1.  Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Baldwin W; Diers J Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13) Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331433 |
| 2. Title: Reforming marriage practices in Bangladesh. Author: Amin S Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008 Jan. [4] p. (Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief No. 31) Abstract: Marriage customs in Bangladesh vary by region, complicating national-level efforts to eliminate some of the more harmful practices, such as early marriage and dowry demands, that undermine the status of women. Efforts to reform such a complex and multidimensional institution as marriage must consider economic concerns, social traditions, and social activism. Dowry demands-in addition to exacting an intolerable financial toll on poor households-have in extreme cases led to gruesome crimes, such as murder or assaults on women whose families could not meet escalating dowry costs. Early marriage-often involving girls as young as 10-has been widely recognized in Bangladesh and elsewhere as a human rights offense. The Bangladesh penal code includes many sanctions against harmful marriage practices: The Child Marriage Restraint Act dates back to 1921; dowry payments were first banned in 1980, and sanctions were further strengthened in 1985. Men who ask for dowry at marriage can face fines and imprisonment. Yet because both age at marriage and dowry are related to competitive processes in the marriage market, the brute force approach of legal bans and sanctions has not proven sufficient to curtail these harmful practices. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | CHILD MARRIAGE | DOWRY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326789 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Perturbation analysis of nonlinear matrix population models. Author: Caswell H Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar;18(3):59-116. Abstract: Perturbation analysis examines the response of a model to changes in its parameters. It is commonly applied to population growth rates calculated from linear models, but there has been no general approach to the analysis of nonlinear models. Nonlinearities in demographic models may arise due to density-dependence, frequency-dependence (in 2-sex models), feedback through the environment or the economy, and recruitment subsidy due to immigration, or from the scaling inherent in calculations of proportional population structure. This paper uses matrix calculus to derive the sensitivity and elasticity of equilibria, cycles, ratios (e.g., dependency ratios), age averages and variances, temporal averages and variances, life expectancies, and population growth rates, for both age-classified and stage-classified models. Examples are presented, applying the results to both human and non-human populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MASSACHUSETTS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | ENVIRONMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Estimation Techniques | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 325250 |
| 4. Title: Beyond incomes: A new take on the "feminisation of poverty". Author: Chant S Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):26-27. Abstract: The 'feminisation of poverty' has traditionally been viewed as a global phenomenon, and associated with three apparently intuitive notions. These are first, that women are poorer than men; second, that the incidence of poverty among women is increasing relative to men over time, and third, that growing poverty among women is linked with the 'feminisation' of household headship. While a now quite substantial body of research has cast doubt on the last of these assumptions, the other two are still treated as somewhat self-evident. This is despite serious conceptual and/or empirical problems with both. For example, the first assertion-that women are poorer than men-is static, and therefore anomalous within a construct whose very nomenclature implies dynamism. While the latter is highlighted in the second tenet, it is virtually impossible to establish whether gender gaps in poverty are widening given a dearth of sex-disaggregated panel data. On top of this, no consistent trend in this direction is verified by the limited statistical evidence actually available. Beyond these caveats, there is arguably a bigger problem still with the 'feminisation of poverty', namely its implicit emphasis on incomes. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | HOME ECONOMICS | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323227 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Teenage pregnancy--causes and concerns. Author: Gupta N; Jain S Source: Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2008 Aug;106(8):516, 518-9. Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy is alarmingly common in India. These young girls face considerable health risks due to higher maternal and perinatal mortality. Early child bearing is not only a health problem for mother and child but is also associated with serious socio-economic and demographic implications as well. In developing countries 20% to 60% of young women's pregnancies and births are unintended, most coming sooner than planned. In India some demographers have estimated that if marriages were postponed from the age of 16 to 20 years, the number of births would decrease by 20 to 30 per-cent. That is the reason one of the socio-demographic goals set by national population policy, 2000 is to promote delayed marriages for girls, not earlier than age of 18 years and preferably after 20 years of age. It is important to maximise utilisation of prenatal, intranatal and postnatal care services among adolescent mothers. Lastly, it is important to improve the heamoglobin status and nutrition and empower our girls by educating them and making them aware of disadvantages of anaemia, early marriage and also of legal laws against teenage marriages. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVALENCE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | CHILD MARRIAGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Biology | Measurement | Marriage | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329138 |
