1.  Title: Putting young people into national poverty reduction strategies: a guide to statistics on young people in poverty. Author: Curtain R Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], [2008]. 35 p. Abstract: Many national poverty reduction strategies overlook the needs of young people. Even where national strategies do have a youth focus, the analysis of their situation is limited because little or no reference is made to readily available data. For those advocating on behalf of young people in poverty, considerable scope exists to make use of simple but reputable statistics to mount a strong case for Governments and civil society to allocate more resources in addressing poverty among this major population group. The purpose of this guide is to show how relevant statistics on young people in poverty can be easily sourced for use in developing national poverty reduction strategies. The guide shows how to use accessible databases on the Internet to provide individual countries with sophisticated statistical profile of young people in poverty. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DATA COLLECTION | YOUTH | LOW INCOME POPULATION | UNFPA | POVERTY | DATA SOURCES | GOALS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326018 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of methodological 'shortcuts' in conducting public health surveys: Results from a vaccination coverage survey. Author: Luman ET; Sablan M; Stokley S; McCauley MM; Shaw KM Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Mar 27;8:99. Abstract: Lack of methodological rigor can cause survey error, leading to biased results and suboptimal public health response. This study focused on the potential impact of 3 methodological "shortcuts" pertaining to field surveys: relying on a single source for critical data, failing to repeatedly visit households to improve response rates, and excluding remote areas. In a vaccination coverage survey of young children conducted in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in July 2005, 3 sources of vaccination information were used, multiple follow-up visits were made, and all inhabited areas were included in the sampling frame. Results are calculated with and without these strategies. Most children had at least 2 sources of data; vaccination coverage estimated from any single source was substantially lower than from all sources combined. Eligibility was ascertained for 79% of households after the initial visit and for 94% of households after follow-up visits; vaccination coverage rates were similarwith and without follow-up. Coverage among children on remote islands differed substantially from that of their counterparts on the main island indicating a programmatic need for locality-specific information; excluding remote islands from the survey would have had little effect on overall estimates due to small populations and divergent results. Strategies to reduce sources of survey error should be maximized in public health surveys. The impact of the 3 strategies illustrated here will vary depending on the primary outcomes of interest and local situations. Survey limitations such as potential for error should be well-documented, and the likely direction and magnitude of bias should be considered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | SURVEY PERSONNEL | RESPONDENTS | CHILDREN | PUBLIC HEALTH | VACCINATION | REPEATED ROUNDS OF SURVEY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ERROR SOURCES | DATA SOURCES | Developing Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Measurement | Data Collection Document Number: 325702 |
| 3. Title: Intracluster correlation coefficients from the 2005 WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health: Implications for implementation research. Author: Taljaard M; Donner A; Villar J; Wojdyla D; Velazco A Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;22(2):117-125. Abstract: Cluster-based studies involving aggregate units such as hospitals or medical practices are increasingly being used in healthcare evaluation. An important characteristic of such studies is the presence of intracluster correlation, typically quantified by the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC). Sample size calculations for cluster-based studies need to account for the ICC, or risk underestimating the sample size required to yield the desired levels of power and significance. In this article, we present values for ICCs that were obtained from data on 97 095 pregnancies and 98 072 births taking place in a representative sample of 120 hospitals in eight Latin American countries. We present ICCs for 86 variables measured on mothers and newborns from pregnancy to the time of hospital discharge, including 'process variables' representing actual medical care received for each mother and newborn. Process variables are of primary interest in the field of implementation research. We found that overall, ICCs ranged from a minimum of 0.0003 to a maximum of 0.563 (median 0.067). For maternal and newborn outcome variables, the median ICCs were 0.011 (interquartile range 0.007-0.037) and 0.054 (interquartile range 0.013-0.075) respectively; however, for process variables, the median was 0.161 (interquartile range 0.072-0.328). Thus, we confirm previous findings that process variables tend to have higher ICCs than outcome variables. We demonstrate that ICCs generally tend to increase with higher prevalences (close to 0.5). These results can help researchers calculate the required sample size for future research studies in maternal and perinatal health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA SOURCES | SAMPLING STUDIES | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | WHO | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EVALUATION RESEARCH | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Health | Child Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation Document Number: 324194 |
| 4. Title: Towards a harmonization of European statistics on international migration. Author: Thierry X Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Feb;(442):1-4. Abstract: Immigration and emigration flows measured in the European Union vary considerably from one country to another. But statistics are not always established in the same way, making comparisons difficult. Xavier Thierry explains that these variations reflect differences between countries in the definition of what constitutes an international migrant, and in the data sources used, i.e. surveys or administrative records. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | DATA SOURCES | STATISTICS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Data Collection Document Number: 325598 |
