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Title: Traveling child-sex offenders in South East Asia: a regional review.
Author: Child Wise
Source: South Melbourne, Australia, Child Wise, 2009 Mar. 39 p.
Abstract: This is the third edition of this compendium of information about the sexual exploitation of children in tourism destinations throughout South East Asia. The report provides a regional overview of child sex tourism in South East Asia along with national reports from all 10 countries in the region. It also provides an update on the successful ASEAN Regional Education Campaign and a brief summary of the key findings from a situational analysis of hotline reporting numbers in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | TRAVELERS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | STREET KIDS | SEXUAL EXPLOITATION | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | CRIME | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia | Developing Countries | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 342036

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Gender differences in the prevalence and behavioral risk factors on HIV in South African drug users.
Author: Hedden SL; Whitaker D; Floyd L; Latimer WW
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):288-296.
Abstract: South Africa continues to be the global epicenter of HIV infection. Further, extensive gender disparities in HIV infection exist with females four times as likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS as males (UNAIDS, AIDS epidemic update, 2006; WHO, Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections, 2006). A cross-sectional collection of drug users recruited in the Pretoria region of South Africa (N = 385) was used to model HIV infection as a function of sexual risk behaviors and drug use as modified by gender. Receiving money from illicit sources and knowing someone with AIDS were loosely associated with HIV. Gender interactions were observed for age, cocaine use and condom use. Gender stratified analyses revealed that males who used condoms, were younger and tested negative for cocaine use were less likely to test positive for HIV. Findings suggest that males may have more control of risk behaviors and support the need for gender specific prevention strategies.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CRIME | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340127

Title: Picking up the pieces: Women's experience of urban violence in Brazil.
Author: Amnesty International
Source: London, United Kingdom, Amnesty International, 2008. 80 p. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/fr/eec038ff-0a02-11dd-badf-1352a91852c5/amr190012008fra.pdf (French)
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR19/001/2008/es/6b8bf868-11de-11dd-a257-bd451c5f5cc0/amr190012008spa.pdf (Spanish)
Abstract: These stories provide a glimpse of what life is like for women in many parts of Brazil today. In socially excluded communities women live out their lives against a backdrop of constant criminal and police violence. The impact of this violence on their lives is complex and profound, yet their stories are rarely heard. In a debate that has traditionally centred on gun violence, the focus has invariably been on young men - the overwhelming majority of those involved in gun crime, both as perpetrators and victims. This report focuses on the largely untold stories of women struggling to live their lives, to bring up their children and to fight for justice amid police and criminal violence. Amnesty International has addressed the question of criminal gangs in previous publications, consistently condemning their actions and highlighting how the failure of the state to combat criminal violence has effectively condemned millions of people to lives of fear and misery. This report highlights some of the patterns of human rights violations against women in particular. Building on Amnesty International's past work on public security, it looks at how women deal with high levels of criminal violence in the absence of state protection; how increasing numbers of women have become directly or indirectly involved in the drug trade; and how women's contact with the criminal justice system often makes already traumatic situations worse. Most worryingly, it identifies how for decades the state has been directly responsible for the fact that women are suffering attacks and violence at the hands of criminal gangs and law enforcement officials. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICE | PRISONERS | URBAN POPULATION | CRIME | VIOLENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHILD CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S STATUS | HOUSING | WOMEN'S HEALTH | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Health
Document Number: 326743

Title: The epidemiology and the pathology of suspected rape homicide in South Africa.
Author: Abrahams N; Martin LJ; Jewkes R; Mathews S; Vetten L
Source: Forensic Science International. 2008;:[7] p.
Abstract: The objective was to describe the epidemiology and forensic management of suspected rape homicide in South Africa, with the aim of promoting the recognition of this form of violence against women amongst forensic pathologists during post-mortem examination. A retrospective national study in a proportionate random sample of 25 medico-legal laboratories was carried out to identify all homicides in 1999 of women over the age of 13 years. Data was collected from the mortuary file, autopsy report, police record and during interviews with police. A rape homicide was suspected in 16.3% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 10.6-22.3) of the female homicides which gave a rape homicide rate of 3.65/100,000 women over 13 years. Rape homicides were more likely to than other female homicides to be crimes where the perpetrator and victim were strangers, where the crime happened in public spaces and the victim older than the perpetrator. In addition to genital injuries, injuries associated with this crime included those of head and face, legs, neck and injuries caused by bites. Victims had larger numbers of injuries, and more often a mechanism of death due to strangulation asphyxiation, or blunt trauma, rather than gunshot. Rape homicide is an extreme form of violence against women and the prevalence in South Africa is higher than that of all female homicides in the United States. The particular pattern of injury found in these cases should be used to develop protocols for autopsies on murdered women to ensure that crucial evidence is not lost and the victims' and their families claim to justice is not compromised. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | WOMEN | RAPE | CAUSES OF DEATH | CRIME | HOMICIDE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Domestic Violence
Document Number: 326730

