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3.
Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6.
Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342395

Title: Use of and unmet need for injectable contraception.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: [Unpublished] 2009 Jun 8. 12 p.
Abstract: Understanding trends in contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning is critical to creating policies which respond to current gaps in service delivery and address future needs for services to meet existing and unmet demand. Creating non clinic-based mechanisms to deliver services has the potential to expand access to underserved populations and reduce pressure on weak health systems. This document examines patterns of the current use of and unmet demand for injectable services. Trends in use of clinic and non clinic-based services for injectables, differentials in injectable use by place of residence, and potential negative consequences of increased use of injectables are explored. Information described in this paper is intended to inform the Technical Consultation on Expanding Access to Injectable Contraception. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331836

Title: RAPID Mali: Population, development, and quality of life.
Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative; Mali. Minist�re de la Sant�
Source: [Bamako], Mali, Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 May. [56] p.
Abstract: Mali's population has tripled since it achieved independence in 1960. The country's fertility rate has remained stagnant for the past two decades and contraceptive prevalence rates remain much lower than in many other African countries. At the current rate of growth, the population would double in size in about 24 years. The purpose of this presentation is to examine some of the implications of this rapid growth for Mali's social and economic development. It is divided into six sections: Mali's Vision; Population Situation; Relationship Between Population and Economic Development; Population and Socioeconomic Development; Contraceptive Use, Unmet FP Need, and Effects of High Fertility on Maternal and Child Health; and Policy Response. This powerpoint presentation draws on analysis conducted using the RAPID model.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALI | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331558

Title: Awareness and views of the law on termination of pregnancy and reasons for resorting to an abortion among a group of women attending a clinic in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Author: Abeyasinghe NL; Weerasundera BJ; Jayawardene PA; Somarathna SD
Source: Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2009 Apr;16(3):134-7.
Abstract: In Sri Lanka, induced abortion is a criminal offence except to save the life of the mother. This study determined the awareness and views of the law on abortion among women seeking an abortion. Three hundred and thirteen women were interviewed. The characteristics of the study group are discussed. 65.8% of the respondents stated they knew the current law, 25.6% stated they did not and 8.3% were unsure. On detailed analysis of each respondent's knowledge regarding the situations where abortion is legalized including those who stated that they did not know the law, only 11.2% had an accurate knowledge. More than 75% stated that abortion should be legalized when the mother's life was in danger, where there was pregnancy after rape or incest, when there was psychiatric illness in the mother and when there were fetal anomalies. Reasons for resorting to an abortion are discussed. Although 11.2% were aware of the law, there was no difference in the reasons for resorting to an abortion when compared with those who were unaware of the law. This study highlights the fact that availability of abortion services to women depend not only on the law and its awareness, but on how it is interpreted and enforced.
Language: English
Keywords:
SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | AWARENESS | INTERVIEWS | ABORTION RATE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception
Document Number: 342188 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual activity and contraceptive use among young female students of tertiary educational institutions in Ilorin, Nigeria.
Author: Abiodun OM; Balogun OR
Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):146-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A survey was conducted to evaluate the pattern of sexual behavior and contraceptive use among female students aged 15 to 24 years attending tertiary institutions in Ilorin, Nigeria. STUDY DESIGN: A valid and reliable semistructured questionnaire was self-administered to a sampled population of 600 students aged 15 to 24 years. RESULTS: Of the 600 students, 562 (93.7%) completed the questionnaire. Most (98.6%) of the respondents were unmarried, 77.6% have had sexual intercourse, 67.8% have had an unwanted pregnancy while 63.5% have had induced abortion. All the respondents were aware of contraceptives, but only 25.4% have ever used any contraceptive method. The most common sources of information about contraception among the respondents were friends/relatives (73.7%), while the fear of side effects of modern contraceptives was the most common reason (77.5%) for nonuse. CONCLUSION: The fear of side effects is the main reason for low contraceptive prevalence among young female students of tertiary institutions in Ilorin. Reproductive health services should focus more on delivery of adequate and accurate information about contraceptives to improve use among young women.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 329609

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intended postpartum contraceptive use among pregnant and puerperal women at a university teaching hospital.
Author: Adegbola O; Okunowo A
Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar 26;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the intention to use postpartum contraceptives and factors influencing use. METHOD: A total of 423 consecutive consenting women attending the pregnancy and puerperal clinics at a university teaching hospital were interviewed using structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of previous contraceptive use was 35.5%. Fifty-four percent of the respondents intended to use contraceptives after delivery, though 3% were yet to decide. Condoms (38.3%) followed by intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) 11.5%, were the most preferred choice of postpartum contraceptives. However, spermicide (0.4%) was the least preferred. Advanced age and high parity significantly predicted intention to use postpartum contraceptives (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Also high level of respondent's education and family planning counseling by doctors and nurses increased the intention to use postpartum contraceptives (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Family planning counseling and education play a vital role in increasing the use of contraceptives in the postpartum period.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | Measurement | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 330850

10.

Title: Intimate partner violence and contraception use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Alio AP; Daley EM; Nana PN; Duan J; Salihu HM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 28;
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between contraceptive use and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Sub-Saharan African women. METHOD: The data analyzed were from national Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2006 in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Women of childbearing age completed surveys regarding the use of contraception and about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their partners. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 24311 women who responded to the violence modules, 39.8% reported that they had experienced IPV. Women who had experienced IPV were significantly more likely to report that they had used contraception compared with women who had not experienced IPV (odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.38). CONCLUSION: Intimate partner violence appears to be associated with increased contraception use in the African setting. Among women who have experienced IPV, modern contraception is used more commonly than traditional and folkloric contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTERVIEWS | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Violence | Behavior | Aggression
Document Number: 341449

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Examining the geographical heterogeneity associated with risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy in Ghana.
Author: Amoako Johnson F; Madise NJ
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):249-67.
Abstract: After a decade of fertility decline, Ghana's fertility and the level of unmet need for contraception stalled in mid-transition in the late 1990s. Although the literature acknowledges this, the geographical patterns in unmet need have not been adequately documented. Spatial analysis of unmet need can reveal differences in usage and provision of contraceptive commodities, thereby pointing to geographical areas where contraceptive programmes should be strengthened. This study examines the geographical variation of the risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies between rural communities and also between urban communities of the three ecological zones of Ghana. The study also investigates if geographical differences in the risks of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies changed during the period when unmet need stalled at the national level. A multilevel regression model was applied to pooled data from the 1998 and 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the determinants of the risk of unintended pregnancies, while controlling for clustering of outcomes within communities. The results show that between the two surveys, there was no significant change in the levels of risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy. However, geographical heterogeneity in the risk of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy was observed, after controlling for relevant predictors. This showed concentration of mistimed pregnancies in some rural communities relative to others, and variation in the risk of unwanted pregnancies between urban communities. The results give a clear indication that bridging the inequality gap in contraceptive use requires programmes that are area-specific.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEEDS | HETEROGENEITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation
Document Number: 331181

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased use of contraceptives among HIV-positive women during expanding access to antiretroviral therapy in Mbarara, Uganda.
Author: Andia I; Kaida A; Maier M; Guzman D; Emenyonu N; Pepper L; Bangsberg DR; Hogg RS
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Feb;99(2):340-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the prevalence of contraceptive use among women who are HIV positive varied according to use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Mbarara, Uganda. METHODS: We used data from a cross-sectional survey of 484 women who were HIV positive (18-50 years) and were attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic, 45% of whom were receiving HAART. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HAART use and contraceptive use. Data were collected between November 2005 and June 2006. RESULTS: Overall, 45% of the women were sexually active in the previous 3 months. Of these, 85% reported using contraceptive methods, with 84% reporting use of barrier contraceptive methods. Women receiving HAART were more than twice as likely to use contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 6.49) and more than 3 times as likely to use barrier contraceptive methods (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI = 1.54, 8.55) than were women not receiving HAART. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the need for increased attention to better integration of reproductive health and HIV and AIDS services for women who are HIV positive.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329768

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Sexual behavior and emergency contraception among adolescents from public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil] Comportamento sexual e contracepcao de emergencia entre adolescentes de escolas
Author: Araujo MS; Costa LO
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):551-62.
Abstract: This study examined knowledge and use of emergency contraception among 4,210 adolescents (14-19 years) enrolled in public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The authors collected information with the Global School-Based Student Health Survey, previously validated. Knowledge, frequency, and form of use of emergency contraception were investigated. Independent variables were classified as sociodemographic and those related to sexual behavior. Most adolescents reported knowing and having received information about the method, but among those who had already used it, only 22.1% had done so correctly. Adjusted regression analysis showed greater likelihood of knowledge about the method among girls and the sexually initiated, while rural residents were 68% less knowledgeable. Rural residents showed 1.68 times higher odds of incorrect use, while girls showed 71% lower likelihood of incorrect use.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX EDUCATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Evaluation
Document Number: 330737

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Pill use in the month before conception linked to risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery
Author: Ball H
Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;41(2):128.
Abstract: Women who use oral contraceptives just prior to conception may be more likely than nonusers to experience adverse birth outcomes, according to a study of health records from the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.1 Those who used the pill within 30 days of their last menstrual period had elevated odds of preterm birth and low birth weight, conditions that are associated with infant morbidity and mortality. The researchers examined records from Saskatchewan Health Databases, which contain information on 99% of the province's residents. They obtained data on physician services, hospital stays and prescription drug use in the year prior to giving birth for a random sample of 50% of women who had a pregnancy between 1997 and 2000. these outcomes. In an analysis that adjusted for women's socioeconomic and chronic disease status, pill use within 30 days of the last menstrual period was positively associated with the occurrence of very low and low birth weight (odds ratios, 3.2 and 1.9, respectively) and preterm delivery (1.6). Use 2-3 months prior to the last menstrual period was not associated with adverse birth outcomes. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health
Document Number: 341884

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Return to fertility following discontinuation of oral contraceptives.
Author: Barnhart KT; Schreiber CA
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Mar;91(3):659-63.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of the studies that have evaluated the return to fertility following cessation of oral contraceptives (OCs), including recent evidence in women discontinuing extended-cycle and continuous-use regimens. DESIGN: Comprehensive review. PATIENT(S): None. INTERVENTION(S): Relevant articles were identified through a PubMed literature search (1960-2007) and a cross-reference of published data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Time to fertility following contraceptive use. RESULT(S): Numerous studies have demonstrated some delay in the time to conception in previous users of OCs who discontinued use in order to conceive, but this impairment appears to be temporary and typically limited to the early months following cessation of OC use. Reported 12-month conception rates in former cyclic OC users range from 72%-94% and are similar to those observed in women discontinuing intrauterine devices (71%-92%), progestin-only contraceptives (70%-95%), condoms (91%), and natural family planning (92%). There is a limited amount of data on the time to conception in women stopping extended-cycle and continuous-use OCs, but the data suggest that subsequent return to fertility is generally comparable to that of cyclic OCs. CONCLUSION(S): A comprehensive survey of reported data indicates that the return of fertility in former OC users (both cyclic and extended/continuous regimens) in women who stop use in order to conceive is comparable to that observed with other contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PENNSYLVANIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REVERSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330562

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Teenagers and emergency contraception in the UK: a focus group study of salient beliefs using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Author: Bayley J; Brown K; Wallace L
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):196-206.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore teenagers' beliefs about emergency contraception (EC) within a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. METHODS: Six single sex focus groups comprising a total of 25 female and 23 male pupils aged 13-16 years conducted in schools in Central England. RESULTS: Attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) were mainly positive about the rewards of avoiding teenage pregnancy. Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of EC, although knowledge of crucial time limits varied. EC use was more socially acceptable than teenage pregnancy, yet both outcomes were perceived negatively. Motivation to comply with social pressure was influenced by the appraisal of individuals' intentions. Participants reported high self efficacy in accessing EC, but had concerns over confidentiality and access. CONCLUSIONS: Desire to avoid pregnancy was high in this group, but practical factors and attitudes may be more important for those ambivalent about pregnancy. Adolescents perceive accessing EC as difficult, are concerned about confidentiality, and anticipate negative reactions from staff. Data support the TPB as a suitable framework for understanding attitudes to EC use. Further research should apply quantitative TPB measures to EC use in a wider teenage sample in order to identify potential psychological factors to target in an intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PEER PRESSURE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychosocial Factors
Document Number: 341801

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The persistence of induced abortion in Cuba: exploring the notion of an "abortion culture".
Author: Belanger D; Flynn A
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):13-26.
Abstract: Cuba's annual induced abortion rate persistently ranks among the highest in the world, and abortion plays a prominent role in Cuban fertility regulation despite widespread contraceptive prevalence and state promotion of modern contraceptives. We explore this phenomenon using the concept of an "abortion culture," typically used in reference to Soviet and post-Soviet countries. We synthesize existing literature to provide a historical account of abortion and contraception in Cuba. We also provide a qualitative analysis of abortion and contraceptive use based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2005 in Havana with 24 women who have had an abortion and 10 men whose partners have had an abortion. Information gained from a focus-group discussion with medical professionals also informed the study. Our four principal findings are: (a) longstanding awareness of abortion, (b) the view of abortion as a personal decision, (c) the influence of economic constraints on the decision to induce an abortion, and (d) general skepticism toward contraceptives. We discuss our results on abortion in Cuba in relation to the notion of social diffusion, an approach commonly used to explain the spread of fertility control throughout a population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CUBA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | COMMUNISM | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Political Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception
Document Number: 341079

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changes in weight, total fat, percent body fat, and central-to-peripheral fat ratio associated with injectable and oral contraceptive use.
Author: Berenson AB; Rahman M
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Mar;200(3):329.e1-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine changes in bodyweight and composition that result from hormonal contraception. STUDY DESIGN: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed at baseline and every 6 months for 3 years for 703 women (African American, 200; white, 247; Hispanic, 256) who were beginning the use of oral contraception (OC; n = 245), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; n = 240), or nonhormonal contraception (NH; n = 218). DMPA discontinuers were observed for up to 2 years to examine the reversibility of the observed changes. RESULTS: Over 36 months, DMPA users increased their weight (+5.1 kg), body fat (+4.1 kg), percent body fat (+3.4%), and central-to-peripheral fat ratio (+0.1) more than OC and NH users (P < .01). OC use did not cause weight gain. After DMPA discontinuation, NH users lost 0.42 kg in 6 months; OC users gained 0.43 kg in 6 months. CONCLUSION: Bodyweight and fat significantly increase with the use of DMPA. After discontinuation of DMPA, some decrease in bodyweight and fat occurs when NH is used.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BODY WEIGHT | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | LIPIDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 330467

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Right conclusion, wrong method [letter]
Author: Berger VW
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Aug;14(4):317-8; author reply 319-20.
Abstract: This letter to the editor takes issue with an article written by Ferreira et al regarding contraceptive counseling after an abortion. It agrees that there is no evidence indicating contraceptive counseling is effective in increasing acceptance and use of contraceptive methods after an abortion, but disagrees with the method used to arrive at that conclusion. It specifically finds the combination of the Jadad score to evaluate trial quality and the cutoff of three as indicating a high quality trial as flawed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | CLINICAL TRIALS | POSTABORTION CARE | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | VALIDITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement
Document Number: 342949

20.

Title: Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four african countries.
Author: Biddlecom A; Awusabo-Asare K; Bankole A
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):72-81.
Abstract: Data were collected in 2004 in nationally representative surveys of 12- to 19-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Bivariate analysis was used to compare gender differences for two outcomes among unmarried 15- to 19-year-olds having had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and, among those who had had sex in this period, having used contraception at last sex. Unmarried adolescents reported moderate to high levels of parental monitoring and low levels of parent-child communication about sexual matters. In all countries, adolescent males who reported low monitoring were at elevated risk of having had sex in the last year, as were their female counterparts in three of the countries. