reasons for using the method at last intercourse among sexually active young men aged 15 to 29. Most young men were aware of the condom (73%-98%), but its use at last intercourse was quite variable, ranging from 6% in Madagascar to 74% in Namibia. In 10 countries, more young men reportedly used condoms for preventing STIs alone than they did for preventing pregnancy alone. In 6 countries, at least one third of the users used the method for both purposes. Use of the condom at last intercourse was associated with union status, education, residence, and exposure to television in at least two thirds of the countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | YOUTH | MEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 329249

21.

Title: [Newborn babies' health in Rwanda: evolution of factors associated with neonatal mortality trends] La sante des nouveau-nes au Rwanda. Evolution des facteurs associes aux tendances
Author: Beck L
Source: Sante Publique. 2009 Mar-Apr;21(2):159-72.
Abstract: In spite of increasing attention for maternal and child health, neonatal mortality (before the age of one month) represents a significant part of infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Several demographic and health surveys show the lack of any major improvement since the 1980s in Rwanda, and despite some indication of minor improvement, any real progress has been countered by periods of aggravation of the situation. However, a noticeable decrease in neonatal mortality seems to have begun since the year 2000. This study describes the evolution of the determinants of neonatal mortality between 1980 and 2000 and the obstacles that hinder its sustainable decline. Regressive logistical analyses conducted with data on several different generations of newborns showed the persistence of some unfavourable factors and conditions, such as the short period of time between births of babies carried to term and premature births. Nevertheless, although the conditions for pregnancy and delivery are still insufficient, the quality of pre-natal and newborn care seems to be improving.
Language: French
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | NEONATAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | NEEDS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342436

22.

Title: Patterns and trends in adolescents' contraceptive use and discontinuation in developing countries and comparisons with adult women.
Author: Blanc AK; Tsui AO; Croft TN; Trevitt JL
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):63-71.
Abstract: Demographic and Health Survey data from more than 40 countries were used to examine the proportions of 15- to 19-year-old women who are currently married or are unmarried but sexually active; their rates of contraceptive adoption, current use, discontinuation, method switching and contraceptive failure; trends in these indicators; and comparisons with older women. In many countries, the proportion of adolescent women using contraceptives increased substantially over the last two decades. Prevalence among adolescents increased faster than among older women. Greater proportions of adolescents than of older women discontinued using a contraceptive method within a year or experienced contraceptive failure. The authors conclude that expanded demand for contraceptive supplies, services, and information can be expected to challenge the preparedness, capacity, and resources of existing family planning programs and providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | OLDER ADULTS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Adults | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 342143

23.

Title: Individual- and community-level determinants of social acceptance of people living with HIV in Kenya: Results from a national population-based survey.
Author: Chiao C; Mishra V; Sambisa W
Source: Health and Place. 2009 Sep;15(3):742-750.
Abstract: Using the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the influence of individual- and community-level factors on accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV (PLHIV) using three outcomes: (1) willingness to care for an infected household member, (2) willingness to buy vegetables from an infected vendor, and (3) willingness to allow an infected female teacher to continue teaching. In multilevel logistic regression models, we found that individuals who expressed greater acceptance of PLHIV were more likely to be male, older, more educated, high AIDS knowledge, and exposed to mass media. At the community level, differences in accepting attitudes were associated with community AIDS knowledge, community education, and community AIDS experience, but not for region, or place of residence. The findings suggest the important role of community factors in determining social acceptance of PLHIV. Programmatic strategies aimed at increasing these accepting attitudes should consider both individual- and community-level factors.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | TEACHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Decision Making | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 341072

