| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Emergency contraception: knowledge and attitudes of family physicians of a teaching hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Author: Abdulghani HM; Karim SI; Irfan F Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Jun;27(3):339-44. Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of family medicine providers and their attitudes towards emergency contraception in a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A 21-item questionnaire containing the demographic profile of respondents and questions concerning knowledge of and attitudes towards emergency contraception was distributed among participants. In total, 45 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 100%, with faculty physicians (33%), residents (27%), medical officers (40%), 36% male and 64% female physicians; of them, the majority (64%) were married. Although the large majority (71%) of the respondents reported considerable familiarity with emergency contraception, objective assessment revealed deficiencies in their knowledge. About 38% of the participants incorrectly chose menstrual irregularity as the most common side-effect of progestin-only emergency contraception pills, and only 33% answered that emergency contraception was not an abortifacient while 42% were unsure. Forty percent of the physicians prescribed emergency contraception in the past. The large majority (71%) of the physicians were familiar with emergency contraception, yet deficiencies in knowledge inaccuracies were identified. Barriers to its use were identified as 'it will promote promiscuity' (31%), religious/ethical reasons (27%), liability (40%), teratogenicity (44%), and inexperience (40%). Overall attitudes regarding emergency contraception were positive; however, most (82%) physicians were unsatisfied with their current knowledge of emergency contraception, and there was a discrepancy between perceptions of physicians and actual knowledge. Interventions providing education to family physicians regarding emergency contraception is strongly recommended. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PHYSICIANS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341579 |
2.  Title: Risk factors associated with low CD4+ lymphocyte count among HIV-positive pregnant women in Nigeria. Author: Abimiku A; Villalba-Diebold P; Dadik J; Okolo F; Mang E; Charurat M Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 20; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for CD4+ lymphocyte counts of 200 cells/mm(3) or lower in HIV-positive pregnant women in Nigeria. METHOD: A cross-sectional data analysis from a prospective cohort of 515 HIV-positive women attending a prenatal clinic. Risk of a low CD4+ count was estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: CD4+ lymphocyte counts of 200 cells/mm(3) or lower (280+/-182 cells/mm(3)) were recorded in 187 (36.3%) out of 515 HIV-positive pregnant women included in the study. Low CD4+ count was associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 10.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-95.53), lack of condom use (aOR, 5.16; 95% CI, 1.12-23.8), history of genital ulcers (aOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.12-2.82), and history of vaginal discharge (aOR; 1.62; 1.06-2.48). CONCLUSIONS: Over 35% of the HIV-positive pregnant women had low CD4+ counts, indicating the need for treatment. The findings underscore the need to integrate prevention of mother-to-child transmission with HIV treatment and care, particularly services for sexually transmitted infections. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREGNANT WOMEN | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Health | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 341452 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Household possession, use and non-use of treated or untreated mosquito nets in two ecologically diverse regions of Nigeria--Niger Delta and Sahel Savannah. Author: Afolabi BM; Sofola OT; Fatunmbi BS; Komakech W; Okoh F; Saliu O; Otsemobor P; Oresanya OB; Amajoh CN; Fasiku D; Jalingo I Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:30. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Current use of treated mosquito nets for the prevention of malaria falls short of what is expected in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), though research within the continent has indicated that the use of these commodities can reduce malaria morbidity by 50% and malaria mortality by 20%. Governments in sub-Sahara Africa are investing substantially in scaling-up treated mosquito net coverage for impact. However, certain significant factors still prevent the use of the treated mosquito nets, even among those who possess them. This survey examines household ownership as well as use and non-use of treated mosquito nets in Sahel Savannah and Niger Delta regions of Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: This survey employed cross-sectional survey to collect data from households on coverage and use of mosquito nets, whether treated or not. Fever episodes in previous two weeks among children under the age of five were also recorded. The study took place in August 1 - 14 2007, just five months after the March distribution of treated mosquito nets, coinciding with the second raining period of the year and a time of high malaria transmission during the wet season. EPI INFO version 2003 was used in data analysis. RESULTS: The survey covered 439 households with 2,521 persons including 739 under-fives, 585 women in reproductive age and 78 pregnant women in Niger Delta Region and Sahel Savannah Region. Of the 439 HHs, 232 had any mosquito nets. Significantly higher proportion of households in the Niger Delta Region had any treated or untreated mosquito nets than those in the Sahel Savannah Region. In the Niger Delta Region, the proportion of under-fives that had slept under treated nets the night before the survey exceeded those that slept under treated nets in the Sahel Savannah Region. Children under the age of five years in the Niger Delta Region were four times more likely to sleep under treated nets than those in the Sahel Savannah Region. CONCLUSION: This study found that despite the fact that treated nets were distributed widely across Nigeria, the use of this commodity was still very low in the Sahel Savannah region. Future campaigns should include more purposeful social and health education on the importance and advantages of the use of treated nets to save lives in the Sahel Savannah region of Nigeria. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | HEALTH EDUCATION | INTERVENTIONS | IMPACT | SEASONAL VARIATION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330812 |
| 4. Title: Attitudes of healthcare providers towards patients with HIV/AIDS in Bandar Abbas. Author: Aghamolaei T; Tavafian SS; Hasani L; Zare S Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 May;12(3):298-301. Abstract: We aimed to investigate the attitudes of healthcare providers towards patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 250 healthcare providers completed a 20-item questionnaire from January first through February 30th, 2007. There were five domains of attitudes towards patients with HIV. The items measured as a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The mean age of the healthcare providers was 31.3 (SD=7.3) years. Of them 24.4% were males, 42.4% had received Bachelor of Science degree, 19.2% were physicians, 63.2% were nurses, and 17.6% were laboratory technicians. The respondents had fairly positive attitudes towards patients with HIV. Men, older age, more educated participants, and laboratory technicians had more favorable attitude towards HIV (P<0.05). Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STAFF ATTITUDE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 342660 |
