| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Dose-response trial of prophylactic zinc supplements, with or without copper, in young Ecuadorian children at risk of zinc deficiency. Author: Wuehler SE; Sempértegui F; Brown KH Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008 Mar;87(3):723-733. Abstract: Multiple studies have shown the benefits of zinc supplementation among young children in high-risk populations. However, the optimal dose and safe upper level of zinc have not been determined. The objectives of this study were to measure the effects of different doses of supplemental zinc on the plasma zinc concentration, morbidity, and growth of young children; to detect any adverse effects of 10 mg supplemental Zn on markers of copper or iron status; and to determine whether any adverse effects are alleviated by providing copper with zinc. This randomized, double-masked, community-based intervention trial was conducted in 631 Ecuadorian children who were 12-30 mo old at baseline and who had initial length-for-age z scores Less than -1.3. Children received 1 of 5 daily supplements for 6 mo: 3, 7, or 10 mg Zn as zinc sulfate, 10 mg Zn + 0.5 mg Cu as copper sulfate, or placebo. The change in plasma zinc concentration from baseline was positively related to the zinc dose (P less than 0.001). Zinc supplementation, including doses as low as 3 mg/d, reduced the incidence of diarrhea by 21-42% (P less than 0.01). There were no other significant group-wise differences. Zinc supplementation with a dose as low as 3 mg/d increased plasma zinc concentrations and reduced diarrhea incidence in the study population. There were no observed adverse effects of 10 mg Zn/d on indicators of copper or iron status. The current tolerable upper level of zinc recommended by the Institute of Medicine should be reassessed for young children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILDREN | ZINC | COPPER | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | GROWTH | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Child Development Document Number: 325221 |
2.  Title: Zinc and copper metabolism in pregnancy and lactation of adolescent women. Author: Maia PA; Figueiredo RC; Anastacio AS; da Silveira CL; Donangelo CM Source: Nutrition. 2007 Mar;23(3):248-253. Abstract: Pregnant and lactating adolescent women are at risk of zinc and copper deficiency but their capacity for metabolic adaptation is poorly known. This study investigated the effect of pregnancy and lactation on zinc and copper metabolism in adolescent women by comparing biochemical indices between groups in different reproductive states. Habitual dietary intake and biochemical indices (zinc, copper, alkaline phosphatase, and ceruloplasmin in plasma; zinc [E-Zn], metallothionein [E-MT], and superoxide dismutase [E-SOD] in erythrocytes) and their relation were compared among non-pregnant non-lactating adolescents (NPNLs; n = 26), third-trimester pregnant adolescents (PAs; n = 26), and lactating adolescents up to 3 mo postpartum (LAs; n = 21). Zinc and copper intakes were not different across groups (on average, 8.7 and 1.0 mg/d, respectively). PAs had lower plasma zinc but higher plasma copper, alkaline phosphatase, and ceruloplasmin levels than did LAs and NPNLs (P < 0.05). E-SOD and E-Zn were similarin all groups but E-MT was higher in the PA and LA groups than in the NPNL group (P < 0.05). Correlations between plasma copper and ceruloplasmin and between E-MT and E-Zn were observed in the LA and NPNL groups (r = 0.64, P < 0.01) but not in the PA group. In contrast, correlations between plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma zinc, between E-MT and plasma zinc, and between E-SOD and E-Zn were observed only in the PA group (r = 0.46, P < 0.05). Zinc and copper biochemical responses to pregnancy and lactation in the adolescent women studied appeared qualitatively similar to those described in previous studies in adult women. However, the significant correlations observed between the activity of zinc-dependent enzymes and plasma (or erythrocyte) zinc suggest that a poor maternal zinc status may limit the metabolic adaptation capacity of these adolescent women especially during pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | COPPER | ZINC | METABOLIC EFFECTS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | LACTATION | MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 313057 |
3.  Title: [Nutritional status, iron, copper, and zinc in school children of shantytowns of Sao Paulo] Estado nutricional, ferro, cobre e zinco em escolares de favelas da cidade de Sao Paulo. Author: Santos EB; Amancio OM; Oliva CA Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2007 Jul-Aug;53(4):323-328. Abstract: OBJECTIVE. To assess the anthropometry, body composition and iron, copper and zinc nutritional status, according to gender, of institutionalized children and adolescents living in two shantytowns in the city of Sao Paulo. METHODS. A cross sectional study using weight, height, arm circumference, skinfolds, electrical bioimpedance, Z scores for the relationships: height to age, body mass index, middle-upper arm circumference, muscle area of the arm and fat area of the arm was carried out; the body fat and lean mass percentages were analyzed according to the formulas proposed by Siri and Slaughter. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron ferritin, copper and zinc were determined. RESULTS. Body weight, middle-upper arm circumference, triceps and subescapular skinfolds, electric resistance, Z scores of the arm area, muscle area of the arm, and body fat percentage of girls were higher in relation to boys. Low stature was found in 8% of the girls and in 5.6% of the boys, without differences according to gender. There was a lower prevalence of malnutrition (2% of the girls and 5.6% of the boys), than of overweight and obesity (30% and 11.2%, respectively). Anemia was observed in 24.4% and iron deficiency in 10.5% of the schoolchildren with or without anemia. Values were below the lower limit of the reference standard for serum copper and zinc, respectively, for 3 and 7 individuals. CONCLUSION. In the studied population, institutionalized and of low social economic level, a process of nutritional transition and high prevalence of anemia takes place which does not result from an interaction of iron, copper and zinc. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDREN | ANTHROPOMETRY | IRON | COPPER | ZINC | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | CHILD NUTRITION | ANEMIA | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Health | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Diseases Document Number: 324930 |
| 4. Title: Interaction between anemia and blood levels of iron, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in children. Author: Turgut S; Polat A; Inan M; Turgut G; Emmungil G Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;74(9):827-830. Abstract: Anemia is a widespread problem among infants and children in many parts of the world, and it is often associated with some trace elements (iron, zinc, copper) and heavy metals (cadmium and lead). Aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anemia and these elements. This research was performed on 256 children (mean age 6.8 +or- 0.2) living in Denizli city center. We observed iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in 23 children, iron deficiency without anemia (ID) in 36 children and only anemia (ferritin level normal) (OA) in 18 children, and 179 children were found healthy and they were regarded as controls (C). Blood samples were taken from subjects and the concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, cadmium and lead in serum were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of copper, cadmium and lead in serum were significantly higher in children with IDA than those of controls (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). The other elements in the serum of ID were not different from controls. High copper, cadmium and lead decreased iron absorption and negatively affected hematological parameters. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILD | INFANT | ANEMIA | IRON | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | COPPER | ZINC | LEAD | CADMIUM | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders Document Number: 320823 |
