| 1. Title: Gene knockouts that affect male fertility: novel targets for contraception. Author: Naz RK; Engle A; None R Source: Frontiers In Bioscience. 2009;14:3994-4007. Abstract: There is an urgent need for a better method of contraception that is accepted, effective, and available, due the population explosion and unintended pregnancy. Various targets are being investigated that can be used for contraception. The ideal target should be non-steroidal, intercourse-independent, non-surgical, reversible, and non-barrier with no side effects. The gene knockout technology is a powerful approach to identify such novel targets. We identified at least 93 genes whose deletion demonstrated an effect on fertility in male mice till 2004 (1). In the present article, we found 71 additional gene knockouts in the database since the last report which demonstrated an effect on male fertility. The majority of these knockouts also demonstrated an effect on non-reproductive organs concomitant with an anti-fertility effect or effect on other organs was not examined. The knockouts of only a few genes/proteins induced a specific effect on fertility without a serious side effect. These genes/proteins may provide novel targets for contraception/contraceptive vaccine development. Language: English Keywords: WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | GENETICS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | REVERSIBLE STERILIZATION | MALE STERILIZATION | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | PROTEINS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Physiology | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception Document Number: 330601 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Status of contraceptive vaccines. Author: Naz RK Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2009 Jan;61(1):11-8. Abstract: PROBLEM: This is a review of anti-sperm contraceptive vaccines (CV), and synthesis of human scFv antibodies that can be used as immunocontraceptives. METHOD OF STUDY: Various methods of proteomics and genomics, peptide synthesis, phage display technology, and antibody engineering were used to obtain multi-epitope vaccines and human scFv antibodies from immunoinfertile and vasectomized men. The present review primarily focuses on the effect of multi-epitope vaccines and Izumo on fertility, and synthesis and characterization of sperm specific human scFv antibodies. RESULTS: The immunization with Izumo peptides causes a contraceptive effect in female mice. The efficacy is enhanced by combination vaccination, including peptides based on other sperm antigens. Using phage display technology, we were able to synthesize at least four novel scFv antibodies with unique complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that reacted with specific fertility-related sperm antigens. These antibodies inhibited human sperm function in vitro, and their immunocontraceptive effect in vivo by these antibodies is currently being investigated. CONCLUSION: The multi-epitope vaccines may provide an efficacious and viable approach to contraception. The human scFv antibodies, if they block fertility in vivo, may provide unique and novel immunocontraceptives, the first of its kind for human use. The multi-epitope CV and preformed engineered antibodies of defined specificity may obliterate the concern related to inter-individual variability of the immune response. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | ANTIGENS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ANTIBODIES | GENETICS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330063 |
| 3. Title: Update on male contraception. Author: Naz RK; Rowan S Source: Current Opinion In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;21(3):265-9. Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review current options of contraception available for men and the recent developments in the field of male contraception. RECENT FINDINGS: Current options for male contraception are the barrier methods such as condoms and the surgical methods such as vasectomy. Condoms are coital-dependent and not always reliable as they are prone to slippage and breakage. Vasectomy has the advantage of being coital-independent but is permanent. Recent surveys have shown that men want to be more involved in contraception decisions, and women trust their male partners to take an active role in this area. Nonsurgical steroidal methods comprising various derivatives of the androgens and their receptors are in various phases of clinical trials in men. The ideal male contraceptive should be coitalin-dependent, nonsurgical, reversible, effective, and should not alter androgen levels or libido. Several nonsteroidal molecules and vaccines are being investigated in animal models for male contraception. SUMMARY: Male hormonal contraception may become a reality in the near future. Nonsteroidal methods including contraceptive vaccines targeting various molecules are an exciting proposition and are under investigation. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WEST VIRGINIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | BARRIER METHODS | CONDOMS | VASECTOMY | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | TESTOSTERONE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Contraception, Immunological | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 341313 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluation of the potential of synthetic peptides of 80 kDa human sperm antigen (80 kDaHSA) for the development of contraceptive vaccine for male. Author: Khobarekar BG; Vernekar V; Raghavan V; Kamada M; Maegawa M Source: Vaccine. 