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Title: Spatial analysis of logistics indicator data for health commodities.
Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jul. 6 p.
Abstract: The USAID | DELIVER PROJECT has developed robust monitoring and evaluation tools to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the performance of logistics systems for essential health commodities. The purpose of this paper is to explore how analysis of stock indicators by location provides added value to these data sets, through a relatively minor investment in GPS devices and GIS software. Beginning with visual examination of logistics indicator data within a geographic context and progressing to network analysis, each of the spatial analysis methods presented in this paper presents its own set of strengths and weaknesses, yet they all excel in providing insights into the logistics system that might not otherwise be understood or even observed by simply looking at tabular data of stock levels for different facilities in the health system. Since a logistics system is inherently a geographically heterogeneous entity, using cartographic and spatial analysis tools may prove to be a crucial asset in assisting managers to identify key questions related to the performance of the logistics system and focus on potential causes and solutions. Moving forward, it will be useful to build off of the descriptive strengths of the spatial analysis methods described herein and begin building more robust statistical models that measure correlation between different components of the logistics system and commodity availability, while still accounting for the geographical variability of the data. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | PARAGUAY | SUMMARY REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | USAID | LOGISTICS | GEOGRAPHY | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | DISTANCE | STREETS AND ROADS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Social Sciences | Science | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Geographic Factors | Population | Transportation | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331660

Title: mHealth for development: The opportunity of mobile technology for healthcare in the developing world.
Author: Vital Wave Consulting
Source: Washington, D.C., United Nations Foundation, 2009. 66 p.
Abstract: Mounting interest in the field of mHealth -- the provision of health-related services via mobile communications -- can be traced to the evolution of several interrelated trends. In many parts of the world, epidemics and a shortage of healthcare workers continue to present grave challenges for governments and health providers. Yet in these same places, the explosive growth of mobile communications over the past decade offers a new hope for the promotion of quality healthcare. Among those who had previously been left behind by the 'digital divide,' billions now have access to reliable technology. There is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates the potential of mobile communications to radically improve healthcare services -- even in some of the most remote and resource-poor environments. This report examines issues at the heart of the rapidly evolving intersection of mobile phones and healthcare. It helps the reader to understand mHealth's scope and implementation across developing regions, the health needs to which mHealth can be applied, and the mHealth applications that promise the greatest impact on heath care initiatives. It also examines building blocks required to make mHealth more widely available through sustainable implementations. Finally, it calls for concerted action to help realize mHealth's full potential. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | PUBLIC HEALTH | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | EDUCATION | AWARENESS | DATA COLLECTION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DISEASE PREVENTION | TECHNOLOGY | TREATMENT | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUGS | HIV TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Training Programs | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 331450

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Title: Collecting reliable information about violence against women safely in household interviews: experience from a large-scale national survey in South Asia.
Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Ansari N; Omer K; Chaudhry UU; Khan A; Pearson L
Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Apr;15(4):482-96.
Abstract: This article describes the first national survey of violence against women in Pakistan from 2001 to 2004 covering 23,430 women. The survey took account of methodological and ethical recommendations, ensuring privacy of interviews through one person interviewing the mother-in-law while another interviewed the eligible woman privately. The training module for interviewers focused on empathy with respondents, notably increasing disclosure rates. Only 3% of women declined to participate, and 1% were not permitted to participate. Among women who disclosed physical violence, only one third had previously told anyone. Surveys of violence against women in Pakistan not using methods to minimize underreporting could seriously underestimate prevalence.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SAFETY | INTERVIEWS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341635

Title: PRISM tools for assessing, monitoring, and evaluating RHIS performance.
Author: Aqil A; Lippeveld T
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. [32] p. (MS-09-34USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: PRISM Framework and its tools applications have expanded since 2004. Now it has been applied in Pakistan, Uganda, South Africa, Mexico, Paraguay, Honduras, Haiti, China and Cote d'Ivore for assessment and evaluation. It has been applied in diverse countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Carribean continents. While these applications showed the strengths and appropriateness of PRISM Framework and its tools in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the routine information systems, they brought some challenges to attention. First, to make a distinction between RHIS performance indicators -accuracy, timeliness and completeness, from their counterpart processes. Second, to keep minimum variables in various tools for triangulation of information to avoid respondent's burden of filling the details. Third, better measurement of use of information. Thus, there was a need to revise the PRISM tools. Uganda PRISM evaluation in 2007 for testing its reliability and validity also helped to make the revisions. PRISM tools version 3.0 meets old and new challenges in assessing, monitoring and evaluation of RHIS.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | MEXICO | HONDURAS | HAITI | CHINA | PARAGUAY | SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | INFORMATION PROCESSING | DATA COLLECTION | MANAGEMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Caribbean | Asia, Eastern | South America, Central | South America | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Information | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Programs
Document Number: 339994