| 5. Title: Weekly iron supplementation does not block increases in serum zinc due to weekly zinc supplementation in Bangladeshi infants. Author: Baqui AH; Walker CL; Zaman K; El Arifeen S; Chowdhury HR Source: Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:2187-2191. Abstract: Because infants and young children in many developing countries are deficient in both iron and zinc, and zinc can affect iron metabolism, evaluation of optimum strategies to simultaneously supplement iron and zinc is an important public health priority. This study evaluated the efficacy of weekly supplementation of iron or zinc or both on iron, zinc, and copper status in Bangladeshi infants. In a double-blind, randomized, controlled community trial, 6-mo-old infants were assigned to receive weekly supplements of 1 mg riboflavin (control, n = 82) or 1 mg riboflavin + 20 mg iron (n = 83), 20 mg zinc (n = 83), or both (n = 85) for 6 mo. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, transferrin receptor, zinc, and copper concentrations were measured at baseline and at the end of intervention. Serum Zn increased in both groups receiving zinc; the increase was greatest among children with low baseline serum zinc concentration. Iron status indicators did not differ among the groups before or after 6 mo of supplementation. Supplementation with either zinc or iron decreased serum copper after 6 mo. Joint supplementation did not alter the individual effects of iron or zinc supplementation in these Bangladeshi children. However, the dosing regimen may not have been adequate to achieve the desired biochemical effects. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | INFANT | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | IRON | ZINC | COPPER | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | METABOLIC EFFECTS | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hemic System Document Number: 292384 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Influences of oxygen, albumin and pH on copper dissolution in a simulated uterine fluid. Author: Bastidas DM; Cano E; Mora EM Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2005 Jun;10(2):123-130. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of albumin content, from 5 to 45 g/L, on copper dissolution and compounds composition in a simulated uterine solution. Experiments were performed in atmospheric pressure conditions and with an additional oxygen pressure of 0.2 atmospheres, at 6.3 and 8.0 pH values, and at a temperature of 37 ± 0.18 °C for 1, 3, 7, and 30 days experimentation time. The copper dissolution rate has been determined using absorbance measurements, finding the highest value for pH 8.0, 35 g/L albumin, and with an additional oxygen pressure of 0.2 atmospheres: 674 µg/day for 1 day, and 301 µg/day for 30 days. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show copper(II) as the main copper oxidation state at pH 8.0; and copper(I) and metallic copper at pH 6.3. The presence of albumin up to 35 g/L, accelerates copper dissolution. For high albumin content a stabilisation on the copper dissolution takes place. Corrosion product layer morphology is poorly protective, showing paths through which copper ions can release. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | INGREDIENTS AND CHEMICALS | COPPER | OXYGEN | UTERINE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Inorganic Chemicals | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 290049 |
| 7. Title: Multivariate analyses of heavy metals in soils and colophospermum mopane leaves around the Selebi Phikwe nickel-copper mine and smelter / concentrator plant area, Botswana. Author: Ekosse G; Ngila JC; Forcheh N Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2005;9(1):177-185. Abstract: This study was conducted in order to ascertain levels of concentrations and areal distribution of heavy metals in the surface soils and vegetation around the Selebi Phikwe Ni-Cu mine and smelter/concentrator plant, Botswana. One hundred and forty samples each of soil and colophospermum mopane leaves obtained from ten sites, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique for their concentration levels of Cu, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co, Cd, Zn and Se. Data analysis was done mainly using the statistical package for social science (SPSS). Multivariate analysis was used to determine the distribution of metals within the study area. Concentration values obtained for analysed soil samples were as follows: Cd ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 ppm; Co from 1.0 to 28 ppm, Cr from 0.03 to 14 ppm; Cu from 11 to 116 ppm; Fe from 31 to 430 ppm; Ni from 19 to 120 ppm; Se from 0.01 to 0.03 ppm, and Zn from 17 to 68 ppm. The concentration values obtained for analysed mopane leaves were as follows: Cd was between 0.01 and 0.05 ppm, Co ranged from 1.0 to 28 ppm; Cr from 0.03 to 11 ppm; Cu from 4 to 116 ppm; Fe from 31 to 430 ppm; Ni from 19 to 120 ppm; Se was between 0.01 and 0.03 ppm, and Zn was between 17 and 79 ppm. In general heavy metals concentrations in both soils and vegetation depended on the site and proximity of the sampling locations to the mine. The findings of the study depicted that concentrations of heavy metals in soils and leaves of colophospermum mopane decreased with increase in distance from the mine and smelter/concentration plant. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WORKERS | METALS | SOIL DEGRADATION | COPPER | NICKEL | PLANTS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | WORKPLACE | ANALYSIS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Natural Resources | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 296065 |
| 8. Title: Studies on some major and trace metals in smoked and oven-dried fish. Author: Ako PA; Salihu SO Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2004;8(2):5-9. Abstract: The mineral (Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Pb) composition of each of five species of fish, including Sarotherodon galilaues, Cyprinus carpio, Clarias gariepinus, Sardinella spp. and Labeo spp. Was determined in samples previously dried, either by traditional smoking method, or in laboratory oven, to gain knowledge of the quality and acceptability of the smoked products. The samples were brought from markets in Minna metropolis, Niger State of Nigeria. Portions of the meals of whole fish were digested in a nitric acid-hydrogen peroxideperechloric acid (3:11) mixture and the digests were analysed spectrophotometrically. The concentration of lead was lowest in both smoked and oven-dried specimens with mean values ranging from 0.46 to 1.16mg/kg and 0.54 to 0.76mg/kg, respectively, while calcium with ranges of 592.98 to 7553.55mg/kg and 498.65 to 6460.85mg/kg was highest. Comparative studies showed that no significant differences existed between the mineral contents of the samples from the two drying methods, except in the few cases of lithium in S. galilaeus, zinc in C. gariepinus, copper and manganese in both Cyprinus carpio, and Sardinell spp, and lead in S. galilaues. Nonetheless, the smoked samples were consistently richer in their mineral content, suggesting the need for chemical examination of products of this drying method. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ANIMALS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | FISHING | TOXICITY | LEAD | ZINC | COPPER | WATER QUALITY | ANALYSIS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Metals | Environmental Pollution | Water Document Number: 295953 |