2008 Jul 4;26(29-30):3711-3718. Abstract: 80 kDaHSA has been demonstrated to be responsible for inducing immunoinfertility. Synthetic peptides NT, 1, 2 and 4 of 80 kDaHSA are immunogenic and immunobiologically mimic the native protein. Peptides 1 and NT being highly immunogenic their potential for contraceptive vaccine developmentwas evaluated. Active immunization of male rabbits with peptide-1 and -NT induced reversible infertility in 100% and 60% of animals, respectively and subsequently active immunization of non-human primate model, male marmosets with peptide-1 induced reversible infertility in six out of seven high antibody titer animals. The present study suggests the potential of peptide-1 of 80 kDaHSA for the development of contraceptive vaccine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOZOA | SPERM AGGLUTINATION | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | Research Methodology | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Antigen-Antibody Reactions | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraception, Immunological Document Number: 327042 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Contesting contraceptive innovation--reinventing the script. Author: Hardon A Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006;62:614-627. Abstract: The article describes how the merging of Southern and Northern women's health groups resulted in a powerful transnational movement, with a collective oppositional identity based on shared solidarity in campaigns for reproductive rights and against state coercion in reproductive matters. It focuses on the ways in which the movement framed issues of rights and safety and pointed to the possible abuse potential of two new longer-acting contraceptive technologies, Norplant and the anti-fertility vaccines. The contestations by women's health advocates resulted in the emergence of a strong commitment among scientists to involve women's health advocates in the development and introduction of new contraceptive technologies. By engaging in the construction of safety and efficacy claims, and by outlining conditions for the introduction of the new technologies (so-called introduction scripts) women's health advocates were able to reinscribe the technologies with representations of bodily integrity and reproductive rights, rather than population control. I argue that a split within the women's health movement on the need to ban the new technologies did not weaken its impact, but, in fact, enhanced this success. I describe, in detailed case studies on the Norplant and Anti-fertility vaccine controversies, how both strands of women's health advocacy claim to be able to represent the interest of users, but that their representations of users differ. The 'no-to-Norplant and 'no-to-antifertility' vaccines strands see users as victims of a state-led medical establishment enabled power, which is inscribed in the technology. The more moderate strand of activism argue that women's interests and needs differ from one setting to another, and that they are best met by making available to women a range of contraceptive options which allow for a free and informed choice. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | ADVOCACY | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception, Immunological | Safety | Public Health | Communication Document Number: 295310 |
| 6. Title: Contraceptive vaccines. Author: Naz RK Source: Drugs. 2005;65(5):593-603. Abstract: The world’s population is growing at a tremendous rate, affecting growth and development. Apart from this population growth, unintended pregnancies resulting in elective abortions continue to be a major public health issue. In over half of these unintended pregnancies, the women have used some type of contraception. Thus, there is an urgent need for a better method of contraception that is acceptable, effective and available. The contraceptive choices available to women at this time include steroid contraceptives, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, spermicides, natural family planning, male and female sterilisation, and recently available emergency contraceptives. Contraceptive vaccines (CVs) may provide viable and valuable alternatives that can fulfill most, if not all, properties of an ideal contraceptive. Since both the developed and most of the developing nations have an infrastructure for mass immunisation, the development of vaccines for contraception is an exciting proposition. The molecules that are being explored for CV development either target gamete production (gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone), gamete function (zona pellucida [ZP] proteins and sperm antigens) or gamete outcome (human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]). Disadvantages of CVs targeting gamete production are that they affect sex steroids and/or show only a partial effect in reducing fertility. CVs targeting gamete function are better choices. Vaccines based on ZP proteins are quite efficacious in producing contraceptive effects. However, they invariably induce oophoritis affecting sex steroids. Sperm antigens constitute the most promising and exciting targets for CVs. Several sperm-specific antigens have been delineated in several laboratories and are being actively explored for CV development. Antisperm antibody-mediated immunoinfertility provides a naturally occurring model to indicate how an antisperm vaccine will work in humans. Vaccines targeting gamete outcome primarily focus on the hCG molecule. The hCG vaccine is the first vaccine to undergo phase I and II clinical trials in humans. Both the efficacy and the lack of immunotoxicity have been reasonably well demonstrated for this vaccine. The present studies focus on increasing the immunogenicity and efficacy of this birth control vaccine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | ADULTS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | PREGNANCY | FERTILITY | SPERMATOGENESIS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception, Immunological | Reproduction | Population Dynamics Document Number: 291984 |
| 7. Title: Development of newer approaches to male contraception: prospects of availability for mass application in the near future. Author: Rao AJ Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2005;16(4):243-254. Abstract: Progress in development of a simple, effective reversible male contraceptive has been difficult due to the indispensable role of testosterone in spermatogenesis and maintenance of secondary sexual characters. Efforts are in progress to develop methods, which do not interfere with testosterone production. These include blockade of FSH action by immunization against FSH or FSHR, and interfere with sperm maturation by interfering with estrogen action or by immunization against epididymal or sperm specific proteins. An evaluation of these various approaches for practical application is also presented. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | TESTOSTERONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ESTROGENS | SPERM MATURATION | SPERMATOGENESIS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraception, Immunological | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Reproduction Document Number: 293685 |
