1.  Title: Marital violence: Is it a factor affecting the reproductive health status of women? Author: Akyuz A; Sahiner G; Bakir B Source: Journal of Family Violence. 2008 Aug;23(6):437-445. Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of violence on the reproductive health of women and utilization of reproductive health services. The study population consisted of 250 married women aged 15 to 49, selected from patients at two different hospitals' obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Ankara, Turkey. A data collection form and the "Scale of Marital Violence Against Women" were used to obtain data. According to the study, women who have lower education levels and who first experience marriage and sexual intercourse at a younger age suffer from violence more frequently. Women experiencing violence have higher gravida and para numbers. The majority of these women has not undergone appropriate prenatal care and delivered their babies under the supervision of a health care professional. These women have been using traditional and ineffective contraceptive methods. Marital violence has led to unfavorable effects on these women's reproductive health and utilization of reproductive health services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 327073 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Income inequality and population health: Correlation and causality. Author: Babones SJ Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Apr;66(7):1614-1626. Abstract: A large literature now exists on the cross-national correlation between income inequality and population health, but existing studies suffer from sparse data, poor operationalization of income inequality, and the use of low-power statistical models. This paper sets out to estimate the ecological correlation between income inequality and indicators of population health in a very broad panel of countries, to demonstrate that this relationship is largely non-artifactual, and to test whether this relationship might be causal. Gini coefficients of national income inequality in 1970 and 1995 are correlated with life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and murder rates, controlling for national income per capita. In cross-sectional analyses, inequality is significantly correlated with life expectancy, infant mortality, and (inconsistently) the murder rate. The health correlations are shown to be not primarily due to the "convexity effect" of the non-linear relationship between individual income and individual health, which seems to account for no more than one-third of the relationship between inequality and health, and likely much less. Change in inequality 1970-1995 is significantly related to change in life expectancy and infant mortality, suggesting a causal relationship, but these correlations are not robust with respect to sample or controls. It can be concluded that there is a strong, consistent, statistically significant, nonartifactual correlation between national income inequality and population health, but though there is some evidence that this relationship is causal, the relative stability of income inequality over time in most countries makes causality difficult to test. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | POPULATION | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | INCOME DISTRIBUTION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | INFANT MORTALITY | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Income | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 324204 |
| 3. Title: What matters most: An investigation of predictors of perceived stress among young mothers in Khayelitsha. Author: BeLue R; Schreiner AS; Taylor-Richardson K; Murray-Kolb LE; Beard JL Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Jul;29(6):638-648. Abstract: Our purpose in the present study was to examine how two different sets of stressors, one representing the physical environment and the other representing the social environment, related to perceived stress among new mothers served by a health clinic in Khayelitsha, South Africa. We found that among the chronic urban poverty-environmental stressors related to water, housing, transportation, toileting, and lack of food, that lack of drinkable water in the home had the strongest correlation with perceived stress. In terms of social stressors we found that 60% of new mothers had no partner, and 43% of those with a partner reported that they currently were not coresiding. In terms of the social stressors, the inability to depend on a partner in times of trouble had the strongest relationship to perceived stress. Other findings relating to partner support are discussed as well as sample and community characteristics. Given the importance of partner support, it is argued that the conditions of poverty itself serve to destabilize relationships, which in turn contributes to the cycle of poverty experienced by many residents of periurban settlements like Khayelitsha. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | URBAN AREAS | STRESS | MATERNAL HEALTH | POVERTY | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOCIAL WELFARE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior Document Number: 327071 |
| 4. Title: Birth-spacing, fertility and neonatal mortality in India: Dynamics, frailty, and fecundity. Author: Bhalotra S; van Soest A Source: Journal of Econometrics. 2008 Apr;143(2):274-290. Abstract: Using microdata on 30,000 childbirths in India and dynamic panel data models, we analyse causal effects of birth spacing on subsequent neonatal mortality and of mortality on subsequent birth intervals, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. Right censoring is accounted for by jointly estimating a fertility equation, identified by using data on sterilization. We find evidence of frailty, fecundity, and causal effects in both directions. Birth intervals explain only a limited share of the correlation between neonatal mortality of successive children in a family. We predict that for every neonatal death, 0.37 additional children are born, of whom 0.30 survive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CORRELATION STUDIES | BIRTH SPACING | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | NEONATAL MORTALITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infant Mortality | Mortality Document Number: 327065 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: An exploration of maternal intimate partner violence experiences and infant general health and temperament. Author: Burke JG; Lee LC; O'Campo P Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2008 Mar;12(2):172-179. Abstract: While the women's health consequences of intimate partner violence have received much research attention, less is known about how maternal abuse experiences affect infant health and well-being. Existing studies have also been unable to examine specific types of intimate partner violence such as psychological aggression, physical abuse, and sexual coercion. This secondary data analysis explored the prevalence, patterns, and types of intimate partner violence within a large cohort of mothers and explored the relationship between maternal intimate partner violence experiences and infant's general health and temperament at 1 year of age. Existing data were drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study which collected data through surveys conducted shortly after the infant's birth (baseline) and at 1 year of age (follow-up). Records from 4,141 mothers recruited from 75 hospitals, in 20 cities, in the US were used. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. Results show high rates of intimate partner violence. Maternal reports of any intimate partner violence at baseline or follow-up were both significantly associated with increased odds of less than excellent infant general health and difficult temperament. Independent examination of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse revealed differential relationships between the types of intimate partner violence and infant health outcomes. Results from this study contribute to our understanding of the infant health threats associated with maternal intimate partner violence experiences. Additional research addressing the complex relationship between maternal abuse experiences and infant health and specific intervention implications is warranted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | SURVEYS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | INFANT HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Child Health | Health Document Number: 324358 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of intention to practice safer sex among Korean college students. Author: Cha ES; Kim KH; Patrick TE Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008 Aug;37(4):641-651. Abstract: This study examined the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TpB) among Korean college students on intentions of condom use. A cross-sectional, correlational design was conducted with an exploratory survey method. Young men and women aged 18-25 were recruited from a university in Seoul, Korea using a flyer and self-referral. Students completed a background and sexual behavior questionnaire, a parent-adolescent communication scale, and instruments derived from the TpB. Age, parent-adolescent communication, and perceived risk of sexual behavior were added to the model as potential determinants of intention of condom use. All the TpB components significantly predicted intention of condom use for young men, but only condom attitude and condom efficacy significantly predicted intention of condom use for young women. Age and quality of parent-adolescent communication indirectly affected the intention of condom use; however, perceived risk of sexual behavior did not predict intention of condom use, nor was it affected by age. Older students had a higher condom efficacy and a higher perceived peer norm of condom use. The quality of parent-adolescent communication significantly predicted a higher condom efficacy for young men, but not women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | SAFER SEX | CONDOM USE | PLANNING | RISK FACTORS | PERCEPTION | CULTURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Organization and Administration | Biology | Psychological Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327539 |
| 7. Title: Sexual violence among pregnant women in India. Author: Chhabra S Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2008 Apr;34(2):238-241. Abstract: The aim was to discover the extent of sexual violence during pregnancy, its correlation to various variables and effects, and to consider future possibilities for creating awareness in health providers, health seekers and communities for prevention. Two thousand pregnant women were interviewed using a semi-structured, pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire with some open-ended questions in the local language. Of 2000 women, 1959 (97.95%) reported that they had had sex with their partners during the current pregnancy. Of the 2000, 615 (30.7%) women had not wished to have sex during the pregnancy, but had been forced to do so. Women suffer with recurrent marital rape during pregnancy with considerable after effects. This sexual violence takes place irrespective of education or socioeconomic status. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CORRELATION STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREGNANCY | RAPE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | Reproduction Document Number: 326086 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Client-perpetuated violence and condom failure among female sex workers in southwestern China. Author: Choi SY; Chen KL; Jiang ZQ Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Feb;35(2):141-146. Abstract: This research examined factors associated with condom failure, i.e., slippage or breakage, among female sex workers (FSWs) in China. Special attention was paid to the association between client-perpetuated violence and condom failure. Two hundred FSWs were recruited for a community-based voluntary human immunodeficiency virus prevention project. Participants completed a face-to-face structured questionnaire that collected information on their sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, experience of client-perpetuated violence, and sexual risk behavior. The prevalence of condom slippage and condom breakage in the 3 months before the survey was reported at 36.2% and 34%, respectively, of all sexual contact in which a condom was used. The prevalence of client-perpetuated violence in the previous year was 68.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for other factors, condom failure was significantly associated with drug use [adjusted odds ratios (aOR = 4.01)], condom useof coworkers (aOR = 0.39), and client-perpetuated violence [aOR = 2.30 (low violence vs. high violence)]. Condom failure is a common problem among FSWs, particularly drug-using sex workers and those who have experienced client-perpetuated violence. On the other hand, condom use of coworkers is negatively associated with condom failure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | CONDOM FAILURE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323977 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Topography-derived wetness indices are associated with household-level malaria risk in two communities in the western Kenyan highlands. Author: Cohen JM; Ernst KC; Lindblade KA; Vulule JM; John CC Source: Malaria Journal. 