| 9. Title: Mineralogy of tailings dump around Selebi Phikwe Nickel-Copper Plant, Botswana. Author: Ekosse G; Van Den Heever DJ; De Jager L; Totolo O Source: Journal of Applied Sciences and Environment Management. 2004;8(1):37-44. Abstract: This study aimed at mineralogically characterizing the tailings dump emanating from the mining and smelting of nickel-copper (Ni-Cu) at Selebi Phikwe, Botswana, Southern Africa. Samples of tailings dump around the Selebi Phikwe Ni-Cu plant were studied using petrographic microscopy and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) technique. The tailings dump comprised of the following minerals: nickelblodite, pyrrhotite, quartz, pentlandite, malachite, chalcopyrite, actinolite, cristobalite, tremolite, kaolinite, mica and albite. Nickelblodite and malachite were mineralized from the primary ore minerals in the tailings dump. The sulfur-rich minerals contained in the tailings dump serve as principal promoting sources for acid mine drainage in the immediate surrounding environment. Consequently, aspects of pollution management such as phytoremediation and phytomining, and environmental desulfurization could be introduced as pollution control measures at Selebi Phikwe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | COPPER | NICKEL | WASTE MANAGEMENT | ANALYSIS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Environment | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 295959 |
| 10. Title: Keeping quality of drinking water. Author: Mehta M; Dass A; Singh K Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;16(2):125-128. Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the disinfecting quality of various material for the purpose of evaluating the keeping quality of drinking water. The drinking water was stored in the container of copper, brass, earthenware, stainless steel and plastic and was contaminated with sewage diluted to 104 times. Water sample were withdrawn from all these vessels to determine the bacterial population (MPN) of coli form organisms. Copper was the best material as the rate of decay of microorganism was highest in it followed by brass, earthenware, and stainless steel. Plastic had nastiest disinfecting quality so it is not good for water storage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SANITATION | WATER QUALITY | COPPER | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Environmental Pollution | Environment | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Water Document Number: 304622 |
| 11. Title: Iron, zinc, and copper: contents in common Chilean foods and daily intakes in Santiago, Chile. [Hierro, zinc y cobre: contenidos en los alimentos chilenos comunes e ingestas diarias en Santiago, Chile] Author: Olivares M; Pizarro F; de Pablo S; Araya M; Uauy R Source: Nutrition. 2004 Feb;20(2):205-212. Abstract: Objectives: We determined the iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) contents of common Chilean foods and assessed the intakes of these elements in a population living in Santiago, Chile. Methods: We selected foods most consumed by a Chilean population (n = 108). We performed wet digestion of the sample by using nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids. Fe, Zn, and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fe, Zn, and Cu intakes were evaluated by a dietary survey (24-h recall questionnaire for 4 non-consecutive days) in a representative sample of the population of Santiago, Chile (n = 252 subjects). Results: Fe intakes (mg/d) were 7.8 ± 9.6 (in infants), 8.1 ± 5.3 (in 1- to 10-y-olds), 15.1 ± 7.3 (11- to 19-y-old males), 9.5 ± 4.3 (11- to 19-y-old females), 13.5 ± 6.5 (20- to 64-y-old males), 9.1 ± 3.9 (20- to 64-y-old females), 11.4 ± 4.9 (>/=65-y-old males), and 11.3 ± 5.0 (>/=65-y-old females). Zn intakes (mg/d) were 3.8 ± 1.8 (infants), 6.2 ± 3.1 (1- to 10-y-old subjects), 8.9 ± 4.1 (11- to 19-y-old males), 5.7 ± 2.0 (11- to 19-y-old females), 7.6 ± 3.4 (20- to 64-y-old males), 6.4 ± 3.5 (20- to 64-y-old females), 6.6 ± 2.9 (>/=65-y-old males), and 6.9 ± 2.4 (>/=65-y-old females). Cu intakes (mg/d) were 0.5 ± 0.3 (infants), 0.8 ± 0.5 (1- to 10-y-old subjects), 1.4 ± 0.7 (11- to 19-y-old males), 1.2 ± 0.3 (11- to 19-y-old females), 0.9 ± 0.4 (20- to 64-y-old males), 1.0 ± 0.4 (20- to 64-y-old females), 1.1 ± 0.3 (>/=65-y-old males), 0.9 ± 0.4 (>/=65-y-old females). Conclusions: Fe deficiency was greater in infants and women of fertile age. All age and sex groups had a high risk of Zn deficiency, whereas adults of both sexes had a moderate increased risk of Cu deficiency. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Objetivos: Se determinaron los contenidos de hierro (Fe), zinc (Zn), y cobre (Cu) de alimentos chilenos habituales y se evaluaron las ingestas de estos elementos en una población que vive en Santiago, Chile. Métodos: Se seleccionaron los alimentos de mayor consumo entre la población chilena (n = 108). Se realizó una digestión húmeda de la muestra utilizando ácido nítrico, perclórico y sulfúrico. Se determinó el Fe, Zn, y Cu por espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Se evaluaron las ingestas de Fe, Zn y Cu mediante un estudio sobre la dieta (un cuestionario para responder 24 horas después de la ingesta durante 4 días no consecutivos) en una muestra representativa de la población de Santiago, Chile (n = 252 sujetos). Resultados: Las ingestas de Fe (mg/d) fueron 7,8 ± 9,6 (en lactantes), 8,1 ± 5,3 (en niños de 1 a 10 años), 15,1 ± 7,3 (en varones de 11 a 19 años), 9,5 ± 4,3 (en mujeres adolescentes de 11 a 19 años), 13,5 ± 6,5 (en hombres de 20 a 64 años), 9,1 ± 3,9 (en mujeres de 20 a 64 años), 11,4 ± 4,9 (en hombres de >/=65 años), y 11,3 ± 5,0 (en mujeres de >/=65 años). Las ingestas de Zn (mg/d) fueron 3,8 ± 1,8 (en lactantes), 6,2 ± 3,1 (en niños de 1 a 10 años), 8,9 ± 4,1 (en varones de 11 a 19 años), 5,7 ± 2,0 (en mujeres adolescentes de 11 a 19 años), 7,6 ± 3,4 (en hombres de 20 a 64 años), 6,4 ± 3,5 (en mujeres de 20 a 64 años), 6,6 ± 2,9 (en hombres de >/=65 años), y 6,9 ± 2,4 (en mujeres de >/=65 años). Las ingestas de Cu (mg/d) fueron 0,5 ± 0,3 (en lactantes), 0,8 ± 0,5 (en niños de 1 a 10 años), 1,4 ± 0,7 (en varones de 11 a 19 años), 1,2 ± 0,3 (en mujeres adolescentes de 11 a 19 años), 0,9 ± 0,4 (en hombres de 20 a 64 años), 1,0 ± 0,4 (en mujeres de 20 a 64 años), 1,1 ± 0,3 (en hombres de >/=65 años), y 0,9 ± 0,4 (en mujeres de >/=65 años). Conclusiones: Se registró una mayor deficiencia de Fe en los lactantes y en las mujeres en edad fértil. Se observó un alto riesgo de deficiencia de Zn en todos los grupos etáreos, independientemente del género, mientras que se registró un aumento moderado en el riesgo de deficiencia de Cu entre los adultos de ambos sexos. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SURVEYS | MEN | WOMEN | CHILD | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | ZINC | IRON | COPPER | INFANT NUTRITION | MATERNAL NUTRITION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Nutrition | Health | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 190502 |