Title: Demographic data for development in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Baldwin W; Diers J
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 15 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 13)
Abstract: More demographic data are being collected throughout the developing world than ever before, but the effective use of that data to further development goals is often lacking. This paper summarizes case studies on the demand for data in four sub-Saharan African countries, namely Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda. The project's objective was to create a detailed portrait of access and demand at the country level, and to determine whether policymakers are getting the data they need to develop sound policies. Common findings across the four countries include an increased external demand from international initiatives that has not necessarily translated into internal demand for data; a missing link between producers and users of data; and a need for data to be presented in user-friendly formats. One driver of internal demand for data is the decentralization and democratization process that is underway in all four countries; this demand highlighted the paucity of available data that can be disaggregated at the level to which policies were being devolved. Next steps are to support initiatives to establish data access as a right, encourage a culture of data-sharing among funders and producers of data, strengthen intermediaries between policymakers and data collectors, display data in accessible formats such as maps, and disaggregate available data to the most useful levels. (Author's abstract)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | GHANA | SENEGAL | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | CASE STUDIES | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | DECENTRALIZATION | DEMOCRACY | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | YOUTH | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331433

6.
Title: [Characterization of tuberculosis among HIV/AIDS patients at a referral center in Mato Grosso do Sul] Caracterizacao da tuberculose em portadores de HIV/AIDS em um servico de
Author: Cheade Mde F; Ivo ML; Siqueira PH; Sa RG; Honer MR
Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2009 Mar-Apr;42(2):119-25.
Abstract: Tuberculosis was investigated regarding its clinical presentation, treatment outcome and sociodemographic profile among HIV patients attended at a referral center in Mato Grosso do Sul, in 2003-2005. Sixty-six medical files on patients over 14 years of age and data from the Brazilian National Information System for Notifiable Diseases relating to tuberculosis and from the Mortality Information System were analyzed. Most of the patients were male, white, of low schooling level and from urban areas. Increased extrapulmonary clinical presentation was found and it correlated with the degree of immunological competence. The main reasons for ceasing treatment were cure (reached after longer-than-expected follow-up) and death (of six patients at the beginning of the tuberculosis treatment). Information gaps were found in the tuberculosis notification records and medical files. The study revealed the need for early diagnosis of tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients, improvements in medical records and follow-up beyond the recommended duration, because of changes to the clinical evolution of tuberculosis in cases of comorbidity with HIV.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | TREATMENT | DATA COLLECTION | RECORDS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 342168

Peer Reviewed

Title: [Abortion: 20 years of Brazilian research] Aborto: 20 anos de pesquisas no Brasil.
Author: Diniz D; Correa M; Squinca F; Braga KS
Source: Cadernos�de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):939-942.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the main characteristics of the scientific literature on abortion in Brazil. Data were collected from 88 literature bases, and 2,109 documents from 1987 to 2008 were retrieved. Based on the findings, the field of abortion in Brazil is dominated by female researchers affiliated with public universities and nongovernmental organizations from the Southeast, with training in health sciences. There is no research on abortion in the North, while 14% of the studies were conducted in the Northeast and 4% in the Central-West. Abortion has been a constant theme in the scientific literature in Brazil, increasing in the mid-20th century.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | LITERATURE REVIEW | SCIENCE | ABORTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Population
Document Number: 341865 Notification

