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Peer Reviewed

Title: Expanding access to intrauterine contraception.
Author: Allen RH; Goldberg AB; Grimes DA
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun 13;
Abstract: The intrauterine device is a safe, highly effective, long-lasting, yet reversible method of contraception. Expanding access to intrauterine contraception is an important measure to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States. Clinicians should consider intrauterine contraception in appropriate candidates, including women who are nulliparous, adolescent, immediately postpartum or postabortal, and desiring emergency contraception, and as an alternative to permanent sterilization. Barriers to intrauterine contraception such as requiring cervical cancer screening before insertion, routine testing for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection in low-risk women, or scheduling insertion only during menses are unnecessary.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MISINFORMATION | CONTRAINDICATIONS | INSERTION | PAIN | IUD EXPULSION | NULLIPARITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 341709

Peer Reviewed

Title: The use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in contraception and its potential impact on skeletal health.
Author: Guilbert ER; Brown JP; Kaunitz AM; Wagner MS; Berube J; Charbonneau L; Francoeur D; Gilbert A; Gilbert F; Roy G; Senikas V; Jacob R; Morin R
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):167-77.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the fall of 2007, the controversy about the contraceptive use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and its potential impact on skeletal health reached the media in the province of Quebec, Canada, thereby becoming a matter of concern for the lay public and physicians. In order to discuss this subject openly, the National Institute of Public Health of Quebec (INSPQ) organized a scientific meeting on February 15, 2008, with targeted physicians delegated by their medical associations in the fields of general practice, obstetrics and gynaecology, rheumatology, orthopaedic surgery, physiatry and endocrinology. STUDY DESIGN: Participants reviewed the scientific literature using the study classification method according to the level of evidence, reviewed published guidelines of medical societies and organizations on the subject and reached a consensus position. This manuscript presents a review of the literature and describes the consensus position of the targeted medical associations. RESULTS: The consensus position adopted by all the targeted medical associations determined that DMPA was a cost-effective contraceptive option that must be considered in the light of the clinical situation and preference of each woman. Candidates for injectable contraception should be informed that the use of DMPA is associated with a slight decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), which is largely, if not completely, reversible. There should not be an absolute limit to the length of time that the DMPA contraceptive is used, regardless of the woman's age. Monitoring BMD is not recommended among users of DMPA for contraceptive purposes. Finally, the consensus statement declared that, although supplements of calcium and vitamin D are beneficial for skeletal health for women in general, such supplementation should not be recommended solely based on a woman's use of DMPA. CONCLUSION: Given the scientific evidences, DMPA use remains a valid contraceptive option for women. Its potential impact on BMD must be balanced against the significant individual, familial and social consequences of unintended pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLASSIFICATION | PHYSICIANS | DEPO-PROVERA | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | SKELETAL EFFECTS | SIDE EFFECTS | PANEL DISCUSSION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | TIME FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Group Meeting | Communication | Safety | Public Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 330061

Peer Reviewed

Title: Non - contraceptive benefits and risks of contraception
Author: Haider Z; D'Souza R
Source: Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):249-262.
Abstract: Contraception is primarily used to prevent pregnancy. However, a user should be aware of both the possible non-contraceptive benefits she/he may experience and any potential risks to her/his health. These issues should be discussed as fully as possible, using current, evidence-based information prior to commencing a method. Some methods may be prescribed solely for their noncontraceptive benefits for a woman who does not require it for contraception. Potential risks to a woman?s health may make certain methods unacceptable if concurrent medical problems or lifestyle issues exist. This chapter discusses the main non-contraceptive benefits and risks for each contraceptive method in turn.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | RISK ASSESSMENT | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341507

Title: A survey of New Zealand RANZCOG Fellows on their use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device in adolescents.
Author: Paterson H; Miller D; Devenish C
Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;49(2):220-5.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) is an established treatment for adult women. Although it is being used in adolescents, there is little published research in this age group to date. Recent reviews and editorials have challenged the long-held views that intrauterine devices should not be used in young women. AIMS: This study aimed to identify the patterns of use, including indications and contraindications of the LNG-IUD in adolescents by RANZCOG Fellows practising in New Zealand. METHODS: A postal survey of New Zealand RANZCOG Fellows on their use of the LNG-IUD in females aged 10-19 years. RESULTS: There was a 72% response rate. Half of the respondents had inserted the LNG-IUD in adolescents. Non-inserters identified a significantly greater number of contraindications than inserters (chi2, P < 0.0001). Over half of those respondents who had inserted a device in an adolescent did so fewer than three times per year. Intellectual disability and endometriosis, both unlicensed indications, were the two most commonly identified circumstances for insertion by respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of insertion of the LNG-IUD in adolescents by RANZCOG Fellows in New Zealand differ and there was equipoise over its use. Further research is required to establish the efficacy, safety and acceptability of the LNG-IUD in adolescents.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW ZEALAND | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PHYSICIANS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRAINDICATIONS | INSERTION | ENDOMETRIOSIS | MENTAL RETARDATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | Oceania | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Diseases | Intelligence | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 342382