| 8. Title: Current contraceptive research and development. Author: Reape KZ Source: Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2005 Oct;16(3):617-633. Abstract: It is important that the level of contraceptive research be maintained or expanded and that new products continue to be brought to market. It is known that in terms of contraception, one size does not fit all. Women respond differently to combined oral contraceptive formulations; some will do well on a particular progestin, while others may have intolerable adverse effects. There is a need for a wide variety of contraceptive options. The average age of menarche in the United States is approximately 12 years, and the average age of menopause is approximately 51 years. Modern trends toward delayed childbearing, decreased parity, and decreased duration of lactation mean that many women may require some method of contraception for 30 years or more, and the particular method or formulation that may be optimal or preferred for a woman at the age of 18 may be different than the method she chooses to use or can medically use at the age of 40. The choice of a contraceptive method is influenced not only by a woman's medical history, but also by her current social or family situation, frequency of intercourse, desire for children and spacing of pregnancies, fecundity, preferred dosing frequency, level of effectiveness, noncontraceptive benefits, and cost of the method. Because of these influencing factors that vary throughout a woman's reproductive life, it is crucial that women have access to numerous safe and effective contraceptive options. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ACNE | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Safety | Public Health | Dermatitis | Diseases | Menstruation Disorders | Contraception, Immunological Document Number: 305673 |
| 9. Title: Parental acceptability of vaccines for sexually transmitted infections [editorial] Author: Rosenthal SL; Stanberry LR Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2005 Feb;159:190-192. Abstract: In this issue of the archive, Zimet Et. Al. examine parental attitudes toward vaccines, in particular vaccines for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sexually transmitted infections remain a critical public health problem for our youth. About half of the 18 million new STI cases in 2000 were among those between 15 and 25 years of age. Given the prevalence of STIs among our youth and the recent success with vaccines for both human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital herpes, the work of Zimet et al is timely. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEXAS | PARENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | ATTITUDES | PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 281715 |
10.  Peer Reviewed Title: Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Author: Scholes D; LaCroix AZ; Ichikawa LE; Barlow WE; Ott SM Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2005;159:139-144. Abstract: Background: Several studies report an association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception and decreased bone mineral density. Adolescents, who are still gaining bone, may be particularly affected, but there has been little study of the association in adolescent users and none following discontinuation. Objective: To evaluate bone mineral density changes in adolescents using and discontinuing use of DMPA contraception. Design: A population-based prospective cohort study. Participants: One hundred seventy adolescent women, aged 14 to 18 years; 80 baseline DMPA users and 90 age-similar, unexposed comparison women. Sixty-one participants discontinued DMPA use during follow-up. Main Outcome Measure: Bone mineral density, measured every 6 months for 24 to 36 months at the hip, spine, and whole body, comparing mean bone mineral density changes in DMPA users and discontinuers with nonusers. Results: Among DMPA users, bone mineral density declined significantly relative to nonusers at the hip and spine but not the whole body. Annualized mean percentage changes, adjusted for covariates, were hip, -1.81% vs -0.19%; P<.001; spine, -0.97% vs 1.32%; P<.001, and whole body, 0.73% vs 0.88%; P=.78 for DMPA users vs nonusers, respectively. New users lost bone mineral density more rapidly than prevalent users. Discontinuers experienced significantly increased bone mineral density relative to nonusers at all anatomical sites; annualized mean percentage changes were hip, 1.34% vs -0.19%; P=.004; spine, 2.86% vs 1.32% P=.004; and while body, 3.56% vs 0.88%; P<.001. Conclusions: Use of DMPA contraception in adolescents was associated with significant continuous losses of bone mineral density at the hip and spine. However, significant gains postdiscontinuation provide evidence that the loss of bone mass is apparently reversed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Contraception, Immunological | Health Document Number: 281713 |