| 12. Title: Micronutrient intake and status in rural Democratic Republic of Congo. Author: Barclay DV; Mauron J; Blondel A; Cavadini C; Verwilghen AM Source: Nutrition Research. 2003 May;23(5):659-671. Abstract: Vitamin, mineral and trace element intakes were assessed in a rural African population using a novel dietary survey method, and compared with status measurements. In addition to the previously described protein deficiency, multiple micronutrient deficiencies were observed. Although vitamin A intakes were generally satisfactory, some low plasma retinol concentrations were observed in adults, due perhaps to the very low protein intakes or infectious diseases. Vitamin B1, B2 and niacin intakes were clearly inadequate, and for the two former were confirmed by status measurements. Whilst B6 intake was low, B6 status was adequate, probably resulting from lower requirements because of low protein intakes. B12 intake was low in some age groups, whereas that of folate was satisfactory. Fe, Cu and Mg intakes appeared to be adequate. Intakes of phosphorus and iodine were low for children and adolescents; those of Zn and Ca were clearly inadequate, except for Zn in women. Dietary interventions to prevent or treat malnutrition in this region should address several micronutrients in addition to protein. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | RURAL POPULATION | ADULTS | CHILD NUTRITION | ADOLESCENTS | DIET | VITAMIN A | VITAMIN B COMPLEX | IRON | ZINC | COPPER | CALCIUM | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | ANALYSIS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Nutrition | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Youth | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Metals | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Research Methodology Document Number: 182516 |
| 13. Title: [Degradation of copper IUDs in utero. The process of metallic corrosion. A scanning electron microscope study] Degradation in utero des DIU au cuivre en fonction du temps. Le phenomene de corrosion metallique. Etude au microscope electronique a balayage. Author: Berthou J; Chretien FC; Driguez PA Source: Gynecologie Obstetrique and Fertilite. 2003 Jan;31(1):29-42. Abstract: The present investigation was carried out in order to study the process of metallic corrosion of copper IUD's in utero, to precise its dynamics and location along the IUD and to appraise the influence of eventual calcareous deposition. A total of 461 copper IUDs representing four standard models were screened by means of optical microscopy. Especially typical samples were studied at higher magnifications under the scanning electron microscope. The obtained data were considered in terms of statistics. It was possible to demonstrate a preferential corrosive activity in the lower part of the IUD without significant variations between the models. It was also possible to precise the steps of the process, to describe its most characteristic aspects and to study the eventual effect of severe calcareous deposition on corroded copper. Intrauterine copper corrosion is a normal process which occurs preferentially in the cervical portion of an IUD and can lead to the total metal loss. Both its initiation and evolution are submitted to strong individual variations. Thick and compact vaterite deposits may thwart copper erosion in case of drastic and rapid deposition. (author's) French Abstract: La présente étude a été réalisée dans le but de mieux comprendre le phénomène de corrosion du métal armant les DIU au cuivre sous l'influence des sécrétions utérines, d'en préciser les étapes et la localisation sur le DIU et de mieux cerner l'influence sur le phénomène d'éventuelles concrétions calcaires recouvrant les surfaces métalliques. Un total de 461 stérilets au cuivre de quatre modèles courants a fait l'objet d'un choix préalable à la loupe binoculaire et les spécimens considérés comme les plus spécifiques ont été étudiés au microscope électronique à balayage. Une analyse statistique a été appliquée aux données obtenues. L'étude du processus de corrosion du cuivre métallique en fonction du temps a permis de montrer qu'il affecte essentiellement la partie basse du DIU sans variations significatives entre les modèles. Il a en outre été possible de préciser les étapes du processus de corrosion et d'en décrire les aspects les plus caractéristiques. La corrosion du cuivre d'un DIU in utero est un phénomène normal qui se développe préférentiellement dans la partie basse du stérilet et peut entraîner la disparition totale du métal. L'initiation du processus comme son évolution dans le temps montrent une grande variation interindividuelle. Elle peut être contrariée, au moins en cas de calcification drastique et rapide par d'épais dépôts de vatérite isolant précocement la partie basse du dispositif. (de lauteur) Language: French Keywords: SUMMARY REPORT | SCREENING | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COPPER | METALS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 315203 |
| 14. Title: Copper hypersensitivity: dermatologic aspects -- an overview. Author: Hostynek JJ; Maibach HI Source: Reviews on Environmental Health. 2003 Jul-Sep;18(3):153-183. Abstract: Reports of immune hypersensitivity reactions of both the immediate and the delayed type following cutaneous or systemic exposure to copper are reviewed here in an endeavor to draw a comprehensive profile of the immunogenic potential of that metal and its compounds. The immunotoxic potential of the metal is also briefly reviewed. In principle, as noted for other transition metals, the electropositive copper ion is potentially immunogenic because of its ability to diffuse through biological membranes, forming complexes when in contact with tissue protein. Based on the results of the predictive guinea pig test and the local lymph node assay (LLNA), copper has a low sensitization potential. Reports of immune reactions to copper include immunologic contact urticaria (ICU), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), systemic allergic reactions (SAR) and contact stomatitis (STO), but considering the widespread use of copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the importance of copper in coinage, items of personal adornment and industry, unambiguous reports of sensitization to the metal are extremely rare, and even fewer are the cases that appear clinically relevant. Most reports of immune reactions to copper describe systemic exposure as a cause-predominantly to intrauterine devices and to prosthetic materials in dentistry-implicitly excluding the induction of hypersensitivity from contact with the skin as a risk factor. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | COPPER | ALLERGIC REACTION | DERMATITIS | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | URTICARIA | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 277495 |
| 15. Title: [Wilson disease in 2003] Wilson-kór 2003. Author: Szalay F Source: Orvosi Hetilap. 2003 Dec 14;144(50):2451-2458. Abstract: The actuality of this review is based on the results of a recent international consensus conference on the diagnosis and phenotypic classification of Wilson disease published in 2003. The mechanism of the genetically determined copper elimination failure and the copper toxicity, the clinical presentation forms, the diagnosis and treatment of the disease is reviewed. Wilson disease should be taken into consideration in case of any liver disease of unknown origin or neuropsychiatric symptoms. The internationally accepted scoring system is presented. (author's) Language: Hungarian Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | COPPER | MORBIDITY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | EXPOSURE | TOXICITY | LIVER DYSFUNCTION | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Risk Factors Document Number: 277888 |