| 5. Title: An assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of pharmacy students regarding HIV/AIDS. Author: Ahmed SI; Hassali MA; Aziz NA Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2009 Feb 19;73(1):15. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of University Sains Malaysia final-year pharmacy students regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunity deficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHOD: A cross-sectional study among pharmacy students. Data were analyzed with Chi-square to find difference at p value < 0.05. RESULTS: The majority of students (83.07%) responded showing a difference in gender and race. Students showed low willingness (9.2%) to assist patients and low confidence (36.1%) in their education about HIV/AIDS patients. Students recommended HIV testing for health care professionals (69.4%) and patients (75.9%) before surgical procedures. Students knew little about Post Exposure Prophylaxis (18.5%) or about the time for HIV to develop into AIDS (57.4%). About 40% of students were unaware of the inability of antivirals to treat HIV/AIDS. Students had low awareness for opportunistic infections (18.5%), and low agreement on competency to treat and counsel HIV patients (12.9%). CONCLUSION: The study highlighted students' misconceptions, negative attitudes, and risk perceptions towards HIV/AIDS. Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | PHARMACISTS | UNIVERSITIES | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | RISK FACTORS | PERCEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TREATMENT | EXPOSURE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 342691 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Spousal violence and potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss in an African setting: cross-sectional study. Author: Alio A; Nana PN; Salihu HM Source: Lancet. 2009;373:318-324. Abstract: Background Spousal violence is a global issue, with ramifications for the reproductive health of women. We aimed to investigate the effect of physical, sexual, and emotional violence on potentially preventable single and recurrent spontaneous fetal loss. Methods We analysed data from the Cameroon Demographic Health Survey. In the violence module of this survey, women were questioned about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their spouses. Respondents were also asked about any stillbirths and spontaneous abortions. We measured risk for single and recurrent fetal loss with odds ratios, with adjustment for intracluster correlations as appropriate. We also estimated the proportion of preventable excess fetal loss at various levels of violence reduction. Findings 2562 women responded to the violence module. Those exposed to spousal violence (n=1307) were 50% more likely to experience at least one episode of fetal loss compared with women not exposed to abuse (odds ratio 1-5; 95% CI 1-3-1-8). Recurrent fetal mortality was associated with all forms of spousal violence, but emotional violence had the strongest association (1-7; 1-2-2-3). If the prevalence of spousal abuse could be reduced to 50%, 25%, or entirely eliminated, preventable excess recurrent fetal demise would be 17%, 25%, and 33%, respectively. Interpretation Spousal violence increases the likelihood of single and repeated fetal loss. A large proportion of risk for recurrent fetal mortality is attributable to spousal violence and, therefore, is potentially preventable. Our findings support the idea of routine prenatal screening for spousal violence in the African setting, a region with the highest rate of fetal death in the world. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 340220 |
| 7. Title: High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan. Author: Altaf A; Saleem N; Abbas S; Muzaffar R Source: JPMA. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2009 Mar;59(3):136-40. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate size of injection drug users (IDU), determine their high risk behaviours and assess the prevalence of HIV. METHOD: As part of second generation surveillance (SGS), we investigated specific demographic and behavioural characteristics of IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur in 2005. It was a cross sectional study. The survey was preceded by geographic mapping to determine size estimation and to define sampling procedures prior to integrated behavioural and biological survey (IBBS). A sample size of at least 400 was calculated for each city. Besides calculating frequencies, chi square was used for comparing variables among HIV positive and negative IDUs like time elapsed as IDU, number of injections, sharing needles and self perception of acquiring HIV infection. RESULTS: A total of 800 (Hyderabad 398; Sukkur 402) questionnaires and DBS samples were collected. The estimated number of IDUs in both cities was 3,225 (Hyderabad 975 and Sukkur 2250 respectively). Average age of IDUs in Hyderabad was 36.5 years and 34.6 years in Sukkur. Sharing of injection equipment for last injection was reported by 34 (8.5%) in Hyderabad and 135 (33.6%) in Sukkur. In both cities behaviours such as injecting drugs for more than 10 years (p = 0.00) and injecting four or more times in a day (p = 0.11) were significantly associated with seropositivity of HIV infection. In Hyderabad the seroprevalence of HIV was 25.4% (101/398) and in Sukkur it was 19.2% (77/402). CONCLUSION: The burden of HIV among IDUs in Hyderabad and Sukkur is extremely high and can play a significant role in transmitting the infection to other vulnerable groups. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | NEEDLE SHARING | SELF-PERCEPTION | RISK ASSESSMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Population | Measurement | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 330915 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased use of contraceptives among HIV-positive women during expanding access to antiretroviral therapy in Mbarara, Uganda. Author: Andia I; Kaida A; Maier M; Guzman D; Emenyonu N; Pepper L; Bangsberg DR; Hogg RS Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Feb;99(2):340-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the prevalence of contraceptive use among women who are HIV positive varied according to use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Mbarara, Uganda. METHODS: We used data from a cross-sectional survey of 484 women who were HIV positive (18-50 years) and were attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic, 45% of whom were receiving HAART. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HAART use and contraceptive use. Data were collected between November 2005 and June 2006. RESULTS: Overall, 45% of the women were sexually active in the previous 3 months. Of these, 85% reported using contraceptive methods, with 84% reporting use of barrier contraceptive methods. Women receiving HAART were more than twice as likely to use contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 6.49) and more than 3 times as likely to use barrier contraceptive methods (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI = 1.54, 8.55) than were women not receiving HAART. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the need for increased attention to better integration of reproductive health and HIV and AIDS services for women who are HIV positive. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329768 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Morelos, Mexico: does it impact sexual behaviour? Author: Atienzo EE; Walker DM; Campero L; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Gutierrez JP Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):111-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality has been shown to influence adolescents' sexual behaviour. This study aims to describe communication about sex between Mexican parents and adolescents, and its relation to age at first intercourse and condom use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires of first year students at 23 high schools. Communication was divided into three themes: biological aspects, risks associated with sexual behaviour, and prevention. For sexually active adolescents, discussion timing was determined to have occurred prior to, or after sexual initiation. Analysis included logistic regression models stratifying by discussion timing. RESULTS: Overall 5,461 questionnaires were analysed. Among male respondents 24.3% and among females 10.6% stated that they were sexually active. As many as 83.1% reported having spoken with parents about sexual relations. Communication was more common with mothers. Discussions about risk and prevention prior to sexual initiation was associated with condom use at first intercourse (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.05); late discussion was associated with younger age (<15) at first intercourse (OR = 3.51). CONCLUSIONS: Communication before onset of sexual activity about risk and prevention is associated with safe sex practices. Improving parent-adolescent communication is a poorly studied strategy to influence adolescents' behaviour. Interventions should promote early parent-adolescent communication. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341614 |
| 10. Title: Quality-of-life assessment of family adopters through user perspectives in the District of Karimnagar. Author: Avasarala K Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2009 Jan;34(1):24-28. Abstract: Background: Small families adopting family planning are usually considered happy families. They are expected to lead a better qualitative life. Quality-of-life (QOL) is routinely assessed for knowing patients' health status. Recently, the QOL concept has become increasingly popular for evaluating the impact of public health interventions. Hitherto, QOL is usually assessed by means of program achievements or indicators, which may sometimes be misleading. Hence, the new culture of QOL assessment by means of user perspectives is now becoming popular. Research Questions: 1) Is the quality-of-life of family planning (FP) adopters better than that of non-FP adopters? 2) Are the user perspectives helpful in QOL assessment? Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 50 FP adopting families and 50 non-FP adopting families from the village of Vutoor and the city of Karimnagar in Andhra Pradesh. Sampling Methods: Random sampling, Proportions and Chi square test. Results: Program perspectives revealed a better standard of living for FP adopters because they have amenities like housing, television, and vehicles and less mortality and morbidity (P < 0.001). However, they lack positive feelings towards life, general adaptation, personal relationships, and leisure opportunities. Finally, self-assessment by FP adopters themselves revealed no significant increase in their qualitative life after family planning (P = 0.05). Conclusions: While assessing the impact of a health program on quality-of-life, multiple methods of assessments including user perspectives are better than program indicators alone. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 328705 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Quality of life and social support among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Western Uganda. Author: Bajunirwe F; Tisch DJ; King CH; Arts EJ; Debanne SM; Sethi AK Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):271-9. Abstract: Quality of life (QOL) among patients with HIV/AIDS has been shown to improve once treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been initiated. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Western Uganda to examine the factors associated with QOL among patients who had received ART for the duration of at least six months. We interviewed 330 patients attending the HIV/AIDS clinic at two government-supported hospitals in Western Uganda. We measured QOL using a culturally adapted version of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS-HIV) tool and calculated the physical health summary (PHS) and mental health summary (MHS) scores. In addition, data were collected on sociodemographic factors, three-day self-reported adherence, social support, sexual behavior, CD4 count and viral load. Informational social support was significantly positively correlated with PHS (p=0.001) and MHS (p=0.002). Affectionate support was also significantly positively correlated to PHS (p=0.05) and MHS (p=0.03) but tangible support was not (PHS p value=0.85 and MHS p value=0.31). In the univariate analysis, older age, rural dwelling, alcohol use, CD4 count less than 200, and ART duration of less than one year were significantly associated with lower PHS scores. Lower PHS scores were also associated with sexual inactivity. In multivariate analysis, higher scores on informational social support and CD4> or =200 were associated with higher PHS score and past or recent alcohol consumption was associated with lower scores on MHS. Optimizing ART to restore CD4 count and provision of informational and affectionate social support but not tangible support, to HIV/AIDS patients may improve their QOL. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | HIV INFECTIONS | QUALITY OF LIFE | CARE AND SUPPORT | SEX BEHAVIOR | HEALTH | MENTAL HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341987 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Social and environmental malaria risk factors in urban areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Author: Baragatti M; Fournet F; Henry MC; Assi S; Ouedraogo H; Rogier C; Salem G Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:13. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite low endemicity, malaria remains a major health problem in urban areas where a high proportion of fevers are presumptively treated using anti-malarial drugs. Low acquired malaria immunity, behaviour of city-dwellers, access to health care and preventive interventions, and heterogenic suitability of urban ecosystems for malaria transmission contribute to the complexity of the malaria epidemiology in urban areas. METHODS: The study was designed to identify the determinants of malaria transmission estimated by the prevalence of anti-circumsporozoite (CSP) antibodies, the prevalence and density of Plasmodium falciparum infection, and the prevalence of malarial disease in areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso. Thick blood smears, dried blood spots and clinical status have been collected from 3,354 randomly chosen children aged 6 months to 12 years using two cross-sectional surveys (during the dry and rainy seasons) in eight areas from four ecological strata defined according to building density and land tenure (regular versus irregular). Demographic characteristics, socio-economic information, and sanitary and environmental data concerning the children or their households were simultaneously collected. Dependent variables were analysed using mixed multivariable models with random effects, taking into account the clustering of participants within compounds and areas. RESULTS: Overall prevalences of CSP-antibodies and P. falciparum infections were 7.7% and 16.6% during the dry season, and 12.4% and 26.1% during the rainy season, respectively, with significant differences according to ecological strata. Malaria risk was significantly higher among children who i) lived in households with lower economic or education levels, iii) near the hydrographic network, iv) in sparsely built-up areas, v) in irregularly built areas, vi) who did not use a bed net, vii) were sampled during the rainy season or ii) had traveled outside of Ouagadougou. CONCLUSION: Malaria control should be focused in areas which are irregularly or sparsely built-up or near the hydrographic network. Furthermore, urban children would benefit from preventive interventions (e.g. anti-vectorial devices or chemoprophylaxis) aimed at reducing malaria risk during and after travel in rural areas. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN AREAS | RURAL AREAS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | ANTIBODIES | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 330546 |