| 11. Title: Contraceptive vaccines targeting sperm. Author: Suri A Source: Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2005 Mar;5(3):381-392. Abstract: Overpopulation is a global problem of significant magnitude, with grave implications for the future. Development of new contraceptives is necessary, as existing forms of birth control are unavailable, impractical and/or too expensive for many individuals due to sociological, financial or educational limitations. Immunocontraception and, in particular, the targeting of antibodies to sperm-specific antigens implicated in sperm-egg binding and fertilisation offers an attractive approach to control fertility. Sperm-specific antibodies may impair fertility by inhibiting sperm motility, by reducing penetration of the cervical mucus by sperm, or by interfering in sperm capacitation or the acrosome reaction; alternatively, antisperm antibodies may invoke the complement cascade, resulting in sperm lysis. The antibodies raised against sperm-specific antigens have proved to be extremely effective at reducing sperm-egg interactions in vitro; fertility trials in subhuman primates will eventually be needed to prove the effectiveness of the sperm antigens in terms of contraceptive efficacy before trials in humans can be justified. In addition, existing and emerging strategies (such as sperm proteomics, the determination of molecular and structural details of sperm proteins, and the modelling of protein-ligand interactions using X-ray and/or NMR structures to name a few) are expected to provide the experimental foundation for the design of small molecule inhibitors with antifertility effects. The technology underpinning vaccine development is constantly being developed and the introduction of DNA/RNA vaccines is certain to impact upon the field of immunocontraception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | POPULATION GROWTH | ANTIGENS | SEMEN | PROTEINS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Contraception, Immunological | Spermicidal Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 291773 |
| 12. Title: Peptide vaccines in immunocontraception. Author: Ferro VA; Mordini E Source: Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics. 2004 Feb;6(1):83-89. Abstract: Vaccines have been used successfully to treat and eradicate infectious diseases; this has encouraged a major drive towards development of contraceptive vaccines (immunocontraception) as an additional method against rising human and animal populations. Despite three decades worth of research in this field, there are no licensed human contraceptive vaccines and less than ten for use in animals. The development of peptide antifertility vaccines has had a substantial impact on improving safety and specificity of immunogens, but has resulted in efficacy problems. Innovative strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | PROGRESS REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | POPULATION CONTROL | ETHICS | PRODUCT APPROVAL | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Legislation Document Number: 277563 |
| 13. Title: Sperm specific proteins-potential candidate molecules for fertility control. Author: Suri A Source: Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2004;2:[14] p.. Abstract: The increase in population growth rate warrants the development of additional contraceptive methods that are widely acceptable, free from side effects and less expensive. Immunocontraception, and in particular the targeting of antibodies to gamete-specific antigens implicated in sperm egg binding and fertilization, offers an attractive approach to control fertility. The development of a contraceptive vaccine based on sperm antigen represents a promising approach to contraception. In mammals, fertilization is completed by the direct interaction of sperm and egg, a process mediated primarily by sperm surface proteins. Sperm have proteins that are unique, cell specific, immunogenic and accessible to antibodies. A few of the sperm specific proteins have been isolated and characterized. The antibodies raised against the sperm specific antigens have proved to be extremely effective at reducing sperm-egg interaction in vitro; fertility trials in sub-human primates would eventually prove the effectiveness of the sperm antigens in terms of contraceptive efficacy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOZOA | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | INHIBITION OF FERTILIZATION | ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS | MEMBRANE PROTEINS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraception, Immunological | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System Document Number: 191248 |
| 14. Title: Epididymis as a target for contraception. Author: Khole V Source: Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2003 Jul;41(7):764-772. Abstract: Advantage of using a vaccine based on sperm antigens is that it can be used both in males and females as individuals who have antisperm antibodies are usually infertile but otherwise healthy. Several sperm specific antigens identified as prospective candidates for immunocontraception are of testicular origin. For the purpose of immunocontraception it may be desirable not to disrupt spermatogenesis and testicular function. Concept of post testicular maturation of spermatozoa has been very well established. During post testicular voyage spermatozoa undergo a series of complex and sequential events which transforms the immature immotile spermatozoa into mature sperm. Acquisition of functional maturity is necessary for progressive motility, zona pellucida recognition culminating in sperm egg binding. Importance of epididymal maturation is highlighted by the fact that high percentage of male infertility in human originates from the malfunction of the epididymis. The epididymis has also shown to be involved in sperm storage and provides an adequate environment for final maturation of the sperm. It provides a conducive microenvironment by virtue of which the spermatozoa are protected during the storage. In view of this it is imperative that more attention needs to be focused on epididymal antigens. The information obtained will enable us to identify epididymal antigens relevant to fertility and also help in infertility diagnosis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | ANTIGENS | EPIDIDYMIS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | SPERM MATURATION BLOCKING AGENTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Testis | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Contraception, Immunological | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 277959 |