6.  Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility decline driven by poverty: the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Author: Gurmu E; Mace R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jan;:[20] p. Abstract: Demographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis Ababa (TFR=1.9) where contraceptive prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility. Detailed socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 2976 women of reproductive age (i.e. 15-49 years) residing in Addis Ababa were collected during the first quarter of 2003 using an event history calendar and individual women questionnaire. Controlling for the confounding effects of maternal birth cohort, education, marital status and accessible income level, the poor (those who have access to less than a dollar per day or 250 birr a month) were observed to elongate the timing of having first and second births, while relatively better-off women were found to have shorter birth intervals. Results were also the same among the ever-married women only model. More than 50% of women currently in their 20s are also predicted to fail to reproduce as most of the unmarried men and women are 'retreating from marriage' due to economic stress. Qualitative information collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews also supports the statistical findings that poverty is at the root of this collapse in fertility. Whilst across countries wealth and fertility have been negatively correlated, this study shows that within one uniform population the relationship is clearly positive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FOCUS GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EVER MARRIED | POVERTY | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMINE | DROUGHT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Water Supply Document Number: 308629 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimating the number of HIV infections averted: an approach and its issues. Author: Heaton LM; Komatsu R; Low-Beer D; Fowler TB; Way PO Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008;84(Suppl 1):i92-i96. Abstract: The object was to propose a methodology to estimate the number of new HIV infections averted. Knowledge of HIV infection has increased tremendously and modelling tools to project current epidemics into the future have greatly improved. Different types of models can be used to estimate HIV infections averted, although the number of new HIV infections averted cannot be measured directly. Using cohort-component population projections, a disease modelling-based approach was used to compare the observed epidemiology of a disease after programme initiation with an expected epidemiology from past trends before programme initiation. The concept of modelling infections averted in a disease modelling-based approach involves a comparison between an "expected" or baseline epidemic with an "estimated" one. A hypothetical example was featured in order to demonstrate the proposed methodology. Using both the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and the Spectrum demographic modelling program, the underlying annual incidence levels implied by both the baseline and estimated epidemics were examined. The difference between baseline and estimated incidence levels is interpreted as "infections averted". Strengths and limitations of the approach are discussed. In this study an expected epidemiological approach was compared to one based on observation. Once sufficient data become available, the validation of various country data including HIV prevalence, mortality, and behaviour must be done. Additional information related to behaviour change may be critical to further support arguments for a change in disease trend. It is therefore important to use all available data, consequently strengthening findings from a disease modelling-based approach on HIV infections averted. Language: English Keywords: METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | BASELINE SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ADULTS | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | POPULATION PROJECTION | INCIDENCE | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Theoretical Models | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 323042 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi. Author: Jahn A; Floyd S; Mwinuka V; Mwafilaso J; Mwagomba D Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):129-138. Abstract: The objective was to assess factors related to recorded vaccine uptake, which may confound the evaluation of vaccine impact. Analysis of documented vaccination histories of children under 5 years and demographic and socio-economic characteristics collected by a demographic surveillance system in Karonga District, Malawi. Associations between deviations from the standard vaccination schedule and characteristics that are likely to be associated with increased mortality were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Approximately 78% of children aged 6-23 months had a vaccination document, declining to less than 50% by 5 years of age. Living closer to an under-5 clinic, having a better educated father, and both parents being alive were associated with having a vaccination document. For a small percentage of children, vaccination records were incomplete and/or faulty. Vaccination uptake was high overall, but delayed among children living further from the nearest under-5 clinic or from poorer socio-economic backgrounds. Approximately 9% of children had received their last dose of DPT with or after measles vaccine. These children were from relatively less educated parents, and were more likely to have been born outside the health services. Though overall coverage in this community was high and variation in coverage according to child or parental characteristics small, there was strong evidence of more timely coverage among children from better socio-economic conditions and among those who lived closer to health facilities. These factors are likely to be strong confounders in the association of vaccinations with mortality, and may offer an alternative explanation for the non-specific mortality impact of vaccines described by other studies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DISTANCE EDUCATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Education Document Number: 324760 |
