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Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Delaware.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | POVERTY | FERTILITY DECLINE | BIRTH RATE | CHILD HEALTH | ONE PARENT FAMILY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes | Fertility Measurements | Health | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 306870

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Family history of cancer, oral contraceptive use, and ovarian cancer risk.
Author: Walker GR; Schlesselman JJ; Ness RB
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 Jan;186(1):8-14.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether women with a family history of ovarian cancer are at reduced risk of ovarian cancer from the use of oral contraceptives and to compare their risk with that of women with no family history of ovarian cancer. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based case-controlled study was conducted from May 1994 through July 1998 in which 767 women aged 20 to 69 years with a diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer were ascertained from 39 hospitals in 3 northeastern states. Personal interviews with the women and 1367 control subjects provided data that allowed us to estimate the relative risk of ovarian cancer in relation to a family history of cancer and total duration of oral contraception. RESULTS: Among the 33 case patients and 24 control subjects with a first-degree family history of ovarian cancer, risk of ovarian cancer declined with increasing duration of oral contraception (P = .01). Risk reduction from short-term use of oral contraceptives (=48 months) did not differ significantly by family history (combined estimate of odds ratio, 0.72; 90% CI, 0.59%-0.87%). Risk reduction from long-term use of oral contraceptives (>48 months) was greater in women with a positive family history of ovarian cancer (odds ratio, 0.12) than in women with a negative family history of ovarian cancer (odds ratio, 0.51; test of interaction, P = .04; 692 case patients, 1279 control subjects). CONCLUSION: Four to 8 years of oral contraception may substantially reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by age 70 years in women with a family history of the disease, from approximately 4 women per 100 women who did not use oral contraceptives to only 2 women per 100 women who did use oral contraceptives. (author�s)
Language: English
Keywords:
PENNSYLVANIA | NEW JERSEY | DELAWARE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | OVARIAN CANCER | HEREDITY | HEREDITARY DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 173984

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives.
Author: Ness RB; Grisso JA; Klapper J; Schlesselman JJ; Silberzweig S; Vergona R; Morgan M; Wheeler JE
Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 Aug 1;152(3):233-41.
Abstract: Although past studies have shown that oral contraceptives (OCs) with 50 mcg or more of estrogen reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, it is not clear whether newer, lower-dose formulations do as well. The authors conducted a population-based, case-control study in the Delaware Valley to assess the impact of dose of OC on risk of ovarian cancer. Cases aged 20-69 years with a diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer ascertained between May 1994 and July 1999 (n = 767) were compared with community controls (n = 1367). Compared with never users, the adjusted risk of ovarian cancer was reduced by 40% for OC users overall, with longer duration of use affording greater protection. The ovarian cancer risk reduction was similar for women who initiated OC use before 1972, when high-dose pills dominated the market; between 1972 and 1980; and after 1980, when newer, lower-dose pills dominated. OC estrogen and progestin content were compared for cases and controls after adjustment for current age, number of pregnancies, race, and family history of ovarian cancer. Use of low-estrogen/low-progestin pills afforded an estimated risk reduction (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3, 0.6) that was identical to that for high-estrogen/high-progestin pills (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.7). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DELAWARE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | OVARIAN CANCER | ESTROGENS | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 151629

6.
Title: Harming the ones we love: identity and relational goals as influences on condom use.
Author: Afifi W
Source: [Unpublished] 1998. Presented at the 48th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, July 20-24, 1998, Jerusalem, Israel. 16 p.
Abstract: While recent data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) point to a stabilization in the overall rate of growth in HIV infection and predict a continuing decline in the rate, the frequency of condom use remains low. Recent qualitative evidence suggests that requests to use a condom may be perceived in ways which threaten personal goals of maintaining desirable identities and close relationships. 286 undergraduate students at a mid-sized university in the eastern US participated in a study examining the role of identity and relational maintenance goals as influences upon safe sex decisions. The 105 men, 171 women, and 10 individuals who did not indicate their sex completed a questionnaire based upon a described hypothetical scenario. The resultant sample of 230 students was of mean age 20.6 years and 90% White, of whom 7% had never had sexual intercourse. The sexually experienced students had ever had sex with an average of 6 partners, ranging from 1 to 33 partners. Study results confirm the importance of relationship and identity goals upon safe sex behavior. That is, the participants typically conclude that their partners are "safe" by the time they decide to have sexual intercourse and therefore choose to not use a condom. They may also fear that their request to use a condom will imply that they are promiscuous, infected with a STD, or believe the relationship to be casual. Individuals would be risking their identity and that of their partner, in addition to threatening the relationship, if a condom was used with someone whom they have already decided is "safe."
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | RESEARCH REPORT | ATTITUDES | SELF-PERCEPTION | PERCEPTION | MOTIVATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | CONDOMS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | YOUTH | GOALS | DECISION MAKING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Schools | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 135927