| 15. Title: Contraceptive vaccines. Author: McLaughlin EA; Holland MK; Aitken RJ Source: Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2003;3(5):829-841. Abstract: The control of human fertility would be revolutionised by the development of a safe, effective, long-acting contraceptive vaccine. The pursuit of this objective has involved the selection of appropriate targets within the reproductive process that are amenable to interference with antibodies. To date, three major targets have been researched. The zona pellucida (ZP) plays key roles in folliculogenesis, fertilisation and early development, and is comprised of powerful cell-specific antigens. The induction of infertility requires high ZP antibody titres that are difficult to maintain without inducing ovarian pathology characterised by a premature loss of primordial follicles. As a premature menopause would be a high price to pay for long-term contraception, this approach to a vaccine cannot progress until the cause of the ovarian pathology has been resolve. Sperm surface antigens represent another promising approach to contraceptive vaccine development. While there is some clinical data to support the likely efficacy of this strategy, none of the gamete-specific molecules characterised to date have fulfilled this promise. Anti-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) vaccines terminate pregnancy by preventing the maternal recognition of pregnancy. This vaccine has reached the stage of clinical trials, and preliminary indications are that the approach is safe and potentially effective. However, reliability may be an issue, given the observed inter-individual variability in antibody generation. The future of contraceptive vaccine development will clearly involve a continuation of the intense search for suitable targets and the development of improved immunisation procedures that exploit the latest innovations in vaccine technology. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | SPERMATOZOA | HORMONE RECEPTORS | GENETICS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Membrane Proteins Document Number: 285088 |
| 16. Title: Advancing towards a male contraceptive: a novel approach from an unexpected direction. Author: Robaire B Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 Jul;24(7):326-328. Abstract: The development of an effective, reversible and safe male contraceptive has been the focus of research around the world for more than 30 years. There are numerous challenges in the development of a male contraceptive. Unlike women, who produce one functional gamete per month, men produce ~100 million sperm every day. Based on animal studies and clinical results from treating hypogonadotropic hypogonadal men, a contraceptive agent that would functionally suppress either the formation or maturation of spermatozoa with 90% efficacy would probably have little or no effect on fertility. Several non-hormonal avenues for male contraception are being developed, and a recent study provides an exciting novel approach to male contraception by administration of a drug that modifies the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MEN | TESTOSTERONE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods | Demographic Factors | Population | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Contraception, Immunological Document Number: 182084 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: New progestogens. Author: Rowlands S Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2003 Jan;29(1):13-16. Abstract: Objective: To review the literature on the most recent progestogens to be developed, to provide clinical comparisons with older progestogens and to look at the potential of products not yet marketed. Data sources: Searches of Medline and Popline together with requests for bibliographies from the Population Council, Wyeth-Ayerst Research and Schering Health Care. Study selection. Information from technical papers was used to ascertain the metabolic characteristics and receptor binding affinities of the compounds. Previous reviews were scrutinised in order to make comparisons with older compounds. Any available trials were examined to ascertain efficacy, bleeding patterns and tolerability, more weight being given to comparative trials. Discussion: Five progestogens have been developed in the last decade. They are all devoid of androgenic activity; some have antiandrogenic activity. Combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills containing dienogest and drospirenone are already marketed. Nomegestrol and nestorone have been extensively studied as subdermal implants. Conclusions: Newer progestogens used in combination with oestrogen behave very similarly to existing products. Progestogen-only products using new progestogens have potential for significantly better tolerability due to their lack of androgenic activity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | DATA COLLECTION | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADULTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception, Immunological | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 181207 |
| 18. Title: Male contraception. Author: Jensen JT Source: Current Women's Health Reports. 2002;2:338-345. Abstract: Fertility control is an issue of global and national public health concern. Current methods of contraception result in an unacceptable rate of unintended pregnancies. Approximately 50% of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended at conception; 50% of those occur in the 94% of sexually active couples who report using some method of contraception. The only male-specific contraceptive methods currently available are withdrawal, condoms, and vasectomy. As concerns regarding side effects and convenience of existing methods prevent their universal acceptance, the development of additional male methods of fertility control can provide tremendous social and public health benefits. Because methods that require infrequent administration have the lowest typical (user) failure rates [4], considerable research has focused on a hormonal male contraceptive, analogous to the female pill. Contraceptive vaccines, and inhibitors of spermatogenesis and sperm motility, provide a potential for nonhormonal male contraceptives. Any advantage of new strategies must be weighed against the potential for increased rates of transmission of pathogens such as HIV if male condom use is reduced. This review summarizes the available literature on existing male methods and the progress of research into new male contraceptives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception, Immunological | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 274093 |