| 13. Title: Postpartum traditions and nutrition practices among urban Lao women and their infants in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Author: Barennes H; Simmala C; Odermatt P; Thaybouavone T; Vallee J; Martinez-Aussel B; Newton PN; Strobel M Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Mar;63(3):323-31. Abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess the traditional postpartum practices, mother and child nutritional status and associated factors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 41 randomly selected villages on the outskirts of Vientiane capital city, Lao PDR (Laos). 300 pairs of infants (< 6 months of age) and their mothers were enrolled. Information was collected about pregnancy, delivery and traditional practices through a standardized questionnaire. Dietary intake and food frequency were estimated using the 24 h recall method, calibrated bowls and FAO food composition tables. Mothers' and infants' anthropometry was assessed and multivariate analysis performed. RESULTS: Contrasting with a high antenatal care attendance (91%) and delivery under health professional supervision (72%), a high prevalence of traditional practices was found, including exposure to hot beds of embers (97%), use of traditional herb tea as the only beverage (95%) and restricted diets (90%). Twenty-five mothers (8.3%) were underweight. Mothers had insufficient intake of calories (55.6%), lipids (67.4%), iron (92.0%), vitamins A (99.3%) and C (45%), thiamin (96.6%) and calcium (96.6%). Chewed glutinous rice was given to infants as an early (mean 34.6, 95% CI:29.3-39.8 days) complementary food by 53.7% of mothers, and was associated with stunting in 10% children (OR=1.35, 95% CI:1.04-1.75). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of traditional postpartum restricted diets and practices, and inadequate maternal nutritional intake in urban Laos, suggest that antenatal care may be an important opportunity to improve postpartum diets. Language: English Keywords: LAOS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | INFANT | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | DIET | CHILD NUTRITION | INFANT NUTRITION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341041 |
| 14. Title: Sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and HTLV-1/2 in immigrant and non-immigrant female sex workers in Argentina. Author: Bautista CT; Pando MA; Reynaga E; Marone R; Sateren WB; Montano SM; Sanchez JL; Avila MM Source: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2009 Apr;11(2):99-104. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study socio-demographics, sexual practices, drug use behaviors, and prevalences of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in immigrant (foreigner) and non-immigrant (local/native) female sex workers (FSW). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in immigrant and non-immigrant FSW living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 625 FSW were enrolled, of whom 169 (27%) were immigrant FSW from Paraguay, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay. The prevalence of syphilis and hepatitis C was significantly higher among Argentinean FSW than among immigrant FSW. However, hepatitis B prevalence was higher among immigrant FSW. Adjusted risk factor analysis comparing immigrant FSW with Argentinean FSW indicated that marital status (single), occupation (none), fee per sex act ( Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | IMMIGRANTS | HEPATITIS | SYPHILIS | PREVALENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement Document Number: 331118 |
| 15. Title: Growth and nutritional status of pre-school children in India: rural-urban and gender differences. Author: Bharati P; Bharati S; Pal M; Chakrabarty S; Som S; Gupta R Source: Collegium Antropologicum. 2009 Mar;33(1):7-21. Abstract: This cross-sectional study of growth and nutritional status makes an attempt to find the gender and rural-urban differences among Indian preschool children. This study is based on the data of weight and height of children aged 0-35 months taken from 26 States (total 26,369 children; 13784 boys and 12585 girls). The children are found to be lighter and shorter compared to International standards irrespective of age and sex. Boys are heavier and taller than girls. Urban preschool children are heavier and taller compared to rural counterparts. In the urban area, higher percentages of girls are affected by underweight (37.1%) and stunting (35.0%) than boys. In rural areas, the prevalence of underweight is also higher among girls (47.9%) compared to boys (45.7%), which is found to be much significant (p < 0.01). There is a significant rural-urban as well as gender difference in growth and nutritional status of Indian preschool children. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | CHILDREN | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | GROWTH | CHILD NUTRITION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Schools | Education | Biology | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341201 |
| 16. Title: Contraceptive use among canadian women of reproductive age: results of a national survey. Author: Black A; Yang Q; Wu Wen S; Lalonde AB; Guilbert E; Fisher W Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009 Jul;31(7):627-40. Abstract: Objective: Past studies indicate that despite a wide range of contraceptive options, Canadian women tend to use a narrow selection of contraceptive methods. New contraceptive methods have recently been introduced in Canada. The objective of this research is to characterize Canadian women's current contraceptive choices and adherence to contraceptive regimens. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2006. A standardized, confidential, Internet questionnaire was administered to female members of a previously recruited national market research panel. Percentages of current contraceptive use and consistency of use were calculated by age group, marital status, and province and were weighted according to age and region. Chi-square test was used to detect within-group differences for consistency of contraceptive use, oral contraceptive (OC) use, and condom use. Multivariate logistic regression analyses predicting consistent contraception use, OC use, and condom use were performed. Results: Of 5597 survey respondents, 3253 were eligible for data analysis. Of these women, 2751 had had vaginal intercourse in the previous six months, were not trying to conceive, and reported whether they or their partner had used contraception. Of these 2751 women, 410 (14.9%) never used contraception. Among contraception users, the most frequently used methods of contraception were condoms (54.3%), OCs (43.7%), and withdrawal (11.6%). Newer contraceptive methods were used by less than 4%. Choice of contraceptive method varied by age. Only 65.2% of respondents who were sexually active and not trying to conceive "always used" contraception. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found significantly higher odds of no contraception use in women over 40 years of age, without higher education, living in PEI or Newfoundland, married or living common-law, or having annual household incomes under $100 000. Conclusion: Despite many contraceptive options, Canadian women continue to use a narrow range of contraceptive methods and to use contraception inconsistently. Consistent contraceptive use is influenced by a number of independent social variables. Future public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness of contraception options, increased access to a variety of contraceptive methods, and assisting with contraceptive adherence. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CONDOM USE | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproduction | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 342765 |