2008 Feb 29;7:40. Abstract: Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum generally decreases with increasing elevation, in part because lower temperature slows the development of both parasites and mosquitoes. However, other aspects of the terrain, such as the shape of the land, may affect habitat suitability for Anopheles breeding and thus risk of malaria transmission. Understanding these local topographic effects may permit prediction of regions at high risk of malaria within the highlands at small spatial scales. Hydrologic modelling techniques were adapted to predict the flow of water across the landscape surrounding households in two communities in the western Kenyan highlands. These surface analyses were used to generate indices describing predicted water accumulation in regions surrounding the study area. Households with and without malaria were compared for their proximity to regions of high and low predicted wetness. Predicted wetness and elevation variables were entered into bivariate and multivariate regression models to examine whether significant associations with malaria were observable at small spatial scales. On average, malaria case households (n=423) were located 280 m closer to regions with very high wetness indices than non-malaria "control" households (n=895) (t=10.35, p less than 0.0001). Distance to high wetness indices remained an independent predictor of risk after controlling for household elevation in multivariate regression (OR=0.93 [95% confidence interval=0.89-0.96] for a 100 m increase in distance). For every 10 m increase in household elevation, there was a 12% decrease in the odds of the house having a malaria case (OR=0.88 [0.85-0.90]). However, after controlling for distance to regions of high predicted wetness and the community in which the house was located, this reduction in malaria risk was not statistically significant (OR=0.98 [0.94-1.03]). Proximity to terrain with high predicted water accumulation was significantly and consistently associated with increased household-level malaria incidence, even at small spatial scales with little variation in elevation variables. These results suggest that high wetness indices are not merely proxies for valley bottoms, and hydrologic flow models may prove valuable for predicting areas of high malaria risk in highland regions. Application in areas where malaria surveillance is limited could identify households at higher risk and help focus interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | HOUSEHOLDS | MALARIA | INCIDENCE | RISK FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | WATER | ALTITUDE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Biology | Population | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 325088 |
| 10. Title: Living on the edge: Risk, protection, behavior, and outcomes of Argentine youth. Author: Justesen M Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Social Development Family, 2008 Jan. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4485) Abstract: Risk and protective factors influence behaviors and outcomes for youth. While risk factors expose youth to risk-taking behavior that compromises well-being and hinders personal development, protective factors mediate risk and act as protective mechanisms that insulate youth from negative outcomes. This paper groups youth by risk levels using a cluster analysis methodology, and identifies the risk and protective factors that characterize these groups. Using data from a new household survey covering youth in four urban areas of Argentina in 2005, youth are clustered by characteristics in relation to family and health, education and income, substance abuse, and crime and violence as indicators of risk and protective factors, and behaviors and consequences. Almost half of Argentine youth are at an elevated risk level, and one in four is at serious risk of experiencing negative outcomes or already suffering the consequences. The findings show, for example, that higher income protects against risk factors, such as an insecure neighborhood, and facilitates youth attending school. Furthermore, parents' lack of education is negatively related to the behaviors and outcomes of their children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | YOUTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | SAFETY | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 326419 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Correlates of ever had sex and of recent sex among teenagers and young unmarried adults in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Kayembe KP; Mapatano MA; Busangu FA; Nyandwe KJ; Mashinda KD Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4):585-593. Abstract: The future of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo will depend on the behavior that teenagers and young adults are likely to adopt. Documenting teenagers and young adults behavior can help design effective interventions. The premarital sexual activity of 13,091 teenagers and young adults aged 15-24 years was examined. Logistic regression models were used to identify the correlates of ever had sex and recent sex. Ever had sex and recent sex were associated with older individuals, males, school dropouts, those addicted to alcohol and drug use, those living alone or with friends, those involved in an income generating activity, those with low capacity to resist sex, those with low socioeconomic status and those living in permissive milieu. Controlling access to alcohol and drugs, teaching teenagers skills to resist sex, getting schools involved in teaching values of abstinence and delayed sex, could impact the age at first sex and trigger the adoption of lower risk behavior. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | DROPOUTS | POVERTY | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 327537 |
| 12. Title: Gender based violence: Correlates of physical and sexual wife abuse in Kenya. Author: Kimuna SR; Djamba YK Source: Journal of Family Violence. 2008 Jul;23(5):333-342. Abstract: This study explored factors associated with physical and sexual wife abuse on a sample of 4,876 married women aged 15-49 years in the 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey. Results indicate that 40% of married women reported at least one type of violence; 36% were physical and 13% were sexual. Multivariate analysis showed that living in poorer households, being Christian, being in a polygamous marriage, having a husband who drinks alcohol, and being in sales, agricultural, or unskilled jobs significantly increased the wife's risk of physical and sexual abuse. Wife's education had significant effect on both physical and sexual abuse, but the relationships were not linear. Wife's age and number of children were significantly associated only with physical abuse; husband's education had a marginal but significant effect only on sexual abuse. Research implications are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | POVERTY | POLYGAMY | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | RISK ASSESSMENT | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327072 |