| 16. Title: [The degradation of copper IUDs in utero over time: the process of calcification. A radiocrystallographic and scanning electron microscopy study] Degradation des D.I.U. in utero en fonction du temps: le phenomene de calcification. Etude radiocristallographique et au microscope electronique a balayage. Author: Chretien FC; Berthou J; Driguez PA Source: Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité. 2002 Jan;30(1):22-35. Abstract: A study was undertaken in order to determine the frequency of the process of calcification, to clarify the nature of the deposits, their arrangement along the IUD and their possible influence on the appearance of metrorrhagias. A total of 408 copper IUDs belonging to four standard models were observed by means of optical microscopy at low magnifications. The most typical samples were studied under the scanning electron microscope and deposits analyzed by crystallography. The data were analyzed statistically. It was possible to determine both the frequency and the importance of the process of calcification according to the model of IUD and to the bearing time, to demonstrate a preferential location of concretions and seems to indicate a sensitivity to the phenomenon that varies according to the model. It was also possible to clarify the stages of the process of calcification, to describe its most characteristic aspects and to identify the essential component of calcareous deposits. Calcification concerns roughly over 50% of IUDs in utero. It occurs preferentially on the fundic portion of an IUD. Obviously, the minimal time required for the phenomenon to start as well as to increase its intensity are submitted to strong individual variations. Concentrations are composed of vaterite, a distinct variety of carbonate of calcium. They do not seem to be the primary cause of possible metrorrhagias. (author's) Language: French Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CALCIUM | COPPER | METRORRHAGIA | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COMPLICATIONS | IUD COMPLICATIONS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 165287 |
| 17. Title: [Iron, copper and zinc in adolescents during pubertal growth spurt] Ferro, cobre e zinco em adolescentes no estirao pubertario. Author: Urbano MR; Vitalle MS; Juliano Y; Amancio OM Source: Jornal de Pediatria. 2002;78(4):327-34. Abstract: The objective was to examine iron, copper and zinc nutritional status and their correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI), serum and dietetic levels in adolescents during the pubertal growth spurt. A descriptive cross-sectional study involving a sample of 47 adolescents out of 360 patients (19 boys, whose ages ranged from 12.3 to 16 years and 28 girls, whose ages ranged from 11.1 to 13.6 years), who were seen at a clinic for adolescents from March to December 1999. The variables analyzed were: Diet (24 hours Dietary Recall, Food Frequency Intake Questionnaire and Food Register Methods) to determine iron, copper and zinc intake; anthropometry (weight and height) to check BMI; biochemistry (measure of serum iron level through a Diagnóstica kit in vitro; ferritin through Immulite kit, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for biochemical evaluation of serum iron, ferritin, copper and zinc. Spearman coefficient correlation was used for statistical analysis. Forty seven adolescents during pubertal growth spurt showed adequate ingestion: iron (95% and 36%), copper (53% and 57%) and zinc (21% and 21%) in males and females, respectively. Most of them were eutrophic according to the BMI percentiles. Biochemically, boys presented normal values for serum iron and zinc in the whole sample, 95% for copper and 84% for ferritin. Girls also presented normal values for iron and zinc values in the whole sample, 96.4% for copper and 96% for ferritin. There were no statistically significant correlation between BMI and serum Fe, ferritin, Cu and Zn concentrations and between serum concentration and dietetic ingestion of the studied minerals, neither between serum iron and ferritin. It is not clear if serum levels of Zn and Cu are floating during the growth process or if each adolescent has a stable level of these minerals during the pubertal growth spurt. Normal Fe, Cu and Zn serum levels in most adolescents evaluated may reflect the organism ability to accomplish homeostatic adjustments. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | IRON | COPPER | ZINC | PUBERTY | GROWTH | BODY WEIGHT | NUTRITION INDEXES | DIET | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Child Development | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 315169 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Intrauterine device and maternal copper metabolism during lactation. Author: da Cunha AC; Dorea JG; Cantuaria AA Source: Contraception. 2001 Jan;63(1):37-9. Abstract: The effects of IUD on maternal copper (Cu) metabolism during breast feeding was studied in 95 volunteer mothers who chose to use nonhormonal contraceptive methods. They were divided into two groups that were inserted with the IUD-Cu 380A (n = 33) and IUD-Cu 200B (n = 29), and a third group that did not use any IUDs served as control (n = 33). Endometrial biopsies, blood, and milk samples were collected before (at 10 weeks postpartum) and 6 weeks after insertion of device for the determination of metabolites associated with Cu metabolism, namely, serum ceruloplasmin, and Cu concentrations in breast milk and endometrium. Endometrial Cu concentration increased in women using IUDs, but was statistically significant (p = 0.001) only in the IUD-Cu 380A group. The increase in endometrial Cu concentration did not affect serum ceruloplasmin or milk Cu concentrations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | MOTHERS | COPPER | METABOLIC EFFECTS | BREASTFEEDING | LACTATION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Maternal Physiology Document Number: 155785 |
| 19. Title: Trace-element status in milk and plasma of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti lactating mothers. Author: Al-Awadi FM; Srikumar TS Source: Nutrition. 2000 Nov-Dec;16(11-12):1069-1073. Abstract: There is a wide variation in the reported data on the concentrations of trace elements in human milk from different countries, but such data are not available for Kuwait. The objective of this study was to analyze the concentration of zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in milk and plasma of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti mothers during prolonged lactation. Milk samples (from 34 donors) were collected early in the morning before feeding the infant. Trace elements were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Protein content and activity of superoxide dismutase were assayed spectrophotometrically. Concentration of zinc, copper, iron, and total protein and activity of superoxide dismutase in milk and of only zinc in plasma of Kuwaiti mothers were significantly higher than those of non-Kuwaitis. Concentration of zinc, copper, manganese, and total protein in milk of both groups decreased as lactation continued but that of milk iron and plasma trace elements remained unchanged. The data of Kuwaiti mothers are consistent with those of previous reports on hyperurecemia, and the prevalence of obesity was found to be higher in the Kuwaiti population than in other countries. High protein content in association with high concentration of trace elements in milk of Kuwaiti versus non-Kuwaiti mothers may indicate that protein content in milk is an important determining factor for the concentration and bioavailability of these elements. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | LACTATION | HUMAN MILK | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | ZINC | IRON | COPPER | BLOOD PROTEINS | Middle East | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Metals | Hemic System Document Number: 181249 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Copper corrosion-simulated uterine solutions. Author: Bastidas JM; Cano E; Mora N Source: Contraception. 2000 Jun;61(6):395-9. Abstract: The authors studied the copper corrosion and product layers originating in a simulated uterine solution at pH values 6.3 and 8.0 for 15, 65, 180, and 360 days at 37 degrees Celsius. Absorbance measurements were performed. Corrosion product layers on the copper surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, and x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy techniques. Copper release for pH 6.3 and 8.0 was 3.4-4.5 mcg/day for 15 days and 0.1-0.3 mcg/day for 360 days. Of the order of 30-40% of dissolved cupric ions were trapped in the product layers. The main compounds identified were cuprite, calcite, and phosphates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COPPER | IN VITRO | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 151316 |
| 21. Title: Reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates in copper intrauterine device users. Author: Anjalika; Gupta I; Gupta SK; Ganguly NK Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1999 Jan;59(1):67-70. Abstract: There is evidence of an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the endometrium after insertion of a copper IUD. When activated, these macrophages secrete two groups of toxic metabolites that interact with each other: reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). The mechanism of action of the copper in copper IUDs as an antimicrobial agent is not well understood. The present study measured ROI and RNI levels in 20 copper IUD users from Chandigarh, India, before and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after insertion. A statistically significant decrease in RNI levels was observed at each postinsertion time. In contrast, ROI levels showed an initial fall at 1 week postinsertion followed by a rise at 4 and 12 weeks. Control of infection has been found to be associated with this pattern of a rise in ROI and fall in RNI. (The initial fall in ROI at 1 week observed in the present study is assumed to be an anomaly related to the introduction of microbials during IUD insertion.) The copper in a copper IUD could be responsible for limiting pelvic inflammatory infection. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COPPER | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 141973 |
| 22. Title: The effects of oral contraceptive use on iron and copper concentrations in breast milk. Author: Dorea JG; Miazaki ES Source: FERTILITY AND STERILITY.. 1999 Aug;72(2):297-301. Abstract: This study examines the effects of oral contraceptive (OC) treatment on maternal iron and copper metabolism during lactation. The sample included lactating mothers attending the family planning clinic at the University of Brasilia. Participants were divided into 3 groups: 1) mothers who were taking combination pills (0.15 mg levonorgestrel and 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol); 2) those who were taking minipills (0.35 mg norethindrone); and 3) a control group. Blood and breast milk samples were collected before and after a measured period of OC treatment. Results showed no significant effects of OC use on either iron or copper concentrations in serum during lactation. However, copper concentrations were significantly affected with the stage of lactation (iron, P = 0.9619; copper, P = 0.0002) as reflected in the multivariate model analysis. Therefore, the use of OCs does not appear to affect significantly the secretion of iron and copper in breast milk during the first 6 months of lactation. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LEVONORGESTREL | NORETHINDRONE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | IRON | COPPER | HUMAN MILK | LACTATION | ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Maternal Physiology | Research Methodology Document Number: 143483 |
| 23. Title: Trace mineral balance in acute diarrhea of infants. Association to etiological agents and lactose content of formula. [Balance de minerales traza en diarrea infantil aguda. Asociación a los agentes etiológicos y al contenido de lactosa de la fórmula] Author: Castillo-Duran C; Venegas G; Villalobos JC; Gatica L; Rodriguez A Source: Nutrition Research. 1998 May;18(5):799-808. Abstract: We studied zinc and copper losses during dehydrating acute diarrhea requiring hospitalization, in relation to etiological agents and lactose content of formula, in previously healthy infants. We analyzed 39 male infants, 2-10 mo of age, infected with rotavirus (Rt, n=21) or enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC, n=18). Metabolic balance studies were carried out during the initial 48 h. (Period 1) and on days 6 and 7 after admission (Period 2). All patients were offered oral rehydration solution (Na 90 mEq/L); refeeding began within 4 h of admission. The infants were randomly assigned to a cow's milk based formula (F I) or to the same formula with previous lactose digestion (F II). Fecal Zn losses were greater than intake and Zn balance was not significantly different in Rt and EPEC infected infants fed any formula, during P1; apparent mean zinc absorption was over 76% in all the groups during P2. Zn retentions were, during P1: Rt, F I -53± 39.2, Rt, F II -43± 42.1; EPEC, F I -27± 21.6, and EPEC, F II -39± 56.5 µg/kg/d. Fecal Cu losses decreased from P1 to P2 (p<0.01). Cu retentions remained negative during P1 and P2. No differences attributable to the diarrheal agents were observed in plasma Zn and Cu levels, but plasma Zn increased from P1 to P2 among infants infected with rotavirus and fed lactose formula. We conclude that the considerable Zn and Cu losses for infants with acute diarrhea due to rotavirus and treated with ORS solution and early refeeding, are not different from those of infants infected with enteropathogenic E.coli and treated similarly. Copper balances remain negative during recovery from diarrhea. The lactose content of the formula influences plasma zinc and plasma copper levels of infants with acute diarrhea due to rotavirus. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Se estudió la pérdida de zinc y cobre durante cuadros de diarrea aguda deshidratante que requirieron internación, en relación con los agentes etiológicos y el contenido de lactosa de la fórmula, en lactantes previamente sanos. Se examinaron 39 lactantes de sexo masculino, de 2 a 10 meses de edad, infectados por rotavirus (Rt, n = 21) o E. coli enteropatogénica (EPEC, [enteropathogenic E. coli] n = 18). Se realizaron estudios para determinar el balance metabólico durante las primeras 48 horas (Período 1) y en los días 6 y 7 posteriores al ingreso (Período 2). Todos los pacientes recibieron una solución de rehidratación oral (ORS, oral rehydration solution) (Na 90 mEq/l) y se los realimentó dentro de las 4 horas posteriores al ingreso. Los bebés se asignaron aleatoriamente a una fórmula a base de leche de vaca (FI) o a la misma fórmula con lactosa predigerida (F II). La excreción fecal del zinc fue superior a su ingesta y el balance del mineral no difirió significativamente en los lactantes infectados por rotavirus o E. coli, independientemente de la fórmula empleada para su alimentación, durante el Período 1; la absorción media aparente de zinc fue superior al 76% en todos los grupos durante el Período 2. Las retenciones de zinc durante el Período 1 fueron: Rt, F I -53+/- 39,2; Rt, F II -43+/- 42,1; EPEC, F I -27+/- 21,6; y EPEC, F II -39+/- 56,5 µg/kg/d. La excreción fecal de cobre se redujo del Período 1 al Período 2 (p < 0,01). Las retenciones de cobre continuaron siendo negativas durante ambos períodos. No se observaron diferencias atribuibles a los agentes causantes de la diarrea en los niveles plasmáticos de zinc ni de cobre, sin embargo, el zinc plasmático aumentó del Período 1 al Período 2 entre los lactantes infectados por rotavirus y alimentados con la fórmula de lactosa. Se concluye que la considerable pérdida de zinc y cobre en los lactantes con diarrea aguda provocada por rotavirus y tratada con solución de rehidratación oral y realimentación temprana, no difiere de la de los bebés infectados por E. coli enteropatogénica que recibieron el mismo tratamiento. Los balances de cobre continuaron siendo negativos durante la recuperación de la diarrea. El contenido de lactosa de la fórmula afecta los niveles plasmáticos de zinc y cobre en los lactantes con diarrea aguda provocada por rotavirus. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | MEN | SERUM ZINC LEVEL | SERUM COPPER LEVEL | ORAL REHYDRATION | DIARRHEA | ZINC | COPPER | MILK SUBSTITUTES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Drugs Document Number: 182570 |
| 24. Title: Corrosion behavior of copper in a copper bearing intrauterine device in the presence of indomethacin. Author: Xue H; Xu N; Zhang C Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1998 Jan;57(1):49-53. Abstract: The effects of indomethacin--a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor introduced to copper-bearing IUDs to reduce the incidence of postinsertion bleeding--on copper corrosion were investigated in vitro in simulated uterine fluid by Chinese researchers. Indomethacin was introduced to the solution either in various amounts of powdered preparation or in indomethacin-releasing Silastic of different contents. Electrochemical polarization resistance measurements indicated that indomethacin powder slightly increased the copper corrosion rate if the pH of the fluid was not under control, but did not affect corrosion when the pH was adjusted daily to maintain some constancy. Indomethacin-releasing Silastic produced similar effects. X-ray diffraction revealed that, after immersion in the simulated uterine fluid for 7 days, only cuprous oxide was formed on the copper substrate surface, regardless of the presence of indomethacin. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the oxide particles formed were more course and dense in the presence of indomethacin, however. Although these findings suggest that indomethacin does not affect the general corrosion rate of copper, further research is required to verify reduced ion generation. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COPPER | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 132569 |
| 25. Title: Effect of stainless steel on corrosion behavior of copper in a copper-bearing intrauterine device. Author: Xue H; Xu N; Zhang C Source: ADVANCES IN CONTRACEPTION. 1998 Jun;14(2):153-60. Abstract: The enhanced contraceptive action of copper-bearing IUDs is generally attributed to the copper ions released as a result of corrosion in the uterus. The effect of a stainless steel frame on this process was investigated in an in vitro study of the Chinese Model alpha-26 copper IUD (an integration of copper, stainless steel, and indomethacin for bleeding control). With increasing saline pH, the open-circuit potential of stainless steel became more active; the opposite process occurred for copper. Electrical contact of two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte forms a galvanic couple, with the metal with the more active potential serving as anode. Corrosion on the anode of the couple usually exceeds its corrosion before the electrical connection of the two metals. On the other hand, galvanic action generally causes a reduction in the corrosion rate of the cathodic member of the couple. The in vitro evidence supported these generalizations. When stainless steel was in an active state and became the anode, copper turned into the cathode and its corrosion was suppressed. When stainless steel was in the passive state and acted as the cathode, the contact accelerated copper corrosion. The larger the area of stainless steel, the greater the acceleration of copper corrosion. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | STAINLESS STEEL | COPPER | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 137555 |
| 26. Title: Characterization of corrosion products on a copper-containing intrauterine device during storage at room temperature. Author: Bastidas JM; Simancas J Source: BIOMATERIALS. 1997 Feb;18(3):247-50. Abstract: Metallurgists in Madrid, Spain, conducted a study to identify the corrosion products formed on the copper (dimensions = 4.5 mm x 4 mm; thickness = 0.4 mm) of TCu 380 IUDs during storage at room temperature for 30 months. They placed the IUD in a sealed bag and sterilized it with ethylene oxide at 40 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of 35%. The researchers used the experimental techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy to characterize the copper surfaces and the approximate element composition of the surface as a function of depth. They compared an uncorroded copper- containing IUD of red color with a corroded copper- containing IUD of brown color. The techniques revealed that copper cuprite (Cu2O) formed the inner layer and that tenorite (CuO) formed the outermost layer. CuO was the main compound (about 73%). Cu2O accounted for the red color on the uncorroded copper samples, while CuO accounted for the brown color on the corroded copper samples. CuO obstructs the diffusion of copper ions, which may reduce the effectiveness of a corroded copper IUD. During storage, copper-containing IUDs should be stored in completely sealed bags and under appropriate conditions of temperature and relative humidity to prevent copper corrosion. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COPPER | LOGISTICS | TIME FACTORS | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Management | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 121471 |