| 9. Title: Marriage patterns in Palestine. Author: Jarallah Y Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Oct. 6 p. (MENA Working Paper Series) Abstract: Marriage patterns in Palestine are unique compared with other countries in the region. Although most countries in the Middle East and North Africa are experiencing an increase in the age at marriage, early marriage in Palestine continues to be relatively high. About one in 10 Palestinian women ages 15 to 19 is married. Yet, an increasing number of women are delaying marriage and remaining single. In a society that favors marriage and children, it is essential to understand and address the needs of single women. Language: English Keywords: WEST BANK | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EVER MARRIED | NEVER MARRIED | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE AGE | ATTITUDES | CHILD MARRIAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | HOME ECONOMICS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Child Rearing Document Number: 323120 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Natural increase: a new source of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations in the United States. Author: Johnson KM; Lichter DT Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):327-346. Abstract: Updated US Census Bureau estimates and race/ethnic-specific birth and death data for the post-2000 period are used to highlight the increasing role of natural increase as an engine of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations. Newly emerging Hispanic growth areas are distinguished from established and high-growth areas from the 1990s. The findings document that recent Hispanic population gains have been generated increasingly by natural increase -- the excess of Hispanic births over deaths. Hispanics accounted for 46 percent of the population gain and 53 percent of the natural increase in nonmetro America in 2000-2005. Yet, Hispanics represented only 5.4 percent of the nonmetro population in 2000. In metro areas, they accounted for 50 percent of the population gain and 47 percent of the natural increase, although they comprised only 14 percent of the metro population. Current trends suggest that the ascendancy of the US Hispanic population is likely to continue unabated, whether restrictive immigration legislation is enacted or not. The growth of the Hispanic population, caused increasingly by natural increase, has taken on a demographic momentum of its own. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | NATURAL INCREASE | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327376 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Decrease in sex difference in premature mortality during system transformation in Poland. Author: Kolodziej H; Lopuszanska M; Jankowska EA Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Mar;40(2):297-312. Abstract: In recent years, sex differences in mortality have followed diverse patterns of change in developed countries. As there is no analogous evidence from Poland, the aim of this study was to describe the pattern of change in excess male mortality among Polish inhabitants aged 35-64 during 1995-2002, when the major socioeconomic transformation occurred, and compare it with sex differences in mortality observed in the late 1980s. During the study period, excess male mortality decreased significantly, independently of age and educational level. The reduction in mortality was observed in both sexes, but its magnitude was greater in men. These changes resulted mainly from a reduction in mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in males and a concomitant increase in mortality rates due to lung cancer and suicides in females. Although, in general, excess male mortality decreased, social gradients related to this phenomenon increased. Subjects (in particularly men) who had graduated from university benefited the most, their magnitude of reduction in mortality rates being the greatest. Changes in social environment during the transformation period in Poland are suggested as major determinants of these changes, but further studies are needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ADULTS | MORTALITY DECLINE | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 323792 |
| 12. Title: The impact of future demographic trends in Europe, 2005 -- 2050. Author: Kupiszewski M; Bijak J; Nowok B Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:147-183. Abstract: The objective of the paper is to examine the future of populations within the Council of Europe member states, identify the main trends and discuss their policy implications. The analysis focuses on the impact that future demographic trends will have on the following social domains: education, the labour market, health care and care of the elderly and social protection. The study aims to be policy-oriented and to provide an overview of future demographic trends for 2005-2050 in the Council of Europe member states, as well as presenting an analysis related to selected policies and an interpretation of these trends. The analysis of population dynamics in the coming 45 years is based on the United Nations population projection of 2005. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | OLDER ADULTS | LABOR FORCE | POPULATION FORECAST | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | SOCIAL POLICY | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326071 |
| 13. Title: The gap gets bigger: Changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education, 1981 - 2000. Author: Meara ER; Richards S; Cutler DM Source: Health Affairs. 2008 Mar-Apr;27(2):350-360. Abstract: In this paper we examine educational disparities in mortality and life expectancy among non-Hispanic blacks and whites in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite increased attention and substantial dollars directed to groups with low socioeconomic status, within race and gender groups, the educational gap in life expectancy is rising, mainly because of rising differentials among the elderly. With the exception of black males, all recent gains in life expectancy at age twenty-five have occurred among better-educated groups, raising educational differentials in life expectancy by 30 percent. Differential trends in smoking-related diseases explain at least 20 percent of this trend. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 325260 |
| 14. Title: Is there really a "feminisation of poverty"? Author: Medeiros M; Costa J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):24-25. Abstract: The term 'feminisation of poverty' refers to an increase in the relative levels of poverty among women and/or female headed households. It deserves special attention from policy makers since it is related to two negative phenomena: gender inequality and poverty. Given that the increase of poverty among a social group tends to set priorities for public policies, in the last decade the discourse on feminisation has had some impact on the agenda to promote gender equality in the economic sphere. This, however, comes at the risk of collapsing the broader gender inequality concerns into a pure poverty agenda. Based on the available evidence about Latin America and some developed countries, this article briefly reviews whether there really is a generalised feminisation of income poverty. Irrespective of this, we argue that poverty-as currently measured-captures only a small part of important gender inequalities in the economic sphere. Much has been said about a feminisation of poverty in the world. But such a feminisation should not be confused with higher levels of poverty among women or female-headed households. The term 'feminisation' relates to the way poverty changes over time, whereas 'higher levels of poverty' refers to the levels of poverty at a given moment; it includes the so-called over-representation among the poor. Thus, feminisation is a process while 'higher poverty' is a state. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN | HOUSEHOLDS | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC POLICY | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | HOME ECONOMICS | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 323226 |
| 15. Title: Demographic challenges and the implications for children in CEE / CIS. Revision. Author: Menchini L; Marnie S Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2008 Feb. [50] p. (Innocenti Working Paper No. IWP-2007-01) Abstract: The paper discusses some of the implications of recent demographic changes in the CEE/CIS on children of the region. The first part of the paper documents the striking changes in population size and structures which have occurred since the beginning of transition, and which have led to a substantial reduction in the child population. It is argued that they have been mainly driven by the drop in birth rates which has characterised the whole region, but which has been most dramatic in the CEE and Western CIS. Some countries in these subregions now rank among those with the lowest levels of fertility in the world, and the shrinking cohorts of children in these countries face the prospect of a growing old-age dependency burden. The second part of the paper discusses recent data on infant and under-five mortality, which are direct measures of child wellbeing and of the success of policy measures aimed at improving child survival and development. The paper highlights the marked differences not only in levels, but also in progress in reducing mortality rates across the CEE/CIS. Whereas some countries of Central Europe have made impressive progress during the past decade and now rank among those with the lowest levels of infant mortality in the world, the high levels in the Caucasus and Central Asian countries are a matter for concern. The paper also draws attention to the substantial monitoring challenges which still exist in estimating and tracking infant and child mortality, particularly in these latter two subregions, despite the recent official adoption of the internationally recommended definition of 'live births'. Official estimates based on civil registry records lead to an underestimation of the scale of the child survival problem and detract policy attention from the urgent need to improve the quality of pre and post natal care, mainly through incentives and training for medical staff. Without improvements in monitoring, it will be difficult for these countries to devise appropriate policy responsesto correct the problems and remove existing barriers to improving child survival. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE, EASTERN | USSR | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | POPULATION SIZE | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | HEALTH POLICY | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | CHILD SURVIVAL | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Developing Countries | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Fertility | Mortality | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 326763 |