| 17. Title: The impact of race and ethnicity on receipt of family planning services in the United States. Author: Borrero S; Schwarz EB; Creinin M; Ibrahim S Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):91-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study sought to examine the independent effect of patient race or ethnicity on the use of family planning services and on the likelihood of receiving counseling for sterilization and other birth control methods. METHODS: This study used national, cross-sectional data collected by the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Our analysis included women aged 18-44 years who had heterosexual intercourse within the past 12 months, who were not actively seeking to get pregnant, and who had not undergone surgical sterilization. The primary outcome was receipt of family planning services within the past 12 months. Specific services we examined were (1) provision of or prescription for a method of birth control, (2) checkup related to using birth control, (3) counseling about sterilization, and (4) counseling about birth control. RESULTS: Although we found no racial/ethnic differences in the overall use of family planning services, there were racial/ethnic differences in the specific type of service received. Hispanic and black women were more likely than white women to receive counseling for birth control (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 1.8, and adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.7, respectively). Hispanic women were more likely than white women to report having been counseled about sterilization (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0, 2.3). CONCLUSIONS: Minority women were more likely to receive counseling about sterilization and other birth control methods. However, there were no differences in access to family planning services by race or ethnicity. Future studies are needed to examine the quality and content of contraceptive counseling received by minority compared with nonminority women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HISPANICS | BLACKS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | IMPACT | COUNSELING | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 331216 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Financial barriers to HIV treatment in Yaounde, Cameroon: first results of a national cross-sectional survey. Author: Boyer S; Marcellin F; Ongolo-Zogo P; Abega SC; Nantchouang R; Spire B; Moatti JP Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009 Apr;87(4):279-87. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent to which user fees for antiretroviral therapy (ART) represent a financial barrier to access to ART among HIV-positive patients in Yaounde, Cameroon. METHODS: Sociodemographic, economic and clinical data were collected from a random sample of 707 HIV-positive patients followed up in six public hospitals of the capital city (Yaounde) and its surroundings through face-to-face interviews carried out by trained interviewers independently from medical staff and medical questionnaires filled out by prescribing physicians. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with self-reported financial difficulties in purchasing ART during the previous 3 months. FINDINGS: Of the 532 patients treated with ART at the time of the survey, 20% reported financial difficulty in purchasing their antiretroviral drugs during the previous 3 months. After adjustment for socioeconomic and clinical factors, reports of financial difficulties were significantly associated with lower adherence to ART (odds ratio, OR: 0.24; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.15-0.40; P < 0.0001) and with lower CD4+ lymphocyte (CD4) counts after 6 months of treatment (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.15-3.96 for CD4 counts < 200 cells/microl; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Removing a financial barrier to treatment with ART by eliminating user fees at the point of care delivery, as recommended by WHO, could lead to increased adherence to ART and to improved clinical results. New health financing mechanisms based on the public resources of national governments and international donors are needed to attain universal access to drugs and treatment for HIV infection. Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FEES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | OBSTACLES | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation Document Number: 342978 |
| 19. Title: [Assessment of factors associated with patients' comprehension of treatment at the start of antiretroviral therapy] Evaluacion de factores asociados a la comprension del tratamiento en pacientes Author: Braga Ceccato MG; Acurcio Fde A; Vallano A; Comini Cesar C; Crosland Guimaraes MD Source: Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica. 2009 Jan;27(1):7-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with patients' comprehension of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis in which patients at 2 HIV/AIDS public referral centers (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were interviewed after initiating ART. Information was recorded on variables related to the patient's characteristics, the treatment prescribed, and the healthcare professional involved. A score indicating the patients' level of comprehension regarding the medications prescribed was obtained using a latent trait model estimated by the item response theory. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were interviewed. Mean (SD) age was 35 (10) years, 227 were men (56%), 302 of Afro-American ethnicity (77%), and 213 had <8 years of education (53%). The regression model determined that 52.25% of the variability of comprehension was explained by the individual's characteristics. Variables associated (P<0.05) with poorest understanding about ART were lower education (<8 years), lack of knowledge about treatment duration and clinical severity, inadequate information provided by physicians, inability to understand pharmaceutical information, daily number of tablets, and the ART regimen prescribed. CONCLUSION: Comprehension of information about the ART regimen prescribed varies considerably between individuals. Nonetheless, several factors were found to be associated with the level of understanding: characteristics of the patient (education, clinical severity), characteristics of treatment (daily number of tablets, ART regimen prescribed), and contribution of healthcare professionals (information from physicians and pharmacists). Strategies to reinforce information about ART should be a priority for patients with a low level of understanding. Language: Spanish Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PRESCRIPTIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | KNOWLEDGE | TREATMENT | INFORMATION | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Distributional Activities | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 341238 |