| 13. Title: Increased HIV infection rate among violent deaths: a mortuary study in the Republic of Congo [letter] Author: Le Coeur S; Khlat M; Halem-bokaka G Source: AIDS. 2008 Aug 20;22(13):1675-1676. Abstract: There is no evidence about an association between violent deaths and HIV in Africa. We report the results of a study performed in Pointe-Noire, Congo, where post-mortem HIV serologies were performed among all deaths referred to the morgue. The HIV prevalence among violent deaths was 37%, significantly higher than 10% among accidental deaths, with an adjusted odds ratio of 6 (P=0.03). Prevention of domestic violence and fight against stigmatization should be parts of HIV programs in Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | VIOLENT DEATHS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327950 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The quantity-quality trade-off of children in a developing country: Identification using Chinese twins. Author: Li H; Zhang J; Zhu Y Source: Demography. 2008 Feb;45(1):223-243. Abstract: Testing the trade-off between child quantity and quality within a family is complicated by the endogeneity of family size. Using data from the Chinese Population Census, we examine the effect of family size on child educational attainment in China. We find a negative correlation between family size and child outcome, even after we control for the birth order effect. We then instrument family size by the exogenous variation that is induced by a twin birth and find a negative effect of family size on children's education. We also find that the effect of family size is more evident in rural China, where the public education system is poor. Given that our estimates of the effect of having twins on nontwins at least provide the lower bound of the true effect of family size, these findings suggest a quantity-quality trade-off for children in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | FAMILY SIZE | CHILDREN | MULTIPLE BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CHILD WORTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 326396 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Association of education and the occurrence of low birthweight in rural southern China during the early and late 1990s. Author: Liu Y; Liu J; Ye R; Ren A; Li S Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Apr;98(4):687-691. Abstract: We examined whether education-related inequalities were associated with the occurrence of low birthweight in 6 counties in southern China in the early and late 1990s. The study population consisted of 111181 women (65669 in the early 1990s and 45482 in the late 1990s) in a population-based Perinatal Health Care Surveillance System. We used the x/2 test, logistic regression, and concentration index for our analyses. From the early to late 1990s, the mean maternal education level increased significantly, and the percentage of low-birthweight births declined among all groups, for both male and female births, and at all levels of the mother's education. Relative to those with less than 9 years of formal education, there was a decreasing risk of low birthweight among those with 9 to 11 years of formal education (range in adjusted odds ratio=0.69-0.82) and with 12 or more years of formal education (range in adjusted odds ratio=0.51-0.74). Between the early and late 1990s, the concentration index changedfrom -0.0778 to -0.0656 for male births and from -0.0717 to -0.0813 for female births. Education-related inequalities associated with low birthweight persisted from the early to the late 1990s in surveyed areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | MOTHERS | INFANT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | RISK FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INEQUALITIES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325402 |
| 16. Title: Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India. Author: Madhivanan P; Krupp K; Chandrasekaran V; Karat C; Arun A Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2008;26(2):132-137. Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge among women of childbearing age and is associated with STI/HIV and adverse birth outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of BV among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India. Between October 2005 and December 2006, 898 sexually active women of 15-30 years of age were enrolled from two reproductive health clinics in Mysore. The women underwent an interview followed by physical examination, HSV-2 serologic testing, endocervical culture for Neissera gonorrhoeae, and vaginal swabs for diagnosis of BV, Trichomonas vaginalis infection and candidiasis. Statistical analyses included conventional descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis using logistic regression. Of the 898 women, 391 (43.5%) were diagnosed with greater than or equal to 1 endogenous reproductive tract infection and 157 (17.4%) with greater than or equal to 1 sexually transmitted infection. Only 863 women had Gram-stained vaginal smears available, out of which 165 (19.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.3%-22.2%) were found to have BV and 133 (15.4, 95% CI: 12.9%-18.3%) were in the 'intermediate' stage. BV was related to concurrent infections with T. vaginalis (odds ratio [OR] = 4.07, 95% CI: 2.45-6.72) and HSV-2 seropositivity (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.39-3.53). In this population, the prevalence of BV at 19% was relatively low. Coinfection with T. vaginalis, however, was common. BV was independently associated with concurrent T. vaginalis infection and partner's alcohol use. Muslim women had reduced odds BV as compared to non-Muslim women. Further research is needed to understand the role of T. vaginalis infection in the pathogenesis of BV and the sociocultural context surrounding the condition in India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | VAGINOSIS | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Measurement | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Public Health | Health | Biology Document Number: 326377 |
| 17. Title: Understanding the effects of siblings on child mortality: Evidence from India. Author: Makepeace G; Pal S Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Oct;21(4):877-902. Abstract: Given the intrinsically sequential nature of childbirth, timing of a child's birth has consequences not only for itself but also for its older and younger siblings. The paper argues that prior spacing and posterior spacing between consecutive siblings are thus important measures of intensity of sibling competition for limited parental resources. While the available estimates of child mortality tend to ignore the endogeneity of sibling composition, we use a correlated recursive model of prior and posterior spacing and child mortality to correct it. There is evidence that uncorrected estimates under-estimate the effects of prior and posterior spacing on child mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | CORRELATION STUDIES | CHILD MORTALITY | BIRTH SPACING | BIRTH INTERVALS | TIME FACTORS | SIBLINGS | SEX PREFERENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 327940 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV risk-related attitudes, interpersonal influences, and intentions among at-risk urban, early adolescent girls. Author: Noia JD; Schinke SP Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2008;32(5):497-507. Abstract: The objective was to examine correlates of sexual experimentation and risk among urban, early adolescent girls (N = 236, 12.38 plus or minus 1.2 years). Measures of HIV risk-related attitudes, interpersonal influences, and intentions were compared based on girls' degree of sexual experimentation and risk. Girls in high sexual experimentation and risk groups scored highest on deviant peer norms; endorsements of risky behaviors; and inability to refuse unprotected sex, offset negative partner influences, avoid intercourse, and assert sexual desires. Greater experimentation occurred among girls with older versus same-age or younger partners. Risk correlates should be considered in designing HIV prevention programs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | MINORITY GROUPS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV | RISK FACTORS | ATTITUDES | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PEER PRESSURE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324350 |
| 19. Title: Caregivers' and non-caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV / AIDS and attitude towards HIV / AIDS and orphans in Nigeria. Author: Ohnishi M; Nakamura K; Kizuki M; Seino K; Inose T Source: Health and Social Care in the Community. :[10] p. Abstract: Nigeria has an estimated 930 000 AIDS orphans, which has a marked impact on family and community. This study was performed to characterise caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and their attitude towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular. Caregivers and non-caregivers aged 25-70 years in Nigeria were interviewed from January and March 2003, and logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/ AIDS and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans, and demographic characteristics and background status regarding HIV/AIDS and orphans. A total of 824 interviewees participated in the survey (82.4% response rate), of whom 290 (35.2%) were current caregivers of orphans. The mean number of orphans per current caregiver was 1.8 (standard deviation 1.4). Factors related to higher knowledge level regarding HIV/AIDS were female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 3.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33, 5.22] and belief that AIDS is a common disease (OR = 3.39; 95% CI: 2.19, 5.26). Factors associated with positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular were age 35-44 years (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.69), Koranic schooling (OR = 8.69; 95% CI: 2.42, 31.19), polygamy (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.62), belief that there are increasing numbers of orphans in the community (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.32, 5.08) and having relatives or friends with HIV/AIDS (OR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.61, 1.58). There was a slight correlation (r = 0.17, P less than 0.001) between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans. Demographic characteristics and personal experience should be taken into consideration to improve attitudes and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and caring for orphans and AIDS orphans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | CHILD CARE | CARE AND SUPPORT | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324348 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Childhood abuse as a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy in El Salvador. Author: Pallitto CC; Murillo V Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Jun;42(6):580-6. Abstract: The purpose was to determine whether having been abused as a child increases the risk of adolescent pregnancy in El Salvador and whether intimate partner violence during adolescence affects the association. Using data from 3753 women between the ages of 15 and 24 from a nationally representative household health survey of Salvadoran women (FESAL 2002/2003), the association between history of childhood abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and witnessing abuse of one's mother) and adolescent pregnancy was explored using multiple logistic regression analyses. The effect of intimate partner violence during adolescence on the relationship was explored among a subgroup of 15-19-year-olds. The risk of adolescent pregnancy was significantly higher among women abused as children. Women who were sexually abused, physically abused, or who experienced any type of abuse had a 48%, 42%, and 31% higher risk, respectively, of adolescent pregnancy than those without a history of abuse, after adjusting for confounding factors. Intimate partner violence during adolescence was also strongly and significantly linked with adolescent pregnancy risk. This is the first study from a Latin American country to demonstrate a relationship between childhood abuse and adolescent pregnancy. Greater efforts are needed to promote detection of abuse, expand knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, protect vulnerable youth, and to advocate for greater rights and social protections to Salvadoran children and adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EL SALVADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | CHILD ABUSE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Health | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence Document Number: 325390 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among female sex workers in 2 Mexico-US border cities. Author: Patterson TL; Semple SJ; Staines H; Lozada R; Orozovich P Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Mar;197(5):728-732. Abstract: We examined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and correlates among female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, 2 large cities on the Mexico-US border. FSWs aged greater than or equal to 18 years underwent interviews and testing for HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. Logistic regression identified factors associated with HIV infection. In 924 FSWs, the prevalence of HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis titers greater than or equal to 1:8 was 6%, 6.4%, 13%, and 14.2%, respectively. Factors independently associated with HIV were the injection of cocaine (odds ratio [OR], 2.96); the smoking, snorting, or inhalation of methamphetamine (OR, 3.32); and syphilis titers greater than or equal to 1:8 (OR, 4.16). Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to identify and treat ulcerative sexually transmitted infections and reduce HIV risks associated with stimulants among FSWs in the Mexico-US border region. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 324390 |
| 22. Title: Correlates of current cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in Punjab, India: Results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2003. Author: Siziya S; Muula AS; Rudatsikira E Source: BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2008 Jan 14;8:1. Abstract: Smoking is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. There is therefore need to identify relevant factors associated with smoking among adolescents in order to better tailor public health interventions aimed at preventing smoking. We used data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) conducted in 2003 in Punjab, India, on 2014 adolescents of whom 58.9% were males. We conducted a weighted logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age and sex, to determine associations between predictor variables and current tobacco smoking status. A total of 2014 adolescents participated in the survey in 2003, and of these 58.9% were males. Male respondents tended to be older than females (21.2% of males, and 13.1% of females were of age 16 years or above). The percent of males and females in the other age groups were: 23.0% and 28.6% for less than 14 years, 27.3% and 31.0% for 14 years, and 28.4% and 27.0% for 15 years, respectively. The following factors were positively associated with smoking: adolescents who received pocket money; adolescents who had parents who smoked, chewed or applied tobacco; adolescents who said that boys or girls who smoke or chew tobacco have more friends; adolescents who said that smoking or chewing tobacco makes boys look less attractive; adolescents who said that there is no difference in weight between smokers and non-smokers; adolescents who said that smoking makes one gain weight; and adolescents who had most or all of their closest friends who smoked. The factors that were negatively associated with smoking were: adolescents who said that boys or girls who smoke or chew tobacco have less number of friends; adolescents who said that girls who smoke or chew tobacco are less attractive; and adolescents who had some of their closest friends who smoked. The observed associations between current smoking on one hand and peer smoking, and perception that boys who smoke are less attractive on the other, deserve further studies. The factors reported in the current study should be considered in the design of public health interventions aimed to reduce adolescent cigarette smoking. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | TOBACCO USE | PREVALENCE | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Behavior | Measurement | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 308604 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV-related sexual risk taking among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Zagreb, Croatia. Author: Stulhofer A; Bacak V; Bozicevic I; Begovac J Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 May;12(3):505-512. Abstract: Croatia has a low-level HIV epidemic and, as in a number of other Central and Southeastern European countries, sex between men accounts for most HIV infections. This study examines sexual behavior and the correlates of condom use in a snowball sample of 342 HIV non-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zagreb. The median age of participants in the sample was 27 years. The majority of participants (81%) reported using condom at last anal sex with casual partner and 56% claimed to have used condoms consistently at anal sex with casual partners in the last 12 months. HIV risk self-assessment and number of sexual partners were significantly correlated with condom use at last anal sex with casual partner. Self-assessed HIV-risk and heterosexual activity were found associated with consistent condom use at anal sex with casual partners. To sustain a low-level HIV epidemic, targeted intervention among young MSM is needed in Croatia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CROATIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CORRELATION STUDIES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | RISK ASSESSMENT | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325906 |
| 24. Title: Prevalence and correlates of condom use at last sexual intercourse among in-school adolescents in urban areas of Uganda. Author: Twa-Twa JM; Oketcho S; Siziya S; Muula AS Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Apr;5(1):22-25. Abstract: Correct and consistent condom use remains an important public health intervention against the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and other sexually transmitted infections. There is paucity of information on sexual behaviour of in-school adolescents in Uganda. We, therefore, used secondary data of the Uganda Global School-based Health Survey (UGSHS) conducted in 2003 to determine the prevalence and correlates of condom use at last sexual intercourse in urban areas of Uganda. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample. Altogether 1709 students participated in the survey in urban areas of whom 179 (14.9% of males, and 7.9% of females) had sexual intercourse within 12 months before the survey. Overall 77.3% (79.7% of male, and 72.3% of female) adolescents used a condom at last sexual intercourse. Adolescents who drank alcohol and used drugs were 64% (OR=1.64, 95%CI 1.54, 1.75) and 68% (OR=1.68, 95%CI 1.56, 1.81) more likely to have used a condom, respectively. Meanwhile, adolescents who ever got drunk, and who reported to ever had 2 or more sex partners were 55% (OR=0.45, 95%CI 0.42, 0.48) and 35% (OR=0.65, 95%CI 0.62, 0.68) less likely to have used a condom compared to those who had never got drunk, and who ever had 1 sex partner, respectively. Finally, adolescents who reported receiving no parental supervision were 45% (OR=0.55, 95%CI 0.53, 0.58) less likely to have used a condom compared to those who reported receiving parental supervision. Parental supervision may be effective in promoting condom use among adolescents. Furthermore, drinking alcohol was associated with condom use probably due to