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Title: How to put an end to the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM)? Panel discussion report (6 February 2008).
Author: Inter-Parliamentary Union; International Organization for Migration [IOM]; Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children; Switzerland. Geneva. Departement des Institutions
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009. 32 p.
Abstract: Every 10 seconds, somewhere in the world, a little girl is a victim of genital mutilation. Three million girls are excised every year. To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance to FGM on 6 February 2008, more than 100 representatives of international organizations, civil society, media, diplomatic missions and the local authorities in Geneva gathered at The House of Parliaments to discuss ways of putting an end to this harmful practice. The IPU, the Departement des Institutions de l?Etat de Geneve (Geneva Department of Institutions), the International Organization for Migration and the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices decided to join forces to put an end to this human tragedy. This publication contains the experts' contributions, extracts of the debates and conclusions of the seminar. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | POLITICAL FACTORS | ADVOCACY | RELIGION | LEADERSHIP | SOCIAL POLICY | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | CULTURE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy | Human Rights
Document Number: 331363

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Title: Socioeconomic determinants of age at first birth in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Author: Aminul Haque M; Sayem AM
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jan;21(1):104-11.
Abstract: The age at first birth is very low under existing rural sociocultural settings in Bangladesh. This study examined the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of age at first birth. The study subjects were married women aged 15 to 29 years in 2 rural areas that were identified through a multistage sampling technique. To collect the relevant information, a semistructured interviewer schedule was applied to the eligible women. This study found that 72.8% women gave first birth at <20 years of age with mean age at first birth 18.74 years. Simple linear regression model explained 30.9% of variance in age at first live birth. Among socioeconomic and cultural determinants, family pressure explained the most significant variance. It is really difficult to reduce fertility in complex sociocultural settings in rural Bangladesh. However, the findings of this study may provide an answer to increase the age at first birth and hence to reduce the high fertility among these group of women.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | WOMEN | YOUTH | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330710

Peer Reviewed

Title: Structural barriers and human rights related to HIV prevention and treatment in Zimbabwe.
Author: Amon JJ; Kasambala T
Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar 26;:1-17.
Abstract: There has long been recognition that individual risk factors can only partially explain vulnerability to HIV infection, and that a broader range of socioeconomic, cultural and political factors must be taken into account. More recently this understanding has been applied to addressing obstacles to accessing HIV treatment. Yet, while structural interventions aimed at contextual factors related to HIV prevention and treatment have been shown to be effective, they have not been widely implemented. Using the situation of Zimbabwe as an example, we will present an illustration of how contextual barriers can be understood in human rights terms, and how using a human rights analysis can specifically help define 'structural-rights' interventions and compel their implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | HUMAN RIGHTS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | POLITICAL FACTORS | INTERVENTIONS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Economic Factors | Programs | Policy
Document Number: 341476

Peer Reviewed

Title: The persistence of induced abortion in Cuba: exploring the notion of an "abortion culture".
Author: Belanger D; Flynn A
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):13-26.
Abstract: Cuba's annual induced abortion rate persistently ranks among the highest in the world, and abortion plays a prominent role in Cuban fertility regulation despite widespread contraceptive prevalence and state promotion of modern contraceptives. We explore this phenomenon using the concept of an "abortion culture," typically used in reference to Soviet and post-Soviet countries. We synthesize existing literature to provide a historical account of abortion and contraception in Cuba. We also provide a qualitative analysis of abortion and contraceptive use based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2005 in Havana with 24 women who have had an abortion and 10 men whose partners have had an abortion. Information gained from a focus-group discussion with medical professionals also informed the study. Our four principal findings are: (a) longstanding awareness of abortion, (b) the view of abortion as a personal decision, (c) the influence of economic constraints on the decision to induce an abortion, and (d) general skepticism toward contraceptives. We discuss our results on abortion in Cuba in relation to the notion of social diffusion, an approach commonly used to explain the spread of fertility control throughout a population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CUBA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | COMMUNISM | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Political Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception
Document Number: 341079