| 20. Title: [HIV/HCV coinfection at an university hospital in Recife, Brazil] Co-infeccao por HIV/HCV em hospital universitario de Recife, Brasil. Author: Carvalho FH; Coelho MR; Vilella Tde A; Silva JL; Melo HR Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):133-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and risks factors associated with coinfection in HIV-positive individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 343 HIV patients attended at a university hospital in Recife, Northeastern Brazil, from March to December 2003. A standardized questionnaire about risk factors was administered. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HCV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), HCV-RNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and genotyping using the ABI 377 (PE Biosystems). Univariate and multivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: HCV prevalence was 4.1% (14/343) using ELISA and 3.2% (11/343) using RT-PCR. The most common genotypes were 1b (45%), 3 (33%) and 1a (22%). Co-infection was higher among those aged 30 to 39 years, and predominantly in males (64.3 %). In the multiple logistic regression, the variable blood transfusion was the single remaining risk factor for HCV (OR=4.28; 95% CI 1.44;12.73). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV/HCV coinfection was low. Blood transfusion was a risk factor and HCV genotype 1b was the most frequently found. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEPATITIS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | RISK FACTORS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 341845 |
| 21. Title: Correlates of in-law conflict and intimate partner violence against Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong Author: Chan KL; Tiwari A; Fong DY; Leung WC; Brownridge DA; Ho PC Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009 Jan;24(1):97-110. Abstract: This study examines correlates of in-law conflict with intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in a cohort of Chinese pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics in Hong Kong. This was a territory-wide, cross-sectional study of 3,245 pregnant women recruited from seven hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants were invited to complete the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen and a demographic questionnaire. About 9% of the pregnant women reported having been abused by their partners in the preceding year. In-law conflict was the characteristic most significantly associated with preceding-year abuse against pregnant women, after controlling for covariates. Findings underscore the need to obtain information on in-law conflict as a risk factor for IPV. In-law conflict should be included in the assessment of risk for IPV. For the prevention of IPV, family-based intervention is needed to work with victims as well as in-laws. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EVALUATION INDEXES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EXTENDED FAMILY | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 328410 |
| 22. Title: Zinc deficiency is common among healthy women of reproductive age in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Author: Chandyo RK; Strand TA; Mathisen M; Ulak M; Adhikari RK; Bolann BJ; Sommerfelt H Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2009 Mar;139(3):594-7. Abstract: Zinc deficiency is a major public health problem in many developing countries. However, its prevalence is still unknown in most populations. Women of reproductive age in developing countries are highly vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, including that of zinc. To estimate the prevalence of zinc deficiency and to identify important dietary sources of zinc, we undertook a cross-sectional survey in 500 nonpregnant Nepalese women and measured their plasma zinc concentrations. We also examined the associations between plasma zinc and dietary intake of zinc or phytate, iron status, plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, albumin, and hemoglobin. Food intake was estimated by 2 24-h dietary recalls and 1 FFQ for each woman. The plasma zinc concentration was (mean +/- SD) 8.5 +/- 2.4 micromol/L and more than three-quarters of the women were zinc deficient. Dietary zinc intake did not predict plasma zinc concentration, whereas phytate intake was negatively and significantly associated with plasma zinc. The other variables that were associated with plasma zinc were plasma albumin and hemoglobin concentration. Rice contributed 50% to the total estimated daily zinc intake and wheat and meat each contributed 15%. Rice also contributed 68% to the daily intake of phytate. In conclusion, we found that zinc deficiency was common in women of reproductive age and that the foods contributing substantial amounts of zinc also contributed importantly to the intake of phytate. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | NUTRITION DISORDERS | SERUM ZINC LEVEL | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 330820 |
| 23. Title: Male perceptions on female sterilization: a community-based study in rural central India. Author: Char A; Saavala M; Kulmala T Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;35(3):131-138. Abstract: CONTEXT: Use of modern contraceptive methods has increased fourfold in India since the 1970s, characterized by a predominance of female sterilization. There has been considerable investigation about women's choice of female sterilization, but little from the male perspective. METHODS: Seven focus group discussions were conducted among 58 men currently married to women aged 15-45, followed by a cross-sectional survey among 793 men currently married to same-aged women. Bivariate analysis was used for the survey data, and content analysis was used for the qualitative data. RESULTS: Men's primary source of reproductive health information was mass media, although they expressed interest in getting information through discussion with knowledgeable sources. Men understood family planning and contraception to be two separate issues: Men viewed "family planning" as synonymous with female sterilization, whereas they saw "contraception" as referring to spacing methods, knowledge of which was limited. Thirty-four percent of men reported that their wives had been sterilized; 79% of men who did not rely on any permanent method said they wanted their wives to be sterilized. In focus group discussions, most men reported themselves as their family's sole decision maker about reproductive health; however, only one-third of survey respondents did so. CONCLUSION: Men are interested in acquiring family planning information, but lack knowledge about available information sources, which hampers their ability to make informed family planning choices. Family planning service providers and program planners need to be aware of males' knowledge and perceptions pertaining to family planning, and make appropriate modifications to communication strategies. Spanish Abstract: Contexto: El uso de métodos anticonceptivos modernos se ha cuadruplicado en India desde los años setenta y se ha caracterizado por el predominio de la esterilización femenina. Ha habido considerables esfuerzos de investigación sobre la elección