7.
Title: Social factors predicting postpartum choice of Norplant among African-American and non-Hispanic White adolescents.
Author: Mears CJ; Hediger ML; Martin SS; Scholl TO; Kramer JP
Source: JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH. 1997 Sep;21(3):167-71.
Abstract: 151 youths, aged 12-20 years, who delivered at the Medical Center of Delaware from July to December 1992, were offered insertion of Norplant within 48 hours postpartum. These young women were subsequently interviewed to determine which factors are associated with choosing to accept or not accept Norplant. 86 Black teenagers of mean age 17.3 years and 65 non-Hispanic Whites of mean age 18.3 years participated. The White teenagers were significantly older, 49% of Blacks and 14% of Whites had Medicaid, and 62% of Blacks and 34% of Whites had one or more friends who use Norplant. In multivariate analyses, the White teens were more likely to choose Norplant if they had discussed their choice with a parent or guardian, if they received Medicaid funding, and if they had any friends who used Norplant. The strongest predictor for choice of Norplant among Black teens was the number of prior children delivered. After 2 deliveries, there was an almost 5-fold likelihood that Black teenagers would choose Norplant. For the Black teens, parental discussion, Medicaid status, and friends' use of Norplant were not as important as family size, but larger proportions of the Black teens had access to Medicaid funding and peers who used Norplant.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | RESEARCH REPORT | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | BLACKS | WHITES | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Puerperium | Reproduction | Decision Making | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background
Document Number: 127845

8.
Title: Delaware Code Annotated. Title 11. Crimes and Criminal Procedure. Part I. Delaware Criminal Code. Chapter 5. Specific offenses. Subchapter II. Offenses against the person. Subpart D. Sexual offenses. Section 780. Female genital mutilation.
Author: United States. Delaware
Source: [Unpublished] 1996. [3] p.
Abstract: This paper presents the provisions of Section 780 - Female genital mutilation. There are four major provisions under this section. First, a person is guilty of female genital mutilation when a person knowingly circumcises, excises, or infibulates the whole or any, part of the labia majora, labia minora, or clitoris of a female minor; or a parent, guardian, or other person legally responsible or charged with the care or custody of a female minor allows the circumcision, excision or infibulation, in whole or in part, of such minor's labia majora, labia minora or clitoris. Second, female genital mutilation is a class E felony. Third, it is not a defense to a violation that the conduct described in the first provision is required as a matter of custom, ritual, or standard practice, or that the minor on whom it is performed of the minor's parent or legal guardian consented to the procedure. Fourth, a surgical procedure is not a violation of this section if the procedure is 1) necessary to the health of the minor on whom it is performed and is performed by a licensed physician under 1720 of Title 24 or a physician-in-training under the supervision of a licensed physician, or 2) performed on a minor who is in labor or who has just given birth and is performed for medical purposes connected with that labor or birth by a licensed physician under 1720 of Title 24 or a physician-in-training under the supervision of a licensed physician, or a licensed midwife under 3336 of Title 18.
Language: English
Keywords:
DELAWARE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LAWS AND STATUTES | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | LEGISLATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Diseases
Document Number: 135359