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The persistence of induced abortion in Cuba: exploring the notion of an "abortion culture".
Author: Belanger D; Flynn A
Source: Studies In Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):13-26.
Abstract: Cuba's annual induced abortion rate persistently ranks among the highest in the world, and abortion plays a prominent role in Cuban fertility regulation despite widespread contraceptive prevalence and state promotion of modern contraceptives. We explore this phenomenon using the concept of an "abortion culture," typically used in reference to Soviet and post-Soviet countries. We synthesize existing literature to provide a historical account of abortion and contraception in Cuba. We also provide a qualitative analysis of abortion and contraceptive use based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2005 in Havana with 24 women who have had an abortion and 10 men whose partners have had an abortion. Information gained from a focus-group discussion with medical professionals also informed the study. Our four principal findings are: (a) longstanding awareness of abortion, (b) the view of abortion as a personal decision, (c) the influence of economic constraints on the decision to induce an abortion, and (d) general skepticism toward contraceptives. We discuss our results on abortion in Cuba in relation to the notion of social diffusion, an approach commonly used to explain the spread of fertility control throughout a population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CUBA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge
Document Number: 341339

Peer Reviewed

Title: Religious socialisation and fertility: transition to third birth in the Netherlands.
Author: Berghammer C
Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):297-324.
Abstract: Although previous studies have demonstrated that religious people in Europe have larger families, the role played by religious socialization in the context of contemporary fertility behavior has not yet been analysed in detail. This contribution specifically looks at the interrelation between religious socialisation and current religiosity and their impact on the transition to the third child for Dutch women. It is based on data of the first wave of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (2002-2004) and uses event history analysis. The transitions to first, second and third birth are modeled jointly with a control for unobserved heterogeneity. The findings provide evidence for an impact of women�s current church attendance as well as religious socilisation measured by their fathers� religious affiliation, when they were teenagers. A religious family background remains influential even when a woman has stopped attending church. The effects of religious indicators strengthen over cohorts. Moreover, the combined religious make-up of the respondent�s parents also significantly determines the progression of the third child.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | RELIGION | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 339899

Peer Reviewed

Title: On the origin of South America HIV-1 C epidemic [letter]
Author: de Macedo Brigido LF
Source: AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23(4):543-4.
Abstract: In a recent AIDS issue, two articles present sequence analysis to trace the origin of HIV-1 clade C in South America. The authors correctly point out that the density of clade C infection in south Brazil and its phylogenetic relationship to most isolates observed elsewhere in South America places south Brazil as its probable origin. When tracing the origin of the C viruses circulating in Brazil, both groups focused on phylogenic relationships of available/analyzable material. Although reported in the Epidemiology/Social sector, the authors disconnect their findings to potential social and cultural determinants of HIV dissemination, factors that may actually have played a major role in the introduction of HIV-1 clade C in Brazil. Although the precise African origin of the variant is not known, it was first observed in Ethiopia, but it is observed, along with other variants, in many countries of central and east Africa. It is conceivable that the variant migrated southwards through highland areas (including Burundi and Kenya, the putative origin, ascribed by each group, to the South America and Brazilian clade C epidemic) to dominate the epidemic in the south of the continent. Mozambique is one of the countries in the south of Africa where clade C is predominant. In 1975, Mozambique declared its independence from Portugal and Frelimo, a left-oriented liberation movement, took hold of the government. Its support to liberation movements at South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) resulted in an armed rebel movement supported by the white-ruled neighboring countries, causing a civil war that was associated with an exodus of most of the Portuguese community and Mozambicans of Portuguese heritage. Brazil, a former Portuguese colony, has a large community of Portuguese descendants, a fact that may have facilitate a temporary or permanent destiny for some of these emigrants. According to the official Brazilian demographic data center (IBGE), the number of conceded residency for Portuguese nationals surged five-fold in 1975, returning to 1974 levels by 1981. In some areas of the south of Brazil, as in the coast of the state of Santa Catarina, Portuguese descendents are specially noted. Coincidentally, this area includes cities with the highest proportions of clade C infection. Available molecular data may not provide sufficient support for a direct link of the two epidemics and, apart from a threonine at codon 12, most amino acid signatures listed by Bello et al. [1] are not commonly observed among Mozambique sequences available at GenBank. However, these isolates are recent (1999-2004) and may not reflect the variants circulating in late 1970s. An evolving virus in distinct ethnic groups may make the task of tracing its origins and evolution difficult, especially when based exclusively on available, most of the time fragmental, sequence information. The relationship of Mozambique to Brazil, through a 'Portuguese connection', placed the area as the most feasible origin for the Brazilian clade C epidemic. Social and cultural determinants and tangibility of potential routes of dissemination should be incorporated into these studies to allow a more precise picture of HIV epidemic dynamics. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AMERICA | BRAZIL | AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | CULTURE | GENETICS | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Biology
Document Number: 341168