8.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Abortion: 20 years of Brazilian research] Aborto: 20 anos de pesquisas no Brasil.
Author: Diniz D; Correa M; Squinca F; Braga KS
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):939-42.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the main characteristics of the scientific literature on abortion in Brazil. Data were collected from 88 literature bases, and 2,109 documents from 1987 to 2008 were retrieved. Based on the findings, the field of abortion in Brazil is dominated by female researchers affiliated with public universities and nongovernmental organizations from the Southeast, with training in health sciences. There is no research on abortion in the North, while 14% of the studies were conducted in the Northeast and 4% in the Central-West. Abortion has been a constant theme in the scientific literature in Brazil, increasing in the mid-20th century.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ABORTION | UNIVERSITIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Schools | Education | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342613 Notification

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Opportunity for natural selection among the Indian population: secular trend, covariates and implications.
Author: Gautam RK
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jul 23;:1-41.
Abstract: Crow's index is widely used for indirect quantitative estimation of natural selection using birth and death rates. The present investigation is based on 179 studies among 144 different endogamous communities belonging to nineteen states and six geographical regions of India, categorized into six social groups. These studies appeared in 33 different years over six decades (1956 to 2007). The secular trend in Crow's index (It) and its mortality and fertility components (Im and If) shows a gradual decline in It and radical shift in the relative contributions of Im and If. Before 1990 the opportunity for natural selection was mainly determined by differential pre-reproductive mortality (Im), whereas after 1990 it has been determined by differential fertility (If). To find out the covariates of It, Im and If sixteen socio-demographic variables were considered, and nine were found to be significantly correlated with It: total dependency ratio, decadal growth rate 1991-2001, young age dependency ratio, crude death rate, total fertility rate, child mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, old age dependency ratio and decadal growth rate 1981-1991. On the basis of multivariate stepwise regression analysis, female literacy emerged as one of the most important predictors of It. The declining trend of It, Im and If shows that the Indian population is passing through the demographic transition.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | TRIBES | MOTHERS | CASTE | POPULATION GENETICS | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Genetics | Biology | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 342293

11.
Title: Challenges in providing HIV care to paediatric age group in India.
Author: Haldar P; S Reddy DC
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan;129(1):7-10.
Abstract: To ensure comprehensive paediatric HIV care in India, in addition to expansion of the availability of skilled paediatricians and laboratory infrastructure for diagnosis at specialist centres, the capacity building of health care workers at primary and secondary levels should be a priority. This would immensely improve access to treatment, care and co-trimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis for children living with HIV/AIDS (CLHA) in India. Appropriate guidelines for management and referral at different levels need to be developed and distributed. An integrated approach with the ongoing scale up of Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) in India would also be important to impart effective primary prevention for children since more than 95 per cent of children acquire HIV infection from mother by perinatal transmission. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | AGE FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 341546

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sex work in Mexico: vulnerability of male, travesti, transgender and transsexual sex workers.
Author: Infante C; Sosa-Rubi SG; Cuadra SM
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):125-37.
Abstract: In Mexico, male sex workers (MSW) and travesti, transgender and transsexual (TTT) sex workers are among the groups most affected by HIV. They suffer from stigma and discrimination, yet are often absent from the design of programmes and HIV prevention campaigns. The objective of this study was to provide an account of the social context in which MSW and TTT sex workers live, by focusing on their sexual identities, sexual practices and vulnerability to HIV. Data collection took place in Mexico City and involved observational work together with 36 in-depth interviews. Findings reveal a differentiation of vulnerability by sub-group. In general, vulnerability is influenced by the social context, stigma related to homosexuality and sex work, as well as sex workers' access to scarce social capital and the lack of response in terms of social and health programmes. In order to diminish the vulnerability of MSW and TTT sex workers and reduce their risk of HIV infection, preventive measures are needed which take into account their specific health and social needs, promote meaningful participation and the encourage respect for human rights.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | MEN | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | LIFE STYLE | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health
Document Number: 341619