5.
Title: Contraception and thrombophilia.
Author: Rott H; Krumpel A; Kappert G; Nowak-Gottl U; Halimeh S
Source: Hamostaseologie. 2009 May;29(2):193-6.
Abstract: The risk of thromboembolic events (TE) is increased by acquired or inherited thrombophilias (IT). We know that some hormonal contraceptives also increase the risk of thrombosis, thus, the use of such contraceptives are discussed as contraindications in women with IT. TEs are infrequent events in children and adolescents and in the majority of cases are associated with secondary complications from underlying chronic illness. Although adolescents are not typically considered to be at high-risk for TE, this cohort is frequently using hormonal contraception, leading to an increased risk in cases with unknown IT. The risk of TE with pregnancy alone is higher than associated with combined hormonal contraception. Progestin-only methods have not been found to increase the risk of TE with only moderate changes of coagulation proteins compared to normal reference values . Conclusion: Thrombophilic women are good candidates for progestin-only contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Contraceptive Agents, Female
Document Number: 331280

Title: Helping women choose appropriate hormonal contraception: update on risks, benefits, and indications.
Author: Spencer AL; Bonnema R; McNamara MC
Source: American Journal of Medicine. 2009 Jun;122(6):497-506.
Abstract: Primary care physicians frequently provide contraceptive counseling to women who are interested in family planning, have medical conditions that may be worsened by pregnancy, or have medical conditions that necessitate the use of potentially teratogenic medications. Effective counseling requires up-to-date knowledge about hormonal contraceptive methods that differ in hormone dosage, cycle length, and hormone-free intervals and are delivered by oral, transdermal, transvaginal, injectable, or implantable routes. Effective counseling also requires an understanding of a woman's preferences and medical history as well as the risks, benefits, side effects, and contraindications of each contraceptive method. This article is designed to update physicians on this information.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 341531

Title: Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems.
Author: ESHRE Capri Workshop Group
Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2008;14(3):197-208.
Abstract: From a public health viewpoint, the intrauterine device (IUD) is the most widely used contraceptive method in the world. Prevalence rates range among countries from 2 to 80% of contraceptive users. During 5 years of IUD use, pregnancy occurs in less than 2 per 100 insertions. Bleeding and pain are the most common reasons for removal rates of 10% in the first year and up to 50% within 5 years. The contraceptive effects of IUDs may be due to a sterile inflammatory reaction in the endometrial cavity which interferes with sperm function, so that fertilization is less likely to occur. IUDs also interfere with implantation but the extent to which this contributes to their contraceptive action is unknown. In nulliparous women rates of expulsion and removal for bleeding and/or pain are higher than in parous women. Effective use of IUDs for up to 10 years has the same pregnancy rate as tubal interruption. Thus, the IUD may be an alternative to female sterilization, especially in younger women who are more likely to experience regret after sterilization. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) reduces bleeding and dysmenorrhoea, provides superior effectiveness to copper IUDs, and may be a useful treatment for endometriosis or an alternative to hysterectomy for menorrhagia. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | IUD | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRAINDICATIONS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | COMPLICATIONS | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Diseases | Public Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness
Document Number: 326133

Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate contraceptive implants.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Contraceptive and Reproductive HealthTechnologies Research and Utilization Program [CRTU]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], Family Health International [FHI], CRTU, 2008. [3] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: Family Health International's Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies and Research Utilization (CRTU) program is pleased to announce the release of a new family planning checklist for screening clients who want to initiate the use of contraceptive implants. Contraceptive implants are matchstick-sized rods that contain progestin. Implanted beneath the skin of a woman's upper arm, the progestin is slowly released over 3 to 5 years. Contraceptive implants, such as Norplant, Jadelle, Sinoplant, and Implanon, are safe and effective for use by most women. For some women, implants are generally not recommended because of the presence of certain medical conditions, such as some liver tumors or breast cancer. This new checklist is designed to help health care providers screen clients for certain medical conditions to determine if they are appropriate candidates. The implants checklist is based on recommendations included in the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO MEC 2004; updated 2008). The checklist can be used by appropriately trained health care providers including nurses, nurse-midwives, nurse-practitioners, midwives, and physicians.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | SCREENING | USAID | CONTRAINDICATIONS | PREGNANCY | QUESTIONNAIRES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Treatment | Reproduction
Document Number: 308939

10.