9.
Title: Spatial-temporal spread of the AIDS epidemic, 1982-1990: a correlogram analysis of four regions of the United States.
Author: Lam NS-N; Fan M; Liu K-
Source: GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS. 1996 Apr;28(2):93-107.
Abstract: The authors "applied correlogram analysis to county-level AIDS data of four regions--the Northeast..., California, Florida, and Louisiana--for the period 1982-1990 to characterize the spatial-temporal spread of the AIDS epidemic. Correlograms computed from yearly incidence rates differ substantially among these four regions, revealing regional differences in the spatial patterns and intensity of AIDS spread. A general trend of increasing spread to rural America, however, can still be detected. Contagious spread was predominant in the Northeast throughout the nine-year period, whereas California was dominated by hierarchical spread through time. The spatial-temporal changes of AIDS incidence patterns were most drastic in Florida, where the correlograms show hierarchical spread in the early years and then contagious spread in the later years. As a representative region for most other states in the United States, Louisiana has low spatial autocorrelation and no definite spatial pattern of spread." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | MARYLAND | NEW YORK | PENNSYLVANIA | CALIFORNIA | FLORIDA | LOUISIANA | AIDS | THEORETICAL MODELS | EPIDEMICS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Research Methodology | Population | Studies
Document Number: 251129

10.
Title: New abortion parental involvement laws continue trend toward modified requirements.
Author: Donovan P
Source: STATE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MONITOR. 1995 Sep;6(3):3-6.
Abstract: During 1995, more than 50 bills introduced in state legislatures pertained to parental consent for a minor's abortion. Six of 22 abortion bills enacted in the first nine months of the year contained requirements for parental consent or notification. This represents a sharp increase over the number of such bills enacted in recent years. Currently, 26 states have a parental involvement law in effect (an additional three are under injunction). Most statutes waive the requirement if the minor has been abused by a parent, and the Supreme Court has required that a minor have a confidential alternative to parental involvement. The new laws share only the judicial bypass requirement and the fact that they require the involvement of only one parent. In Delaware, notification is required if the minor is under 16. Illinois requires notification of an adult family member. Louisiana authorizes a judge to personally notify parents of a minor when the court determines said minor is not able to make an abortion decision unaided. This statute is under injunction. A statute in Montana, which requires notification of one parent and contains judicial bypass provisions is also under injunction. In North Carolina, the consent of a parent or custodial grandparent is required with certain exceptions. Tennessee replaced a one-parent notification statute with a one-parent consent law. Anti-abortion groups view mandatory parental involvement as a measure to reduce the number of abortions performed. Opponents of the measures feel that forced communication of this nature may be disastrous for teenagers, that many minors are capable of making such a decision for themselves, and that such laws violate the confidentiality guaranteed to minors seeking medical services.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | ILLINOIS | LOUISIANA | MONTANA | NORTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | LEGISLATION | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PARENTAL CONSENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 109438 Notification

11.
Title: Toward environmental strategies for cities. Policy considerations for urban environmental management in developing countries.
Author: Bartone C; Bernstein J; Leitmann J; Eigen J
Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1994. [9], 116 p. (Strategic Options for Managing the Urban Environment 18) Published for the Urban Management Programme.
Abstract: Rapid urban environmental assessment is used in order to develop an effective urban environmental management strategy. This volume describes the strategic planning process and presents case studies in Dar es Salaam, Ivory Coast, Manila, Delaware, Sao Paulo, and Mexico City that illustrate the institutional, informational, political, and technical problems related to urban environmental management. The planning process involves informed consultation that clarifies key environmental issues and players, achieves political commitment, and establishes priorities. The urban environmental management strategy establishes long-term environmental goals, phased targets for meeting goals, and agreement on issues-oriented and actor-specific action plans. The final stage of the management process involves the follow-up and consolidation of programs and policies that include reforms of policy and solidification of institutional arrangements. Chapter 1 includes a discussion of the relationships between development and the environment, between poverty and the environment, and economic status and the types of environmental problems. It also addresses what is referred to as the "brown agenda" or the problems associated with poverty, pollution, sanitation, and environmental hazards; the pace and intensity of the urbanization process; urban land use; the issues of spatial scale; the urban and regional ecosystem; the roles and concerns of key actors; trade-offs; and cross-sectional issues. Chapter 2 provides background on understanding problems, factors that aggravate degradation, setting priorities, and links between priorities and policies. Chapter 3 identifies some key principles for improving urban environments, community participation, improved governance, and selection of appropriate policy instruments. Chapter 4 is devoted to describing the process of formulating an urban environmental management strategy. Case studies are included in the annex.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | COTE D'IVOIRE | PHILIPPINES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | BRAZIL | MEXICO | TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | POLITICAL FACTORS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | North America | Africa, Eastern | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Policy | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 115457

12.
Title: Project Taking Charge: six-month follow-up of a pregnancy prevention program for early adolescents.
Author: Jorgensen SR; Potts V; Camp B
Source: FAMILY RELATIONS. 1993 Oct;42(4):401-6.
Abstract: In 1990, a follow-up case-control study of 91 7th-grade male and female students in Wilmington, Delaware (39 students as controls) and West Point, Mississippi (52 students as cases), was conducted to evaluate a 6-week abstinence-based pregnancy prevention curriculum (Taking Charge). No sex education program had existed in the schools beforehand. The children lived in low-income communities with high rates of unemployment and adolescent pregnancy. Curriculum units to which case students were exposed included self-development, sex education (anatomy and physiology, pregnancy, sexual transmitted diseases [STDs], and sexual abstinence), vocational goal-setting, and family values and communication. The treatment group retained a higher knowledge level in sexual development/STDs and sexual anatomy/physiology 6 months after completing the curriculum than did the control group (p < .05 and < .001, respectively). Students in the treatment group had significantly higher knowledge levels of complications caused by adolescent pregnancy than did those in the control group between pre-test and follow-up (p < .05), but less so between post-test and follow-up (p < .1). On the other hand, as was the case with the pre-test/post-test comparison, self-reported communication between the 7th graders and parents on sexual issues, self-esteem, sexual values, or educational aspirations did not improve. Further, at 6 months, the gain in vocational communication with fathers at post-test no longer existed. Students in the control group who claimed to have never had sexual intercourse at pre-test were more likely to have had their 1st sexual intercourse within 6 months after the Taking Charge program than their treatment counterparts (50% vs. 23%; p = .051). These findings indicate that the Taking Charge program was effective in maintaining knowledge gains for at least 6 months and that these changes brought about sex behavior changes, resulting in reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | MISSISSIPPI | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ABSTINENCE | SEX EDUCATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CURRICULUM | KNOWLEDGE | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Schools
Document Number: 092330

13.
Title: An Act to amend Title 16, Delaware Code, relating to notification of fire fighters, ambulance attendants, emergency medical technicians, correctional officers, law enforcement officers, and other personnel of exposure to contagious or infectious disease or virus disease or virus [20 July 1992].
Author: United States. Delaware
Source: STATE SESSION LAWS. 1992;:1292-4. Chapter 415.
Abstract: This Act adds to the Delaware Code a new Chapter 12A, which allows an emergency care provider to request notification concerning exposure to a communicable disease if the exposure is of a manner known to transmit a communicable disease. After a request is made, the medical facility receiving the patient with respect to whom the request is made shall notify the provider if it obtains information from the patient's records or a finding of the facility indicates that the patient is infected with a communicable disease. The provider shall be given information relating to the disease, treatment of the disease, and counseling, and the facility shall provide the Division of Public Health with information on the request and on whether the patient is infected. On 17 March 1992, the state of Wyoming enacted legislation authorizing a health care provider who has received information documenting the exposure of a health care worker to blood or body fluids of a patient to order testing to be done on a specimen of the patient. If a specimen is not available, the provider may, with the patient's consent order testing; the provider may apply for a court order for testing if the patient does not consent. See Session Laws of Wyoming, 1992, Chapter 75, pp. 436-7. On 27 April 1992, the state of Iowa enacted legislation requiring hospitals and health care facilities to adopt procedures applicable to health care providers determined to be infected with HIV or HBV who ordinarily perform exposure-prone procedures. In the case of hospitals, the procedures may include referral of the provider to an expert panel to determine whether the provider can perform exposure-prone procedures. Health care facilities must make such a referral. Licensees of state medical groups shall be required to comply with recommendations for preventing transmission of HIV and HBV during exposure-prone invasive procedures. See Iowa Acts, 1992, Chapter 1145, pp. 217-218. On 6 April 1992, the state of Minnesota enacted legislation to include within the definition of emergency medical services personnel persons who render emergency care or assistance at the scene of a crime. Such personnel are already authorized to obtain HIV or HBV test results. See Laws of Minnesota, 1992, Chapter 425, p. 141.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | WYOMING | DELAWARE | MINNESOTA | LAWS AND STATUTES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HEALTH SERVICES | HOSPITALS | TESTING | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 087262

14.
Title: Subjectivity, experience and knowledge: an epistemology from / for Rainbow Coalition politics.
Author: Harding S
Source: DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE. 1992 Jul;23(3):175-93.
Abstract: The effects of the logic of multiple subjects for determining who can make liberatory knowledge and history, the association between experience and knowledge, between subjectivity and experience, and between subjectivity and objectivity are explored. All new social movements including feminism must acknowledge and examine the existence of multiple subjects of knowledge within their movements. It is only then that, considering the viewpoint of dominant group lives, they understand the reasonableness of the relations between subjectivity, experience, and knowledge fixed in conventional epistemology and political philosophy. Socially situated subjectivity is inclined to overwhelm or stain supposed pure knowledge. Rational man (dominant social groups) has defined women, indigenous peoples, the poor, and groups other than itself as models of irrationality, social passions, immersion in the bodily, and the subjective. It considers these marginalized groups as unable to escape their social situation. It applies there beliefs to dispassionate reason, social justice, historical progress, and the objective pursuit of knowledge. Yet rational man allows itself to be subjective in the search for truth, justice, and social progress. If dominant social groups take on the perspective of marginal groups and look at imagined relations between experience, subjectivity, and knowledge, these relations seem logical. Thus we must reformulate ourselves as others to acquire doubly multiple subjectivities that can understand objectivity our own social location, not just assuming that we understand the social locations of others. For this to happen, however, we need sciences with stronger and more competent criteria of objectivity, rationality, and reflexivity than the half sciences centered in the West.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | SOCIAL CHANGE | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | WOMEN'S STATUS | WHITES | BLACKS | RACE RELATIONS | HOMOSEXUALS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | KNOWLEDGE | SOCIAL SCIENCES | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Gender Issues | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status
Document Number: 074739

15.
Title: A comprehensive age-phased approach: Girls Incorporated.
Author: Nicholson HJ; Postrado LT
Source: In: Preventing adolescent pregnancy: model programs and evaluations, edited by Brent C. Miller, Josefina J. Card, Roberta L. Paikoff, James L. Peterson. Newbury Park, California, Sage Publications, 1992. :110-38. (Sage Focus Editions 140)
Abstract: A longitudinal study evaluated the effect of Girls Incorporated's comprehensive age-phased model for pregnancy prevention on 343 females at the following sites: Dallas, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee; Omaha, Nebraska; and Wilmington, Delaware. The components were Growing Together for 12-to-14-year-old girls and their parents, Will Power/Won't Power for 12-to-14-year-old girls, Taking Care of Business for 15-to-17-year-old girls and Healthy Bridge for 15-to-17-year-olds. Youth who attended at least 2 program components were 2.7 times less likely to have sexual intercourse during the last 4 weeks without contraception than those who attended just 1 component (8.9% vs. 20.6%; p = .018). Surprisingly, none of the program participants were significantly less likely to have sexual intercourse without contraception than nonprogram participants. Nonprogram youth experience a higher percentage of pregnancies than both the 1-component and 2-or-more-component program participants (12.3% vs. 6.8% and 4.8%, respectively; p = .062; odds ratio = 2.8). Even though the 50% reduction in pregnancies between the 1-component and 2-or-more-component program participants was not significant, it indicated a possible positive program effect. Just 3.6% of the girls who attended only the Will Power/Won't Power became pregnant compared to more than 11% of the girls who attended the other components. Further, a relatively small percentage of girls who attended Will Power/Won't Power and another component became pregnant. Thus, Will Power/Won't Power was apparently the most effective component. It used role play to practice assertive skills to resist pressure to become sexually active and to avoid risky situations. Will Power/Won't Power also developed a peer network to support particpants' decisions to resist peer pressure to become sexually active. Further analysis revealed that neither Will Power/Won't Power nor any other component alone contributed to pregnancy reduction. Thus, program components for different age groups with different objectives together affect pregnancy reduction.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | NEBRASKA | TENNESSEE | TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ABSTINENCE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY RATE | AGE FACTORS | PEER GROUPS | CURRICULUM | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Fertility Measurements | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Education
Document Number: 081078

16.
Title: The aging of America: impacts on the marketplace and workplace.
Author: Crone TM
Source: FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF PHILADELPHIA BUSINESS REVIEW. 1990 May-Jun;:3-13.
Abstract: The author reviews short-term population projections for the United States up to the year 2000 and attempts to assess their implications for business and the labor force, with particular reference to the region that consists of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The author notes that this region will be particularly affected by the aging of the labor force and the decline in fertility that occurred in the 1970s, which will result in a shrinkage in the young working-age population. (ANNOTATION)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PENNSYLVANIA | NEW JERSEY | DELAWARE | POPULATION PROJECTION | COMMERCE | LABOR FORCE | AGE FACTORS | FERTILITY DECLINE | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors | Age Distribution
Document Number: 232680

17.
Title: Garrison v. Medical Center of Delaware, Inc., 12 December 1989.
Author: United States. Delaware. Supreme Court
Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF POPULATION LAW. 1989;16:40-1. From: 1989 Del. Lexis 476.
Abstract: In a 1989 case where the plaintiffs entered a wrongful birth and wrongful life suit claiming that the defendants had improperly performed an amniocentesis and delayed informing the plaintiffs of the existence of the Down's Syndrome chromosome until it was too late for the plaintiff mother to have an abortion, the Supreme Court of Delaware allowed the wrongful birth suit to continue and dismissed the wrongful life suit. The Court found that the plaintiffs could sue for damages for the extraordinary costs of rearing the child but not for emotional distress and mental anguish. In similar 1989 cases, US courts ruled that 1) a statute barring wrongful birth and wrongful life cases applies to a case involving a child conceived before the date of the statute but born after, 2) a statute barring wrongful birth and wrongful life cases does not apply to a claim for damages for emotional distress caused by inadequate warning that a child would suffer abnormalities, 3) a child born suffering from rubella syndrome could sue the physicians treating her mother for failing to test or immunize the mother, 4) a 20% chance that Down's Syndrome would have been detected if a medical test were performed is not sufficient to establish a causal link between the failure to provide the test and a lack of opportunity to abort, and 5) a child born to a mentally retarded mother residing in a nursing home could bring a wrongful life suit against the home based on their negligent care of the mother.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | COURT DECISION | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | AMNIOCENTESIS | TIME FACTORS | ABORTION | CHILD CARE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Litigation | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 078459 Notification

18.
Title: Act of 11 July 1988.
Author: United States. Delaware
Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF POPULATION LAW. 1988;15:59. From: Delaware Code Annotated, Title XVI, Section 2801.
Abstract: This Act establishes a registry of all sperm banks and tissue banks operating in Delaware. It requires all donors of semen for the purposes of artificial insemination, or donors of corneas, bones, organs, or other human tissue for the purpose of injecting, transfusing, or transplanting them in the human body to be tested for evidence of exposure to the AIDS virus. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | LEGISLATION | SPERM BANKS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV TESTING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Artificial Insemination | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 085827

19.
Title: South: 1984 population and 1983 per capita income estimates for counties and incorporated places.
Author: Starsinic DE
Source: CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS. SERIES P-26, LOCAL POPULATION ESTIMATES. 1986 Jun;(84-S-SC):i-iv, 1-117.
Abstract: This report is 1 of 5 regional reports containing current estimates of July 1, 1984, population and calendar year 1983 per capita money income for all general purpose governmental units in each state in the South. Areas included are 1) counties (or county equivalents), 2) incorporated places, and 3) active minor civil divisions. The detailed tables show the July 1, 1984, population estimate and the April 1, 1980, census population for each area, along with the numerical and percent change between 1980 and 1984. In addition, they present the 1983 per capita money income estimates, together with the 1979 per capita money income and the percent change between these 2 figures. These estimates are presented for each state in the region in county order, with all incorporated places in each county listed in alphabetical order, followed by any functioning minor civil divisions also listed in alphabetical order.
Language: English
Keywords:
ALABAMA | ARKANSAS | DELAWARE | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | FLORIDA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | KENTUCKY | LOUISIANA | MARYLAND | MISSISSIPPI | NORTH CAROLINA | OKLAHOMA | SOUTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | TEXAS | VIRGINIA | WEST VIRGINIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | POPULATION SIZE | INCOME | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | STATISTICS | URBAN POPULATION | TABLES AND CHARTS | Developed Countries | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 206206