| 19. Title: A novel contraceptive vaccine: design and synthesis of the chimeric peptide containing multivalent sperm-specific epitopes. Author: He W; Liang ZQ; Shi CX; Li YQ Source: Reproduction and Contraception. 2001;12(3):147-53. Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a novel multivalent chimeric peptide vaccine for bisexual fertility regulation. On the basis of the amino acid sequence of the two peptides respectively selected from the mouse sperm/testis- specific proteins SP17 and Cyritestin, and one T cell epitope in bovine ribonuclease, a novel chimeric peptide consisting of 35 amino acids was designed and subsequently synthesized on the 430A peptide synthesizer. After being emulsified with the equivalence Freund's adjuvant, the peptide with 35 amino acid residues was used to [enhance] immunogenity in the female BALB/c mice to investigate its immunity. The peptide was successfully synthesized. After being purified in high performance liquid chromatography, its purity reached 95%. The specific antisera collected from the immunogenity[-enhanced] mice could identify the corresponding proteins of testis tissues of mice, rats, and humans. The highest specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer in serum was 1:6000, while the IgA titer in the washing of vaginal mucous membranes was 1:300. The antibodies from the peptide with specific amino acid sequence can identify the original antigens, and stimulate powerful specific humoral immunity in mice. It provides an experimental basis for a polyvalent contraceptive vaccine study. (author's, modified) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 164685 |
| 20. Title: Is there a role for contraceptive vaccines in fertility control? Author: Rao AJ Source: Journal of Biosciences. 2001 Nov;26(4 Suppl):425-427. Abstract: Considering all the facts mentioned above, one might conclude that immunocontraception has no place in fertility control. To quote from a report by the committee on contraceptive research and development: "There has been much discussion of the desirability of curtailing investment in immunocontraception, primarily in response to concerns expressed by some women's groups and by individual analysts, that immunocontraceptipn will not prove to be a biomedically appropriate contraceptive option for women in general and that research and development investment in the area would be better placed elsewhere". However, one should realize that immunocontraception is an important tool in identifying the potential target, and the candidate antigens. The approach has the power to provide insights into fundamental immunological and physiological structure and mechanism that could enrich development of the applications. Following the identification of the candidate molecule using the immunological approach, it is the modern approach of understanding the molecular basis of interaction of the hormone with it receptor, which will provide the basis for developing non-protein/non-peptide based orally active mimetics to interfere with the action of the hormone. Thus, the knowledge gained out of the immunological approach will be indispensable in developing future contraceptives although immunocontraception itself may not have a place of its own in fertility control programme at the moment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | POPULATION CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 176107 |
| 21. Title: Contraceptive vaccine: new hope for the overcrowded world? Author: Sinawat S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2001 Sep;84(9):1336-1339. Abstract: The overall rate of fertilization in humans has contributed to sustained increases in the world population and the added urgency of the need to develop new, effective contraceptive strategies. One potential approach to preventing fertility is to disrupt sperm-egg interaction or embryonic-maternal communication during early pregnancy with immunological reagents. This has lead to the principal concept of "contraceptive vaccine" which may become available in the near future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCONCEPTION | STANDARDS | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Technology | Economic Factors | Research Methodology Document Number: 176286 |
| 22. Title: Male vaccine studied; shot not yet a reality. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2000 Feb;21(2):21-2. Abstract: Research on male contraceptives is on a slow progress due to the difficulty in controlling the male reproductive system. While a variety of hormonal and nonhormonal approaches to suppress sperm production is being studied, researchers are currently looking into the process of inhibiting the sperm's fertilizing ability. Immucon, a Montreal-based firm, filed a US patent based on its claims that it can use a fragment of the protein P34H to neutralize the fertilizing capacity of the sperm at the level of the epididymis. Trials on rodents have already been conducted and studies on monkeys are about to begin. Allan Bosse, Immucon president, is hoping to be in Phase I in 2 years and 6 months. Moreover, scientists at the University of California at Davis have identified and studied other proteins such as PH-20 and PH-30 on the surface of sperm required for fertilization. Rodent studies showed that injection of these proteins in the animals resulted in the production of antibodies specific to these proteins, thus preventing the proteins from participating in the events of fertilization. Despite these research results, the production of a feasible male vaccine still has a long way to go. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CALIFORNIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 147486 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Expanding contraceptive choices: Lunelle monthly contraceptive injection. Author: Shulman LP Source: International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine. 2000 Mar-Apr;45(2):190-4. Abstract: Contraceptive options for women have expanded with the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of a monthly injectable contraceptive. Containing a progestin and estrogen (25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate and 5 mg estradiol cypionate; Lunelle/Lunella; Pharmacia and Upjohn), this novel once-a-month injection is characterized by the convenience and contraceptive efficacy of long-term reversible methods and the cycle control, return to fertility and side-effect profiles common to low-dose oral contraceptives. The association of these desirable attributes may increase the likelihood that a woman's chosen method will be used consistently and correctly to reduce the frequency of unintended pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception, Immunological | Treatment | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 149911 |