| 5. Title: Malawi National Health Accounts (NHA) 2002-2004 with sub-accounts for HIV and AIDS, reproductive and child health. Author: Malawi. Ministry of Health Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Partners for Health Reform Plus, 2007 Mar. [200] p. Abstract: National Health Accounts (NHA) is an internationally accepted framework designed to give a comprehensive description of resource flows in a health system, showing where funds come from and how they are used. The Malawi Government and its partners have recognized the importance of documenting the overall flow of health funds as well as those associated with HIV and AIDS, reproductive health and child health. This NHA report aims to document the magnitude, flows and uses of public, private and donor funds in Malawi for overall health care and, specifically, for HIV and AIDS, reproductive health and child health services for financial years 2002/03, 2003/04 and 2004/05. The key findings show that total expenditure on health rose from MK14.61 billion (US$164.4 million) in 2002/03 to MK26.21 billion (US$240.6 million) in 2004/05 representing per capita health expenditures of US$15 and US$20 per annum respectively - far less than the US$34 per capita per annum that the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health recommended in 2001 for delivering basic essential health care interventions in developing countries but close to the estimated cost of the Malawi Essential Health Package of US$22 per capita per annum. Total health expenditure a as percentage of gross domestic product increased from 9% in 2002/03 to 12.8% in 2004/05 - the highest in the Southern Africa Development Community. Government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure was 9.1% in 2002/03, fell to 7.1% in 2003/04 and rose again to 9.3% in 2004/05, well below the Abuja Target of 15%. Donors were the major source of financing for health care services and goods, contributing an average of 56%; second was the public sector, at 28%, and third the private sector, at 16%. HIV/AIDS, reproductive health and child health sub-accounts found the same pattern of financing percentages (donor, followed by public sector and private sector). Curative health care services and goods consumed the largest amount (an average of 50% during the three financial years studied) of total spending on health, followed by prevention and public health care services and goods at an average of 27%. These overall amounts mask the distribution of expenditure by sub-sector such as the Ministry of Health, which made on average 78% of its total health expenditures on curative health care services and only 6% on prevention and public health. The same breakdown - donors funding prevention and public health programmes and the government funding curative health care services - was also seen for HIV and AIDS (except antiretroviral drugs), and reproductive and child health services and goods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA SOURCES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | EXPENDITURES | HIV | AIDS | PUBLIC HEALTH | GOALS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 318266 |
| 6. Title: M&E fundamentals: a self-guided minicourse. Author: Frankel N; Gage A Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2007 Jan. 77 p. (MS-07-20USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an essential component of any intervention, project, or program. This mini-course covers the basics of program monitoring and evaluation in the context of population, health, and nutrition programs. It also defines common terms and discusses why M&E is essential for program management. At the end of this course, you will be able to: identify the basic purposes and scope of M&E; differentiate between monitoring functions and evaluation functions; describe the functions of an M&E plan; identify the main components of an M&E plan; identify and differentiate between conceptual frameworks, results frameworks and logic models; describe how frameworks are used for M&E planning; identify criteria for the selection of indicators; describe how indicators are linked to frameworks; identify types of data sources; and describe how information can be used for decision-making. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | ORGANIZATIONS | POPULATION PROGRAMS | INTERVENTIONS | HEALTH SERVICES | MONITORING | EVALUATION | DATA SOURCES | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Control | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 318945 |
| 7. Title: Sources of data for improved surveillance of HIV/AIDS in China. Author: Jia Y; Lu F; Sun X; Vermund SH Source: Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2007 Nov;38(6):1041-52. Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe the evolution of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance in mainland China, with a focus on reviewing the sources of data being used for improved surveillance of HIV/AIDS. We review the development of HIV/AIDS surveillance and its multiple data sources to monitor the dynamics of HIV/AIDS in China. The surveillance system for HIV/AIDS in China was initiated in 1986. It has evolved in three stages: (1) passive surveillance, (2) HIV sentinel surveillance with coexisting active surveillance and passive surveillance, and (3) comprehensive surveillance. In parallel with the evolution of the surveillance system itself, the HIV epidemic in China has gone through increasing stages of complexity, through an Introduction Phase, a Spreading Phase, and a Rapidy Spreading Phase. More reliable data from improved surveillance suggest that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is expanding in China. HIV infections among 2005 estimates remain concentrated among injection drug users (IDUs), those buying and selling sex, and men who have sex with men. Better HIV/AIDS surveillance synthesizes multiple data sources to provide a more accurate picture of the dynamics of specific HIV/AIDS circumstances in different areas of China. Improved surveillance is meaningful insofar as data are used to implement more effective HIV prevention programs in China. Support for surveillance and strategic analyses can enable policy decision makers to make more effective program choices and mobilize adequate resources to contain HIV. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA SOURCES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RELIABILITY | SCREENING | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329450 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Cohort profile: Caribbean, Central and South America Network for HIV research (CCASAnet) collaboration within the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) programme. Author: McGowan CC; Cahn P; Gotuzzo E; Padgett D; Pape JW Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;36(5):969-976. Abstract: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has evolved in its third decade to be an unprecedented human catastrophe of global scale and importance. Although an historic response for change and intervention has led to decreased rates of new infections and HIV-associated mortality in many communities, the enormity of the pandemic continues to overwhelm already constrained resources everywhere. Improved understanding of antiretroviral therapy (ART) responses and viral and host characteristics, both within and between diverse settings and populations, is needed to guide initiatives in HIV prevention and treatment worldwide. The merging of existing clinical and research data related to HIV infection and its associated disorders answers questions that currently cannot be addressed using randomized trials or single sources of data. Cohorts such as MACS, WIHS, HIVRN, EuroSida and the Swiss HIV Cohort have produced important observations regarding the epidemiology and long-term outcomes of HIV-infected individuals residing in North America and Europe, both before and after the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Assessments of short-term response to HAART in recently expanded single-site programmes have been reported globally. Collaborations such as TAHOD and ART-LINC have allowed short-term evaluation of antiretroviral programmes in resource-limited settings from several continents, and recently, comparisons of outcomes in the first year of ART between low- and high-income countries have been reported. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | CENTRAL AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | COHORT ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CHILD | ADOLESCENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DATA SOURCES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | TREATMENT | Americas | Developing Countries | Latin America | Public Health | Health | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321782 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimating the number of insecticide-treated nets required by African households to reach continent-wide malaria coverage targets. Author: Miller JM; Korenromp EL; Nahlen BL; Steketee RW Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007 May 23-30;297(20):2241-2250. Abstract: African countries are scaling up malaria interventions, especially insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), for which ambitious coverage targets have been set. The objective was to estimate how many ITNs are available in African households that are at risk of malaria and how many ITNs are needed to reach targets for use by children younger than 5 years and pregnant women. Primary sources of data were the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys II, the Demographic and Health Surveys, or other nationally representative or largescale household surveys that measured household possession and use of nets or ITNs among children younger than 5 years. Data from 42 household surveys between 1999 and 2006 on net and ITN coverage (either household possession or use) and average numbers of nets and ITNs per household were compared with populations and households at risk. Data are included for 43 sub-Saharan African countries. For the median survey year 2003, the population-weighted mean proportion of households possessing at least 1 ITN was 6.7% (range among countries, 0.1%-71.0%) and was 23.8% (range, 5.0%-91.2%) for any type of net. Based on an average of 0.13 ITNs per household, we estimated that 53.6 million nets, of which 16.7 million were ITNs, were available in households at risk of malaria. Between 130 million and 264 million ITNs are required in 2007 to reach the 80% coverage target for about 133 million children younger than 5 years and pregnant women living in 123 million households in risk areas; the exact number depends on usage patterns (best estimate, assuming 55% of owned ITNs are used by the target groups, 192 million ITNs). To achieve the targeted ITN usage rates, numbers of ITNs available to African households must be dramatically increased. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA SOURCES | HOUSEHOLDS | BED NETS | USER COMPLIANCE | MALARIA PREVENTION | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation Document Number: 317104 |
| 10. Title: New estimates of global under-5 mortality. Authors' reply [letter] Author: Murray CJ; Laakso T; Shibuya K; Hill K; Lopez AD Source: Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1413-1414. Abstract: Efforts to estimate key health indicators to guide development strategies should draw on all available expertise, data, and statistical acumen. Child mortality is no exception. Recent advances have been made to harmonise the work of identifying past trends and generating current estimates through the Interagency Child Mortality Estimation Group (IACMEG), including UNICEF, WHO, and other partners. Despite these welcome advances, key challenges remain. In our paper, we tried to analyse systematically all internationally avail able data on child mortality and to introduce new methods to estimate trends and uncertainty in the risk of child death worldwide. These methods and preliminary results were in fact presented to IACMEG in July, 2007, at their invitation, by two of our authors who are also members of IACMEG (KS and KH). In that meeting, IACMEG agreed to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the new approach. We have also proposed a formal method to estimate uncertainty in our estimates, even those based on surveys done within the last year or so. We recognise that further work on the estimation of uncertainty intervals is needed; however, opinions about what uncertainty levels might, or should, be do not constitute a scientific, replicable approach. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | CHILD MORTALITY | DATA COLLECTION | DATA SOURCES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Research Methodology Document Number: 321886 |
| 11. Title: Using VCT statistics from Kenya in understanding the association between gender and HIV. Author: Otwombe KN; Ndindi P; Ajema C; Wanyungu J Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2007 Nov;4(3):707-710. Abstract: This paper demonstrates the importance of utilising official statistics from the voluntary counselling and testing centres (VCT) to determine the association between gender and HIV infection rates in Kenya. The study design adopted was a record based survey of data collected from VCT sites in Kenya between the second quarter of 2001 and the second quarter of 2004. Of those who were tested, significantly more females tested positive (P less than 0.0001) and had twice as high a chance of being infected by HIV (Odds ratio 2.27 with CI 2.23 to 2.31) than males. We conclude that VCT statistics may lead to better planning of services and gender sensitive interventions if utilised well. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA ANALYSIS | WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | INCIDENCE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | GENDER ISSUES | DATA SOURCES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 326988 |
| 12. Title: Vitamin A deficiency: counting the cost in women's lives. Author: Rice AL Source: [Washington, D.C.], Academy for Educational Development [AED], A2Z Project, 2007 Jan. 7 p. (Technical BriefUSAID Cooperative Agreement No. GHS-A-00-05-00012-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADK-394) Abstract: Over half a million women around the world die each year from conditions related to pregnancy and childbirth. The vast majority of these deaths occur in Asia and Africa, areas where prenatal care and delivery services are lacking and a woman's nutritional status is often compromised. Sadly, the majority of women die from conditions that are preventable and could be addressed with proper maternal health programs, improved nutrition status, and better access to prenatal care and delivery systems. This brief examines how vitamin A deficiency may influence maternal mortality in various regions of the world. Current estimates suggest that somewhere between 13.3-22 percent (72,618-104,000) of maternal deaths could be prevented if vitamin A deficiency were completely eliminated. This could be accomplished by scaling-up programs for improving women's vitamin A status in countries in Asia and Africa where maternal vitamin A deficiency is most prevalent and maternal mortality rates are high. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | VITAMIN A | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DATA SOURCES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATERNAL NUTRITION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Data Collection | Nutrition | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 323671 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluation of the quality of cause of death statistics in rural China using verbal autopsies. Author: Wang L; Yang G; Ma J; Rao C; Wan X Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007;61:519-526. Abstract: Death registration systems in rural China are in a developmental stage. The Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) system provides the only nationally representative information on causes of death. In this system, there are no standard procedures or instruments for ascertaining causes of death; hence available statistics require careful evaluation before use. The aim was to assess the reliability of data from the DSP. 14 DSP sites were selected through stratified sampling, enrolling 2482 deaths registered during June-November 2002. Defined verbal autopsy (VA) procedures were used to derive underlying causes of death. k Measures of agreement between VA and registered diagnoses were