Title: Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China.
Author: Fan JG; Farrell GC
Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2009 Jan;50(1):204-10.
Abstract: Fatty liver (steatosis) is highly prevalent in China and is more often linked to obesity than to alcoholism. Among more affluent regions of China, the community prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%. With the increasing pandemic of obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD has approximately doubled in the past decade. The risk factors resemble those in other ethnic populations, but it is important to note that ethnic-specific definitions of central obesity, obesity and metabolic syndrome are more useful in assessment of Chinese people. The full range of histological manifestations of NAFLD has been demonstrated in Chinese patients, but to date hepatic severity is generally mild. In contrast to chronic hepatitis C, steatosis is less common in patients with chronic hepatitis B; it is associated with metabolic, and not viral factors and does not appear to affect disease severity. Although long-term outcomes of NAFLD in Chinese populations remain unclear, it may be a predictor of metabolic disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Public health interventions are therefore indicated to halt or reverse the national trend of obesity in China so as to improve liver as well as metabolic health.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREVALENCE | HEPATIC EFFECTS | OBESITY | RISK FACTORS | CULTURE | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | HEPATITIS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | DIABETES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Body Weight | Sociocultural Factors | Lipids | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Time Factors | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330390

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adapting a multifaceted U.S. HIV prevention education program for girls in Ghana.
Author: Fiscian VS; Obeng EK; Goldstein K; Shea JA; Turner BJ
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Feb;21(1):67-79.
Abstract: We adapted a U.S. HIV prevention program to address knowledge gaps and cultural pressures that increase the risk of infection in adolescent Ghanaian girls. The theory-based nine-module HIV prevention program combines didactics and games, an interactive computer program about sugar daddies, and tie-and-dye training to demonstrate an economic alternative to transactional sex. The abstinence-based study was conducted in a church-affiliated junior secondary school in Nsawam, Ghana. Of 61 subjects aged 10-14 in the prevention program, over two thirds were very worried about becoming HIV infected. A pre-post evaluation of the intervention showed significant gains in three domains: HIV knowledge (p = .001) and self efficacy to discuss HIV and sex with men (p < .001) and with boys (p < .001). Responses to items about social norms of HIV risk behavior were also somewhat improved (p = .09). Subjects rated most program features highly. Although short-term knowledge and self-efficacy to address HIV improved significantly, longer term research is needed to address cultural and economic factors placing young women at risk of HIV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GHANA | EVALUATION REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUGAR DADDIES | SEX WORKERS | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | ABSTINENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information Processing | Information | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change
Document Number: 331081

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adherence to anti retroviral therapy (ART) during Muslim Ramadan fasting.
Author: Habib AG; Shepherd JC; Eng MK; Babashani M; Jumare J; Yakubu U; Gebi UI; Saad M; Ibrahim H; Blattner WA
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb;13(1):42-45.
Abstract: Annual fasting during the month of Ramadan is observed in Muslim countries, some of which have widespread HIV infection. We studied treatment adherence and customary practices among 142 fasting 'FT' and 101 nonfasting 'NFT' patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Nigeria. Adherence on ART among FT and NFT patients was similar during Ramadan, 96% and 98%, and ever since commencement of ART, 80% and 88%, respectively. FT patients altered their typical daily behaviors by advancing morning and delaying evening doses thereby prolonging dosing intervals, eating heavier meals pre-dawn and on breakfast at sunset (78%), and changing or reducing their sleeping and waking times (40%). This preliminary study suggests that adherence and drug taking frequency appear uncompromised in FT HIV infected patients on ARVs.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | KENYA | NIGERIA | SOMALIA | SOUTH AFRICA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ISLAM | HIV | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | RELIGION | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Western | Africa, Southern | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 330156