Title: [Family planning: a global handbook for providers. Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration]
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Reproductive Health and Research; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health [INFO]
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 2008. [489] p. (WHO Family Planning Cornerstone)
Abstract: This new handbook on family planning methods and related topics is the first of its kind. Through an organized, collaborative process, experts from around the world have come to consensus on practical guidance that reflects the best available scientific evidence. The World Health Organization (WHO) convened this process. Many major technical assistance and professional organizations have endorsed and adopted this guidance. This book serves as a quick-reference resource for all levels of health care workers. It is the successor to The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology, first published in 1997 by the Center for Communication Programs at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. In format and organization it resembles the earlier handbook. At the same time, all of the content of Essentials has been re-examined, new evidence has been gathered, guidance has been revised where needed, and gaps have been filled. This handbook reflects the family planning guidance developed by WHO. Also, this book expands on the coverage of Essentials: It addresses briefly other needs of clients that come up in the course of providing family planning. (excerpt)
Language: Russian
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | WHO | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Family Planning Programs | Education | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 328129

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Emergency contraception: A review.
Author: Bastianelli C; Farris M; Benagiano G
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Mar;13(1):9-16.
Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC), also known as 'the morning after pill', or post-coital contraception, is a modality of preventing the establishment of a pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. Both a hormonal and an intrauterine form are available. Modern hormonal EC, with low side effects, was first proposed by Yuzpe in 1974. More recently, a new regimen, consisting of levonorgestrel administered alone, was introduced and found in clinical trials to be more effective (if taken as early as possible), and associated with less side effects than the Yuzpe regimen, which it has gradually replaced. The WHO developed another regimen based on the use of the selective progesterone receptor modulator (antiprogestin) mifepristone and conducted trials with different dosages. Intrauterine EC was first proposed by Lippes in 1976. It has the advantage of being applicable for almost a week and the disadvantage of a greater complexity. In addition, this modality is solely interceptive, acting by preventing implantation. Pregnancy rates reported following EC using an intrauterine device with more than 300 mm/2 of copper are consistently low (0.1-0.2%). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | RU-486 | IUD | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUG INTERACTIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 324654

12.

13.

Title: Intrauterine devices (IUDs). Second edition. Trainer's guide.
Author: Solter C
Source: Watertown, Massachusetts, Pathfinder International, 2008 Feb. 99 p.
Abstract: This training manual was developed for use in training physicians, nurses, and midwives. It is designed to actively involve the participants in the learning process. Sessions include simulation skills practice, discussions, case studies, role plays and clinical practice, using objective knowledge, attitude, and skills checklists. At the end of this course, the participant will be able to describe the IUD as an effective family planning method, counsel and screen clients seeking IUDs, respond to rumors and misconceptions about the IUD, provide insertion and removal services for IUD clients, recognize common side effects and complications, and provide follow up care for IUD acceptors. The manual includes a set of knowledge assessment questions, skills checklists, trainer resources, participant materials, training evaluation tools, and a bibliography. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | COUNSELORS | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | IUD | CONTRAINDICATIONS | PROCEDURES | ATTITUDES | HEALTH EDUCATION MATERIALS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health Education
Document Number: 325494

14.

15.

Title: Family planning: a global handbook for providers. Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Reproductive Health and Research; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health [INFO]
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 2007. [383] p. (WHO Family Planning Cornerstone)
Abstract: This new handbook on family planning methods and related topics is the first of its kind. Through an organized, collaborative process, experts from around the world have come to consensus on practical guidance that reflects the best available scientific evidence. The World Health Organization (WHO) convened this process. Many major technical assistance and professional organizations have endorsed and adopted this guidance. This book serves as a quick-reference resource for all levels of health care workers. It is the successor to The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology, first published in 1997 by the Center for Communication Programs at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. In format and organization it resembles the earlier handbook. At the same time, all of the content of Essentials has been re-examined, new evidence has been gathered, guidance has been revised where needed, and gaps have been filled. This handbook reflects the family planning guidance developed by WHO. Also, this book expands on the coverage of Essentials: It addresses briefly other needs of clients that come up in the course of providing family planning. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | WHO | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Family Planning Programs | Education | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 315301

16.