Peer Reviewed

Title: Dangerous medicines: Unproven AIDS cures and counterfeit antiretroviral drugs.
Author: Amon JJ
Source: Globalization and Health. 2008 Feb 27;4:5.
Abstract: Increasing access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical goal endorsed by the United Nations and all of its member states. At the same time, anecdotal accounts suggest that the promotion of unproven AIDS 'cures' and remedies are widespread, and in the case of The Gambia, Iran and South Africa, have been promoted by governments directly. Although a range of legislative and regulatory measures have been adopted by some governments, and technical assistance has been provided by international agencies to address counterfeit medicines generally, the threat of counterfeit antiretroviral drugs is not being addressed. Countries, charged with fulfilling the right to health and committed to expanding access to ART must explicitly recognize their obligation to combat unproven AIDS treatments and ensure the availability of a safe and efficacious drugs supply. International donors must help support and coordinate these efforts. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GAMBIA | IRAN | SOUTH AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | AIDS PREVENTION | CRIME | MARKETING | LEGISLATION | HEALTH POLICY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Middle East | Africa, Southern | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Policy
Document Number: 324957

Peer Reviewed

Title: Anti-human-trafficking law sparks debate in India.
Author: Chatterjee P
Source: Lancet. 2008 Mar 22;371(9617):975-976.
Abstract: In an attempt to curb human trafficking, part of India's Government wants to make buying sex illegal. But public-health experts are worried that such a move would drive sex work underground and hamper efforts to control HIV/AIDS in the country. Last year, New Delhi's decision to introduce sex education in India's schools, aimed primarily at creating awareness about HIV/AIDS, evoked strident protests from many quarters. Many Indian states rejected the sex-education programmes supported by the federal government. In Kerala, India's most literate state, student organisations and church leaders argued that the proposed module would lead to "sexual anarchy". Now there is another tricky issue on the horizon for the Indian Government. Two federal ministries do not agree about proposed legal changes that would make buying sex a criminal offence. To try to curb human trafficking, the ministry for women and child development wants legislation on prostitution to change so that clients of sex workers, but notsex workers themselves, are punished. It also wants the punishment of human traffickers to be more severe. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CRITIQUE | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | SEX WORKERS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | CRIME | LEGISLATION | HIV PREVENTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 325556

Title: Female feticide in India: Issues and concerns.
Author: Garg S; Nath A
Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2008 Oct;54(4):276-279.
Abstract: The preference for a son continues to be a prevalent norm in the traditional Indian household. This is evident from the declining sex ratio which has dropped to alarming levels, especially in the northern states according to Census 2001 reports. The proliferation and abuse of advanced technologies coupled with social factors contributing to the low status of women such as dowry, concerns with family name and looking up to the son as a breadwinner has made the evil practice of female feticide to become common in the middle and higher socioeconomic households, especially in the northern states. Despite the existence of the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, there is a dire need to strengthen this law since the number of convictions is despairingly low as compared to the burden posed by this crime. Moreover, it is necessary to gear efforts against the cultural, economic and religious roots of this social malady by woman empowerment and intensive Information, Education and Communication campaigns. The medical colleges and professional bodies have a vital role to play by sensitizing medical students who are the doctors of tomorrow.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FETUS | SEX PREFERENCE | ABORTION | WOMEN'S STATUS | CULTURE | DOWRY | SEX DETERMINATION | CRIME | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetic Techniques | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Diseases
Document Number: 328513 Notification

10.