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Cesarean delivery surveillance system at a maternity hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Author: Kandasamy T; Merialdi M; Guidotti RJ; Betran AP; Harris-Requejo J
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009;104:14-17.
Abstract: Objective: To use an active facility-based maternal and newborn surveillance system to describe cesarean delivery practices and outcomes in a resource-poor setting. Methods: Using data from operating room logbooks, 392 cesarean deliveries were evaluated between April 1 and June 30 2006 at a large public maternity hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. Results: The perinatal mortality rate was 89 per 1000 births: 57% antepartum and 37% intrapartum stillbirths. Fetuses with normal birth weight comprised 85% of intrapartum stillbirths. Obstructed labor, uterine rupture, and malpresentation accounted for more than 50% of perinatal deaths. The cesarean delivery rate was 10.2% and there were 2 maternal deaths. Conclusion: The high percentage of intrapartum stillbirths among normal birth weight fetuses suggests a need for improved labor monitoring and surgical obstetric practices. The use of a facility-based perinatal surveillance system is critical in guiding such quality assurance initiatives.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | CESAREAN SECTION | HOSPITALS | MONITORING | OBSTETRICS | ANESTHESIA | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERINATAL MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FETAL DEATH | BIRTH WEIGHT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Facilities | Evaluation | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 340226

14.

Title: Impact of hormone therapy for women aged 35 to 65 years, from contraception to hormone replacement.
Author: Kase NG
Source: Gender Medicine. 2009;6 Suppl 1:37-59.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Midlife women (aged 35-65 years) present a complex combination of clinical challenges and health care opportunities. To meet these issues effectively, recognition of the various phases of the entire menopausal transition is necessary, because each possesses unique biological properties underlying phase-specific clinical presentations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to inform health care decisions by defining the endocrine, metabolic, and clinical consequences of therapeutic inaction or intervention at each stage of the midlife experience. METHODS: Using PubMed, MEDLINE was searched for age- and phase-specific publications about ovarian function and corresponding clinical manifestations in women aged 35 to 65 years. Large, long-term longitudinal prospective, case-control, and observational studies were selected for inclusion. Results of the Framingham Heart Study, Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, Nurses' Health Study (NHS), and Women's Health Initiative (WHI), as well as materials from the World Health Organization and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, were obtained from the relevant groups' Web sites in 2008. RESULTS: Synthesis of the data acquired, particularly the confirmatory and contrasting elements displayed in the WHI and NHS publications, leads to a set of guiding principles whereby individualized phase-specific management strategies may be safely employed. These include the value of weight control and exercise; use of specific nonhormonal therapies for defined indications; definition of strict inclusion/exclusion criteria; and individualization of timing, regimen, dosage, and portal of entry for possible hormone therapy. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based, restrictive inclusion/exclusion strategy can be used to maximize benefits and minimize risks for this large, growing, and health-conscious but increasingly vulnerable population.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA COLLECTION | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | ESTROGENS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | AGE FACTORS | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 341576

15.
Title: Usage of emergency contraception between medical related and non-medical related students.
Author: Khalid AK; Abd Halim H; Kenny L
Source: Irish Medical Journal. 2009 Apr;102(4):104-8.
Abstract: Teenagers and young adultshave the most risk of unplanned pregnancy, due to lack of awareness to see a family planning provider after unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, nearly one in five physicians is reluctant to provide information regarding Emergency Contraception (EC) to women and this may contribute to their lack of awareness. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the use of EC between medical related students compared to non-medical related students. Data collection was done using questionnaires distributed among students in University College Cork (UCC). 93% of medically related students were aware of EC compared to only 73.5% of non-medically related students. Medical related students also were more aware about the mechanism of action and detailed knowledge of EC compared to the non-medical students. This study has proven that medically related students have more detailed knowledge regarding EC compared to non-medical related students. However, there was no significant difference noted regarding the attitude and practice between the two groups.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | MEDICAL STUDENTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Students | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341715

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Correlates of HIV testing among South African women with high sexual and substance-use risk behaviours.
Author: Luseno WK; Wechsberg WM
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):178-84.
Abstract: Despite its importance in raising awareness of HIV risk behaviour and in linking HIV-positive individuals to care and treatment, research findings indicate that the HIV antibody testing rate in the general South African population remains relatively low, although knowledge of HIV testing services is high. The identification of important correlates of testing behaviour can be used to improve HIV testing campaigns by refining messages that target individuals at highest risk for infection. This study uses data from an ongoing prevention intervention study in Pretoria, South Africa to identify factors that may have a greater influence on facilitating or hindering HIV testing among South African women who face a high risk for infection. The data for this study (n=425) are derived from the baseline interviews and HIV test results collected between June 2004 and January 2007. HIV testing for this study was significantly associated with education level, alcohol and cannabis use, sex trading, number of STI symptoms, physical abuse and number of visits to a clinic for medical treatment. Results suggest that more focused efforts need to be made to provide HIV testing to women who report substance use behaviour, experience violence and report high-risk sexual behaviour. Interventions also need to address denial of HIV infection and fear to test for HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | KNOWLEDGE | CAMPAIGNS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication
Document Number: 330808