peer pressure and easy access of condoms in drinking places as condoms are not actively promoted in schools. There is need for further research on how in-school adolescents could access condoms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | PREVALENCE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 327588 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Correlates of low birth weight in term pregnancies: A retrospective study from Iran. Author: Vahdaninia M; Tavafian SS; Montazeri A Source: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2008 Apr 19;8(12):[14] p. Abstract: Low birth weight (LBW) is considered as a major multifaceted public health concern. Seventy-two percent of LBW infants are born in Asia. An estimation of 8% LBW infants has been reported for Eastern Mediterranean region including Iran. This study investigated contributory factors of LBW in singleton term births in Tehran, Iran. Tehran is a multicultural metropolitan area and a sample from the general population in Tehran could be regarded as a representative sample of urban population in Iran. This was a retrospective study using data from 15 university maternity hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Data on all singleton term births in these hospitals were extracted from case records during a one calendar year. Study variables included: maternal age, maternal educational level, history of LBW deliveries, history of preterm labor, cigarette smoking during pregnancy, number of parities, chronic diseases and residential area (Tehran versus suburbs of Tehran). In order to examine the relationship between LBW and demographic and reproductive variables the adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed. In all, data for 3734 term pregnancies were extracted. The mean age of women was 25.7 (SD = 5.3) years and 5.2% of term births were LBW. In addition to association between LBW and maternal age, significant risk factors for LBW were: history of LBW deliveries [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-6.03], smoking during pregnancy (OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.97-10.95) and chronic diseases (OR for hypertension = 3.70, 95% CI = 2.25-6.06, OR for others = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.09-3.83). The findings indicate that in addition to maternal age, history of LBW deliveries; smoking during pregnancy and chronic diseases are significant determinants of LBW in this population. This is consistent with national and international findings indicating that maternal variables and risk behaviors during pregnancy play important roles on LBW. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CORRELATION STUDIES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 326085 |
| 26. Title: Attitudes of midwives towards perinatal bereavement in Hong Kong. Author: Chan MF; Lou FL; Zang YL; Chung YF; Wu LH Source: Midwifery. 2007 Sep;23(3):309-321. Abstract: The objective was to explore attitudes towards perinatal bereavement care among midwives working in Hong Kong through examination of relationships between attitudes towards bereavement support, need for bereavement education and appropriate hospital policy. A descriptive correlational survey was the design of the study. The study took place in the obstetric and gynaecology units at two hospitals. A structured self-report questionnaire on attitudes towards perinatal bereavement support was used; required support and education needs for midwives on bereavement care. The participants of the study were 154 out of 202 midwives (76.2% response rate) working at the two units. Two-step cluster analysis yielded two clusters. Cluster 1 consisted of 91 (59.1%) midwives and cluster 2 consisted of 63 (40.9%) midwives. Cluster 2 midwives were younger, had less obstetric and gynaecology experience, junior ranking and less post-qualification education than cluster 1 midwives. Cluster 1 midwives had additional personal grieving experiences and experience of caring for grieving parents. Attitudes towards bereavement care were positively correlated with educational needs (r/s = 0.55, p less than 0.001) and hospital policy support (r/s = 0.50, p less than 0.001). Hong Kong midwives require increased bereavement care knowledge and experience, improved communication skills, and greater hospital and team member support. Findings may be used to improve support of midwives, to ensure sensitive bereavement care in perinatal settings and to reflect training needs in the midwifery education curricula. Study findings highlight the universality of grief for a lost baby, irrespective of cultural differences in approaching emotional topics. This study may help midwives internationally to gain a broader perspective in this area. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | PERINATAL MORTALITY | CARE AND SUPPORT | EMOTIONS | ATTITUDES | CULTURE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sampling Studies | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313810 |
| 27. Title: Agreement among insulin sensitivity indexes on the diagnosis of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome and ovulatory women. Author: de Paula Martins W; Santana LF; Nastri CO; Ferriani FA; de Sa MF Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007 Aug;133(2):203-207. Abstract: The objective was to compare agreement on the diagnosis of insulin resistance (IR) among insulin sensitivity indexes in both ovulatory women and those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In an observational study, the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 105 women with PCOS and 51 ovulatory women. The insulin sensitivity indexes used were insulin quantitative sensitivity check index (QUICKI), 1/homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (1/HOMA-IR), area under curve for insulin (AUC-I), and the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (COMP). For the IR diagnosis we used cut-off values described in recent publications (insulin >12 µI/ml, 1/HOMA-IR < 0.47, QUICKI /= 7000 µI/ml 120 min, and COMP < 4.75. Excellent agreement was assessed among insulin, QUICKI, and 1/HOMA-IR. However, the rate of IR detected by these indexes in the PCOS group (44.8-51.4%) was lower than expected. New cut-offs were then determined based on COMP results. Using these values, 1/ HOMA-IR and QUICKI showed excellent agreement (k = 0.83) with COMP. The observed agreements among insulin, QUICKI and 1/HOMA-IR were higher than 93%. Therefore, clinicians may choose any of those obtaining similar results. For clinicians who prefer COMP, but are looking for a simpler test to detect IR in PCOS women, the use of QUICKI and 1/HOMA-IR with the new cut-offs seems reasonable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST | TESTING | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Endocrine System | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement Document Number: 318802 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Transactional sex with casual and main partners among young South African men in the rural Eastern Cape: Prevalence, predictors, and associations with gender-based violence. Author: Dunkle KL; Jewkes R; Nduna M; Jama N; Levin J Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Sep;65(6):1235-1248. Abstract: We explored the prevalence and predictors of transactional sex with casual partners and main girlfriends among 1288 men aged 15-26 from 70 villages in the rural Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with young men enrolling in the Stepping Stones HIV prevention trial. A total of 17.7% of participants reported giving material resources or money to casual sex partners and 6.6% received resources from a casual partner. Transactionally motivated relationships with main girlfriends were more balanced between giving (14.9%) and getting (14.3%). We constructed multivariable models to identify the predictors for giving and for getting material resources in casual and in main relationships. Each model resulted in remarkably similar predictors. All four types of exchange were associated with higher socio-economic status, more adverse childhood experiences, more lifetime sexual partners, and alcohol use. Men who were more resistant to peer pressure to havesex were less likely to report transactional sex with casual partners, and men who reported more equitable gender attitudes were less likely to report main partnerships underpinned by exchange. The most consistent predictors of all four types of transaction were perpetration of intimate partner violence and rape against women other than a main partner. The strong and consistent association between perpetration of gender-based violence and both giving and getting material goods from female partners suggests that transactional sex in both main and casual relationships should be viewed within a broader continuum of men's exercise of gendered power and control. HIV prevention interventions need to explicitly address transactional sex in the context of ideas about masculinity, which place a high emphasis on heterosexual success with, and control of, women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | MEN | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | HIV | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 313798 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of maternal experience of violence and common mental disorders on neonatal outcomes: A survey of adolescent mothers in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author: Ferri CP; Mitsuhiro SS; Barros MC; Chalem E; Guinsburg R Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Aug 16;7(1):209. Abstract: Both violence and depression during pregnancy have been linked to adverse neonatal outcomes, particularly low birth weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the independent and interactive effects of these maternal exposures upon neonatal outcomes among pregnant adolescents in a disadvantaged population from Sao Paulo, Brazil. 930 consecutive pregnant teenagers, admitted for delivery were recruited. Violence was assessed using the Californian Perinatal Assessment. Mental illness was measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Apgar scores of newborns were estimated and their weight measured. 21.9% of mothers reported lifetime violence (2% during pregnancy) and 24.3% had a common mental disorder in the past 12 months. The exposures were correlated and each was associated with low education. Lifetime violence was strongly associated with Common Mental Disorders. Violence during pregnancy (PR= 2.59(1.05-6.40) and threat of physical violence (PR=1.86(1.03-3.35) and any common mental disorders (PR=2.09 (1.21-3.63) (as well as depression, anxiety and PTSD separately) were independently associated with low birth weight. Efforts to improve neonatal outcomes in low income countries may be neglecting two important independent, but correlated risk factors: maternal experience of violence and common mental disorder. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | DEPRESSION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 313808 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Progress towards the child mortality millennium development goal in urban sub-Saharan Africa: The dynamics of population growth, immunization, and access to clean water. Author: Fotso JC; Ezeh AC; Madise NJ; Ciera J Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Aug 28;7(1):218. Abstract: Improvements in child survival have been very poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Since the 1990s, declines in child mortality have reversed in many countries in the region, while in others, they have either slowed or stalled, making it improbable that the target of reducing child mortality by two thirds by 2015 will be reached. This paper highlights the implications of urban population growth and access to health and social services on progress in achieving MDG 4. Specifically, it examines trends in childhood mortality in SSA in relation to urban population growth, vaccination coverage and access to safe drinking water. Correlation methods are used to analyze national-level data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and from the United Nations. The analysis is complemented by case studies on intra-urban health differences in Kenya and Zambia. Only five of the 22 countries included in the study have recorded declines in urban child mortality that are in line with the MDG target of about 4% per year; five others have recorded an increase; and the 12 remaining countries witnessed only minimal decline. More rapid rate of urban population growth is associated with negative trend in access to safe drinking water and in vaccination coverage, and ultimately to increasing or timid declines in child mortality. There is evidence of intra-urban disparities in child health in some countries like Kenya and Zambia. Failing to appropriately target the growing sub-group of the urban poor and improve their living conditions and health status - which is an MDG target itself - may result in lack of improvement on national indicators of health. Sustained expansion of potable water supplies and vaccination coverage among the disadvantaged urban dwellers should be given priority in the efforts to achieve the child mortality MDG in SSA. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | CORRELATION STUDIES | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD MORTALITY | URBANIZATION | URBAN POPULATION | VACCINATION | WATER QUALITY | SANITATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313831 |
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