Title: Rethinking timing of first sex and delinquency.
Author: Harden KP; Mendle J; Hill JE; Turkheimer E; Emery RE
Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2008 Apr;37(4):373-385.
Abstract: The relation between timing of first sex and later delinquency was examined using a genetically informed sample of 534 same-sex twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, who were assessed at three time points over a 7-year interval. Genetic and environmental differences between families were found to account for the association between earlier age at first sex and increases in delinquency. After controlling for these genetic and environmental confounds using a quasi-experimental design, earlier age at first sex predicted lower levels of delinquency in early adulthood. The current study is contrasted with previous research with non-genetically informative samples, including Armour and Haynie. Results suggest a more nuanced perspective on the meaning and consequences of adolescent sexuality than is commonly put forth in the literature. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STUDENTS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CRIME | GENETICS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Biology
Document Number: 325555

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Violence against refugees, non-refugees and host populations in southern Sudan and northern Uganda.
Author: Nagai M; Karunakara U; Rowley E; Burnham G
Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jul;3(3):249-270.
Abstract: We carried out a cross-sectional household survey among Sudanese refugees and Ugandan nationals in Arua district Uganda, and Sudanese non-refugees in Yei county Sudan. The objective was to document and compare, across population groups, violent events experienced or witnessed, both to document the frequency and nature of violent events and to assess the potential burden of psychological trauma. The extensive psychological trauma in this population has been reported elsewhere (Karaunakara et al. 2004). Half or more of all groups had experienced or witnessed injury by a weapon or gun, beating/torture, harassment by armed personnel, robbery/extortion or imprisonment. Having ever experienced or witnessed confiscation of property was more common among both Sudanese groups than among Ugandans. Exposure to sexual violence was common among both men and women, particularly during times of migration. Almost all violent events were witnessed or experienced more commonly by refugees. Violent events continued for refugees after settlement in Uganda. Many of the violent events reported by Ugandans had occurred earlier, during Uganda's civil conflict. The protection offered refugees in Uganda, by the host government and United Nations, seemed of limited benefit, both now and in the past. In spite of recent peace accords for southern Sudan, many refugees are likely to remain in Uganda for some time. The potential for refugees and those remaining in Sudan to develop longer term psychological disorders from the high level of exposure to violent events is substantial. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SUDAN | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | HOUSEHOLDS | VIOLENCE | WAR | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | CRIME | MIGRATION | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | MENTAL DISORDERS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 327757

14.

Title: Talking about AIDS in an informal settlement: Experiences from Orange Farm, Gauteng.
Author: Parker W; Hajiyiannis H
Source: [Johannesburg, South Africa], Centre for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation [CADRE], 2008. 23 p.
Abstract: This series of discussions with community members in Orange Farm, a large informal settlement south of Johannesburg, is intended to inform understanding emerging issues in the experience of HIV/AIDS in an informal settlement. The findings are intended to contribute to the development of formal research methodologies to investigate these issues in other similar sites throughout the country. The primary aim of the study was to identify the realities and nuances of how HIV/AIDS intersects with the lives of people living in the informal settlement of Orange Farm. Community and individual perspectives were obtained through conducting thematic discussions with groups of people living at Orange Farm. Topics and themes were identified on an ongoing basis through report-back discussions between CADRE researchers and OFAAC members. Research skills were also improved and honed as the series of discussions progressed. The discussions comprised 15-20 participants each and all included males and females. Participants were residents of Orange Farm. Discussions took place over two hours and were conducted during the period October 2007 to January 2008. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | SUGAR DADDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | POVERTY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | CRIME | CONDOM USE | PERCEPTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 327142

15.

Title: The impact of trafficking on children: Psychological and social policy perspectives.
Author: Rafferty Y
Source: Child Development Perspectives. 2008 Apr;2(1):13-18.
Abstract: Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) are egregious crimes, extreme forms of child maltreatment, and major violations of children's human rights. Although empirical research is sorely lacking on the impact of such crimes on children's developmental well-being, numerous reports describe the physical and emotional trauma, humiliation, violence, degradation associated with treatment as a commodity, and unrelenting fear and abuse. This paper provides an overview of the impact of trafficking and CSE on children and the practical implications of related research in the areas of child maltreatment and victimization. Findings suggest that trafficking and CSE present grave risks to the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social-emotional development of young victims. Implications for psychology and social policy, in terms of prevention and psychosocial rehabilitation for children who have been victimized, are also presented. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA REPORTING | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | CHILD ABUSE | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | CRIME | SOCIAL PROTECTION | NEEDS | CHILD SURVIVAL | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Political Factors | Economic Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 325940

16.