17.
Title: HIV/AIDS acquisition and transmission in Bangladesh: turning to the concentrated epidemic.
Author: Mondal NI; Takaku H; Ohkusa Y; Sugawara T; Okabe N
Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Mar;62(2):111-9.
Abstract: A seventh round behavioral and serological surveillance found that the HIV epidemic had remarkably increased to 7% among intravenous drug users (IDU) in Central Bangladesh, indicating the urgent need to increase prevention. The main purposes of this study were to find out, by collecting data and the necessary information from sero-surveillances, published reports, and articles, what the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is, and what the acquisition and transmission routes are. In addition, trends in HIV-related risk behaviors among recognized high risk groups were observed, and estimations and projections of HIV transmission up to the year 2020 presented. The Estimation and Projection Package was used to estimate and project HIV transmission. The study results reveal that Bangladesh is a low prevalence country which is turning into one with a concentrated epidemic due to the high HIV prevalence rate of IDU (7%) among the most-at-risk groups. Within this at-risk population, IDU have the highest prevalence rate of HIV transmission, followed by female sex workers, clients of sex workers, and men who have sex with men. If the transmission rate continues to increase, the situation will be uncontrolled. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive prevention program to control the spread of HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PREVALENCE | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | AIDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Measurement | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 341593

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Stages of consistent condom use, partner intimacy, condom use attitude, and self-efficacy in African-American crack cocaine users.
Author: Pallonen UE; Timpson SC; Williams ML; Ross MW
Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2009 Feb;38(1):149-58.
Abstract: This study examined how condom use attitude, self-efficacy, and partner intimacy related to five stages of consistent condom use. Interview data were collected from sexually active, heterosexual, African-American crack cocaine smokers (N = 366). Dependent measures assessed both the participants' own responses and their perceptions about their last sex partner's own personal condom use attitude and participants' condom use self-efficacy expectations. Partner intimacy was assessed both as a continuous attitudinal and as a discrete relationship measure. Less than 10% were classified as consistent condom users. Two thirds of inconsistent users were in the Precontemplation (PC) stage. The contemplation (C) and preparation (P) stages were equal among the remainder of the inconsistent condom users. Higher partner intimacy reduced modestly readiness for consistent condom use. The stage but not the intimacy group was related to the condom use attitudes and self-efficacy measures. Last partners' perceived own negative attitudes were significantly related to the stages of consistent condom use and was especially low in the action (A) and maintenance (M) stages. Participants' own negative attitudes were unrelated to the stages. Of the self-efficacy measures, both participants' performance and situational condom use self-efficacies increased significantly after the PC stage and were highest in the P, A, and M stages. However, situational self-efficacy accounted for most of performance self-efficacy variance. In sum, consistent condom use was rare. A partner's attitudes and the participants' own situational self-efficacy expectations, rather than intimacy, determined the readiness to adopt consistent condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | BLACKS | CONDOM USE | ATTITUDES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHANGES | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330845

19.
Title: Demographic & clinical profile of HIV infected children accessing care at Tambaram, Chennai, India.
Author: Rajasekaran S; Jeyaseelan L; Raja K; Ravichandran N
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan;129(1):42-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is severely affecting the poorly educated and economically disadvantaged in Indian society. When children start developing clinical manifestations, needing treatment, they have to travel long distances for accessing care and support at tertiary institutions. This places an extra burden on patients, who are already struggling to cope with their illness. Sufficient data are needed for the government to evolve appropriate policy for providing care to the children affected with HIV. We undertook this study to present the socio-demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, clinical profile, distance travelled and follow up pattern of HIV positive children who accessed care for the first time in a referral hospital at Chennai, India. METHODS: Electronic medical records from patients diagnosed with HIV between 2002 and 2004 at the Government Hospital for Thoracic Medicine (GHTM) in Tambaram (Chennai) in India were analyzed to understand care-seeking behaviours. Demographic variables such as age, sex, education and occupation, data on clinical manifestations were examined together with geographic information. RESULTS: At GHTM 1,768 new paediatric patients accessed care from 2002 to 2004. Children aged less than 5 yr were 49.9 per cent; 1115 children had (63%) tuberculosis. Significantly, 14.9 and 20.6 per cent children had extra-pulmonary TB and disseminated TB respectively. Lower respiratory infection (15.8%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (15.20%), oral/oesophageal candidiasis (13.5%), wasting (6.1%) and diarrhoeal disorders (3.5%) were the common clinical manifestations. In all 47 per cent children traveled between 200-400 km from home and 14 per cent travelled over 400 km. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that tuberculosis should be regarded as the indicator disease for HIV infection in children, especially when they have clinical manifestations of progressive, non pulmonary and disseminated disease. The primary and secondary health care centres should have the trained capacity to diagnose and treat HIV disease and opportunistic infections so as the children to have much needed care and support nearer to their residence.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECORDS | DATA COLLECTION | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH | TREATMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 341545