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in primary and secondary abstinence among Kenyan youth.
Author: Chiao C; Mishra V
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Jul;Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Demographic and Health Research Division, MEASURE DHS, 2007 Nov. 21(7):881-892. 15 p. (DHS Working Papers No. 36USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00)
Abstract: The authors used data from Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys in 1993, 1998, and 2003 to examine 10-year trends in primary and secondary abstinence among never-married youth ages 15�24 and to explore the role of HIV prevention knowledge, schooling, and contextual factors in affecting their abstinence behaviors. Their analysis shows that both primary and secondary abstinence levels have risen in the past 10 years, with the abstinence levels higher among females than among males. Logistic regression models indicate that knowledge that abstinence can prevent HIV infection was positively associated with the likelihood of practicing abstinence. However, knowledge that condom use can prevent HIV infection was associated with lower abstinence practice. In-school youth were more likely to abstain from sex than those working. Effects of the contextual variables were only significant on the likelihood of primary abstinence among female youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ABSTINENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Schools | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 322987

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Utilization of skilled birth attendants in public and private sectors in Vietnam.
Author: Do M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):289-308.
Abstract: The private sector in health care in Vietnam has been increasingly competing with the government in primary health care services. However, little is known about the use of skilled birth attendance or about choice of public and private sectors among those who opt for skilled attendants. Using data from the Vietnam 2002 Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines factors related to women's decision-making of whether to have a skilled birth attendant at a recent childbirth, and if they did, whether it was a public or private sector provider. The study indicates that the use of the private sector for delivery services was significant. Women's household wealth, education, antenatal care and community's wealth were positively related to skilled birth attendance, while ethnicity and order of childbirth were negatively related. Order of childbirth was positively associated with skilled birth attendance in the private sector. Among service environment factors, increased access to public sector health centres was associated with an increased likelihood of skilled birth attendance in general, but a lowered chance of that in the private sector. Further studies are needed to assess the current situation in the private sector, the demand for delivery services in the private sector, and its readiness to provide quality services.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CHILDBIRTH | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC SECTOR | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 341399

26.

Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviour: have information campaigns reduced HIV infection? The case of Kenya.
Author: Frolich M; Vazquez-Alvarez R
Source: African Development Review. 2009 Apr;21(1):86-146.
Abstract: AIDS continues to have a devastating effect on developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of a proven effective vaccine to stop HIV transmission has led to much of public policy putting an emphasis on information campaigns in order to reduce HIV-prevalence. In this paper we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS-knowledge from two sides. First, we examine to what extent the campaigns have been successful at inducing the expected behavioural change with regards to HIV-related attitudes. Second, we examine the impact of HIV/AIDS knowledge on HIV status. The basic policy issue can be expressed as follows: even if individuals have acquired sufficient and necessary information on the basic facts about AIDS, factors such as innate risk attitudes or cultural background could undermine the effects of the campaigns. Using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2003) we elicit empirical evidence on the relation between declared HIV/AIDS-knowledge, behavioural attitudes related to HIV/AIDS situations and the relation between knowledge and observed HIV-status. Overall, our empirical findings suggest that information campaigns have been effective at equipping the adult population in Kenya with the required knowledge to avoid becoming HIV-positive. However, when HIV-status is measured objectively we find that the relation between correctly declared attitudes and actual behaviour is only statistically significant for females who have arrived into sexuality late enough to benefit from such campaigns: it is for these females that the impact of the information campaigns has been to statistically reduce the probability of becoming HIV positive, as intended. In the case of males we find that there is no statistical relation between either knowledge or timing of the information campaigns and a positive HIV status. Nevertheless, another important finding refers to the selection bias induced by males who are sampled randomly but decline to take the HIV test. The consequences of this bias are twofold; first, the estimated policy parameters for males should be interpreted with caution, but more importantly, estimating the population level HIV-prevalence for Kenyan males based on the DHS implies underestimating the true and unknown prevalence rate. Our analysis controls for individual characteristics, selection bias and endogeneity effects, thus allowing us to make inferences for the full population and with regards to policy implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PREVALENCE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | INFORMATION | CAMPAIGNS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341877