21.
Title: Geographical patterns of heart disease in the northeastern United States
Author: Ziegenfus RC; Gesler WM
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1984;18(1):63-72.
Abstract: "A 49-county region [of the United States] surrounding the urban corridor from New York through New Jersey to Philadelphia was the focus of an investigation of the spatial patterns of mortality from four types of heart disease: major cardiovascular, acute ischemic, chronic ischemic and cerebrovascular. The data used were age-adjusted mortality rates for white males and white females for the period 1968-1972. Central to the research was interest in the existence of county clusters with similar rates, high and low risk areas and possible associations of mortality rates with environmental and socioeconomic conditions." The results indicate four county clusters in the region. "High major cardiovascular rates appear to make the Southern New Jersey cluster a high risk zone. In contrast, a Central Corridor cluster has relatively low rates for all the diseases. No clear pattern was in evidence for the Northwestern Periphery cluster. Finally, a stark contrast between acute and chronic ischemic rates appeared in the Urban Spur." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | NEW JERSEY | PENNSYLVANIA | DELAWARE | CONNECTICUT | MORTALITY | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HEART DISEASES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | ISCHEMIA | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | POPULATION AT RISK | ECOLOGY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Vascular Diseases | Research Methodology | Environment | Economic Factors
Document Number: 246133

22.
Title: Attitudes regarding family planning [letter]
Author: Sloan SS
Source: Delaware Medical Journal. 1982 May;54(5):280-1.
Abstract: During January and February 1982, a random public opinion survey of the adult population (age 18 and older) of the State of Delaware was conducted that covered issues of reproductive health, in particular family planning, availability of birth control devices, and abortion. The sample was designed so that the survey results are projectable to the entire adult population of the state with sampling error margins of plus or minus 4%. The results are summarized. About 3/4 of Delaware adults gave an unaided definition of the words "family planning." Women were more likely to define family planning as concerning the number and spacing of children. About 1/3 of men gave answers involving other concepts such as budgeting or doing things as a family. Of those familiar with family planning, the vast majority approved of "making family planning services available to people who want them." Substantial majorities think it is in the best interest of the U.S. for the government to continue paying for family planning services for individuals who otherwise would not be able to afford them. A majority of Delaware adults favor making birth control devices available to teenagers under age 18, but there are substantial differences of opinion regarding the exact age. The median age favored for contraceptive availability is 16-17. Be overwhelming majorities, adults in Delaware are opposed to a Constitutional amendment that would make abortion illegal. Catholics are somewhat more likely than Protestants to support a Constitutional amendment, but even among practicing Catholics there is a substanital majority opposed to an amendment making abortion illegal.
Language: English
Keywords:
SURVEYS | DELAWARE | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ADOLESCENTS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Contraception | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 009375 Notification

24.
Title: The diffusion of abortion facilities in the northeastern United States, 1970-1976.
Author: HENRY NF
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1978 Mar;12(1D):7-15.
Abstract: An understanding of the distribution process of U.S. abortion facilities may best be gained by examining their diffusion in terms of several factors, including enabling legislation, opposition presence, potential population characteristics, time, location, and distance, with expectation of the hierarchical diffusion pattern evident for other technological innovations. Utilizing information gathered via mailed questionnaire from 322 abortion-performing facilities in the northeastern U.S., the effect of each of these independent variables on abortion facility location was evaluated. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed, and several models were developed, 1st with time, and 2nd with intensity as the criterion for location of the abortion facility. Results indicated that lack of change in laws affecting abortion acts as a barrier both to the intensity and time of abortion facility location. Where favorable abortion laws were enacted, the facilities located earlier and in greater number than in areas where statutes were not enacted or changed. Opposition as a barrier had no significant impact on either criterion. The diffusion pattern which became evident is a pattern to be expected in a developed area: initial spread of abortion facilities in close proximity to the propagating node, followed by establishment of a large urban secondary node and an infilling process between the 2 established centers. Income level of an area was not considered to be a significant factor. Population size of areas where facilities located decreased over time, indicative of a movement of the innovation down the urban hierarchy, and the proportion of females present in a poulation increased through time.
Language: English
Keywords:
MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CORRELATION STUDIES | SURVEYS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION | CONNECTICUT | DELAWARE | INDIANA | ILLINOIS | MASSACHUSETTS | MAINE | MARYLAND | MICHIGAN | NEW HAMPSHIRE | NEW JERSEY | NEW YORK | OHIO | PENNSYLVANIA | RHODE ISLAND | VERMONT | WISCONSIN | LAWS AND STATUTES | SEX RATIO | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Sampling Studies | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 782158 Notification