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Conducting unlinked anonymous HIV surveillance in developing countries: ethical, epidemiological, and public health concerns.
Author: Rennie S; Turner AN; Mupenda B; Behets F
Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Jan 20;6(1):e4.
Abstract: Data collected from HIV surveillance are crucial to guide public health interventions, planning, and prevention efforts. The practice of UAT, an important form of HIV surveillance, raises ethical, epidemiological, and public health challenges in low-income countries. Some ways of conducting UAT in the field violate the spirit and/or the letter of international ethical guidelines. Vulnerable populations, such as sex workers, may be subject to unjust treatment by local health authorities during HIV surveillance initiatives. Conducting UAT in ethically and epidemiologically sound ways in low-income countries requires a multifaceted approach including local capacity building, community engagement, and increased access to HIV and STI testing. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DATA COLLECTION | TARGET POPULATION | ETHICS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV TESTING | CAPACITY BUILDING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Sustainability | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 330707

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A process evaluation of user fees abolition for pregnant women and children under five years in two districts in Niger (West Africa).
Author: Ridde V; Diarra A
Source: BMC Health Services Research. 2009;9:89.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: African policy-makers are increasingly considering abolishing user fees as a solution to improve access to health care systems. There is little evidence on this subject in West Africa, and particularly in countries that have organized their healthcare system on the basis of the Bamako Initiative. This article presents a process evaluation of an NGO intervention to abolish user fees in Niger for children under five years and pregnant women. METHODS: The intervention was launched in 2006 in two health districts and 43 health centres. The intervention consisted of abolishing user fees and improving the quality of services (drugs, ambulance, etc.). We carried out a process evaluation in April 2007 using qualitative and quantitative data. Three data collection methods were used: i) individual in-depth interviews (n = 85) and focus groups (n = 8); ii) participant observation in 12 health centres; and iii) self-administered structured questionnaires (n = 51 health staff). RESULTS: The population favoured abolition; health officials and local decision-makers were in favour, but they worried about its sustainability. Among health workers, opposition to providing free services was more widespread. The strengths of the process were: a top-down phase of information and raising community awareness; appropriate incentive measures; a good drug supply system; and the organization of a medical evacuation system. The major weaknesses of the process were: the perverse effects of incentive bonuses; the lack of community-based management committees' involvement in the management; the creation of a system running in parallel with the BI system; the lack of action to support the service offer; and the poor coordination of the availability of free services at different levels of the health pyramid. Some unintended outcomes are also documented. CONCLUSION: The linkages between systems in which some patients pay (Bamako Initiative) and some do not should be carefully considered and organized in accordance with the local reality. For the poorest patients to really benefit, it is essential that, at the same time, the quality of services be improved and mechanisms be put in place to prevent abuses. Much remains to be done to generate knowledge on the processes for abolishing fees in West Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGER | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | DATA COLLECTION | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDREN | FEES | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | INTERVENTIONS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342503

22.
Title: Measles in Children Younger Than 9 Months in Pakistan.
Author: Saleem AF; Zaidi A; Ahmed A; Warraich H; Mir F
Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2009 Jul 1;
Abstract: Pakistan has one of the highest burden of measles and measles related deaths in the world. We compared the clinical course and outcomes of measles in infants aged <9 months with those < 9 month old amongst children admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Data were collected by a retrospective chart review, and compared between age < 9 months (Group A) and age > 9 months (Group B). Severe malnutrition (P=0.039, AOR=3.02), anemia (P=0.017), leukocytosis (P<0.001, AOR 4.1), and conjunctivitis (P=0.021) were higher in Group A children. All four deaths occurred in Group B.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | MEASLES | IMMUNIZATION | EPIDEMICS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342539

23.