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: South African teachers' reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS.
Author: Helleve A; Flisher AJ; Onya H; Mukoma W; Klepp KI
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):189-204.
Abstract: The authors investigated how teachers respond to perceived cultural differences between the local community and the content of their teaching. Data were collected through interviews with teachers who taught students in grades 8 or 9 in public high schools. The teachers expressed differing viewpoints on the rationale for teaching about HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Many teachers saw teaching these topics as a response to declining moral standards, while others suggested that they were teaching issues that parents failed to address. The teachers were more concerned about young people's sexual behavior than about preventing HIV/AIDS. They perceived that cultural contradictions between what was taught and local cultural values were an issue to which they needed to respond, although they differed in terms of how to respond. Some took an adaptive approach to try to avoid conflicts, while others claimed the moral neutrality of their teaching. Teaching about sexuality was perceived to be challenging in terms of language and communication norms. Teaching about HIV/AIDS was perceived as challenging because teachers often needed to convince students about the reality of AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | TEACHERS | COMMUNITY | CULTURE | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALITY | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | MOTIVATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | LANGUAGE | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication
Document Number: 341086

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Cultural scripts for multiple and concurrent partnerships in southern Africa: Why HIV prevention needs anthropology.
Author: Leclerc-Madlala S
Source: Sexual Health. 2009;6(2):103-110.
Abstract: Background: Multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships have been identified as southern Africa's key behavioural driver of HIV, resulting in calls to make partner reduction programming central to an intensified HIV prevention focus. Various efforts are currently being made in the region in response to this call. Such efforts will likely have as limited success as past prevention efforts if the cultural milieu in which sexual partnering practices are located and reproduced remains poorly understood, unaccounted for, and unaddressed in prevention programming. Methods: Focussed ethnographic discussions were held between October 2007 and November 2008 with 228 members of southern African non-government organisations representing seven countries. Discussions formed part of follow-up activities to a high level regional meeting and were aimed at exploring contextual factors in HIV transmission, most especially the role of culture in relation to multiple and concurrent partnerships. Results: Common patterns in cultural scripts for the performance of sexuality were discernable. Several predominant scripts that tend to affirm and lend cultural legitimacy to multiple and concurrent partnering were identified, discussed and analysed. Conclusion: Effectuating change at the level of cultural scripting to discourage multiple and concurrent partnerships is required for sustainable long-term protection of people and communities against HIV. The success of partner reduction programs will be largely determined by the extent to which they are informed by anthropological knowledge and work with cultural logics to allow people to envision how they can transform obstacles into support for risk reduction. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | CULTURE | HIV PREVENTION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | SEXUALITY | INFIDELITY | SEXUAL ABUSE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | WORKSHOPS | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Personality | Psychological Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Education
Document Number: 342231

14.

Title: Age at first reproduction and economic change in the context of differing kinship ecologies.
Author: Leonetti DL; Nath DC
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):438-47.
Abstract: Kinship systems which tend to be based on ecologies of subsistence also assign differential power, privilege, and control to human connections that present pathways for manipulation of resource access and transfer. They can be used in this way to channel resource concentrations in women and hence their reproductive value. Thus, strategic female life course trade-offs and their timing are likely to be responsive to changing preferences for qualities in women as economic conditions change. Female life histories are studied in two ethnic groups with differing kinship systems in NE India where the competitive market economy is now being felt by most households. Patrilineal Bengali (599 women) practice patrilocal residence with village exogamy and matrilineal Khasi (656 women) follow matrilocal residence with village endogamy, both also normatively preferring three-generation extended households. These households have helpful senior women and significantly greater income. Age at first reproduction (AFR), achieved adult growth (height) and educational level (greater than 6 years or less) are examined in reproductive women, ages 16-50. In both groups, women residing normatively are older at AFR and taller than women residing nonnormatively. More education is also associated with senior women. Thus, normative residence may place a woman in the best reproductive location, and those with higher reproductive and productive potential are often chosen as households face competitive market conditions. In both groups residing in favorable reproductive locations is associated with a faster pace of fertility among women, as well as lower offspring mortality among Khasi, to compensate for a later start.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CHANGES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Social Change
Document Number: 342989