computed. VA diagnoses were used as references to compute sensitivity and positive predictive values. Finally, patterns of cause-specific discordance between the two data sources were studied. k Scores indicate only moderate agreement for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). The results also suggest that COPD is undercounted in registration data. A significant degree of cross attribution of cause was found between the two data sources. Overall, the VA was successful in limiting deaths with ill-defined causes to ,10%. Diagnoses based on structured symptom questionnaires in the VA approach seem plausible and reliable as compared with lay-reported diagnoses in registration data. Concerns with attribution of cause of death due to COPD, IHD and tuberculosis in registration data suggest caution in their use for research and health programme purposes. The VA methods tested in this study offer promise for implementation in the routine registration system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | DATA QUALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | DEATH RECORDS | AUTOPSY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DATA SOURCES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Collection Document Number: 320690 |
| 14. Title: Linking family planning with postabortion services in Egypt: Testing the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of two models of integration. Author: Youssef H; Abdel-Tawab N; Bratt J; van der Velden T; Abou-Gabal M Source: [Cairo], Egypt, Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2007 Aug. [59] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: Effective linkage between postabortion evacuation services and family planning is essential to reduce the incidence of repeat unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. This collaborative operations research study between FRONTIERS Program, TAHSEEN/Catalyst Project, and the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), with funds from USAID, was undertaken to test the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of two models of integrating family planning services with postabortion services. The first model involves provision of family planning counseling to postabortion patients and referral to a clinic near their residence to receive a method. The second model involves, in addition, offering family planning methods to postabortion patients who are interested in immediate initiation of contraception. A companion study investigated pain management perceptions and practices of Egyptian patients and providers in relation to postabortion care in different types hospitals; the research methodologyand results are provided in Appendix I of this report. The study was conducted in six MOHP hospitals in Fayoum and Beni Suef governorates where staff received training on improved PAC (including FP counseling and method provision), a PAC brochure was provided to postabortion patients before discharge, and FP methods were placed on the Ob/Gyn ward. The two models were implemented in tandem over a three month period followed by an assessment using provider interviews, supervisor interviews, patient exit interviews, patient follow-up interviews at home three months after discharge and customized spreadsheets to collect information on incremental costs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | SUMMARY REPORT | STUDY DESIGN | DATA SOURCES | CLIENTS | POSTABORTION CARE | FAMILY PLANNING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | INTERVENTIONS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SATISFACTION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Training Programs | Education | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 324297 |
| 15. Title: Urban out-migration, poverty and structural adjustment in Burkina Faso: an event history analysis (1980-1999). Author: Beauchemin C Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 19 p. Abstract: An emerging trend in sub-Saharan Africa is urban out-migration. Certainly, this observation does not apply to all countries in the subcontinent, but the fact remains that migration from towns to rural areas has become significant in many countries, to the extent in some cases of becoming the dominant movement. This is the case in Zambia and Côte d'Ivoire. In explaining this trend, a broad consensus can be seen in the literature, blaming reduced economic opportunities in the towns and a rise in urban poverty, against a background of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs). In fact, reducing the inequality between towns and rural areas is one of the aims of the SAPs. The causative processes seem to be working at two levels. At the macro level, the various economic measures accompanying the SAPs are apparently responsible for starting a new migration trend. Meanwhile, at the micro level, urban out-migration seems to be part of a strategy to adjust to poverty, or simply to survive. The aim of this paper is to look into the evidence for this two-level theory. To do this, use has been made of longitudinal data from the national survey Dynamique migratoire, insertion urbaine et environnement [Migration Dynamics, Urban Integration and Environment] (EMIUB) carried out in Burkina Faso in 2000. This paper presents a study, using a event history analysis model, of the determinants of urban out-migration to establish whether: (1) indicators of poverty play a key role in movements of individuals from the towns to rural areas, and (2) application of the SAP in that country has altered the logic of migration. The paper starts by presenting a review of the literature; this first reveals the emergence of urban out-migration as a phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa and then investigates the relationships between migration, poverty, recession and Structural Adjustment. The second part deals with questions of methods to be used (presenting the sources, specifying the models and examining the variables analysed). The third part then presents the results. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | TURNAROUND MIGRATION | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DATA SOURCES | MEASUREMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Collection Document Number: 318860 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Monitoring the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy programmes: methods to estimate coverage. Author: Boerma JT; Stanecki KA; Newell M; Luo C; Beusenberg M Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Feb;84(2):145-150. Abstract: This paper reviews the data sources and methods used to estimate the number of people on, and coverage of, antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in low- and middle-income countries and to monitor the progress towards the "3 by 5" target set by WHO and UNAIDS. We include a review of the data sources used to estimate the coverage of ART programmes as well as the efforts made to avoid double counting and over-reporting. The methods used to estimate the number of people in need of ART are described and expanded with estimates of treatment needs for children, both for ART and for cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. An estimated 6.5 million people were in need of treatment in low- and middle-income countries by the end of 2004, including 660,000 children under age 15 years. The mid-2005 estimate of 970,000 people receiving ART in low- and middle-income countries (with an uncertainty range 840,000-1,100,000) corresponds to a coverage of 15% of people in need of treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | DATA SOURCES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MONITORING | GOALS | WHO | UNAIDS | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Health | Data Collection | Evaluation | Planning | Organization and Administration | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 296828 |