| 16. Title: Orphans and vulnerable children in high HIV-prevalence countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Mishra V; Bignami-Van Assche S Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International Inc., 2008 Sep. 113 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Analytical Studies No. 15) Abstract: This study estimates the size and distribution of the population of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in eight sub-Saharan African countries with relatively high rates of HIV. It highlights the heavy burden and the multi-dimensional nature of caring for OVC, particularly with regard to schooling and health care. The study finds that substantial proportions of children in these countries are OVC, and that the prevalence of OVC varies widely across countries and across different population sub-groups with countries and sub-regions with a higher prevalence of HIV having a higher prevalence of OVC as well. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | SOCIAL WELFARE | CHILD SURVIVAL | BED NETS | USER COMPLIANCE | STIGMA | MALNUTRITION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONDOM USE | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Parasite Control | Public Health | Behavior | Social Problems | Nutrition Disorders | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 326055 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: The valued child. In search of a latent attitude profile that influences the transition to motherhood. Author: Moors G Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Mar;24(1):33-57. Abstract: In this research, a latent class analysis is used to identify latent attitude profiles that influence the transition to the first child. We argue that ideational theories, i.e. the Second Demographic Transition theory and the extended model of Planned Behaviour, often refer to a broad range of attitudes or values that are hypothesized to influence behaviour, and as such describe an attitude or value profile that inhibits vs. fosters the likelihood of motherhood. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a latent class approach and reveal that quite different latent attitude profiles may lead to an increased likelihood of motherhood. However, only one latent attitude profile clearly inhibited the hazard of a first birth, i.e. an egalitarian profile that dissociates with "traditional" views on familistic issues regarding marriage, children, partnership and household roles, and at the same time stresses the importance of autonomy and independence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | ATTITUDES | MOTIVATION | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | VALUE ORIENTATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 325045 |
| 18. Title: Microfinance for gender equality: A dilemma? Author: Mutalima I Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):22-23. Abstract: The discussion on empowering women in microfinance often attracts opposing views. The debate tends to crystallise at the point of clearly attributing impacts to microfinance and in particular women's empowerment. Two seemingly separate issues emerge: impact on the client and impact on the microfinance institution (MFI). It is a fact that microfinance does impact both the MFI and its clients. Over the years, tension has been created in terms of prioritising between these two impacts. The essence of microfinance is to create access to useful financial services for the ultimate purpose of improving livelihoods. The targeting of women is important in order to achieve maximum impact on the family. MFIs generally agree that gender dimensions are crucial for designing and implementing effective microfinance interventions for improving livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Yet, some institutions have not fully integrated gender issues in their practical operations largely because of conflicting priorities.(excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER ISSUES | POVERTY | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 323225 |
| 19. Title: The population of France in 2007. Author: Pison G Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Mar;(443):1-4. Abstract: The French demographic situation is one of both continuity and change. Examining developments in 2007, Gilles Pison draws our attention to three key trends: the remarkable increase in life expectancy since 2003, year of the deadly summer heat wave, the growing popularity of heterosexual civil partnerships (PACS), and the rising proportion of babies born outside marriage, who now account for more than half of all births. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CONSENSUAL UNION | ILLEGITIMACY | FERTILITY RATE | CLIMATE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Migration | Length of Life | Mortality | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Environment Document Number: 325888 |
| 20. Title: Reducing the gender gap in education: The role of rural wage labour. Author: Sender J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):18-19. Abstract: Analysis of research results from rural Mozambique offers some important new insights into gender relations and the inter-generational transmission of poverty. The Mozambican Rural Labour Survey (MRLS) underpinned the research and covered many of the poorest rural households in the country. In some of these households, especially in households where women have greater autonomy in making resource allocation decisions, the welfare of young daughters is less likely to be neglected than in other households. This finding confirms patterns found in the international literature on the determinants of gender gaps in education and in nutrition between sons and daughters. However, the estimates of 'autonomy' in this literature have not considered divorced and separated status as an unambiguous indicator of women's ability to act independently. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DIVORCED | WAGES | EMPLOYMENT | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | EDUCATION | INEQUALITIES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Macroeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Women's Status Document Number: 323223 |