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Dreams of tigers and flowers: child gender predictions and preference in an urban mainland Chinese sample during pregnancy.
Author: Loo KK; Luo X; Su H; Presson A; Li Y
Source: Women and Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):50-65.
Abstract: In an urban, mainland Chinese sample, we investigated expectant mothers' stated gender preference for a boy or girl child, their conjectures on the fetal gender, the culture-specific beliefs for making their predictions, and their relations to sociodemographic variables. A total of 174 women were interviewed at 12-19 weeks gestation. Among 84 women who made a prediction on gender, 56 (67%) thought they were carrying a boy, and 28 (33%) expected a girl. The most frequent reasons cited for their speculation were personal feelings (36%), food/taste preference (13%), feedback from others (13%), somatic responses (13%), and dreams (7%). Out of 63 women who stated a wish for a boy or girl child, 45 (71%) wished for a girl and 18 (29%) wished for a boy. Women with undergraduate or graduate degrees were more likely to indicate a preference for boys. Older expectant mothers were more likely to report that they thought they were carrying boys. In conclusion, the majority of the women did not state a distinct choice for gender of the child. When they expressed a gender preference, more mothers expressed a desire to have a girl. However, boy child conjectures were more frequent than girl child conjectures. Greater boy child preference and prediction among the most highly educated and older expectant mothers might be reflective of implicit social status in having sons in urban China.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | PARENTS | CULTURE | PREGNANCY | BELIEFS | FOLKLORE | ONE CHILD POLICY | FAMILY LIFE | SEX PREFERENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 341756

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with secondary infertility.
Author: Malik A; Jain S; Rizvi M; Shukla I; Hakim S
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Jan;91(1):91-5.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of Chlamydia in secondary infertility in a prospective study. DESIGN: Forty women with secondary infertility and 30 healthy term pregnant women of similar age composition were studied for past and present Chlamydia trachomatis infection. SETTING: Women attending the outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology with complaint of secondary infertility were enrolled as patients in the study. PATIENT(S): Forty women with secondary infertility formed the study group, and 30 healthy women served as the controls. INTERVENTION(S): Chlamydia IgG was detected by ELISA; titers of 1:320 or more were considered positive. Endocervical swabs were collected for culture on cycloheximide-treated McCoy cell lines, and ELISA was used to detect Chlamydia antigen. Hysterosalpingography was performed to assess tubal patency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): A difference was expected between the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in the infertile study subjects and fertile control group. RESULT(S): Immunoglobulin G antibodies were present in 22 (55%) women with secondary infertility, whereas positivity was seen among 2 (5.5%) controls. Tubal occlusion occurred in 16 (63.6%) cases positive for chlamydial antibody. Sensitivity of chlamydial IgG antibody as a diagnostic marker for infertility was 72.7%, and specificity was 44.4%. The majority of Chlamydia IgG antibody-positive cases, 17 (77.2%), were symptomatic. Unfavorable obstetric history was found in 16 (72.7%) cases. Active infection was found in 12 (30%) cases with one (3.3%) case of current infection occurring in the controls. CONCLUSION(S): Prevalence of past chlamydial infection is strongly statistically significant in women with secondary infertility. Current infection was also found statistically significantly in these women. Immunoglobulin G antibody detection is an effective and noninvasive tool for detection of Chlamydia and a more viable option than HSG in a developing country such as India. Screening of women with secondary infertility for C. trachomatis is strongly recommended to allow early therapeutic interventions.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFERTILITY | CHLAMYDIA | CULTURE | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330025

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Disentangling the complex association between female genital cutting and HIV among Kenyan women.
Author: Maslovskaya O; Brown JJ; Padmadas SS
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jul 16;:1-16.
Abstract: Female genital cutting (FGC) is a widespread cultural practice in Africa and the Middle East, with a number of potential adverse health consequences for women. It was hypothesized by Kun (1997) that FGC increases the risk of HIV transmission through a number of different mechanisms. Using the 2003 data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), this study investigates the potential association between FGC and HIV. The 2003 KDHS provides a unique opportunity to link the HIV test results with a large number of demographic, social, economic and behavioural characteristics of women, including women's FGC status. It is hypothesized that FGC increases the risk of HIV infection if HIV/AIDS is present in the community. A multilevel binary logistic regression technique is used to model the HIV status of women, controlling for selected individual characteristics of women and interaction effects. The results demonstrate evidence of a statistically significant association between FGC and HIV, after controlling for the hierarchical structure of the data, potential confounding factors and interaction effects. The results show that women who had had FGC and a younger or the same-age first-union partner have higher odds of being HIV positive than women with a younger or same-age first-union partner but without FGC; whereas women who had had FGC and an older first-union partner have lower odds of being HIV positive than women with an older first-union partner but without FGC. The findings suggest the behavioural pathway of association between FGC and HIV as well as an underlying complex interplay of bio-behavioural and social variables being important in disentangling the association between FGC and HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | CULTURE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 342043

20.