Title: Social injecting and other correlates of high-risk sexual activity among injecting drug users in northern Vietnam.
Author: Schumacher CM; Go VF; Nam le V; Latkin CA; Bergenstrom A; Celentano DD; Quan VM
Source: International Journal On Drug Policy. 2009 Jul;20(4):352-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sexual risk and STDs are relatively high among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Vietnam. We sought to determine characteristics of sexually active IDUs and correlates of high-risk sexual practices among IDUs in Bac Ninh province in northern Vietnam. METHODS: We used data collected for a community-based cross-sectional pilot study to identify correlates of recent high-risk sex (>1 sex partner and inconsistent/no condom use in the past year). Factors associated with high-risk sex were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 216 sexually active male IDUs, one third (n=72) had engaged in high-risk sex within the last year. IDUs who reported injecting with others more frequently, having someone else inject their drugs at last injection, sharing needles or sharing any injection equipment were more likely to have reported recent high-risk sex. Factors independently associated with high-risk sexual activity were not injecting oneself [AOR: 2.22; 95% CI (1.09-4.51)], and sharing needles in the past 12 months [AOR: 2.57; 95% CI (1.10-5.99)]. CONCLUSIONS: IDUs who inject socially and IDUs who share needles are likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviours and may serve as an important bridge group for epidemic HIV transmission in Vietnam. In addition to messages regarding the dangers of sharing needles and other injection equipment, preventive interventions among newly initiated IDUs should also focus on reducing sexual risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 342704

24.

Title: Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs): Determining feasible water and feces management small doable actions for HIV programs in Ethiopia.
Author: Seumo EF; Tesfay M; Rosenbaum J; Bery R
Source: Washington, D.C., Academy for Educational Development [AED], USAID Hygiene Improvement Project, 2009 Feb. 61 p. (Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs)USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-04-00024-00)
Abstract: Diarrheal disease is the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) in resource limited settings. Diarrhea is very debilitating and negatively affects the PLWHA's quality of life. Household members and especially children are at risk of contracting diarrhea from PLWHA suffering from bouts of diarrhea. Improving water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) helps prevent diarrhea in PLWHA and their households and enhances the quality of life. The major challenge is how to integrate WASH into HIV programs. To address this challenge, USAID / HIP worked with NGOs providing home-based care services in Ethiopia to design and carry out a trial of improved practices (TIPs) to help identify the water, hygiene, and sanitation small doable actions (SDA) to be integrated into HIV programs. A rapid assessment was carried out in Amhara Region in December 2007. The SDA were reviewed with NGOs partners in Addis to identify the WASH behaviors to be explored in the TIPs. Water and feces management were the two areas that required more information and were thus selected for the TIPs. Further, despite the high risk of HIV transmission associated with menstrual blood, very little is known about HIV-positive women's hygiene practices during menstruation. To fill this gap, USAID / HIP also included this topic in the TIPs. For seven weeks trained data collectors and home-based care workers visited 62 PLWHA in Adama, Addis, Alemtena, and Wonji -- urban, peri-urban, and rural sites in the Oromo Region. USAID / HIP reviewed the findings from the Oromo and Amhara regions and developed recommendations on the WASH SDA to be integrated in the home-based care programs in Ethiopia. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WATER QUALITY | HYGIENE | SANITATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | HOME CARE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | DIARRHEA | MENSTRUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Care and Support | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproduction
Document Number: 331415

25.