| 17. Title: Migration of the Health Belief Model (HBM): effects of psychosocial and migrant network characteristics on emigration intentions in five countries in West Africa and the Mediterranean region. Author: Groenewold G; de Bruijn B; Bilsborrow R Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 24 p. Abstract: The effects of psychosocial and migrant network factors on emigration intentions are examined. Following a review of migration and health theories, it is argued that adaptation of the Health Belief Model (HBM) conceptualization of behavioral intentions contributes to a better understanding and prediction of emigration intentions. An HBM-inspired conceptual model is derived and tested, using comparable data collected in migration surveys by a multi-country project on international migration from West Africa and Mediterranean region to Europe. Results show that indicators of the psychosocial constructs of 'perceived threat to financial living conditions', 'perceived benefits and perceived barriers to emigration', 'cues to action' and 'perceived general self-efficacy' show effects in predicted directions and contribute considerably to the explanation of emigration intentions. It is therefore recommended that international migration surveys, when examining emigration intentions, use the advocated framework to identify relevant indicators and survey questions to capture and measure the aforementioned psychosocial constructs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AFRICA, WESTERN | GHANA | SENEGAL | MOROCCO | EGYPT | TURKEY | SPAIN | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | DATA SOURCES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BELIEFS | HEALTH | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Europe, Southwestern | Europe, Southern | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Culture | Population Characteristics Document Number: 318874 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk factors for childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa a comparison of data from a demographic and health survey and from a demographic surveillance system. [Facteurs de risque pour la mortalité infantile en Afrique subsaharienne : une comparaison des données issues d’une enquęte démographique et de santé et d’un systčme de surveillance démographique] Author: Hammer GP; Kouyate B; Ramroth H; Becher H Source: Acta Tropica. 2006 Jul;98(3):212-218. Abstract: In a comparative analysis, the effect of risk factors for childhood mortality in Burkina Faso, sub-Saharan Africa, were computed from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and Demographic Surveillance System (DSS), two very different sources. While most analyses so far determined levels of risk factors, this analysis focuses on the effects of those risk factors. Mortality levels are often calculated by strata of risk factor levels separately for each factor. In this publication, their effect was modelled jointly by survival analysis, using all-cause childhood mortality as outcome variable. All live births in rural Burkina Faso in the period of 1994--1998 recorded by the DHS survey Burkina Faso 1998--1999 (5018 births) and the Demographic Surveillance System based in Nouna, western Burkina Faso (6196 births) were included. A simultaneous estimation of hazard rate ratios by a Cox regression model yielded similar estimates for the DHS and DSS data, in line with previous findings based on the Nouna DSS alone. Although DHS surveys do not include children whose mothers had died, ignoring the strong risk factor "death of the mother" does not strongly affect DHS-based results. Despite the different nature of survey (DHS) and longitudinal (DSS) data, these findings demonstrate that, despite some limitations, results derived from DHS surveys are broadly comparable to DSS data. Both are valuable tools for assessing the importance of risk factors for childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, and they could be combined for better predictions. (author's) French Abstract: Dans une analyse comparative, les effets des facteurs de risque pour la mortalité infantile au Burkina Faso, en Afrique subsaharienne, ont été calculés ŕ partir de deux sources trčs différentes : l'enquęte démographique et de santé et le systčme de surveillance démographique. Alors que jusque-lŕ la plupart des analyses déterminaient les taux des facteurs de risque, cette analyse est axée sur leurs effets. Les taux de mortalité sont souvent calculés par des strates de taux de facteurs de risque indépendantes de chaque facteur. Dans cette publication, leur effet a été modelé conjointement par une analyse de survie, en utilisant la mortalité infantile toutes causes comme variable des résultats. Toutes les naissances vivantes au Burkina Faso pour la période 1994 - 1998, relevées par l'enquęte démographique et de santé Burkina Faso de 1998 - 1999 (5 018 naissances) et par le systčme de surveillance démographique établi ŕ Nouna, en Burkina Faso occidental (6 196 naissances), étaient incluses. Une évaluation simultanée des taux de défaillance au moyen d'un modčle de régression de Cox a donné des évaluations similaires pour les données de l'enquęte démographique et de santé et celles du systčme de surveillance démographique, correspondant aux résultats précédents basés sur le seul systčme de surveillance démographique de Nouna. Bien que les enquętes démographiques et de santé ne tiennent pas compte des mčres décédées, le fait de ne pas inclure le fort facteur de risque « mort de la mčre » n'a qu'une faible incidence sur les résultats basés sur les enquętes démographiques et de santé. Malgré le fait que les données d'enquęte (enquęte démographique et de santé) ou longitudinales (systčme de surveillance démographique) soient de types différents, ces résultats démontrent qu'en dépit de certaines limitations, les résultats obtenus ŕ partir des enquętes sont largement comparables aux données des systčmes de surveillance démographique. Ces deux méthodes sont des outils extręmement utiles pour évaluer l'importance des facteurs de risque pour la mortalité infantile dans l'Afrique subsaharienne, et ils devraient ętre combinés pour permettre d'obtenir de meilleures prévisions. (de l'auteur) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DATA ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | DATA SOURCES | CHILD SURVIVAL | BIRTH ORDER | MATERNAL AGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Biology | Data Collection | Survivorship | Length of Life | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 302931 |