Title: Male hormonal contraception: love's labour's lost? [editorial]
Author: Nieschlag E
Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009 Jun;94(6):1890-2.
Abstract: Although a large proportion of clinical research is driven by the pharmaceutical industry, in the case of male contraception, industry fails. Without the long-range perspective and endurance of institutions and organizations such as the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, CONRAD, Population Council, WHO, some medical research councils, and a few foundations, male contraception would long ago have been abandoned. The principle and effectiveness of hormonal male contraception has been demonstrated in many studies, crowned by the most recent trial in the current issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. The fact that the majority of clinical trials on hormonal male contraception have been published in this journal emphasizes the high priority the scientific community attributes to these endeavors. Little more is required to convince industry to bring this development to fruition. Comparing the situation with the development of the female pill, the lack of public advocacy for male contraception is striking. Male contraception lacks prominent advocates, whereas the development of female contraception benefited from personalities such as Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) and Katherine McCormick (1875-1967). Were Arnold Schwarzenegger or Barack Obama to advocate male contraception, it would become a marketable entity in no time! (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341528

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Social context, sexual risk perceptions and stigma: HIV vulnerability among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya.
Author: Okal J; Luchters S; Geibel S; Chersich MF; Lango D; Temmerman M
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 29;:1.
Abstract: Knowledge about sexual practices and life experiences of men having sex with men in Kenya, and indeed in East Africa, is limited. Although the impact of male same-sex HIV transmission in Africa is increasingly acknowledged, HIV prevention initiatives remain focused largely on heterosexual and mother-to-child transmission. Using data from ten in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions (36 men), this analysis explores social and behavioural determinants of sexual risks among men who sell sex to men in Mombasa, Kenya. Analysis showed a range and variation of men by age and social class. First male same-sex experiences occurred for diverse reasons, including love and pleasure, as part of sexual exploration, economic exchange and coercion. Condom use is erratic and subject to common constraints, including notions of sexual interference and motivations of clients. Low knowledge compounds sexual risk taking, with a widespread belief that the risk of HIV transmission through anal sex is lower than vaginal sex. Traditional family values, stereotypes of abnormality, gender norms and cultural and religious influences underlie intense stigma and discrimination. This information is guiding development of peer education programmes and sensitisation of health providers, addressing unmet HIV prevention needs. Such changes are required throughout Eastern Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | URBAN POPULATION | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PERCEPTION | CULTURE | HIV TRANSMISSION | SELF-PERCEPTION | STIGMA | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 341490

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: MALE PARTICIPATION IN PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY IN NIGERIA: A SURVEY OF ANTENATAL ATTENDEES.
Author: Olayemi O; Bello FA; Aimakhu CO; Obajimi GO; Adekunle AO
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar 23;41:493-503.
Abstract: Summary.This was a cross-sectional study carried out on 462 pregnant women attending antenatal care in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study's aims were to assess the level of participation of Nigerian men in pregnancy and birth, the attitude of the women and likely targets for improved care delivery. Three hundred and forty-nine women (75.5%) were aware that husbands could participate in childbirth. Most women did not think it was their husbands' place to attend antenatal clinic (48.3%) or counselling sessions (56.7%). Nearly all husbands (97.4%) encouraged their wives to attend antenatal clinic - paying antenatal service bills (96.5%), paying for transport to the clinic (94.6%) and reminding them of their clinic visits (83.3%). Three hundred and thirty-five husbands (72.5%) accompanied their wives to the hospital for their last delivery, while 63.9% were present at last delivery. More-educated women were less likely to be accompanied to the antenatal clinic, while more-educated men were likely to accompanytheir wives. Yoruba husbands were less likely to accompany their wives, but Yoruba wives with non-Yoruba husbands were 12 times more likely to be accompanied. Women in the rural centre were less likely to receive help with household chores from their husbands during pregnancy, while educated women were more likely to benefit from this. Monogamous unions and increasing level of husbands' education were associated with spousal presence at delivery. It appears that male participation is satisfactory in some aspects, but increased attendance at antenatal services and delivery would be desirable.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | ANTENATAL CARE | CHILDBIRTH | ATTITUDES | TRANSPORTATION | FEES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341481

23.