Title: [Family planning: a global handbook for providers. Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration] Planificacion familiar: un manual mundial para proveedores. Orientacion basada en la evidencia desarrollada gracias a la colaboracion mundial.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Reproductive Health and Research; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs. Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health [INFO]
Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 2007. [383] p. (WHO Family Planning Cornerstone)
Abstract: This new handbook on family planning methods and related topics is the first of its kind. Through an organized, collaborative process, experts from around the world have come to consensus on practical guidance that reflects the best available scientific evidence. The World Health Organization (WHO) convened this process. Many major technical assistance and professional organizations have endorsed and adopted this guidance. This book serves as a quick-reference resource for all levels of health care workers. It is the successor to The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology, first published in 1997 by the Center for Communication Programs at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. In format and organization it resembles the earlier handbook. At the same time, all of the content of Essentials has been re-examined, new evidence has been gathered, guidance has been revised where needed, and gaps have been filled. This handbook reflects the family planning guidance developed by WHO. Also, this book addresses briefly other needs of clients that come up in the course of providing family planning. (excerpt)
Spanish Abstract: Este nuevo manual sobre metodos de planificacion familiar y temas conexos es el primero de sutipo. A traves de un proceso organizado de colaboracion, expertos de todo el mundo han llegado a un consenso en torno a la orientacion practica que refleja la mejor evidencia cient�fica disponible. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) fue quien hizo el llamamiento para este proceso. Muchas organizaciones profesionales y de asistencia tecnica importantes dieron su aval y adoptaron estas orientaciones. Este libro sirve de fuente de referencia rapida para trabajadores de la asistencia medica a todo nivel. Sigue a The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology, publicado por primera vez en 1997 por el Centro para Programas de Comunicacion en la Facultad de Salud Publica Bloomberg de la Universidad Johns Hopkins. En cuanto a su formato y organizacion, es parecido al manual inicial. Paralelamente, se ha reexaminado todo el contenido del Essentials, se ha obtenido nueva evidencia, se han revisado las orientaciones donde ha sido necesario, y se han llenado vac�os. Este manual refleja la orientacion en planificacion familiar desarrollada por la OMS. Ademas, este libro analiza brevemente otras necesidades de los usuarios que surgen en el transcurso de la prestacion de la planificacion familiar.
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | WHO | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Family Planning Programs | Education | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 323078

17.

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The safety and complications of Norplant use in Calabar.
Author: Ekabua JE; Itam IH
Source: Tropical Doctor. 2007 Jan;37(1):37-39.
Abstract: Four hundred and seven Norplant insertions were performed over a 2 year period, from January 1998 to December 1999. The clients were followed up over a period of 36 months ending in June 2002. The overall complication rate was 22.6%, and the cumulative continuation rate was 84.0%.Menstrual bleeding disturbances were the most common reported complication in 50 (12.3%) clients. However, there was no significant change in packed cell volume among those clients. Desire for pregnancy was the most common reason for discontinuing Norplant use in 24 (5.9%) cases. Norplant was inadvertently inserted in a client who was pregnant, 3 months after her last confinement. The implants were removed after 8 week use, and the pregnancy was carried to term. There was no fetal abnormality. Thirty-one (7.6%) clients were lost to follow-up. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE REMOVAL | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 316507

19.

Title: The role of medical and social history in addressing relative contraindications to antiretroviral medications.
Author: Kabue MM; Risser JM; Grimes RM
Source: Malawi Medical Journal. 2007 Jun;19(2):89.
Abstract: A cross-sectional, descriptive study that utilized selfadministered questionnaire responses from 100 systematically selected patients at a public HIV clinic (Northwest Clinic; facility serving low-income patients in Houston, United States), was done in 2004. The aim was to determine how often potential contraindications are encountered to ARVs recommended to initiate ART, based on medical and social/ lifestyle history. Six ART regimens recommended by the US Department of Health and Human Services in 2005, were examined. The regimens are: 1) Efavirenz, Lamivudine & Zidovudine, 2) Efavirenz, Lamivudine & Tenofovir DF, 3) Efavirenz, Emtricitabine & Zidovudine, 4) Efavirenz, Emtricitabine & Tenofovir DF, 5) Kaletra (Lopinavir/ Ritonavir), Lamivudine & Zidovudine, and 6) Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), Emtricitabine & Zidovudine. Data were first were analyzed on each antiretroviral drug and then in regimens. Package inserts and treatment guidelines were reviewed for possible medical/medications history and lifestyle contraindications. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CONTRAINDICATIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | LIFE STYLE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | Behavior
Document Number: 321979

20.