| 27. Title: [Evaluation of oxidant stress and antioxidant protection in the malnourished Moroccan child] Evaluation du stress oxydant et des defenses antioxydantes chez l'enfant malnutri marocain. Author: Squali Houssaini FZ; Arnaud J; Richard MJ; Renversez JC; Favier A Source: ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM. 1997;41(3):149-59. Abstract: In Morocco, malnutrition is a public health problem. Indeed, 25% of 6- to 60-month-old children suffer from malnutrition. Imbalance between antioxidant protection and prooxidant stress has been reported to accurately predict the survival of malnourished children. Therefore, the authors determined blood antioxidant vitamins (retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and carotenoids), trace elements (serum zinc, copper, and selenium), and enzymes (erythrocyte Se glutathione peroxydase and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase) as well as blood oxidative stress index [ferritine, thiobarbituric-acid reactants (TBARS)] in 21 children suffering from severe malnutrition, 15 children suffering from mild malnutrition, and 20 healthy controls. Selenium, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and carotenoids were significantly decreased in malnourished children. These decreases were related to the severity of malnutrition. Moreover, the percentage of vitamin and trace element concentrations under deficient cutoff were high in malnourished children. On the contrary, TBARS, ferritin, and prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI) were significantly increased in malnourished children. Except for TBARS, these increases were related to the severity of malnutrition. On the other hand, blood retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and selenium were negatively related to alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Blood beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, carotenes, and copper were positively related to weight. Finally, blood lutein/zeaxanthin and copper were positively related to height. These results confirm the imbalance between antioxidant protective factors and oxidative stress index in malnourished children. Moreover, the decrease in antioxidant protective factors is related to inflammation or stature. These results suggest that antioxidant micronutrient supplementation of the refeeding diet could be required in the nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished children. (author's) Language: French Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | COPPER | ZINC | CHILD NUTRITION | DIET | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | Developing Countries | Africa, Northern | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Metals | Nutrition | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 128922 |
| 28. Title: Systemic contact dermatitis to copper-containing IUD. Author: Purello d'Ambrosio F; Ricciardi L; Isola S; Gangemi S; Cilia M; Levanti C; Marcazzo A Source: ALLERGY. 1996 Sep;51(9):658-9. Abstract: Although copper sulfate can cause systemic contact dermatitis, few such cases have been recorded among copper-releasing IUD users. Reported in this paper is a case of endometritis and urticaria-angioedema syndrome in a 32-year-old user of a copper IUD. Widespread urticaria, as well as angioedema of the eyelids and the labia majora and minora, persisted for about 6 months and were not responsive to corticosteroids and H1-antagonists. Copper sulfate positivity was demonstrated in 72-hour patch test, 48-hour application of the copper spiral to forearm, and in vitro lymphocyte-stimulating test. Histologic examination of the endometrial biopsy revealed vulvovaginitis with hyperplasia of the cervical canal and T-cell and eosinophilic granulocyte infiltration. Removal of the IUD caused complete symptom remission. In experimental animals with a radioactively labeled copper IUD, small amounts of copper sulfate are absorbed through the mucus membrane and carried to the cutis through the blood or lymph. In the cutis, the allergen is intercepted from antigen-presenting cells and recognized by T cells that migrate to the lymph nodes with blastic transformation, proliferation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and cytokine production. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | CASE STUDIES | COPPER | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | ENDOMETRITIS | DERMATITIS | SIDE EFFECTS | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 119544 |
| 29. Title: Daily dietary intake of copper, zinc, and selenium of exclusively breast-fed infants of middle-class women in Burundi, Africa. Author: Robberecht H; Benemariya H; Deelstra H Source: BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH. 1995 Aug-Sep;49(2-3):151-9. Abstract: Copper and zinc are essential trace elements in the human diet, while selenium is a trace element essential for the activity of glutathione peroxidase and type I iodothyronine 5-deiodinase. Infants need to consume enough of each of these elements in order to grow and develop satisfactorily. The authors investigated the levels of copper, zinc, and selenium in human milk of middle-class Burundian women during the first ten months of lactation. Wet acid digestion, nitric and perchloric acids, and atomic absorption spectrometric analysis were employed in the assessment. The daily infant intakes of copper decreased from 0.39 mg to 0.16 mg over the ten-month period, zinc from 2.3 mg to 1.2 mg, and selenium from 10.9 mcg to 5.3 mcg. The higher values were obtained through the ingestion of colostrum, while the lower values were the result of consuming mature milk. Comparison of these findings with literature data show the nutrient intake levels of these Burundian infants to be slightly higher than those observed in other poorly nourished countries. The recommended safe and adequate daily intake for infants aged 0-6 months, as proposed by the US National Research Council, is only met for Burundian infants younger than age one month. Language: English Keywords: BURUNDI | RESEARCH REPORT | ZINC | COPPER | METALS | DIET | INFANT NUTRITION | HUMAN MILK | BREASTFEEDING | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Lactation | Maternal Physiology | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 114204 |
| 30. Title: IUDs and ectopic pregnancy [letter] Author: Sivin I Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1995 Nov;52(5):321. Abstract: In an earlier article, investigators reported the results of their meta-analysis of case control studies to examine the risk of ectopic pregnancy among IUD users. Their conclusions were: current IUD use did not increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy among nonpregnant women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06); past IUD use could somewhat increase the risk (OR = 1.4); and there were no significant differences in the risk of ectopic pregnancy between the various IUDs. Yet each OR can be different over time and place. Each OR would rely on the proportion of non-pregnant contraceptive users and the contraceptive type. The smaller the proportion of sexually active contraceptive users of childbearing age, the greater the risk of ectopic pregnancy in that group, since non-users have no protection against pregnancy. The more effective the contraceptive, the lower the risk of ectopic pregnancy. One of the investigators had found seven years earlier that IUDs with copper surface areas of 350-380 sq. mm had significantly lower ectopic pregnancy rates than those with 200 sq. mm of copper. In the seven-year span between the two reviews, the number of woman-years of use of CuT380 IUDs and that of Multiload 375 increased from 1900 to 13,100 and from 637 to 2500, respectively. A later review had again found a statistically significant difference between IUDs with 200 sq. mm of copper and those with larger surface areas. Most IUDs reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy in users, when compared to non-users, both pregnant and non-pregnant, as the reference group. Some contraceptive methods are associated with a lower risk of ectopic pregnancy than many IUDs. Yet the CuT 380 IUD and other IUDs with large copper surface areas and an IUD releasing levonorgestrel at a rate of 20 mcg/day protect against ectopic pregnancy as well as most protective contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | IUD | PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | COPPER | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 111668 |
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