| 24. Title: Genealogy of a controversy -- development of an anti-fertility vaccine. Author: Viswanath K; Kirbat P Source: Economic and Political Weekly. 2000 Feb 19-26;35(8-9):718-25. Abstract: This paper reconstructs the controversy over the development of an anti-fertility vaccine in order to understand how scientific facts are constructed. The aim is to provide an ethnography of the process by which controversies are brought to center stage, the role played by different actors, and the manner in which it is presented as a public debate. Tracing the development of the anti-human chorionic gonadotropin vaccine over the past 20 years, it examines issues of clinical trials, ethics, and the role of different organizations such as the WHO and the positions of women's right and health activists. It is noted that the relations between these different institutions and the pressures that they are able to exert on the different actors clearly bring out the dynamics that are involved in any scientific behavior. The different participants in this area of development contribute to the construction of the controversy over issues of research into and ethics of anti-fertility vaccines. Many of the issues have changed over the years and the controversy itself is viewed in different ways over time. Language: English Keywords: HISTORICAL REVIEW | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ETHICS | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 158752 |
| 25. Title: Indian women's groups question contraceptive vaccine research. Author: Mudur G Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 1998 Nov 14;317(7169):1340. Abstract: In India, women's health groups are asking for the discontinuation of contraception research with regard to contraceptive vaccines (CVs) because of efficacy and safety issues. A protest was staged outside of the 10th International Congress of Immunology in New Delhi at its opening last week. On the eve of the Congress, a report concerning clinical trials of CVs was issued by the Saheli Women's Resource Centre; efficacy levels were said to be unacceptable and safety had not been established. Six CVs aimed at producing antibodies against reproductive hormones had reached phase I clinical trials in different countries. One vaccine, which was developed at India's National Institute of Immunology in New Delhi, was directed against human chorionic gonadotropin hormone and had entered phase II clinical trials in the 1980s. 80% of the women who received the vaccine raised antibody titres above 50 ng/ml, the threshold required to prevent pregnancy. Gursaran Talwar, the developer of the Indian vaccine, believes pregnancy prevention by immunization is feasible; however, he admits that the uncertainty of achieving an adequate immune response in every recipient is a problem. The Indian government has not approved phase III clinical trials of the vaccine, although it continues to fund CV research. The Saheli report states that children born to women during or after the trials were followed for 4 years; Dr. Talwar reports that long-term studies of the progeny of primates who had undergone CV testing indicate vaccine safety. Delegates to the Congress considered the protests to be "premature and unscientific"; Satish Gupta, of India's National Institute of Immunology, emphasized the need to widen contraceptive options for women. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | WOMEN'S GROUPS | OBSTACLES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 137526 |
| 26. Title: Preliminary studies with recombinant chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit produced in Escherichia coli for use as an antigen in a birth control vaccine. Author: Mukhopadhyay A; Bhatia PK; Majumdar SS Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1998 Mar;39(3):172-82. Abstract: An early signal for conception, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is considered essential for the establishment and maintenance of early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum and continuing the secretion of progesterone until the placenta takes over the function. The active immunization of women against hCG has therefore been considered to be a promising option for contraception. Prototype human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) vaccines based upon natural sources, however, are unsuitable for widespread applications due to their complex manufacturing procedures, cost, and carrier-mediated immune suppression. The authors report the use of CGB produced in E. coli as a potential antigen for use in a birth control vaccine. The nonglycosylated recombinant CGB either alone or upon conjugation to TT was used for immunization to evaluate its immunogenic potency as a birth control vaccine, and to compare it with urinary CGB vaccine (nCGB-TT). Wistar rats were immunized with alum-adsorbed CGB, CGB-TT, and nCGB-TT, while Bonnet monkeys were immunized with only CGB. The anti-hCG antibody titre in the sera obtained at different time points were quantified by radioimmunoassay. The sera of Wistar rats were characterized with regard to their affinity to hCG, bioneutralization capacity, and cross-reactivity with human luteinizing hormone, human follicle-stimulating hormone, and human thyroid-stimulating hormone. The antigen-binding capacities of sera obtained upon immunization with CGB were 3080 +or- 943 ng/ml (n = 6) and 3993 +or- 1292 ng/ml (n = 4), respectively, in rats and monkeys. Data analysis showed that immunization of rats with CGB produced antibodies comparable to that of CGB-TT and nCGB-TT. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | ANTIGENS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception, Immunological | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System Document Number: 141794 |