Title: The safety of conception occurring shortly after methotrexate treatment of an ectopic pregnancy.
Author: Svirsky R; Rozovski U; Vaknin Z; Pansky M; Schneider D; Halperin R
Source: Reproductive toxicology. 2009 Jan;27(1):85-7.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether a single or repeated injection of methotrexate (MTX) to treat ectopic pregnancy results in either teratogenicity or other bad obstetric outcome in the pregnancy that shortly follows treatment. Data were retrieved from the medical records of 314 women treated with MTX for ectopic pregnancy in our institute (2000-2006) included age, MTX dosage, interval between last MTX treatment to conception, results of ultrasonographic follow-up of the subsequent pregnancy, triple test, karyotype testing, pregnancy outcome, and newborn weight and Apgar score. A logistic regression model based on pregnancy outcome as the dependent variable and interval since last MTX treatment as the independent variable estimated the odds ratio for the safety of conception occurring shortly after the treatment. Complete information was obtained for 125 pregnancies. Forty-five pregnancies occurred within 6 months (mean 3.6+/-1.7) after the last MTX treatment. The outcome of these pregnancies was compared with that of 80 pregnancies which occurred > or =6 months (mean 23.6+/-14.7) after the last MTX treatment. The fetal malformation and adverse outcome rates for both groups were similar (odds ratio 1.003, 95% CI 0.98-1.02). According to a logistic regression analysis, the interval between the last MTX treatment for ectopic pregnancy had no effect on the outcome of the pregnancy that shortly followed it. The results of this study support the notion that conceiving within the first 6 months after treatment with MTX for ectopic pregnancy is safe and not associated with any increase in the examined adverse pregnancy outcome parameters.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | RECORDS | DATA COLLECTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | BIRTH DEFECTS | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | METHOTREXATE | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Information Processing | Information | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Drugs | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331042

26.

Title: Community education and sensitization as an OVC care and support strategy: evaluation of the Integrated AIDS Program-Thika in Kenya.
Author: Thurman TR; Hutchinson P; Ikamari L; Gichuhi W; Murungaru K
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. 31 p. (SR-09-49USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00)
Abstract: This paper presents the findings from the evaluation of the Integrated AIDS Program-Thika (IAP) operating within Kenya. IAP is a community and faith-based organization that receives technical and financial support from Pathfinder International. This evaluation explores the impact of IAP's community education and sensitization efforts focusing on care and support for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). These efforts aim to enhance child protection and reduce stigma concerning OVC and people living with AIDS, and these outcomes are examined with a post-test study design. The indirect influence of living in high acceptance or high stigma communities on the level of community support provided to OVC is also explored. This paper further provides a profile of the characteristics and needs of OVC relative to other children. The programmatic implications of these findings are discussed.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | DATA COLLECTION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PARENTS | AIDS | POVERTY | FOOD SECURITY | STIGMA | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | IMPACT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Communication
Document Number: 339998

27.

Title: Attacking inequality in the health sector: a synthesis of evidence and tools.
Author: Yazbeck AS
Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2009. [330] p.
Abstract: The main purpose of this book is to make available the accumulated knowledge of successful policy and analytical tools in this fight to reverse the vicious circle of income-poverty and ill health. The book presents both a practical set of analytical tools for understanding the causes of inequality in the use of health services and a menu of proven pro-poor policy actions. It is based on the evaluation of 14 successful policy changes in low- and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and a review of the published literature on inequality in the health sector. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | LITERATURE REVIEW | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | INEQUALITIES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | INFANT MORTALITY | FERTILITY | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | ANTENATAL CARE | CHILD HEALTH | IMMUNIZATION | CHILD NUTRITION | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Maternal Health Services | Nutrition
Document Number: 331451

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Transnational comparisons of adolescent contraceptive use: What can we learn from these comparisons?
Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Jan;162(1):92-94.
Abstract: Population-based behavioral surveillance is an essential public health activity for monitoring the health of adolescents. These surveys - often conducted by government scientists, virtually always with government support - provide critical data on behaviors as diverse as drug and alcohol use, suicidal intentions, sexual behavior, diet and nutrition, and dental hygiene. Similar surveys monitor adult health. Such data can be used to assess health risks among youth, to plan prevention programs, to measure trends over time, and to evaluate the impact of prevention programs. United States-based pediatricians and adolescent health providers are very familiar with the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS), which tracks health risk behaviors among high school students for the nation and many states and cities. For example, YRBS data have been used to explain recent declines in teenage pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus risk and to understand risk factors for adolescent alcohol and drug use. Similar surveys have been used around the globe in rich and poor countries to monitor health. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | EVALUATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Behavior | Biology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 323372

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