25.
Title: The Zero Population Growth Population Education Program: a formal evaluation of the 1975-1976 project and current progress.
Author: Murphy E; Dahlin M
Source: Washington, D.C., Zero Population Growth, 1978 Jan. 153 p.
Abstract: The Zero Population Growth (ZPG) was initiated in July 1975 with the ultimate goal of the incorporation of population studies in school systems in 5 selected states--Delaware, Florida, Ohio, New Jersey, and Maryland. To help realize this goal population education workshops were held for science and social studies teachers and administrators and professors of education in each state. The 8 sections of this report focus on the following: defining population education (demographic background and definition, population education as environmental education, and population education in the U.S.); the ZPG population education project (its beginning, its objectives, the development of the project, and the evolution of the workshop model); what happened in the workshops in each of the 5 states; highlights from the project evaluation; details of the evaluation; the independent telephone validation study; and current progress. The long-range objective of the project was to increase the opportunities for students to explore the causes and consequences of population changes and to understand the relationship of population changes to the natural, social, and economic environment. The intention was not only to provide population teaching tools to individual teachers but to contribute to the "institutionalization" of population education in school systems in 15 states. The identification and use of sound population teaching materials and the design of an informative, enjoyable, useful workshop format were part of the planning for all of the workshops. Additionally, the workshop had to vary from state to state to emphasize local population education resources. The findings from the project evaluation suggest that the model is a valid one. A large number of participants have utilized their professional roles to help institutionalize population education. The findings reinforce the idea that the identification of key people in the education system who had the power to effect change was essential. The forming of a coalition of these key people who represented various and separate educational and volunteer entities was also of extreme importance. Another common and crucial element was the power of the individual. The following were among the outcomes shared by all workshop participants: direct experience with background information, audiovisual materials, games, riddles, simulations and actual lesson plans for population education; access to information; liaison with local population education resources; and followup contact.
Language: English
Keywords:
DELAWARE | FLORIDA | OHIO | NEW JERSEY | MARYLAND | POPULATION EDUCATION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | TEACHERS | FACULTY | PROGRAM EVALUATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Training Programs | Programs
Document Number: 007736

28.
Title: Turning off the job incentive for illegal aliens.
Author: GOLDBERG H
Source: Population Growth National Reporter. 1977 July;9(5):8, 6.
Abstract: 12 states in the United States have pased laws which penalize employers for knowingly hiring illegal aliens, but similar federal legislation is stalled as Congress awaits a proposal President Carter promised to deliver in May. California was the 1st of the 12 states to enact sanctions: a 1971 law provides fines ranging from $200-$500. After the California law was upheld on appeal to the United States Supreme Court, similar penalties were adopted by legislators in Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Kansas, Las Vegas County (Nevada), Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, and New Jersey. Laws in New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Vermont and Virginia provide for prison terms as well as civil penalties. A federal law could be written in such a way that it would supersede the existing state sanctions. Illegal immigration is a national problem, and members of Zero Population Growth should urge their congressional representatives to work for the enactment of a national law that will penalize those who find and provide jobs for illegal aliens. President Carter and James Eastland, chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, are both reportedly opposed to criminal penalities.
Language: English
Keywords:
CALIFORNIA | CONNECTICUT | DELAWARE | FLORIDA | KANSAS | NEVADA | MAINE | MASSACHUSETTS | MONTANA | NEW HAMPSHIRE | NEW JERSEY | VERMONT | VIRGINIA | PUERTO RICO | POPULATION LAW | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Caribbean | Legislation | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 776579