1.  Peer Reviewed Title: AIDS and the stigma of sexual promiscuity: Thai nurses' risk perceptions ofoccupational exposure to HIV. Author: Chan KY; Rungpueng A; Reidpath DD Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):353-368. Abstract: This paper examines the culturally shaped meanings of AIDS and perceptions of accidental occupational exposure to HIV among a group of twenty nurses in Bangkok, Thailand. The findings are based on data collected as a part of a larger mixed-methods study that examined how perceptions of risk behaviours (including sexual promiscuity) shape health workers' perceptions of patients living with HIV/AIDS. Nurses' narratives revealed that despite acknowledgement of the low probability of occupational exposure to HIV, the fear of HIV infection remained and was largely driven by the enormity of the anticipated social (rather than the health) consequences of being HIV-positive. The perceived certainty of social ostracism was reinforced by participants' observations of the social rejection experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS both within and outside clinical settings. For female nurses, the dominant social perception that women living with HIV/AIDS were violators of gender norms, and thus 'guilty' victims, was an issue central to their self-identities. Ways of improving care for people living with HIV in the light of the nurses concerns and future research are discussed. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | NURSES AND NURSING | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STIGMA | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | PERCEPTION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341088 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to Canadian immigrants: perceptions of healthcare providers. Author: Newbold KB; Willinsky J Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):369-382. Abstract: Cultural impacts on health experiences and behaviours are profound in the area of reproductive health and family planning. Explored through interviews with family planning healthcare professionals, this paper evaluates their experiences in providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to immigrants in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area of Ontario, Canada. Results reveal the complexity of delivering care to members of this group, particularly when dealing with language barriers, situations when professional and non-professional interpreters are used, and instances where healthcare professionals realize that they themselves have misconceptions and misunderstandings about other cultures. The paper concludes by discussing future research options and implications for the delivery of reproductive health family planning services to this population. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LANGUAGE | BELIEFS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Communication | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 330417 |
| 3. Title: [Female circumcision--a new issue for gynecologists practicing in the E.U. countries?] Obrzezanie kobiet--nowy problem w praktyce lekarza ginekologa w krajach Unii Author: Rogowska-Szadkowska D; Niemiec T Source: Ginekologia Polska. 2009 Feb;80(2):118-23. Abstract: An increasing number of immigrants from countries practicing female genital mutilation (FGM) has begun to concern Europe as well. The aim of this article is to present recent medical data about FGM which, in the age of globalisation and migration of people, may become essential for gynaecologists working in Poland, but also those practising abroad. Language: Polish Keywords: POLAND | EUROPE | IMMIGRANTS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | COUNSELING | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | WOMEN | HEALTH SERVICES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Rights | Political Factors Document Number: 331279 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Modernization or cultural maintenance: The practice of consanguineous marriage in Iran. Author: Abbasi-Shavazi MJ; McDonald P; Hosseini-Chavoshi M Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):911-933. Abstract: Consanguineous marriage has been the culturally preferred form of marriage in Iran. This paper examines the extent to which education, urbanization and changes in modes of economic production have affected the incidence of consanguineous marriage and attitudes towards consanguineous marriages. The 2002 Iran Fertility Transition Survey conducted in the four provinces of Gilan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Yazd and West Azarbaijan provides information on the degree of relationship of marriage partners from around 6550 ever-married women aged 15-49. Attitudinal data were also obtained. Overall, the level of marriage to biological relatives ranged from 23% in Gilan to 78% in Sistan and Baluchistan. The paper finds that the practice of marriage to biological relatives has remained surprisingly resilient in the face of modernizing influences and that ethnicity, province and area of residence remain important determinants. On the other hand, attitudes have shifted towards marriage with a non-relative. Anthropological research would illuminate the processes of consanguineous marriage in Iran. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONSANGUINITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | MODERNIZATION | ATTITUDES | ETHNIC GROUPS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | Developing Countries | Middle East | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetics | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics Document Number: 325830 |