Title: Sex work, reform initiatives and HIV/AIDS in inner-city Johannesburg.
Author: Richter M
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Nov;7(3):323-333.
Abstract: The on-going criminalisation of sex work in South Africa, concurrent sexual partnerships, socio-economic vulnerability, migrant status and gender-based violence intensify sex workers' risk of contracting HIV. These factors combine to restrict the skills, ability and resources of sex workers to negotiate safer sex and to access HIV prevention, treatment and healthcare services. The paper situates the living and working conditions of sex workers in Hillbrow, an inner-city area of Johannesburg, within the South African legal context, especially in regard to current law reform initiatives regarding sex work, as well as the increasing anxiety about the influx of (sex) tourists during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In addition, the paper describes an intervention by the Reproductive Health & HIV Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, an innovator in providing mobile healthcare services and education to hotel-based sex workers in Hillbrow. The paper contends that a legal-rights-approach to HIV risk and vulnerability, together with powerful public health considerations, render decriminalisation an imperative response to sex workers' material conditions.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | URBAN AREAS | CRITIQUE | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | MOBILE HEALTH UNITS | CRIME | LEGISLATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors
Document Number: 341276

17.

Title: A cluster analysis of drug use and sexual HIV risks and their correlates in a sample of African-American crack cocaine smokers with HIV infection.
Author: Schonnesson LN; Atkinson J; Williams ML; Bowen A; Ross MW; Timpson SC
Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2008 Sep 1;97(1-2):44-53.
Abstract: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to classify a sample of HIV-seropositive African-American crack cocaine smokers into homogenous HIV drug use and sexual risk groups using a two step multivariate cluster analysis. Two hundred and fifty-eight crack cocaine smokers participated in the study. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct HIV risk groups. The highest risk group, the largest one, was characterized by frequent, daily crack use, multiple sex partners, trading sex, and inconsistent condom use. The consistent condom use group, the smallest group, was characterized by consistent condom use. The inconsistent condom use group, the second largest group, was distinguished by inconsistent condom use. Comparisons of the three HIV risk groups revealed that the highest risk group had a higher proportion of illegal sources of income, higher proportion of binged crack use, frequent, daily, alcohol use, same gender sex partners, and scored higher on depressive symptoms. Members of the consistent condom use group were more likely to have been HIV diagnosed for a shorter time, to have HIV serodiscordant casual sex partners, higher psychological motivation for condom use, and a lower frequency of vaginal sex. Members of the inconsistent condom use group were more likely to have a main sex partner, to be married, to be on public assistance, to know the HIV serostatus of their casual partner, and less likely to conceal their HIV serostatus. An alarming finding was that a large number of participants inconsistently used condoms with HIV serodiscordant sex partners. Interventions aiming to prevent the secondary spread of HIV infection in African-American crack cocaine smokers should take this variability in account and focus on the differences.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BLACKS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CRIME | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MOTIVATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 329266

18.

19.

Title: 2008 National Youth Shadow Report: Progress Made on the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS. Jamaica.
Author: Townsend DA; Ford V
Source: New York, New York, Global Youth Action Network, Global Youth Coalition on HIV / AIDS, 2008. 13 p.
Abstract: Information gathering for this report primarily relied on secondary sources in an effort to encapsulate the existing work on HIV/AIDS service delivery. Among the methods used were reviews of official documents and published statistics; public ministry papers and documents; case studies; publications from the UN agencies such as UNAIDS, UNFPA and UNICEF. As well, we conducted interviews with Country Representatives from UNAIDS, as well as other representative of UNFPA and a senior official from the Ministry of Health. Key findings and recommendations: 1) In conjunction with young advocates, the Jamaican government should immediately develop and implement a National HIV Policy for Youth; 2) Leaders in both the public and private sector must be sensitized on issues of HIV prevention and treatment, and serve as advocates for evidence-based prevention and treatment for young people; 3) Jamaica must collect data on young people disaggregated by age and gender in order to fully understand the trends and behaviors that fuel youth vulnerability to HIV infection and to know where to best allocate resources; 4) Age-specific interventions that include life skills-based education- including HIV prevention, and sexual and reproductive health information must be incorporated into the national educational system; 5) Age-specific HIV media campaigns aimed at increasing young people's knowledge of the disease and reducing stigma should be implemented; 6) The lack of Youth- Friendly Services for young populations is a significant barrier to effective prevention and treatment; must be scaled up to ensure young people receive treatment for STIs, Voluntary Counseling and Testing, counseling on safe sex behaviors, and so on; 7) There is a heightened need for gender-sensitive and inclusive policies and programmes that target issues of sexual violence through behavior change communication; 8) Vulnerable populations such as LGBTQ individuals, IDUs and sex workers must be engaged in the collective response to HIV/AIDS; 9) Jamaica must create meaningful leadership and capacity building opportunities for young leaders who are part of the AIDS response to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of interventions targeting youth; and 10) Policies and programmes need to create a safer, more supportive environment for young people living with HIV (YPLHIV) that addresses their needs and respects their rights to lead full and healthy lives free from violence or discrimination. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | STREET KIDS | SEX WORKERS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV PREVENTION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | CRIME | NEEDS | HEALTH EDUCATION | INFORMATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 326132

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Review of corruption in the health sector: Theory, methods and interventions.
Author: Vian T
Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2008;23(2):83-94.
Abstract: There is increasing interest among health policymakers, planners and donors in how corruption affects health care access and outcomes, and what can be done to combat corruption in the health sector. Efforts to explain the risk of abuse of entrusted power for private gain have examined the links between corruption and various aspects of management, financing and governance. Behavioural scientists and anthropologists also point to individual and social characteristics which influence the behaviour of government agents and clients. This article presents a comprehensive framework and a set of methodologies for describing and measuring how opportunities, pressures and rationalizations influence corruption in the health sector. The article discusses implications for intervention, and presents examples of how theory has been applied in research and practice. Challenges of tailoring anti-corruption strategies to particular contexts, and future directions for research, are addressed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | MANAGEMENT | CRIME | PUBLIC SECTOR | INTERVENTIONS | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs
Document Number: 324663

21.
Title: The politics of identity and sexual violence: a review of Bosnia and Rwanda.
Author: Weitsman PA
Source: Human Rights Quarterly. 2008 Aug;30(3):561-578.
Abstract: This article argues that particular assumptions about biology, ethnicity, genetics, and gender create a permissive environment for policies of sexual violence during war. It further asserts that the children born as a consequence of these policies become a prism for identity politics. The arguments regarding identity and war and the consequences on policies of sexual violence during wartime are illustrated through analyses of the Serbian militia's rape campaigns in Bosnia in the early 1990s and the mass rape and killing of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | WAR | RAPE | CRIME | VIOLENCE | POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Behavior
Document Number: 308009

22.

Title: Protecting access to clinics. State policies in brief as of January 1, 2007.
Author: Guttmacher Institute
Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan 1. [2] p.
Abstract: While the handful of murders of abortion doctors and clinic staff have attracted much media attention, family planning clinics report that they frequently experience other serious forms of antiabortion violence. These include bombings, arson and vandalism, as well as violent protests and blockades. In 1994, the federal government enacted the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, which prohibits intentional property damage and the use of "force or threat of force or�physical obstruction" to "injure, intimidate or interfere with" someone entering a health care facility. States have taken two approaches designed to protect abortion providers. Some states prohibit specific activities, while others have created floating "bubble zones" of several feet around a person who is within a specific distance of a clinic; protesters are prohibited from crossing into that "bubble zone" without the person's consent. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION | PHYSICIANS | VIOLENCE | CRIME | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL PROTECTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Social Problems | Health Facilities
Document Number: 310887 Notification

23.