| 21. Title: Demographic change in the Arab countries: prospects for the future. Summary of social policies. No. 1. Author: Shakour B Source: Beirut, Lebanon, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia [ESCWA], 2008 Dec 16. 11 p. (E/ESCWA/SDD/2008/Technical Paper.4) Workshop on Reinforcing National Capacities in Responding to the World Programme of Action on Youth: National reports and systematic documentation of accomplishments, Beirut, 17 December 2008. Abstract: Demographic analysis indicates that in the near future the Arab countries will fall into two groups. The first group will consist of those countries enjoying a demographic return from the increased supply of jobs, the fall in the dependency ratio and the resultant increase in savings: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The second group will comprise those countries enjoying a demographic return but one whose onset was too late to fall within the time frame set by the programme of work of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the United Nations? Millennium Declaration of 2000. Both groups will face major challenges and both need to formulate appropriate policies. The first group could face multiple challenges, so it must not miss this opportunity and must make an effort to seize it, especially as it will help these countries carry out their commitments to eradicate poverty and improve the quality of human life. The countries in the second group need to work to accelerate the onset of the demographic dividend by developing population policies that will accelerate fertility reduction and develop human capital. These countries may not manage to halve the material poverty rate by 2015, but they may be able to reduce human poverty. They could do this by directing their policies towards human welfare, especially in the countries that suffer from human poverty in addition to the poverty of income. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | WORKSHOPS | CAPACITY BUILDING | SOCIAL POLICY | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION POLICY | POPULATION PROJECTION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | POLITICAL FACTORS | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Program Sustainability | Programs | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Estimation Techniques | Planning | Age Distribution Document Number: 331362 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Population challenges for Bangladesh in the coming decades. Author: Streatfield PK; Karar ZA Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2008 Sep;26(3):261-72. Abstract: Bangladesh currently has a population approaching 150 million and will add another 100 million before stabilizing, unless fertility can soon drop below replacement level. This level of fertility decline will require a change in marriage patterns, which have been minimal so far, even with increasing female schooling. It would also benefit from a long-awaited shift to long-term contraception. In addition to the consequence of huge population size, the density of population is already five times that of any other 'mega' country (> 100 million), a very challenging situation for an agricultural society. Most of the future growth will be urban, increasingly in slums. Numbers of young people will not increase, but numbers of older people will increase 10-fold this century, creating a large burden on the health system, especially for chronic illnesses. High density of population means that agricultural land is virtually saturated, with very limited capacity to expand food production. Climate change may have dramatic impacts on agriculture, through flooding and drought resulting from weather changes and geopolitical influences on transborder rivers. Rising sea-levels and consequent salinity will affect crops and require shifts to alternative land use. Serious long-term planning is needed for meeting the growing needs of the population, both for distribution and consumption. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION PROJECTION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | POPULATION DENSITY | URBANIZATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | CLIMATE | AGRICULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328892 |
| 23. Title: Towards a harmonization of European statistics on international migration. Author: Thierry X Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Feb;(442):1-4. Abstract: Immigration and emigration flows measured in the European Union vary considerably from one country to another. But statistics are not always established in the same way, making comparisons difficult. Xavier Thierry explains that these variations reflect differences between countries in the definition of what constitutes an international migrant, and in the data sources used, i.e. surveys or administrative records. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | DATA SOURCES | STATISTICS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Data Collection Document Number: 325598 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Separation of spouses due to travel and living apart raises HIV risk in Tanzanian couples. Author: Vissers DC; Voeten HA; Urassa M; Isingo R; Ndege M; Kumogola Y; Mwaluko G; Zaba B; de Vlas SJ; Habbema JD Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Aug;35(8):714-20. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Persons with absent partners may be more vulnerable to risky sexual behavior and therefore HIV. Partner absence can be due to traveling (e.g., family visits or funerals) or to living apart (e.g., work-related or in polygamous marriages). We investigated to what extent partner absence leads to more risky sexual behavior in Tanzanian couples. METHODS: We compared 95 men and 85 women living apart with 283 men and 331 women living together. Only persons who were still married were included, either living apart or cohabiting at the time of the interview. Subjects were classified into 4 groups: coresidents being either nonmobile or mobile, and people living apart either frequently or infrequently seeing each other. RESULTS: Most people living apart were polygamously married. Men living apart did not report more extramarital sex than coresident men. However, among coresident men, extramarital sex was reported by 35% of those being mobile compared with 15% of those nonmobile. Among women, those living apart reported extramarital sex more often than coresidents (14% vs. 7%), and this was mainly due to women living apart who infrequently saw their husbands. CONCLUSIONS: Risky sexual behavior occurs more often in mobile coresident men, and in women living apart infrequently seeing their spouses. These groups are relatively easy to identify and need extra attention in HIV prevention campaigns. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COUPLES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | POLYGAMY | EXTRAMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors Document Number: 328650 |