| 19. Title: Profiles of health facility assessment methods. Author: Hozumi D; Fronczak N; Minichiello SN; Buckner B; Fapohunda B Source: Arlington, Virginia, MEASURE Evaluation, [2006]. [35] p. Abstract: This synopsis of health facility assessment methods was prepared on behalf of the Health Facility Assessment Technical Working Group (HFA TWG). The goal of the HFA TWG is to increase utilization of facility-based information for decision making about investments in health systems and service. Towards this goal, the HFA TWG plans to pursue four main objectives: Facilitate and support a broader sharing of information on existing sources of facility-based information with potential data users; Improve methods for data collection from health service sites; Develop a set of key indicators of the status of health systems and services that are: a) uniformly defined, b) accepted by the international community, and c) based on information obtained from health service sites in the formal health sector; Develop new strategies to promote utilization of facility-based information for decision-making. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | DATA SOURCES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | DISEASE PREVENTION | IMPLEMENTATION | MONITORING | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Training Programs | Education | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Program Sustainability Document Number: 311476 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of preterm birth. [Factores de predicción de nacimientos prematuros] Author: Krupa FG; Faltin D; Cecatti JG; Surita FG; Souza JP Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Jul;94(1):5-11. Abstract: This is a systematic review to assess published scientific evidence on preterm birth predictors. An Internet search for predictors of preterm birth was performed and the evidence level of each method was evaluated. There is strong evidence that preterm birth can be predicted using vaginal sonography to evaluate cervical characteristics, fetal fibronectin in cervicovaginal secretions and interleukin-6 in amniotic fluid. There is consistent evidence that digital cervical examination is a weak predictor, and controversy regarding home uterine activity monitoring. There is scanty evidence about the predictive ability of maternal history and perceptions of symptoms since the study design fails to provide high evidence level. Cervical evaluation by vaginal sonography, fetal fibronectin and interleukin-6 are the best methods for predicting preterm birth. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La presente es una reseńa sistemática para evaluar las pruebas científicas publicadas sobre los factores de predicción de los nacimientos prematuros. Se realizó una búsqueda en Internet de los factores de predicción de nacimientos prematuros y se analizó el grado de evidencia de cada método. Hay pruebas sólidas de que el nacimiento prematuro se puede predecir mediante ecografía vaginal para evaluar las características cervicales, la fibronectina fetal en las secreciones cervicovaginales y la interleucina-6 en el líquido amniótico. Hay evidencia sistemática de que el tacto cervical es un factor de predicción débil y también hay polémica con respecto al control de la actividad uterina en el hogar. Son escasas las pruebas acerca de la eficacia como factor de predicción de los antecedentes maternos y de las percepciones de los síntomas ya que el diseńo del estudio no proporcionó un grado elevado de evidencia. El examen cervical por ecografía vaginal, la fibronectina fetal y la inerleucina-6 son los mejores métodos para predecir el nacimiento prematuro. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA SOURCES | STUDIES | INTERNET | PREMATURE BIRTH | ULTRASONICS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Research Methodology | Information Networks | Communication | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 302718 |
| 21. Title: Quantification of antiretrovirals, Republic of Namibia: trip report. Author: Akhlaghi L Source: Arlington, Virginia, Management Sciences for Health [MSH], Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus, 2005 Oct. [9] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No: PD-ACH-067USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-00-00016-00) Abstract: Management Sciences for Health (MSH)/Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus (RPM Plus) Program has received funds from USAID/Washington under PMTCT funding to assist USAID Missions, cooperating agencies and countries to assess the capacity of the local government to meet drug and other health commodity needs in support of the launch and establishment of the national PMTCT and PMTCT-Plus programs. The pre-assessment will make preliminary determination on the availability of data and possible data sources to identify constraints and challenges, as well as options for improvements in support of introducing and expanding access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and other PMTCT related health commodities. USAID is also providing field support to RPM Plus to strengthen the pharmaceutical management system, specifically in working with the MoHSS and the Central Medical Stores to build capacity for logistical systems and pharmaceutical management, including but not limited to forecasting, distribution channels and supply chains. RPM Plus conducted a pre-assessment visit to Namibia in August 2003. During the visit, the team also discussed issues related to the indicator-based assessment of current pharmaceutical capabilities to support scale-up and expansion of PMTCT, PMTCT Plus and ART programs, scheduled for the last quarter of 2003. Prior to and during the visit, information was gathered to inform the development of methodology and instruments for the more detailed assessment. Data collected during the pre-assessment phase came from document review, meetings with key informants, and visits to selected sites, including Katutura and St. Mary's Hospitals. In keeping with the RPM Plus approach, the pre-assessment data collection followed the drug management cycle by obtaining information on policy and legal frameworks (including registration), selection, procurement, distribution, rational use, and management support systems (including information systems and human resources). Information was also obtained on the role of stakeholders. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | FIELD REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | USAID | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | CAPACITY BUILDING | DATA SOURCES | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | LOGISTICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Sustainability | Evaluation | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Policy | Management Document Number: 306765 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Official population statistics and the Human Mortality Database estimates of populations aged 80+ in Germany and nine other European countries. Author: Jdanov DA; Scholz RD; Shkolnikov VM Source: Demographic Research. 2005 Nov 17;13(14):335-362. Abstract: A systematic comparison of the Human Mortality Database and official estimates of populations aged 80+ is presented. We consider statistical series for East and West Germany and also for Denmark, England and Wales, France, Finland, Hungary, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. The Human Mortality Database (HMD, www.mortality.org) methodology relies on the methods of extinct and almost extinct generations. HMD estimates are precise if the quality of death data is high and the migration among the elderly is negligible. The comparisons between the HMD and the official populations are not fully appropriate for the 1990s since the HMD calculations are related to official population estimates. A significant overestimation of the male population aged 80+ and especially 90+ between the censuses of 1970 and 1987 was found in West Germany. The relative surplus of men aged 90+ increased from 5 to 20 percent, which expressed in absolute numbers indicates an increase from 2 to 10 thousand. In 1971-1987 the official death rates have fallen dramatically to implausibly low values. In 1987-88 death rates based on the official populations suddenly jumped to the HMD death rates due to the census re-estimation. In the 1990s an accelerated decrease in male death rates has resumed. Among other countries, the relative and absolute deviations from the HMD estimates were especially high in Russia, Hungary, and England and Wales. Regression analysis reveals common factors of the relative deviation from the HMD populations. The deviation tends to decrease with time, increase with age, be higher during inter-census periods than in census years, and to decrease after the introduction of population registers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | OLDER ADULTS, 80 AND OVER | MORTALITY CHANGES | DATA SOURCES | DEATH RATE | DEATH RECORDS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Research Methodology | Older Adults | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Data Collection | Vital Statistics Document Number: 292612 |