Title: Violence against girls in conflict with the law.
Author: Human Rights Watch
Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2007 Feb 20. [4] p.
Abstract: Girls make up a minority of children who come in contact with justice systems, but are vulnerable to violence, particularly sexual abuse and rape, by police as well as staff in detention facilities. Girls who live or work on the street are often easy targets for police violence because they are young, often poor, ignorant of their rights, and lacking responsible adults to look out for them. Once in detention, girls may be vulnerable to physical and sexual violence and humiliating treatment, particularly by male staff, and subjected to violent or harmful disciplinary measures. Because of their smaller numbers, girls are more likely than boys to be held in unsuitable and often dangerous conditions. A lack of adequate facilities for girls may result in placement in adult facilities; inadequate segregation from other, more dangerous detainees; detention at remote locations that limit contact with their family; or a lack of female staff to provide appropriate oversight. Since 2002, Human Rights Watch investigations of police violence and juvenile justice systems have documented abuses against girls in Brazil, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Papua New Guinea, and the United States. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PRISONERS | POLICE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE | CRIME | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 320351

24.

25.

Title: "Giving out their daughters for their survival". Refugee self-reliance, 'vulnerability', and the paradox of early marriage.
Author: Refugee Law Project
Source: Kampala, Uganda, Refugee Law Project, 2007 Apr. 63 p. (Refugee Law Project Working Paper No. 20)
Abstract: The following report examines the widespread occurrence of early marriages in Uganda's refugee settlements and how this phenomenon relates to the 'vulnerability' and self-reliance paradigms which underpin official protection and assistance. In seeking to understand why so many refugees engage in early marriages-which are illegal under Ugandan and international law and widely recognised amongst refugees themselves as harmful-it argues that the practice must be viewed within the broader context of Uganda's settlements. In these settlements, restricted freedom of movement limits the majority of encamped refugees to subsistence farming, and affords them little or no opportunity to escape a life of poverty and physical insecurity. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | RURAL POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | CHILD MARRIAGE | CRIME | HOME ECONOMICS | POVERTY | SAFETY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Cultural Background | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Public Health | Health | Diseases
Document Number: 326795

26.

Title: Gender equality at the heart of development. Why the role of women is crucial to ending world poverty.
Author: United Kingdom. Department for International Development [DFID]
Source: London, England, DFID, 2007. 32 p.
Abstract: The world is unequal and it is most unequal for women and girls. Most of the poorest people in the world are women and part of what makes them poor is the discrimination they face purely because of their gender. These are the girls whose brothers go off to school in the morning while they stay at home to fetch water or work around the house. They are the women who do the same jobs as men but get paid less, or whose wages go direct to a husband or a father. Or the women who are not allowed to get a job at all. They are the women who are beaten, raped and infected with HIV and AIDS, the mothers who die in childbirth, the girls who are trafficked to be sold as a sexual commodity. And they are also the activists who long to change the laws and traditions that deny them their rights, but are forbidden from taking part in any decision-making. The dice are loaded against half the human race. In rural Africa it is women - not trucks, not trains, not planes - who carry two-thirds of all goods that are transported. In Southeast Asia, women provide up to 90% of labour for rice cultivation. In India, Nepal and Thailand, fewer than 10% of women farmers own land. In sub-Saharan Africa, women produce up to 80% of basic foodstuffs. But a survey of credit schemes in five African countries found women received less than 10% percent of the credit given to male smallholders. This is the reality of a world that is too often stacked against women. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CRIME | POVERTY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Discrimination | Women's Status
Document Number: 316350

27.
Title: National report on violence and health, Thailand.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Centre for Health Development
Source: Kobe, Japan, WHO, 2007. [115] p. (WHO/WKC/Tech.Ser./05.4)
Abstract: Violence is an important health problem in Thailand. Suicide was the 11th and homicide as the 12th leading cause of disability adjusted life years, according to the Burden of Diseases and Injuries, Thailand 1999. In 2003, the World Health Assembly resolution (WHA56.24) urged all governments to implement the recommendations of the World Report on Violence and Health. However, little information was available in Western Pacific and South-East Asia Regions, thus WHO Kobe Centre organized a meeting with seven countries in the two regions to discuss and endorse a working protocol for developing national reports on violence and health. The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) Thailand assigned the Department of Disease Control to develop the report. The objectives of the study were to: review the extent of violence, using the most recent information; present a situation analysis of the country's capacity to understand and prevent violence; provide recommendations for strengthening the organizations, mechanisms, systems in preventing violence, and victim services; increase political commitment and investment in systematic and science-based efforts to prevent violence and provide services for victims and perpetrators. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POPULATION AT RISK | GOVERNMENT | VIOLENCE | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | CRIME | MORTALITY | RECORDS | SUICIDE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Biology | Social Problems | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 323672

28.