Title: Breastfeeding practices among Jordanian women.
Author: Oweis A; Tayem A; Froelicher ES
Source: International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2009 Feb;15(1):32-40.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to explore Jordanian women's breastfeeding beliefs and practices including exclusive breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 200 Jordanian mothers was used. The majority of mothers were muliparous and were recruited from primary health-care centres within 6 weeks of a normal vaginal birth or an instrumental delivery. Eligible women, who met the inclusion criteria, were invited to participate in the study. A sociodemographic data form and a 14-item questionnaire concerning different aspects of breastfeeding beliefs and practices were developed for self administration. This study indicated high early initiation of breastfeeding. Most mothers gave supplements other than breastfeeding, including water without knowing that this supplementation could affect exclusive breastfeeding or the continuation of breastfeeding. Finding of this study shed some light on the current breastfeeding practices including exclusive breastfeeding among Jordanian women. Women need to be better educated about breastfeeding. Therefore, more efforts and resources should be put into providing opportunities for education to discuss breastfeeding during antenatal care. This Jordanian study could be relevant to Arabic women in the West, because cultural beliefs and practices are likely to be part of immigrant woman's perceptions about breastfeeding practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BREASTFEEDING | BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341032

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: 'Tradition', person, gender, and STD/HIV/AIDS in southern Mozambique.
Author: Passador LH
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):687-93.
Abstract: In southern Mozambique, the "traditional" notion of personhood is constructed through a process, as an outcome of diachronic and synchronic social relations that encompass kin and other peers, including spirits. Both person and body are thought of as elements traversed and determined by these relations, which include the gender relations whose complementarity finds expression in alliances and the production of descendants. In this system of agnatic kinship, descent is possible through women, who produce the male and female persons. Because of women's structural position, they may be suspected of fostering deconstruction of the person as well, with diseases providing the objective data that ground such a charge. To a certain degree, HIV/AIDS has been experienced in terms of this sociocultural arrangement, which defines disease as the result of action by social subjects that jeopardizes the person, placing women in the vulnerable position of being seen as the producers of disease. This has defined the ways in which people experience both the epidemic as well as STD/HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment messages and public policies.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | AIDS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | BELIEFS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342580

25.

Title: Contraception and women over 40 years of age: mixed-method systematic review.
Author: Roberts A; Noyes J
Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009;65(6):1155-1170.
Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a mixed-method systematic review to identify barriers to, and facilitators of, contraceptive needs and choices of women over 40 years old. Background. Women over 40 years of age who do not want to conceive have specific needs for contraception to prevent unwanted, unplanned and unintended pregnancies prior to menopause. Data sources. Six databases were searched for published and grey literature from September 1997 to September 2007, along with the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The Internet, professional networks and hand searching were also used. Review methods. Mixed-method synthesis using Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre phased design. Findings. Guidelines to inform clinical decision-making were located but did not take account of age-related social factors affecting women's choices or local service availability. Women's access to services and contraceptive choices were influenced by educational level, general awareness of available methods, fear of side effects, women's social standing, religious and cultural beliefs, personal control, and confidentiality. The main factors influencing compliance and continuation rates were knowledge, positive experience and confidence, unacceptable side effects and safety concerns, information, support and advice, and ongoing husband/partner influences. Conclusion. The utility of clinical guidelines could be improved by incorporating socio-cultural factors and women's views. Novel approaches to evidence translation and facilitation are required. Focusing on user-led, age-appropriate services rather than a 'one size fits all' approach could improve the contraceptive choices and outcomes for women over 40 years old.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | BEST PRACTICES | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | RELIGION | CULTURE | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics
Document Number: 331126

26.

Title: Multilevel perspectives on community intervention: an example from an Indo-US HIV prevention project in Mumbai, India.
Author: Schensul SL; Saggurti N; Singh R; Verma RK; Nastasi BK; Mazumder PG
Source: American Journal of Community Psychology. 2009 Jun;43(3-4):277-91.
Abstract: This paper explores the meaning and applicability of multilevel interventions and the role of ethnography in identifying intervention opportunities and accounting for research design limitations. It utilizes as a case example the data and experiences from a 6-year, NIMH-funded, intervention to prevent HIV/STI among married men in urban poor communities in Mumbai, India. The experiences generated by this project illustrate the need for multilevel interventions to include: (1) ethnographically driven formative research to delineate appropriate levels, stakeholders and collaborators; (2) identification of ways to link interventions to the local culture and community context; (3) the development of a model of intervention that is sufficiently flexible to be consistently applied to different intervention levels using comparable culturally congruent concepts and approaches; (4) mechanisms to involve community residents, community based organizations and community-based institutions; and (5) approaches to data collection that can evaluate the impact of the project on multiple intersecting levels.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | INTERVENTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CULTURE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342699