21.

Title: Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
Author: Markowitz LE; Dunne EF; Saraiya M; Lawson HW; Chesson H; Unger ER
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2007 Mar 12;56:1-24.
Abstract: These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on June 8, 2006. This report summarizes the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccine, and provides recommendations for its use for vaccination among females aged 9-26 years in the United States. Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States; an estimated 6.2 million persons are newly infected every year. Although the majority of infections cause no clinical symptoms and are self-limited, persistent infection with oncogenic types can cause cervical cancer in women. HPV infection also is the cause of genital warts and is associated with other anogenital cancers. Cervical cancer rates have decreased in the United States because of widespread use of Papanicolaou testing, which can detect precancerous lesions of the cervix before they develop into cancer; nevertheless, during 2007, an estimated 11,100 new cases will be diagnosed and approximately 3,700 women will die from cervical cancer. In certain countries where cervical cancer screening is not routine, cervical cancer is a common cancer in women. The licensed HPV vaccine is composed of the HPV L1 protein, the major capsid protein of HPV. Expression of the L1 protein in yeast using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLP) that resemble HPV virions. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is a mixture of four HPV type-specific VLPs prepared from the L1 proteins of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 combined with an aluminum adjuvant. Clinical trials indicate that the vaccine has high efficacy in preventing persistent HPV infection, cervical cancer precursor lesions, vaginal and vulvar cancer precursor lesions, and genital warts caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, or 18 among females who have not already been infected with the respective HPV type. No evidence exists of protection against disease caused by HPV types with which females are infected at the time of vaccination. However, females infected with one or more vaccine HPV types before vaccination would be protected against disease caused by the other vaccine HPV types. The vaccine is administered by intramuscular injection, and the recommended schedule is a 3-dose series with the second and third doses administered 2 and 6 months after the first dose. The recommended age for vaccination of females is 11-12 years. Vaccine can be administered as young as age 9 years. Catch-up vaccination is recommended for females aged 13-26 years who have not been previously vaccinated. Vaccination is not a substitute for routine cervical cancer screening, and vaccinated females should have cervical cancer screening as recommended. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | PREGNANT WOMEN | VIRAL DISEASES | VACCINES | USFDA | BEST PRACTICES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | SAFETY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Drugs | Treatment | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Public Health | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation
Document Number: 308477

22.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Combined hormonal contraception and venous thromboembolism.
Author: Martinez F; Avecilla A
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Jun;12(2):97-106.
Abstract: This review provides an update of knowledge regarding venous thromboembolism (VTE) and combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) in the light of new progestins and new administration routes for CHCs. Practical recommendations are also offered. The association between the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and an increased risk of VTE has been known about for many years, it being related mainly to the dose of oestrogen; however, recent research has also shown the influence of the type of progestin. When compared to COCs containing levonorgestrel or norethisterone, those containing desogestrel or gestodene present a two-fold greater risk of VTE; for COCs containing cyproterone acetate, the risk is four-fold greater, while there are no or insufficient data for those containing norgestimate, chlormadinone acetate or drospirenone. With regard to the contraceptive patch, the available data suggest that the risk of VTE is similar to that observed with COCs. There are no data concerning vaginal rings. The greatest risk of COC-associated VTE occurs during the first year of use, thus suggesting the existence of a predisposing condition, such as being a carrier of a thrombogenic mutation with which the COCs would exert a synergistic effect. Routine screening for such conditions is not justified. Changes in haemostatic variables produced by COCs, for example, acquired resistance to protein C, could be linked to VTE, although it has yet to be demonstrated that such alterations are related to a clinical risk of VTE among COC users. At present there are no laboratory tests able to detect an increased risk of VTE in asymptomatic women. The key procedures in terms of ensuring the safe use of this contraceptive method are a full clinical, personal and family history, in order to evaluate risk factors for VTE and cardiovascular disease, along with the recording of blood pressure and body mass index prior to the prescription of COCs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SPAIN | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | BIODEGRADABLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS | VAGINAL RING | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 317561

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraindications to IUD and IUS use.
Author: Nelson AL
Source: Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6 Suppl 1):S76-S81.
Abstract: Contraindications to IUD or IUS use can be found on product labeling, in the guidelines of various specialty groups and in recommendations from peer-reviewed articles. Overly restrictive contraindications block access to this top-tier method for many women who would be candidates based on current scientific evidence. Assuming that a condition should be listed as a contraindication only if the risk of IUD/IUS use by a woman with that condition exceeds her risk with pregnancy, the list of contraindications is reduced to pregnancy, active uterine infection, malignancy in the uterus or cervix, an inability to place or retain the device, unexplained abnormal bleeding and adverse reaction to product ingredients. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRAINDICATIONS | RISK FACTORS | CANCER | PREGNANCY | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases | Reproduction | Public Health
Document Number: 316966

24.