| 27. Title: Evaluation of the contraceptive potential of recombinant human ZP3 and human ZP3 peptides in a primate model: their safety and efficacy. Author: Paterson M; Wilson MR; Morris KD; van Duin M; Aitken RJ Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1998 Sep;40(3):198-209. Abstract: This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of a vaccination strategy based on the induction of active immunity against purified, glycosylated, recombinant human ZP3 (rhZP3) in a primate model (Callithrix jacchus). In the development of contraceptive vaccines, the avid binding of mammalian spermatozoa to the surface of the zona pellucida was exploited. After rhZP3 immunization, long-term infertility was established and the resulting immune sera reacted with rhZP3 on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunolocalized exclusively at the outer surface of native ZP on marmoset ovarian sections, although appearance of an ovarian pathology characterized by the depletion of primordial follicles was seen in relation to the contraceptive effect. Peptide tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugates were used to enhance immunogenicity, while antipeptide antibodies were raised against these immunogens, which are also cross-reacted with rhZP3 on ELISA. Furthermore, in an epitope presentation, native ZP was recognized by antibodies against hZP3 (45-64) and hZP3 (172-190) on marmoset ovarian sections using a microwave technique. The study confirms the suppression of fertility and absence of ovarian pathology after the long-term administration of peptide immunogens compared with TT controls, although correlation to antibody titer was not observed. Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 140230 |
| 28. Title: The rights of man. Contraception. Source: ECONOMIST. 1997 Aug 16;:63. Abstract: Recently, a research team at Edinburgh University led by Richard Anderson announced that they have found a way of using progesterone to inhibit sperm production for contraceptive purposes. The regime involves a daily pill composed of desogestrel and a slow-release, subdermal testosterone pellet that supplies adequate testosterone without activating sperm production. The 30 subjects who underwent the new treatment reported an increased libido as well as feelings of euphoria while exhibiting almost no fertility. A more radical approach to male contraception was also announced by a research group headed by Bill Stimson and Valerie Ferro based at Strathclyde University in Glasgow. This contraceptive uses the immune system to destroy follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and involves injection of a synthetic vaccine consisting of the 8 amino acids that constitute FSH. Because the immune system considers this short amino acid sequence to be foreign matter, it produces antibodies that neutralize complete molecules of FSH. Stimson and Ferro believe that this contraceptive will also have few side effects, but it has only been tested in rodents. The advantage of the Strathclyde approach is that it would require only a single annual treatment. Language: English Keywords: CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception, Immunological Document Number: 136577 |
| 29. Title: Prospects of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) as an antifertility vaccine in male and female mammals. Author: Adiga PR; Subramanian S; Rao J; Kumar M Source: HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE. 1997 Jul-Aug;3(4):325-34. Abstract: Riboflavin, a vitamin essential to embryonic growth, is transported across the feto-placental membranes by riboflavin carrier protein (RCP). The results of animal studies suggest that RCP, or its defined fragments, could be a novel first-generation vaccine for regulating fertility in both males and females. Passive immunoneutralization of the protein terminates pregnancy in rats. Active immunization of rats and bonnet monkeys with avian RCP prevents pregnancy without adverse effects on vitamin status, reproductive cycles, or the reproductive-endocrine profile. Active immunization with two defined stretches of sequential epitopes--one located at the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus of the protein--conjugated with diphtheria toxoid curtails pregnancy in rats and monkeys. Immunohistochemical localization of RCP on ovulated oocytes and early embryos shows that the antibodies cause degeneration of only the latter. RCP is produced intra-testicularly and becomes localized on the acrosomal surface of mammalian spermatozoa. Active immunization of male rats and monkeys with denatured RCP markedly reduces fertility by impairing the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | PROTEINS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 130276 |
| 30. Title: Prospects for fertility regulation. Author: Benagiano G Source: SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH.. 1997;28 Suppl 2:144-7. Abstract: Much of the recent work to develop new fertility regulating agents has been conducted by the public sector. Although current existing options in modern contraception are broad enough to suit many different people and needs, additional methods are nonetheless being developed to expand services and improve quality in the future. The author describes some of the methods being developed by the World Health Organization's program of research in human reproduction, and how they can expand choices for both sexually active men and women. Immunocontraceptives, or anti-fertility vaccines, antiprogestins, IUDs, the inhibition of sperm production, interference with sperm function, interruption of sperm transport, prevention of sperm deposition, and the prevention of sperm-egg interactions are discussed. Language: English Keywords: PROGRESS REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | SPERM TRANSPORT INHIBITION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | WHO | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraception, Immunological | Inhibition of Fertilization | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Female | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 139406 |
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