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The 'problem' of Asian women's sexuality: public discourses in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
Author: Simon-Kumar R
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Jan;11(1):1-16.
Abstract: Public health research in New Zealand views Asian health - particularly, Asian women's sexual health issues - as a priority problem. In recent years, high rates of abortion and the growing incidence of unsafe sex among younger age Asian migrants have been publicized as a health concern. Public health research implicates migrant experiences and cultural factors as responsible for these trends. Loneliness and isolation among international students, inability to communicate effectively in English and lack of knowledge of available services are highlighted as reasons for the growing sexual ill-health in the Asian population in New Zealand. Extending from these, public health measures aim at improving culture-sensitive services, including targeted education. The present paper offers a critical commentary on these accepted public health perceptions that inform policy in New Zealand. It takes a Third World feminist approach to critique dominant public health discourses on Asian women's sexuality and questions the construction of knowledges about what are 'normal' and 'pathological' sexual practices. The paper revisits the data used to describe the 'problem' of Asian sexuality and argues that in order to understand sexual practices, it is important to query the cultural lenses that are used to describe and define them.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW ZEALAND | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | ASIANS | WOMEN | IMMIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PUBLIC OPINION | FEMINISM | Oceania | Developed Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Attitudes
Document Number: 341121

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation and risk: girls' experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania.
Author: Sommer M
Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):383-398.
Abstract: This paper examines girls' voiced experiences of menstruation, puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. The study was conducted in Moshi and Rombo Districts of Kilimanjaro, a predominantly Chagga region with historically strong support for girls' education. The major question explored was how the onset of menses and puberty may be impacting on girls' school participation, given societal implications of pubertal onset and potentially gender discriminatory school environments. The methodology included a comparative case study using in-depth interviews and participatory research with young women living in urban and rural Kilimanjaro. Along with important findings about how menstrual onset creates challenges for girls attending school emerged findings about the significant gaps in girls' knowledge about body changes, sexual health and HIV/AIDS. These findings underline the importance of identifying new girl-centred approaches to guidance on bodily development and HIV prevention.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | MENARCHE | SEXUALITY | CULTURE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Menstruation | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Evaluation | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 341089

29.

Title: Contraceptive use among adolescent Latinas living in the United States: the impact of culture and acculturation.
Author: Sterling SP; Sadler LS
Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;23(1):19-28.
Abstract: Although adolescent pregnancies have declined steadily during the past decade, Latina adolescents continue to have disproportionately high pregnancy rates. For nurse practitioners to effectively counsel this group of women concerning contraceptive use and sexual health, a basic understanding of the unique sociocultural factors influencing Latina adolescents' sexual activity is important. This article reviews recent literature concerning the effects of culture, acculturation, language, and significant relationships on Latina sexual behavior to provide recommendations for clinicians working with Latina adolescents in the primary care setting. Areas in need of further research are identified.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | ACCULTURATION | CULTURE | ABORTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Behavior | Religion
Document Number: 342626 Notification

30.

Title: Condom failure: examining the objective and cultural meanings expressed in interviews with African American adolescents.
Author: Sznitman SR; Horner J; Salazar LF; Romer D; Vanable PA
Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2009 Jan 15;:1-10.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning and context of self-reported "condom failure" among sexually active African American adolescents. Semistructured interviews regarding methods of protection from pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease (STD) with 124 youth (ages 14-19 years) were content analyzed. The findings suggested three meanings of condom failure. First, condom failure represents a legitimate and important risk related to sexual activity. Second, it can serve as an excuse repertoire for adolescents who engaged in unprotected sex and later experienced either pregnancy or a STD. Third, it may serve as an explanation for males who deceive their partners into having unprotected sex. The findings are discussed with regard to their implications for HIV or STD prevention and research.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | BLACKS | CONDOM FAILURE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PREGNANCY | CULTURE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329664


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