Title: Implanon: A new implantable contraceptive.
Author: Newberry YG
Source: Nursing for Women's Health. 2007 Dec;11(6):607-611.
Abstract: In July 2006, six years after Norplant was removed from the U.S. market, a new contraceptive implant, Implanon, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Implanon is a single-rod progestin implant that is placed subdermally in the upper arm and is effective for up to three years. Its use has been studied in 17 countries, including the United States. Organon USA, the company marketing Implanon, has reported extensive experience with the drug in more than 30 countries, with approximately 2.5 million implants inserted since 1998. Implanon releases 68 mg of etonogesterel, a third-generation progestin desogestrel metabolite with less androgenic activity than levonorgesterel. The single matchstick-size (4 cm x 2 mm) rod comes preloaded in a disposable sterile applicator. The system uses a carrier polymer, ethylene vinyl acetate, which provides controlled release over three years. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | DRUG INTERACTIONS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | BLEEDING | ACNE | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Dermatitis | Contraceptive Agents | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 324047

25.

Title: The feasibility, success and patient satisfaction associated with outpatients hysteroscopic sterilisation [letter]
Author: Qureshi NS
Source: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2007 Nov;114(11):1449.
Abstract: I read with great interest the article by Sinha et al. I imagine that subsequent to hysteroscopic sterilisation by Essure Permanent Birth Control System (Conceptus Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA), the following valuable treatments/investigation would be contraindicated for the lifetime of the women: Microwave/thermal balloon ablation of endometrium for menstrual irregularities; Magnetic resonance imaging scans. I would be grateful to the authors if they could clarify the above points. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | HYSTEROSCOPY | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONTRAINDICATIONS | TREATMENT | SATISFACTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 321399

26.

Title: Emergency contraceptive pills. Second edition.
Author: Salvador-Davila G
Source: Watertown, Massachusetts, Pathfinder International, 2007 Oct. 84 p.
Abstract: This training manual is designed to be used to train physicians, nurses and midwives. It is designed to actively involve participants in the learning process. Sessions include simulation skills practice, discussions, and clinical practice using objective knowledge, attitude, and skills checklists. Included in the manual is a set of knowledge assessment questions, skills checklists, trainer resources, participant materials, training evaluation tools, and a major references and training materials section.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GLOBAL | MANUAL | TRAINING TECHNIQUES | TEACHING MATERIALS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Training Activities | Training Programs | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 321278

27.

Title: Frequently asked questions on contraception. Diaphragms. Diaphragm FAQ.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2006]. [3] p.
Abstract: What is a diaphragm? The diaphragm is a soft latex rubber cup that should be used with spermicidal jelly or cream. A woman inserts a diaphragm into her vagina, fitting it over the cervix, shortly before sexual intercourse and leaves it in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse. How does a diaphragm work? (Mechanism of action) The diaphragm blocks sperm from entering the uterine cavity; Spermicides provide additional protection by damaging the sperm. Who can use a diaphragm? Women of any reproductive age and parity who: Want to use this method of contraception; Have no contraindications. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | SIDE EFFECTS | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Safety | Public Health
Document Number: 301772

28.

29.

Title: Quick reference chart for the WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use -- to initiate or continue use of combined oral contraceptives (COC), depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), norethisterone enantate (NET-EN), copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD).
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2006. [1] p.
Abstract: The chart is a reference to different conditions (ie: age, breastfeeeding, smoking, headaches, cancers, hypertension, ect...) and shows if combined oral contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or norethisterone enantate (NET-EN), copper intrauterine device can be used. The use of each one is broken down into 4 categories: there are no restrictions for use; generally use, some follow-up may be needed; usually not recommended, clinical judgment and continuing access to clinical services are required for use; the method should not be used. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TABLES AND CHARTS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | WHO | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine
Document Number: 310535

30.


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