| 25. Title: Felt stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in rural and urban Kenya. Author: Yebei VN; Fortenberry JD; Ayuku DO Source: African Health Sciences. 2008 Jun;8(2):97-102. Abstract: Individuals suffer from felt stigma when they internalize negative perceptions regarding themselves. People living with HIV (PLWH) employ diverse coping mechanisms when their self worth and networks are disrupted by stigma. The social network perspective suggests response to stigma is shaped by social context. This paper examines whether internalized HIV stigma among PLWH changes over time, and whether it differs with demographics and rural or urban location. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with support group members in two waves that were 12 months apart. Current analyses focus on examining whether HIV felt stigma differs with demographic characteristics and rural or urban location. Further, we explore whether there is variation in magnitude of change at the two sites over time. T-tests are used to compare each stigma item by waves and sites. Factor analysis is utilized to correlate and reveal the relationship between stigma items, while bivariate and logit models investigate the relationship between stigma items and site, gender, marital status and education. Study findings highlight a gender and rural-urban dichotomy that seems to influence the experience of HIV felt stigma. Being urbanite and being female significantly decreases agreement with selected stigma items. While the urban sample reveals significant difference between the two waves, the rural experience indicates insignificant change over time. The difference between the This study suggests internalized feelings of HIV stigma may vary with social context and gender. Thus, interventions to support PLWH in Kenya must take into account gender and unique social configurations. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | FACTOR ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | SELF ESTEEM | SEX FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 323089 |
| 26. Title: World population prospects: the 2006 revision. Highlights. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2007. [118] p. (ESA/P/WP.202) Abstract: The 2006 Revision is the twentieth round of official United Nations population estimates and projections prepared by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. These are used throughout the United Nations system as the basis for activities requiring population information. The 2006 Revision builds on the 2004 Revision and incorporates both the results of the 2000 round of national population censuses and of recent specialized surveys carried around the world. These sources provide both demographic and other information to assess the progress made in achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The comprehensive review of past worldwide demographic trends and future prospects presented in the 2006 Revision provides the population basis for the assessment of those goals. According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will likely increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2 billion in 2050. This increase is equivalent to the size the world population had in 1950 and it will be absorbed mostly by the less developed regions, whose population is projected to rise from 5.4 billion in 2007 to 7.9 billion in 2050. In contrast, the population of the more developed regions is expected to remain largely unchanged at 1.2 billion and would have declined were it not for the projected net migration from developing to developed countries, which is expected to average 2.3 million persons annually. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | UN | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | MORTALITY DECLINE | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | POPULATION PROJECTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FERTILITY | Research Methodology | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Estimation Techniques | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Demographic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 316765 |
| 27. Title: Sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality in India: trends, differentials and regional patterns. Author: Arokiasamy P Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :49-72. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: The region comprising the northern and western states of India, where evidence of stronger son preference is well documented, has the history of most imbalanced sex ratio. The corresponding link between adverse female/male child mortality differentials and the recent sharp rise in child sex ratios, related to foetal mortality, constitutes the main focus of this analysis. Set in this context, this chapter assesses the evidence of trends and regional patterns in sex bias against female children. It explores the dynamics of gender bias in terms of two proximate determinants of sex ratio, namely, sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CHILD, FEMALE | SEX RATIO | CHILD MORTALITY | SEX DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | EXCESS MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | AMNIOCENTESIS | ULTRASONICS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 308894 Notification |