5.  Title: HIV risk behaviors of Latin American and Caribbean men who have sex with men in Miami, Florida, USA. Author: Akin M; Fernandez MI; Bowen GS; Warren JC Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2008 May 20;23(5):341-348. Abstract: The goal of this study is to describe the sexual practices, drug use behaviors, psychosocial factors, and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in a sample of Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM) born in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries who currently reside in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Hispanic MSM (N = 566) recruited from community and Internet venues completed a computer-assisted self-interview assessing sociodemographic factors, drug use, sexual behaviors, and psychosocial factors. We focused on the 470 men who were born in LAC countries, including Puerto Rico. We first examined separately, by country of origin, the sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and psychosocial factors of the sample. We then collapsed the groups and examined the factors associated with UAI in the previous 6 months for the entire sample of Hispanic MSM from LAC countries. In the previous 6 months, 44% of the sample engaged in UAI, and 41% used club drugs. At the multivariate level, psychological distress, higher number of sexual partners, club drug use, HIV-positive status at the time of immigration, and greater orientation to American culture were significantly associated with UAI in the previous 6 months. Many MSM born in LAC countries engage in HIV-related risk behaviors in the AIDS epicenter of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Culturally appropriate interventions should address these risk behaviors in this underserved population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FLORIDA | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | URBAN POPULATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | STRESS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Ethnic Groups | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Sexual Partners | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326968 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Knowledge of HIV and AIDS in women in sub-Saharan Africa. [Connaissance du VIH/SIDA chez les femmes en Afrique sub-saharienne] Author: Burgoyne AD; Drummond PD Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Aug;12(2):14-31. Abstract: Although most African people have heard of HIV and AIDS, there is still widespread misunderstanding about how HIV is spread, the consequences of infection, and how to protect against infection. The most vulnerable groups are poorly educated women, those from rural backgrounds, and women who are economically dependent on men. Lower levels of education, taboos associated with the discussion of sexuality and sexual health, the submissive role of women in a relationship, and male control of decision-making regarding sexual relations might explain why African women are less knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS than men. Although most African men and women are aware of the protective benefits of condoms, negative attitudes towards the acceptability and safety of condom use are widespread. More sexual health campaigns tailored to women, especially those with low education levels and those from rural areas, are needed to reduce the spread of HIV in Africa. French Abstract: Bien que la plupart des Africains aient entendu parler du VIH et du SIDA, il existe toujours une malconception répandue concernant la manière dont le VIH est propagé, la conséquence d' une infection et comment empêcher l‘infection. Les groupes les plus vulnérables sont les femmes peu instruites, celles qui viennent des milieux ruraux et les femmes qui dépendent économiquement des homes. Les niveaux bas d‘ instruction, les tabous liés à la discussion de la sexualité et de la santé sexuelle, le rôle soumis des femmes dans une relation et la domination de l'homme par rapport à la prise de décision concernant les relations sexuelles peuvent expliquer pourquoi les femmes africaines s'y connaissent mieux en VIH/SIDA que les hommes. Bien que la plupart des hommes et des femmes africaines soient au courant des avantages protecteurs des préservatifs, il existe un peu partout des attitudes négatives envers l'acceptabilité et la sécurité de l' usage du préservatif. Pour réduire la propagation du VIH en Afrique, il faut davantage des campagnes en faveur de la santé qui viseront les femmes, surtout celles qui ne sont pas bien instruites et celles des milieux ruraux. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | KNOWLEDGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | HIV TRANSMISSION | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | FEAR | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 322329 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Modifying Photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research. Author: Castleden H; Garvin T Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(6):1393-1405. Abstract: Scientific research occurs within a set of socio-political conditions, and in Canada research involving Indigenous communities has a historical association with colonialism. Consequently, Indigenous peoples have been justifiably sceptical and reluctant to become the subjects of academic research. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is an attempt to develop culturally relevant research models that address issues of injustice, inequality, and exploitation. The work reported here evaluates the use of Photovoice, a CBPR method that uses participant-employed photography and dialogue to create social change, which was employed in a research partnership with a First Nation in Western Canada. Content analysis of semi-structured interviews (n = 45) evaluated participants' perspectives of the Photovoice process as part of a larger study on health and environment issues. The analysis revealed that Photovoice effectively balanced power, created a sense of ownership, fostered trust, built capacity, and responded to cultural preferences. The authors discuss the necessity of modifying Photovoice, by building in an iterative process, as being key to the methodological success of the project. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | ACTION RESEARCH | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | COMMUNITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | COLONIALISM | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | INEQUALITIES | VISUAL AIDS | OWNERSHIP | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education Document Number: 324679 |
| 8. Title: Improving contraceptive use in the United States. Author: Frost JJ; Darroch JE; Remez L Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2008 Apr. 8 p. (In Brief. 2008 Series No. 1) Abstract: The average American woman - who wants two children - spends about three decades trying to avoid pregnancy and only a few years trying to become of being pregnant. Sexually active women who are not seeking pregnancy may nonetheless practice contraception poorly or may not use a method at all. A wide range of reasons explain this seeming contradiction, including personal feelings and beliefs; experiences with methods; fear about side effects; partner influences; cultural values and norms; and problems in the contraception care system. Helping women prevent unintended pregnancy requires a broad-based approach that addresses many of these issues. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMOTIONS | BELIEFS | FEAR | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Population Characteristics | Biology Document Number: 326742 |