| 23. Title: Trends and characteristics of AIDS mortality in the Rio de Janeiro city after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. [Tendencias y características de la mortalidad por SIDA en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro después de la introducción de la terapia antirretroviral altamente activa (HAART)] Author: Saraceni V; da Cruz MM; Lauria Lde M; Durovni B Source: Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2005;9(3):209-215. Abstract: We examined the characteristics of AIDS mortality in Rio de Janeiro city from 1995 to 2003. During this period, highly active antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors was made available, and it changed the pattern of the epidemics. There was a 47.5% reduction in the number of AIDS deaths within the period, with an increase in the proportion of women among the deceased; their schooling was lower than that of the men, similar to the trends of the national-level epidemics. The main place of death changed from university hospitals to emergency rooms. The proportion of cases reported to the National Diseases Surveillance System (SINAN) reported only through the death certificate remained high. Although there is free distribution of antiretrovirals by the public health system, many patients still lack access to diagnosis and treatment. We need to give priority to access to anti-HIV testing and treatment, to increase the quality of care and to look into the issue of adherence in order to further reduce AIDS mortality. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Se estudiaron las características de la mortalidad por SIDA en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro de 1995 a 2003. Durante este período, se dio acceso a la terapia antirretroviral altamente activa con inhibidores de la proteasa, y este tratamiento cambió el patrón de la epidemia. Se registró una reducción del 47,5% en el número de muertes debido al SIDA en ese período, con un aumento en la proporción de mujeres en los muertos; su nivel de instrucción formal fue más bajo que el de los hombres, parecido a las tendencias de la epidemia a nivel nacional. El principal lugar de muerte cambió de los hospitales universitarios a las salas de emergencia. El porcentaje de casos informados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Enfermedades (SINAN) se mantuvo elevado. Si bien el sistema de salud pública distribuye los antirretrovirales en forma gratuita, muchos pacientes todavía carecen de acceso al diagnóstico y al tratamiento. Se debe dar prioridad a otorgar acceso a los exámenes y el tratamiento anti VIH, para aumentar la calidad de la atención y para estudiar el tema del cumplimiento a fin de continuar reduciendo la mortalidad a causa del SIDA. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | AIDS | MORTALITY CHANGES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CAUSES OF DEATH | DATA SOURCES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | HIV TESTING | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Behavior | Data Collection | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 292680 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing mortality and average cohort life expectancy. Author: Schoen R; Canudas-Romo V Source: Demographic Research. 2005 Oct 5;13(5):117-142. Abstract: Period life expectancy varies with changes in mortality, and should not be confused with the life expectancy of those alive during that period. Given past and likely future mortality changes, a recent debate has arisen on the usefulness of the period life expectancy as the leading measure of survivorship. An alternative aggregate measure of period mortality which has been seen as less sensitive to period changes, the crosssectional average length of life (CAL) has been proposed as an alternative, but has received only limited empirical or analytical examination. Here, we introduce a new measure, the average cohort life expectancy (ACLE), to provide a precise measure of the average length of life of cohorts alive at a given time. To compare the performance of ACLE with CAL and with period and cohort life expectancy, we first use population models with changing mortality. Then the four aggregate measures of mortality are calculated for England and Wales, Norway, and Switzerland for the years 1880 to 2000. CAL is found to be sensitive to past and present changes in death rates. ACLE requires the most data, but gives the best representation of the survivorship of cohorts present at a given time. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | NORWAY | SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | POPULATION | MORTALITY CHANGES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LENGTH OF LIFE | DATA SOURCES | DEMOGRAPHY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe, Central | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Data Collection | Social Sciences Document Number: 292603 |
| 25. Title: The "population factor" and deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: towards a mediating perspective. Draft. Author: Sydenstricker-Neto J Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 29 p. Abstract: Although significant progress in our understanding of the dynamics of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) has been made, human population pressure continues to be portrayed as the major factor affecting forest destruction. This paper assesses the importance of the "population factor" as a cause of deforestation in Machadinho D'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonia. The analysis draws from multiple data sources (i.e. demographic census, household survey, landcover maps, and in-depth interviews) and different methodological approaches (i.e. fuzzy sets statistics, remote sensing/GIS analysis, and interpretivist qualitative approach). The paper contends that a full account of the complex web of drivers involved in tropical deforestation needs to go beyond demographics per se. The paper shows that social structure and mediating factors such as cultural aspects and human capital involving education, managerial skills, previous rural experience, and integration to the local and regional contexts mediate migrants' relationships with the local environment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | DATA SOURCES | POPULATION PRESSURE | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION GROWTH | MALTHUSIANISM | FORESTS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | LAND TENURE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Environmental Degradation | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 320561 |
| 26. Title: Searching for the answer for China's fertility puzzle: data collection and data use in the last two decades. Author: Zhang G; Zhao Z Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 39 p. Abstract: China's fertility level has become a matter of considerable debate since the early 1990s. Despite the widespread concern of data quality, however, a recent literature review has revealed that there has been a lack of systematic examination of major fertility data in terms of their collection, specific problems, and use in demographic research. This paper first examines five major fertility data sources, and then identifies a number of problems in producing and using fertility data and further discusses their implications. Finally, it addresses some issues relating to China's controversial 2000 census results and the extremely low fertility. The paper concludes that the prevalent uncertainty about fertility level is not only related to the problem of data quality, but also a result of misusing fertility data and exaggerating the problem of under-registration, and more importantly, the failure to appreciate the nature of changing society and the birth planning program. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA COLLECTION | DATA QUALITY | DATA SOURCES | DATA REPORTING | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Planning Document Number: 320570 |