| 28. Title: Africa's youthful population: risk or opportunity? Author: Ashford LS Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Bringing Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007. [4] p. Abstract: Africa's young people will be the driving force behind economic prosperity in future decades, but only if policies and programs are in place to enhance their opportunities and encourage smaller families. A cycle of positive outcomes can result from having a larger, better-educated workforce with fewer children to support-children who will in turn be more educated and employable, provided that institutions are strengthened and viable economic policies are in place. This policy brief outlines the opportunities and risks that can result from the large numbers of youth growing up in sub-Saharan Africa today. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION | WORKERS | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Age Distribution Document Number: 318957 |
| 29. Title: Introduction. Author: Attane I; Guilmoto CZ Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :1-22. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: These chapters cover a wide array of territories and issues and should help to map the priority issues for future research on masculinization processes in Asia. Obviously, lack of adequate data hampers any progress in both the understanding and the monitoring of current trends. But chapters included in this volume bring together a large amount of quantitative and qualitative data that should inspire scholars. What is probably still lacking is a unified theory accounting for the almost simultaneous rejection of girls expressed by Asian families in countries that otherwise have experienced rather different political and economic conditions over the last two decades. Without such a conceptual frame, it is difficult to foresee the demographic and sociological ramifications of rising sex ratios on Asian societies. With China and India accounting together for more than a third of the world's population, the consequences of this changing sex composition are likely to be significant and probably felt beyond their own borders. At the same time, there is a real ignorance about the potential impact of the current demographic trends, leading observers to draw all kinds of conclusions. These range from rather optimistic views of future self-regulatory mechanisms bound to correct this imbalance to the benefit of women to more doomsday scenarios with hordes of unmarried males causing disorder in Asia. The more optimistic hypothesis posits that the rising proportion of boys in the child populations is obviously unsustainable in the long run: changing sex composition should therefore automatically lead parents to reverse their proson strategy once the deficit of women hits young male adults. A far less sanguine theory envisions somewhat dramatic consequences of the demographic masculinization on the very fabric of Asian societies torn by potentially rising conflict and violence (Hudson, den Boer, 2004). As the world has apparently never experienced any such type of crisis, there is precious little in terms of social and historical literature or documentation that may help to comprehend the ultimate consequences of this singular demographic development while historical experience is missing. We hope that bringing together these studies will help to put the growing Asian female deficit higher on the international population agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | CRITIQUE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | SEX RATIO | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | ABORTION | DATA QUALITY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Data Analysis Document Number: 308892 Notification |
| 30. Title: The determinants of female decision-making power and its demographic implications: An analysis of northern and southern India. Author: Barrett K Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):1-19. Abstract: Over the last 20 years there has been an onslaught of research on the determinants of "women's autonomy" and the role of female autonomy in hastening demographic transition. Unfortunately, the complex nature of female autonomy and the challenges of accurately measuring each of its elements have hindered past efforts to elucidate these relationships (Mason, 1985,1995; Agarwala, 2004). As a result, many hypotheses about the impact of female autonomy on fertility decline remain speculative, and we have limited understanding of how policy may be used to decrease fertility via the influence of female autonomy. Whether fertility reduction is necessarily desirable is a disputed issue which is beyond the scope of this paper; however, population control is a concern in at least some developing nations. Hence for the purposes of this paper I assumed that fertility reduction is a worthwhile goal, and explored the question of whether female autonomy plays a role in the pursuit of this goal. In the present study I focused on a single aspect of female autonomy: intra-household decision-making power. I examined its determinants as well as its relationship to fertility, considering three fertility-related variables for a comprehensive view of reproductive preferences and behaviours. Rather than using a simple summed index, as is common in the literature (Agarwala, 2004), I used a weighted index in order to more accurately proxy for decision-making power. I examined a large region in pursuit of broadly applicable results, and separated northern and southern India for greater accuracy. This study also considered two explanatory variables which past research has examined very little, but are of great interest from a policy perspective: exposure to mass media and educational difference between spouses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | CURRENTLY MARRIED | DECISION MAKING | WOMEN'S STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Family Size | Family Characteristics Document Number: 324140 |
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