| 9. Title: Disputing contraception: Muslim reform, secular change and fertility. Author: Jeffery P; Jeffery R; Jeffrey C Source: Modern Asian Studies. 2008;42(2-3):519-548. Abstract: In South Asia, Muslim reformers have often attempted to 'rationalize' and gentrify the everyday behaviour of ordinary Muslims. Yet, despite the existence of discussions of contraceptive techniques in the yunan-itibb curricula of 19th century India and the apparent affinity between rationalism and fertility regulation, contraception was rarely discussed in public debates involving Muslim reformers. In this paper we discuss some of the relationships between ´elite debates among Muslim leaders and the grassroots behaviour of villagers in rural Bijnor, in western Uttar Pradesh. Villagers' voices are ambiguous, with fears for mother and child health surfacing as often as concerns for religious orthodoxy and one's destiny in the afterlife. In addition, many of the villagers' views of Islam were much more restrictive than those of the locally accepted authoritative voices: although the staff at Daru'l 'Ulum, Deoband, saw much modern contraception as an unwelcome sign of modernity, their discussions of the acceptability of family planning circled round notions of majburi [compulsion], repentance, and the unfathomable mercy of Allah. We conclude that focusing on local notions of Islam to understand the fertility behaviour of rural Muslims is less fruitful than considering a "political economy of hopelessness" that, increasingly since 1947, affects many Muslims in north India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 325791 |
| 10. Title: Retrospective report of social withdrawal during adolescence and current maladjustment in young adulthood: Cross-cultural comparisons between Australian and South Korean students. Author: Kim J; Rapee RM; Oh KJ; Moon HS Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2008 Oct;31(5):543-563. Abstract: The current study investigated associations between the frequency of and motivations for social withdrawal during adolescence and emotional distresses in young adulthood. Perceived motivations for social withdrawal included unsociability, isolation, shyness, and low mood. Social withdrawal during adolescence was assessed using a retrospective questionnaire completed by Australian and Korean university students. They also completed measures of general self-worth, social relationships, loneliness, social anxiety, and depression at university. Partial correlations and path analyses revealed that different motivations for social withdrawal had different risk status for later adjustment across the two samples. In particular, it appeared that shy and unsociable individuals in Korea showed better social and emotional adjustment than their counterparts in Australia. In contrast, social relationships of sad/depressed and isolated respondents in Korea appeared to be more seriously impaired than their Australian counterparts. These cross-cultural differences are discussed in terms of socio-cultural values and environments unique to the two countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | DEPRESSION | ANXIETY DISORDERS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Comparative Studies Document Number: 328144 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Demographic differentials and demographic integration of Turkish and Kurdish populations in Turkey. Author: Koc I; Hancioglu A; Cavlin A Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2008 Aug;27(4):447-457. Abstract: The objectives of the study are threefold: (1) to provide estimates of the total populations and spatial distributions of different language groups in Turkey, (2) to test whether the commonly held belief that Turkish-speaking and Kurdish-speaking populations are "actors" of different demographic regimes is true, and (3) to assess whether a process of integration, in the form of intermarriage of Turks and Kurds is under way in Turkey. Data come mainly from the 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Based on the assumption that the mother tongue composition of women is also representative of that of the whole population, the results of the TDHS-2003 imply that of the population of Turkey, 83% are Turkish-speaking, 14% are Kurdish-speaking, 2% are Arabic-speaking and the remaining 1% belong to other language groups. Results show that despite intensive internal migration movements in the last 50 years, strong demographic differentials exist between Turkish and Kurdish-speaking populations, and that the convergence of the two groups does not appear to be a process under way. Turks and Kurds do indeed appear to be actors of different demographic regimes, at different stages of demographic and health transition processes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | LANGUAGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | ETHNIC GROUPS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Communication | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 325865 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual and reproductive health issues of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Author: Loeber O Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):330-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that influence aspects of sexual and reproductive health behaviour, such as contraceptive use and teenage pregnancies, among Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. METHOD: This socio-cultural review compares data from demographic surveys and opinion studies. The explanation for the trends found in these data was sought in the differences between the cultural backgrounds of immigrant and host populations, and in the socio-cultural changes that people undergo after immigration. DATA: In the Netherlands, 2.3% of the population are first- and second-generation Turkish immigrants. These people often originate from more traditional or underdeveloped rural areas in Eastern and Southern Turkey. Reproductive behaviour in the Netherlands differs greatly from that in Eastern and Southern Turkey, especially with regard to the use of contraception, abortion and the age at which women have children. These differences are largely the result of community-bound sets of opinions and role patterns. CONCLUSION: After immigration, the acculturation process will lead to a change in behaviour. During this process conflicts in relationships will arise within and between first- and second generation Turkish immigrants. These conflicts are particularly evident within the second generation that grew up in the Netherlands. These persons have adopted a number of opinions prevailing in the host country but, at the same time, cling to various traditional values. Second-generation Turkish women seem to adapt faster to the new culture than their male counterparts. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | IMMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | BELIEFS | MATERNAL AGE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Migrants | Migration | Population Characteristics | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Fertility | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Parental Age | Age Factors Document Number: 331103 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A pre-post intervention evaluation. Author: Peltzer K; Nqeketo A; Petros G; Kanta X Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Feb 19;8:64. Abstract: Circumcisions undertaken in non-clinical settings can have significant risks of serious adverse events, including death. The aim of this study was to test an intervention for safe traditional circumcision in the context of initiation into manhood among the Xhosa, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Traditional surgeons and nurses registered with the health department were trained over five days on ten modules including safe circumcision, infection control, anatomy, postoperative care, detection and early management of complications and sexual health education. Initiates from initiation schools of the trained surgeons and nurses were examined and interviewed on 2nd, 4th, 7th and 14th day after circumcision. From 192 initiates physically examined at the 14th day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse high rates of complications were found: 40 (20.8%) had mild delayed wound healing, 31 (16.2%) had a mild wound infection, 22 (10.5%) mild pain and 20 (10.4%) had insufficient skin removed. Most traditional surgeons and nurses wore gloves during operation and care but did not use the recommended circumcision instrument. Only 12% of the initiates were circumcised before their sexual debut and they reported a great deal of sexual risk behaviour. Findings show weak support for scaling up traditional male circumcision. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PRE-POST TESTS | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | INTERVENTIONS | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | PROGRAM EVALUATION | TRAINING TECHNIQUES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Training Activities | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 324177 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: A double disadvantage? Immigration, gender, and employment status in Israel. Author: Rebhun U Source: European Journal of Population. 2008 Mar;24(1):87-113. Abstract: This article examines gender differences in employment status among immigrants in Israel, and how these differences vary across origin groups. Analysis of the 1995 population census indicates that, all else being equal, immigrant women exert a negative effect on activity in the annual labor force. As time elapses, the probability of immigrant women being employed improves but remains considerably lower than that of both immigrant and native-born men. However, after a few years in the country, immigrant women do close the gap with native-born women. For employment status in the last week, being an immigrant woman has a positive effect on full-time employment. A detailed analysis reveals substantial stratification by country of birth. Thus, the patterns of employment status for immigrant groups can reflect different levels (single, double, and triple) of disadvantage or advantage for women. I attach this stratification to cultural background and social values of country of birth as well as to economic and religious considerations, not fully indexed by the census data. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IMMIGRANTS | WOMEN | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 325046 |
| 15. Title: Perceptions of acceptability and utility of microbicides in Ghana, West Africa: A qualitative, exploratory study. Author: Tanner AE Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2008 Apr;5(1):10-18. Abstract: Vaginal microbicides, substances that may substantially decrease transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STI) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are currently in clinical trials. They are being presented as woman-initiated prevention methods that have the potential to be used without partners' knowledge. However, it is recognised that covert use may be challenging, due to the accompanying increase in vaginal lubrication. This study explored factors that may influence acceptability and utilisation of vaginal microbicides in Ghana, a sub-Saharan West African country with relatively low rates of HIV. Qualitative research methods were employed in Accra, Ghana in 2005. Individual interviews were conducted with 10 staff working in reproductive health settings, and two focus groups were conducted with young women aged 24-28. Three main topics emerged during the interviews and focus groups, including issues related to available contraceptive and prevention methods, perceptions of microbicide interest and acceptability, and cultural influences on microbicide acceptability and use. Participants discussed issues associated with available contraceptive options that may influence microbicide uptake. All respondents suggested that Ghanaian women would have a high level of interest in microbicides, with varying interest in formulas with different contraceptive and disease prevention properties. Cultural factors that may impact on microbicide use, often related to gender and power issues, were also discussed. Thus, as microbicides are being developed, cultural issues and behavioral correlates will need to be assessed to help ensure acceptability and use. In addition, gendered negotiation power and the implications of covert use need to be addressed in microbicide education and social marketing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERCEPTION | MICROBICIDES | HIV PREVENTION | LUBRICANTS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Ingredients and Chemicals | Interpersonal Relations | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326969 |