| 27. Title: Compendium of indicators for monitoring and evaluating national tuberculosis programs. Author: Adams L; Bergstrom K; Bleed D; Colvin C; Eckert E Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization [WHO], 2004. [225] p. (WHO/HTM/TB/2004.344) Abstract: TB control has been one of the leading fields to routinely collect information that measures the most critical output and outcome indicators used for national and global reporting. TB programs in the vast majority of countries are currently using these indicators for M&E for TB control at the national and local levels. Still, there is some variability in the definitions of core indicators, and guidance is needed on additional indicators that are critical for M&E of the rapid scale-up of TB programs. The overall objective of this compendium is to encourage and facilitate internal and external M&E of TB control programs to improve quality and effectiveness. This compendium provides a comprehensive and standardized listing of the most widely used indicators relevant to developing countries, and it strives to achieve uniformity in defining indicators to allow comparisons over time and between different programs. The compendium draws on numerous important, previously established guidelines from WHO and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (UNION) on the selection and use of indicators. Although WHO and the UNION have been using a range of process indicators for a long time, a few process-level indicators presented in this compendium have been adapted from related fields. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | TUBERCULOSIS | MONITORING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | DATA QUALITY | DATA SOURCES | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Prevention and Control | Data Analysis | Data Collection Document Number: 279465 |
| 28. Title: HIV / AIDS as a development challenge in South Africa: the responses of youth organizations in KwaZulu-Natal province. Author: Ngcobo N Source: Durban, South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Health Economics and HIV / AIDS Research Division [HEARD], 2004 Sep. [70] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADE-553) Abstract: Like any developing country in the world, South Africa is heavily confronted with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. With the legacies of both the colonial and apartheid regimes, mainly economic and political oriented, today HIV/AIDS present itself as a new battle that the South Africans ought to tackle heads on. Debates on government policies have never ceased to exist. To a larger extent these debates seem not to be in the government's liking, specifically the issue of anti - retroviral drugs for all infected persons. This issue has not been appropriately endorsed or considered by the government to such an extent that confrontation between the state and civil society continues. With young people getting infected and affected by HIV, hopes for the future seem very bleak. With the above background in mind, a study on youth organisation's responses was conducted to locate the extent to which youth organisations and their leadership have responded to the challenges posed by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Special reference was paid to youth organisations in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA SOURCES | YOUTH | HIV PREVENTION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | LITERACY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Communication | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 294379 |
| 29. Title: Malawi health human resource information systems: supporting the development and monitoring of health human resource deployment and training policies and plans. Author: Schenck-Yglesias C Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, 2004 Mar. [61] p. (JHP-24) Abstract: WHO, World Bank, and other human resources for health experts globally have recognized the dearth of human resource data for the health sector in many developing countries. In the present assessment, JHPIEGO reviewed the availability of staff deployment and training data from routine information systems in Malawi to inform the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) of deficiencies that would need to be addressed in order to better inform the development and ongoing monitoring of deployment and training policies and plans. This report is the result of a number of technical assistance site visits to Malawi between February 2001 and December 2002, in addition to the review of several reports and consultant documents focused on human resources and training monitoring systems in the Malawian health sector. The report divides human resources for health (HRH) data into two categories: demand and supply. Demand data tell a health sector leader how many personnel in each cadre in each type of facility, and in which geographical areas, are needed. Supply data tell the decision-makers how many personnel there are presently or will be available. Demand sources reviewed in the present assessment include the current establishment and functional review of HRH in Malawi, and the World Health Organization (WHO) Human Resource for Health computer model, used by JHPIEGO and Keele University in 2003 in Malawi to project HRH demand. The review of supply data revealed that 10 parallel data sources on HRH are in place covering Malawi MOHP personnel, while one streamlined data source was in place at the Christian Health Association of Malawi. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | TECHNICAL REPORT | DATA SOURCES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | HEALTH POLICY | HUMAN RESOURCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Policy | Economic Factors Document Number: 183215 |
| 30. Title: New computer program helps track commodity requirements for reproductive health services. Author: Abrams T Source: Population 2005. 2003 Dec;5(4):10. Abstract: A hi-tech user-friendly service has been developed by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to help secure for developing nations the supply and choice of quality contraceptives and other reproductive health (RH) commodities. The new service is part of a broader ‘Commodity Security Strategy’. It is described by Jagdish Upadhyay, head of the Fund's Commodity Management Unit (CMU), as an information database capable of providing instant readouts of country stockpiles and shortfalls of varieties of contraceptives and other RH-related commodities. Data is received from countries and then aggregated at the global level. At the touch of a computer key, the system can call up displays of available stock and the commodity needs of more than 50 developing countries. These countries currently look to UNFPA and other donor organizations for most of their RH-related commodities; and for 25 of them, support from UNFPA is critical. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PRICES | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTION | DATA SOURCES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Information Processing | Information | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 286827 |
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