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sex ratio at birth and family composition in sub-saharan Africa: inter-couple variations.
Author: Garenne M
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):399-407.
Abstract: In this study, sex ratios at birth (male/female births) were found to vary according to family composition. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) maternity histories from sub-Saharan Africa, the study shows that the sex ratio at birth increases with the number of previous male births and decreases with the number of previous female births. For families with only males, the sex ratio increases from 1.046 for the first birth to 1.083 for the 8th birth. For families with only females, the sex ratio decreases from 1.046 for the first birth to 0.942 for the 8th birth. The differences were highly significant when tested with a linear logistic model (p=0.018 for males; p=1.85 x 10(-11) for females). The effect was not symmetrical, and was found to be significantly stronger for females. These effects could be reproduced assuming a strong heterogeneity between couples. The distribution of sex ratios was fitted with an asymmetrical log-gamma function, which revealed a wide range of variation in the sex ratio between 0.50 and 1.30, and a peak around 1.14. The results and their implications are discussed in the light of former findings in France and in the United States of America.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COUPLES | SEX RATIO | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | BIRTH HISTORY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 341403

28.

Title: Determinants of HIV knowledge and condom use among women in Madagascar: an analysis using matched household and community data.
Author: Glick P; Randriamamonjy J; Sahn DE
Source: African Development Review. 2009 Apr;21(1):147-179.
Abstract: The authors estimated the determinants of HIV/AIDS knowledge and related behavior (use of condoms) among women in Madagascar, a country where prevalence remains low but conditions are ripe for a rapid increase in infections. In both rural and urban areas, more educated and wealthier women are more likely to know about means of preventing infection, less likely to have misconceptions about transmission, and more likely to use condoms. Community factors such as availability of health centers and access to roads also are associated with greater HIV knowledge. However, most of the large rural-urban difference in mean knowledge is due not to location per se but to differences in schooling and wealth; rather than simply being geographically targeted, AIDS education efforts must be designed to target and be understood by uneducated and poor subpopulations.
Language: English
Keywords:
MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | QUESTIONNAIRES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MISINFORMATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 341878

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behavior change in countries with generalised HIV epidemics? Evidence from population-based cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Gregson S; Todd J; Zaba B
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i1-i2.
Abstract: This introductory article describes the contents of the current issue which presents 10 recent analyses of sexual behaviour data from longitudinal studies in five countries-Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa- experiencing different sizes and stages of the HIV epidemic. The results provide valuable information for use in evaluating trends in HIV epidemics and the impact of HIV prevention programmes. An underlying purpose of this is to highlight appropriate methods and to encourage better analysis and presentation of sexual behaviour data, especially as they relate to HIV and HIV prevention.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | HIV TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMICS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SURVIVORSHIP | RISK FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Length of Life | Mortality | Health
Document Number: 340100

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fragile, threatened, and still urgently needed: family planning programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Jacobstein R; Bakamjian L; Pile JM; Wickstrom J
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):147-154.
Abstract: Many family planning (FP) programs in sub-Saharan Africa are fragile; recent performance has fallen off and future performance is challenged. Yet robust and wellfunctioning FP programs are still urgently needed if countries are to meet their health, equity, poverty-alleviation, and economic development goals. In support of these observations, we present data on FP parameters in sub- Saharan Africa overall and in eight of its countries, including Nigeria, the most populous African country; Kenya, a long-time leader in FP in the region; and Uganda, with fertility among the highest in Africa and a population projected to more than triple in the next 40 years to become sub-Saharan Africa's fourth-most-populous country. We also draw upon findings of individual case studies of the contraceptive programs of Ghana (Solo et al. 2005c), Malawi (Solo et al. 2005a), Senegal (Wickstrom et al. 2006), Tanzania (Pile and Simbakalia 2006), and Zambia (Solo et al. 2005b), as well as a synthesis of some of these case studies (ACQUIRE Project 2005). All eight of these countries, which together comprise 40 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, are facing the same difficult dynamics in terms of threat and need.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DECENTRALIZATION | FUNDS | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Contraception | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 341898


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