| 16. Title: Newborn care practices in Pemba Island (Tanzania) and their implications for newborn health and survival. Author: Thairu L; Pelto G Source: Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2008 Jul;4(3):194-208. Abstract: Newborn mortality accounts for about one-third of deaths in children under five. Neglecting this problem may undermine the fourth Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. This study was conducted in Tanzania, where an estimated 32/1000 infants die within the first 28 days. Our objective was to describe newborn care practices and their potential impact on newborn health. We interviewed two purposive samples of mothers from Pemba Island, a predominantly Muslim community of Arab-African ethnicity, and one of Tanzania's poorest. The first sample of mothers (n = 12) provided descriptive data; the second (n = 26) reported actual practice. We identified cultural beliefs and practices that promote early initiation of breastfeeding and bonding, including 'post-partum seclusion'. We also identified practices which are potentially harmful for newborn health, such as bathing newborns immediately after delivery, a practice motivated by concerns about 'ritual pollution', which may lead to newborn hypothermia and premature breast milk supplementation (e.g. with water and other fluids) which may expose newborns to pathogens. Some traditional practices to treat illness, such as exposing sick newborns to medicinal smoke from burning herbs, are also of concern. It is unclear whether the practice of massaging newborns with coconut oil is harmful or beneficial. Interventions to reduce neonatal mortality need to identify and address the cultural rationales that underlie negative practices, as well as reinforce and protect the beliefs that support positive practices. The results suggest the need to improve use of health services through improving health worker communication skills and social management of patients, as well as by lowering healthcare costs. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | AIDS | SAFER SEX | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | SEX FACTORS | ATTITUDES | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Gender Issues | Psychological Factors Document Number: 328329 |
| 17. Title: Providing new opportunities to adolescent girls in socially conservative settings: the Ishraq program in rural Upper Egypt. Author: Population Council Source: New York, New York, Population Council, [2007]. [20] p. Abstract: The years of transition from childhood to adulthood ideally bring expanding opportunities, growing self-awareness, and increased knowledge about the world. For girls in rural Egypt, these prospects often never arrive. Puberty, rather than opening doors to new opportunities, consolidates girls' disadvantage. Apart from their lesser access to schooling, Upper Egyptian girls are at risk for early marriage, female genital cutting, and violence within the household. Rural girls work long hours in the home and in the fields. Fears for their social reputation restrict mobility and community participation. Girls have little access to or time for "recreation": only 5 percent of rural girls reported having played sports in the previous day compared to 56 percent of boys. Added to this is a climate in which civic engagement is not encouraged for young people, and fewer than 5 percent join clubs or other organizations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | EDUCATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior Document Number: 308334 |
| 18. Title: Western education's impact on northern Igbo gender roles in Nsukka, Nigeria. Author: Abidogun J Source: Africa Today. 2007 Fall;54(1):29-51. Abstract: This article analyzes gender perspectives at two secondary schools in Nsukka, Nigeria. It analyzes gender-role changes or perceptions of change based on students' reported interactions in formal education settings. It summarizes gender issues under students' perceptions of gender roles, norms, and practices in relation to themselves, their peer group, and their perceptions of generational change compared with those of their parents and grandparents. These perceptions demonstrate a pattern of gender roles shaped by Western Judeo-Christian doctrine within the formal education curriculum, minimal inclusion of local history or cultural content, and loss of indigenous knowledge and practices. Gender-role change is one aspect of a general Westernizing effect of formal models of Western education on indigenous cultures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | STUDENTS | EDUCATION | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | SOCIAL CHANGE | GENDER RELATIONS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES | KNOWLEDGE | MODERNIZATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture Document Number: 313915 |
| 19. Title: Strategies and recommendations for prevention and control of domestic violence against women in Pakistan. Author: Ali TS; Khan N Source: Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2007 Jan;57(1):27-32. Abstract: Domestic violence is highly prevalent in Pakistan. This paper proposes the strategies based on literature review, for the prevention and control of domestic violence. The reported causes for domestic violence against women include women's low educational levels, low empowerment, and least opportunities to indulge in political activities; wrong interpretations of religious, traditional and cultural norms in the society; poverty; dowry system; women's suppressed autonomy and males' addiction to alcohol. Through this article, we have attempted to highlight the need to recognize the domestic violence against women as an important issue and to enhance educational and health facilities for the prevention and control of violence with combined awareness programs including non governmental organizations through stake holders. Furthermore, comprehensive laws need to be developed and enforcement against dowry and alcohol abuse is required in low income countries like Pakistan. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVALENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EDUCATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | POVERTY | DOWRY | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Behavior Document Number: 313221 |
| 20. Title: Providing new opportunities to adolescent girls in socially conservative settings: the Ishraq program in rural Upper Egypt. Author: Brady M; Assaad R; Ibrahim B; Salem A; Salem R Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2007. [44] p. Also available in Arabic: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/IshraqReport_Arabic.pdf Abstract: International understanding of how poverty is transmitted recognizes the role of gender-based inequalities. Policies and programs for young girls are improving child survival rates and school attendance. Livelihood opportunities and reproductive health services are now standard tools for reaching women of reproductive age. But the international community has lagged behind in its understanding of adolescence as a pivotal time for girls during which effective programs could make up for childhood deficits and launch young women toward healthy, empowered adulthood. In Egypt, national investments in education and health services now reach most young children, and the gender gap in primary school enrollment is closing. Laudable efforts to create school places for all children ages seven to ten are making great progress. But they come too late for those adolescent girls who were kept from school by poverty and other obstacles. Most of these girls are concentrated in the poorest villages of Upper Egypt. They face a bleak future that will replicate the poverty and disadvantage of their own families. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | INEQUALITIES | EDUCATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior Document Number: 308333 |
| 21. Title: Planning the nation: National identity and the family planning program in Uzbekistan. Author: Buehler S Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 31 p. Abstract: Since independence there has been a push to lower fertility rates through the use of modern contraceptives in Uzbekistan. The control of women's sexuality is central to national and ethnic processes. The family planning program provides the means and opportunity for state intervention into the sexual and reproductive lives of women and men, family planning programs contribute to the formation of national identity. This paper asks "how has the family planning program in Uzbekistan shaped national identity?" Through the rhetoric and practices of the family planning program there has been a shift in patriarchies, from a more traditional kin-based patriarchy to a state sponsored patriarchy. The family planning program also shapes how individuals define what is authentically Uzbek, with an emphasis on the distinction between Soviet and Uzbek. The research question was answered through a systematic review of relevant literature from international organizations, academics, and the state. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UZBEKISTAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | SEXUALITY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | NATIONALITY | PATRIARCHY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | VALUE ORIENTATION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Family Planning Document Number: 317732 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: [Globalization and infectious diseases in Mexico's indigenous population] Globalizacion y enfermedades infecciosas en las poblaciones indigenas de Mexico. Author: Castro R; Erviti J; Leyva R Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007;23 Suppl 1:S41-S50. Abstract: This paper discusses the health status of indigenous populations in Mexico. The first section characterizes the concept of globalization and its links to the population's health. Based on available statistical data, the second section documents the current indigenous populations' health status in the country. The article then argues that the presupposition of equity, crucial to globalization theory, does not apply to this case. Using the Mexican National Health Survey (2000), the third section further analyzes the health status of indigenous populations and identifies important inconsistencies in the data. The discussion section contends that these inconsistencies derive from the fact that such health surveys fail to contemplate the cultural specificities of indigenous peoples, thus leading to erroneous interpretations of the data. The article concludes that statistics on indigenous peoples' health must be interpreted with extreme caution and always with the support of social science theories and research methods. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NATIVE AMERICANS | PREVALENCE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | INEQUALITIES | DATA QUALITY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | BIAS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Data Analysis | Error Sources Document Number: 320431 |
| 23. Title: Why is son preference declining in South Korea?: The role of development and public policy, and the implications for China and India. Author: Chung W; Das Gupta M Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 28 p. Abstract: For years, South Korea presented the puzzling phenomenon of steeply rising sex ratios at birth despite rapid development, including in women's education and formal employment. We show that in fact there was no puzzle: underlying son preference fell in response to development, but its manifestation in sex ratios at birth rose until the mid-1990s due to improved sex-selection technology. Now South Korea leads Asia in reversing the trend in sex ratios at birth. We explore what this country's experience indicates about how son preference is affected by development and public policies. We analyze unusually rich survey data, and find that the impact of development worked largely through triggering normative changes across the whole society - rather than just through changes wrought in individuals as their socio-economic circumstances changed. We estimate that nearly three-quarters of the decline in son preference between 1991 and 2003 is attributable to normative change, and the rest to increases in proportions urban and educated. We discuss the cultural underpinnings of son preference in pre-industrial Korea, and how these were unraveled by industrialization and urbanization on the one hand, while being buttressed by public policies upholding the patriarchal family system. Finally, we hypothesize that child sex ratios in China and India will decline well before they reach South Korean levels of development, since they have vigorous programs to accelerate normative change to reduce son preference. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CHINA | INDIA | CRITIQUE | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | SEX RATIO | SOCIAL CHANGE | INDUSTRIALIZATION | URBANIZATION | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Reproduction Document Number: 318543 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: An explanatory model for projecting regional fertility differences in the Netherlands. Author: de Beer J; Deerenberg I Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Dec;26(5-6):511-528. Abstract: Current differences in the level of the total fertility rate (TFR) between Dutch municipalities are smaller than they were in the 1970s and 1980s. Nevertheless, there are still considerable differences. Small municipalities have higher TFRs than large cities. This article aims to answer the question whether these differences will decline further until differences between large and small cities disappear. For that purpose we develop a regression model of regional differences in the TFR including demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural variables. Using the estimation results we decompose differences in fertility between large and small cities into the contribution of differences in levels of the determinants versus differences in the relationships between the determinants and fertility. The results show that differences in cultural variables have a larger effect on differences in the TFR than the demographic and socioeconomic variables. As cultural differences do not tend to change quickly, they will not lead to quick changes in regional differences in the TFR. Demographic differences are not expected to lead to strong changes either, as the two demographic variables (household structure and ethnic structure) have opposite effects. As the effect of the socioeconomic variable is caused by differences in the magnitude of the regression coefficient rather than by differences in the value of this variable, even if differences in this variable disappeared, this would still not lead to convergence of the TFR. Thus the article concludes that differences in the TFR between large and small cities are not likely to diminish quickly. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population | Population Characteristics | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 313963 |
| 25. Title: Mothers' knowledge of young child development in a developing country. Author: Ertem IO; Atay G; Dogan DG; Bayhan A; Bingoler BE; Gok CG; Ozbas S; Haznedaroglu D; Isikli S Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2007;:10 p. Abstract: Background: Although interventions on child development target supporting mothers' relationships with their children, little is known about maternal knowledge of child development in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine maternal knowledge about child development in Turkey. Methods: The Caregiver Knowledge of Child Development Inventory (CKCDI) developed for this study consisted of questions on when children begin to demonstrate developmental skills and when caregivers should provide opportunities for developmental stimulation. Results In total, 1200 mothers of children aged <=3 years chosen by random population-based sampling were administered the CKCDI in their homes. Of the 1055 mothers with complete data (88%), 64% had at most secondary school education and 11% were employed. The median CKCDI questionnaire score was 19 (highest possible score 40). Mothers believed that most developmental skills and activities should occur at later than normative ages and most mothers did not know that sight (52%), vocalization (79%), social smiling (59%) and overall brain development (68%) begins in the early months of life. In a linear regression model with CKCDI score as the dependent and age of child, number of children, maternal and paternal age and education as the independent variables, higher maternal education and lower number of children were found to be independent predictors of higher CKCDI scores (P < 0.001). Conclusions: These results illustrate the degree to which caregivers from Turkey may be lacking information on early childhood development and that caregiver knowledge needs to be further investigated so that culture-specific and effective interventions can be planned. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | MOTHERS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Survey Methodology | Surveys | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Culture | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 313256 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual dysfunction among female patients of reproductive age in a hospital setting in Nigeria. Author: Fajewonyomi BA; Orji EO; Adeyemo AO Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2007 Mar;25(1):101-106. Abstract: Although sexual dysfunction is an important public-health problem in Nigeria, little research has been conducted on this topic in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and their correlates among female patients of reproductive age using a questionnaire. Respondents were recruited from the out-patients clinics of a teaching hospital setting in Ile-Ife/ Ijesa administrative health zone, Osun State, Nigeria. Of 384 female patients interviewed, 242 (63%) were sexually dysfunctional. Types of sexual dysfunction included disorder of desire (n = 20; 8.3%), disorder of arousal (n = 13; 5.4%), disorder of orgasm (n=154; 63.6%), and painful coitus (dyspareunia) (n =55; 22.7%). The peak age of sexual dysfunction was observed among the age-group of 26-30 years. Women with higher educational status were mostly affected. The reasons for unsatisfactory sexual life mainly included psychosexual factors and medical illnesses, among which included uncaring partners, present illness, excessive domestic duties, lack of adequate foreplay, present medication, competition among wives in a polygamous family setting, previous sexual abuse, and guilt-feeling of previous pregnancy termination among infertile women. The culture of male dominance in the local environment which makes women afraid of rejection and threats of divorce if they ever complain about sexually-related matters might perpetrate sexual dysfunction among the affected individuals. Sexual dysfunction is a real social and psychological problem in the local environment demanding urgent attention. It is imperative to carry out further research in society at large so that the health and lifestyles of affected women and their partners could be improved. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SEXUALITY | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | COITAL FREQUENCY | DECREASED LIBIDO | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior Document Number: 317782 |
| 27. Title: Interpreting gender mainstreaming by NGOs in India: A comparative ethnographic approach. Author: George GR Source: Gender, Place, and Culture. 2007 Dec;14(6):679-701. Abstract: This article examines the way gender mainstreaming is interpreted by specific non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in India whose development initiatives draw upon particular ideologies of gender equality in their attempts to apply gender analysis. Its purpose is to locate and situate gender mainstreaming in the culturally specific contexts in which it is practiced to capture the complex realities in which gender policies are implemented and women are positioned to effect change. This is an important focus given that gender mainstreaming now pervades transnational governance and yet is informed by feminist analysis. Moreover, NGOs form key sites in which these policies are expected to be implemented. Of the critiques of gender mainstreaming which have emerged in the last 10 years, I examine how potentially conflicting models of gender inequality and equality take local expression and expand on the importance of framing in making gender mainstreaming meaningful by attending to indigenous interpretations of feminism and gender equality. The analysis I offer provides an ethnographic and comparative contribution to an understanding of gender mainstreaming as a contested site whose possibilities and limitations can be revealed by an attention to its feminist origins, namely a focus on context, process and identity formation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | GENDER ISSUES | FEMINISM | INEQUALITIES | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | CASTE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Behavior | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 321899 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Parental gender preferences and reproductive behaviour: A review of the recent literature. Author: Hank K Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Sep;39(5):759-767. Abstract: This paper reviews various theoretical approaches towards an explanation of parental gender preferences and empirical findings from developing as well as from industrialized countries, focusing on the role of gender preferences in reproductive decisions. Although various attempts have been made to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the observed patterns of sex preferences for children, a fully satisfying theoretical explanation is still not at hand. Empirically, a distinct and stable preference for at least one child of each sex can be observed as a common pattern of parental sex preferences across many different social, economic and cultural contexts. Further - and ideally multidisciplinary - research that helps to improve our understanding of this phenomenon is highly desirable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | PARENTS | CHILD | SEX PREFERENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors Document Number: 318919 |
| 29. Title: Factors that affect the adoption and maintenance of weekly vitamin A supplementation among women in Ghana. Author: Hill Z; Kirkwood B; Kendall C; Adjei E; Arthur P Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2007 Aug;10(8):827-833. Abstract: The objective was to identify regimen, individual, community and cultural factors that affect adoption and adherence to weekly vitamin A supplementation in Ghana. Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who would be eligible for vitamin A supplementation, 30 with husbands, and 13 with drug sellers, birth attendants and health workers. Six focus group discussions were also conducted with women. These interviews were followed by a 4-month capsule trial with 60 women. Data from a previously conducted communication channel survey of 332 women were also reviewed. The study was conducted in Kintampo District in central Ghana. Participants for the semi-structured interviews and focus groups were selected from four villages and the district capital, and women in the capsule trial were selected at random from two villages. Knowledge of vitamins was low and taking 'medicines' for long periods and when healthy is a new concept. In spite of this, long-term supplementation will be accepted if motives are explained, specific questions answered and clear instructions are given. Potential barriers included the idea of 'doctor' medicines as curative, false expectations of the supplement, forgetting to take the supplement, losing the supplement, travelling, lack of motivation, perceived side-effects, concerns that the supplement is really family planning or will make delivery difficult, and concerns about taking the supplement with other 'doctor' or herbal medicine, or when pregnant or breast-feeding, or if childless. Successful supplementation programmes require appropriately designed information, education and communication strategies. Designing such strategies requires pre-programme formative research to uncover barriers and facilitators for supplementation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VITAMIN A | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | USER COMPLIANCE | NUTRITION SURVEYS | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | MOTIVATION | PERCEPTION | SIDE EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Nutrition | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 321042 |
| 30. Title: Cohabitation vs. marriage in Bulgaria. The rise of cohabitation and childbearing outside of marriage in Bulgaria: Who are the forerunners of the new family model? Draft version. Author: Kostova D Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 30 p. Abstract: This paper is aimed at studying the development of cohabitation in Bulgaria and to investigate whether the cohabitation is "institutionalized" among the couples as a substitute to the marital family or it is rather recognized as a last stage in a process leading to marriage. Hence the character of the study will be mostly descriptive as far as we do not apply explicit theory in order to explain particular phenomenon. We intend to provide an accurate description combined with a brief interpretation of the process of union formation, where the main stress will be laid on the impact of the family background and the social environment on the union formation process as well as on the transformation of cohabitation into marriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE | UNMARRIED | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARRIAGE AGE | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FIRST BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Marital Status | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317738 |
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