Title: Kazakh medical workers guilty of causing HIV outbreak.
Author: Bagchi S
Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007 Aug;7(8):512.
Abstract: 21 medical workers in Kazakhstan have been found guilty by a court in southern Kazakhstan of causing an HIV outbreak that has so far killed ten children and infected many others. Since 2006, about 119 children are known to have contracted HIV infection at hospitals in Shymkent, a city located about 1600 km south of Astana, Kazakhstan's capital. Four senior health officials were given suspended sentences, whereas the other medical workers were given up to 8 years imprisonment. The judge blamed the HIV outbreak on corruption. The parents of the HIV-infected children said they were charged US$20 by the doctors for blood transfusions, and the doctors had a share of profits with the local blood bank. The children allegedly received multiple and unnecessary blood transfusions and in many cases, according to the judge, the children received blood transfusions without the consent of their parents. An investigation by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the repeated use of non-sterile medical equipment and the unsafe use of blood and blood products. The medics were accused of negligence, abuse of patients, and theft of health funds. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KAZAKHSTAN | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | COURT DECISION | CRIME | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | PREVALENCE | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Litigation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 318822

29.

Title: Beyond legibility: Violence, conflict and development in a South African township.
Author: Bahre E
Source: African Studies. 2007;66(1):80-102.
Abstract: Notwithstanding the attractions of a Foucaldian approach to state-driven development, particularly the way in which legibility is pivotal to development and its failure, it became increasingly problematic for an intimate understanding of the problems occurring in Indawo Yoxolo. The relative failure or success of the project depended largely on local conflicts and violence. These conflicts and the violence cannot be understood as resistance to a democratic state, but were nonetheless vital to the development project. Anthropologists have too readily categorised social practices as resistance, thus glossing over many of the other strategies, emotions, ambiguities, changing coalitions and insecurities. Ortner rightly warns us that 'The impulse to sanitize the internal politics of the dominated must be understood as fundamentally romantic'. In Indawo Yoxolo, there were many fights over political authority, entitlement, legitimacy of policies and projects, jobs, plots, and so on. This study argues that, in order to understand the relative success or failure of development, one needs to go beyond legibility and examine development as an arena of contestation over scarce resources, ideological justifications, as well as political security. The case study of Indawo Yoxolo reveals that, instead of the establishment of more or less hegemonic power of the state over its citizens, state development led to fierce and violent conflicts in which mafia-style leaders, rivalling political factions, as well as protesting residents, tried to take charge of the development project. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POWER | LAND TENURE | POVERTY | HOUSING | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | CRIME | PRIVATE SECTOR | POLITICAL FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 320641

30.
Title: Plebeian masculinity and sexual comedy in Buenos Aires, 1880 -- 1930.
Author: Ben P
Source: Journal of the History of Sexuality. 2007 Sep;16(3):436-458.
Abstract: In describing late nineteenth and early twentieth century Buenos Aires, Argentine historians often invoke the category of "progress." Basing their analysis on the immense economic and urban growth of the period, scholars usually deploy this category without much nuance. While this growth wrought profound social transformations, to be sure, the historical research framed by a one-dimensional conception of progress has overlooked key aspects of the period. A major topic usually occluded is the living conditions and cultural traits of the urban lower strata. This essay deals with one aspect of that topic - plebeian masculinity and sexuality - and demonstrates how demography, the job market, and family structure shaped the emergence of spaces of male sociability. It was in these spaces that cultural negotiations of masculinity took place through competitions involving the male sexual capacity to subjugate others. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ARGENTINA | URBAN AREAS | HISTORICAL REVIEW | SOCIAL CLASS | SEXUALITY | MALE ROLE | SEX BEHAVIOR | POETRY | VIOLENCE | CRIME | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems
Document Number: 323717


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