de la esterilización femenina que hacen las mujeres, pero existen pocos estudios desde la perspectiva masculina. Métodos: Siete sesiones de grupos focales se condujeron con 58 hombres actualmente casados con mujeres en edades de 15-45 años, seguidas por una encuesta transversal aplicada a 793 hombres actualmente casados con mujeres del mismo grupo de edad. Se usó análisis bivariado para los datos de la encuesta y análisis de contenido para los datos cualitativos. Resultados: Para los hombres, la fuente primaria de información sobre salud reproductiva fue los medios masivos, aunque ellos expresaron interés en obtener información a través de charlas con gente informada en el tema. Los hombres encuestados entendieron la planificación familiar y la anticoncepción como dos temas separados: los hombres percibieron la "planificación familiar" como sinónimo de esterilización femenina, mientras que se refirieron a la "anticoncepción" como métodos de espaciamiento, cuyo conocimiento fue limitado. Treinta y cuatro por ciento de los hombres reportaron que sus esposas habían sido esterilizadas; 79% de los hombres que no dependían de algún método permanente dijeron que querían que sus esposas fueran esterilizadas. En las sesiones de grupo, la mayoría de los hombres se identificó como el único tomador de decisiones en su familia respecto a la salud reproductiva; sin embargo, solamente un tercio de los hombres encuestados se identificó de esa forma. Conclusión: Los hombres están interesados en obtener información sobre planificación familiar, pero desconocen las fuentes disponibles que pueden consultar, lo cual limita su capacidad para tomar decisiones informadas sobre planificación familiar. Los prestadores de servicios y planificadores de programas de planificación familiar deben estar conscientes del conocimiento y percepciones de los hombres en relación con la planificación familiar, y realizar las modificaciones apropiadas a sus estrategias de comunicación. French Abstract: Contexte: La pratique de la contraception moderne a quadruplé en Inde depuis les années 1970. Elle se caractérise par une prédominance de la stérilisation féminine. De nombreuses études ont été menées sur le choix féminin de la stérilisation. La perspective masculine n'est en revanche guère connue. Méthodes: Sept réunions de groupe ont été organisées avec 58 hommes mariés à des femmes de 15 à 45 ans. Une enquête transversale a ensuite été menée auprès de 793 hommes mariés à des femmes de la même tranche d'âge. L'analyse bivariée a été utilisée pour les données d'enquête, et l'analyse de contenu pour les données qualitatives. Résultats: Pour les hommes, les médias représentent la principale source d'information sur la santé génésique. Ils expriment cependant un certain intérêt à s'informer par discussion auprès de sources compétentes. Les hommes voient dans la planification familiale et la contraception deux questions distinctes: la «planification familiale» est pour eux synonyme de stérilisation féminine, tandis que la «contraception» désigne les méthodes d'espacement, au sujet desquelles ils ne sont guère informés. Trente-quatre pour cent des hommes ont déclaré que leur femme était stérilisée; 79% de ceux qui n'avaient pas eu recours à une méthode permanente ont indiqué désirer que leur femme se fasse stériliser. Lors des discussions de groupe, la plupart des hommes se sont déclarés les seuls décideurs de leur famille en matière de santé génésique, par rapport à un tiers seulement des répondants à l'enquête. Conclusion: Les hommes désirent s'informer sur la planification familiale mais ils ignorent les sources d'information disponibles, ce qui entrave leur aptitude à opérer des choix éclairés en la matière. Les prestataires de services et les planifi- cateurs de programmes de planification familiale doivent être sensibles aux connaissances et aux perceptions masculines et ajuster en conséquence leurs stratégies de communication. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | INFORMATION SOURCES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Information Document Number: 343003 |
| 24. Title: Effects of female literacy on family size. Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7. Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 340190 |
| 25. Title: Age and height predict neuropathy risk in patients with HIV prescribed stavudine. Author: Cherry CL; Affandi JS; Imran D; Yunihastuti E; Smyth K; Vanar S; Kamarulzaman A; Price P Source: Neurology. 2009 Jul 28;73(4):315-20. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Sensory neuropathy is a common problem in HIV-infected patients and is the dose-limiting toxicity of stavudine. Affordable methods of predicting neuropathy risk are needed to guide prescribing in countries where some use of stavudine remains an economic necessity. We therefore aimed to identify factors predictive of neuropathy risk before antiretroviral use. METHODS: A total of 294 patients attending clinics in Melbourne, Kuala Lumpur, and Jakarta were enrolled in a cross-sectional neuropathy screening program in 2006. Neuropathy was defined by the presence of symptoms and signs on the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen. Demographic, laboratory, and treatment details were considered as possible risk factors for neuropathy. The role of patient demographics in predicting stavudine neuropathy were then assessed in 181 patients who reported that they were free of neuropathy symptoms when first prescribed this drug. RESULTS: The prevalence of neuropathy was 42% in Melbourne (n = 100), 19% in Kuala Lumpur (n = 98), and 34% in Jakarta (n = 96). In addition to treatment exposures, increasing age (p = 0.002) and height (p = 0.001) were independently associated with neuropathy. Age and height cutoffs of > or=170 cm or > or =40 years predicted neuropathy. Among 181 patients who were asymptomatic before stavudine exposure, the risk of neuropathy following stavudine was 20% in younger, shorter patients, compared with 66% in older, taller individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Stavudine neuropathy risk increases with patient age and height. Prioritizing older and taller patients for alternative agents would be an inexpensive strategy to reduce neuropathy rates in countries where the burden of HIV disease limits treatment options. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SCREENING | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | TREATMENT | PRESCRIPTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | AGE FACTORS | BODY HEIGHT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342727 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention and acceptance of HIV testing among residents in Likoma Island, northern Malawi. Author: Chiang HC; Yu KL; Yap SF; Goh KK; Mo MH; Yang TW; Ngo YG; Hsu SJ; Wu YC; Lai CS; Ko YC; Chang PY Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jul 21; Abstract: To evaluate the awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention education, and the acceptance of HIV testing among residents on Likoma Island, Malawi, a cross-sectional, population-based study of 579 residents aged >/=15 years from seven villages on Likoma Island was conducted during July and August 2007. Most of the subjects studied could correctly answer questions about their awareness of AIDS and knowledge of the ways to reduce HIV transmission. Moreover, the proportion of respondents (65.8%) who possessed complete knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention was greater than the national average. By contrast, condom utilization was slightly lower. Our results also showed that a high proportion of respondents (70.3%) had been HIV tested at any time, 93.5% of them voluntarily. Among correlated factors, females [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.7, 95% CI 1.1-1.6] and polygamous individuals (AOR=3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.0) were more likely to receive an HIV test. Past experience of being HIV tested was a strong predictor of possessing good knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS prevention. We conclude that antiretroviral treatment provided by Likoma District Hospital has led to the successful scale-up of HIV testing in Likoma Island and consequently improved the awareness of HIV/AIDS. However, the use of condoms remains largely unsupported, and there is therefore still a need to intensify general HIV/AIDS education on the island. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | AWARENESS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 342226 |
| 27. Title: HIV stigma and nurse job satisfaction in five African countries. Author: Chirwa ML; Greeff M; Kohi TW; Naidoo JR; Makoae LN; Dlamini PS; Kaszubski C; Cuca YP; Uys LR; Holzemer WL Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;20(1):14-21. Abstract: This study explored the demographic and social factors, including perceived HIV stigma, that influence job satisfaction in nurses from 5 African countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of nurses (n = 1,384) caring for patients living with HIV infection in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Total job satisfaction in this sample was lower than 2 comparable studies in South Africa and the United Kingdom. The Personal Satisfaction subscale was the highest in this sample, as in the other 2. Job satisfaction scores differed significantly among the 5 countries, and these differences were consistent across all subscales. A hierarchical regression showed that mental and physical health, marital status, education level, urban/rural setting, and perceived HIV stigma had significant influence on job satisfaction. Perceived HIV stigma was the strongest predictor of job dissatisfaction. These results provide new areas for intervention strategies that might enhance the work environment for nurses in these countries. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | NURSES AND NURSING | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SATISFACTION | MANAGEMENT | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330878 |
| 28. Title: Adolescents: contraceptive knowledge and use, a Brazilian study. Author: Correia DS; Pontes AC; Cavalcante JC; Egito ES; Maia EM Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2009;9:37-45. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods by female adolescent students. The study was cross-sectional and quantitative, using a semi-structured questionnaire that was administered to 12- to 19-year-old female students in Maceio, Brazil. A representative and randomized sample was calculated, taking into account the number of hospital admissions for curettage. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, and Epi Info software was used for data and result evaluation using the mean and chi-square statistical test. Our results show that the majority of students know of some contraceptive methods (95.5%), with the barrier/hormonal methods being the most mentioned (72.4%). Abortion and aborting drugs were inaccurately described as contraceptives, and 37.9% of the sexually active girls did not make use of any method. The barrier methods were the most used (35.85%). A significant association was found in the total sample (2,592) between pregnancy and the use of any contraceptive method. This association was not found, however, in the group having an active sexual life (559). The study points to a knowledge of contraceptive methods, especially by teenagers who have already been pregnant, but contraceptives were not adequately used. The low use of chemical methods of contraception brings the risk of pregnancy. Since abortion and aborting drugs were incorrectly cited as contraceptive methods, this implies a nonpreventive attitude towards pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 329595 Notification |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration, Standard and Gendered STI/HIV Risk Behavior, and STI/HIV Diagnosis Among A Clinic-Based Sample of Men. Author: Decker M; Seage G 3rd; Hemenway D; Gupta J; Raj A; Silverman JG Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Jul 21; Abstract: BACKGROUND: The estimated one in three women worldwide victimized by intimate partner violence (IPV) consistently demonstrate elevated STI/HIV prevalence; abusive male partners' risky sexual behaviors and subsequent infection are implicated. Little empirical data exist to characterize men's sexual risk as it relates to violence perpetration and STI/HIV. METHODS: Data from a survey of men ages 18-35 recruited from three community-based health clinics in an urban area (n=1585) were analyzed to assess the prevalence of IPV perpetration and relations of such violent behavior with both standard (e.g., anal sex, injection drug use) and gendered (e.g., coercive condom practices, sexual infidelity) forms of sexual risk, and STI/HIV diagnosis. RESULTS: Approximately one third of participants (32.7%) reported perpetrating violence against an intimate partner in their lifetime; 1 in 8 (12.4%) participants reported history of STI/HIV diagnosis. Men's IPV perpetration related to both standard and gendered STI/HIV risk behaviors (AORS 1.72 to 6.22) and to STI/HIV diagnosis (OR 4.85, 95% CI 3.54, 6.66). In a multivariate model, the association of men's IPV perpetration with STI/HIV diagnosis was partially attenuated (AOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.77, 3.67), and a subset of gendered sexual risk behaviors were found to be independently related to STI/HIV diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Men's perpetration of violence against intimate partners is common among this population. Abusive men are at increased risk for STI/HIV, with gendered forms of sexual risk behavior partially responsible. Findings indicate the need for interwoven sexual health promotion and violence prevention efforts targeted to men that include addressing gendered sexual risk. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | MEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | NEEDS | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 342227 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV testing among adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: how individual, relational, and environmental factors relate to demand. Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Aug;21(4):314-24. Abstract: A cross-sectional survey among randomly selected 16- to 19-year-olds in Ndola, Zambia, covered individual (e.g., HIV knowledge), environmental (e.g., distance), and relational factors (e.g., discussed voluntary counseling and testing [VCT] with family) that relate to demand for HIV testing. Multivariate regression analysis compared 98 respondents who planned to test for HIV within the year with 341 respondents who did not. Discussing HIV testing with family members was strongly associated with planning to test. Discussions with sex partners and friends about VCT were also associated with HIV testing plans. Significant individual factors were having ever had sex and HIV risk perception. Relational and individual factors strongly correlated with VCT demand, supporting the need to examine these factors when implementing and evaluating adolescent VCT strategies. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | IMPLEMENTATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342726 |
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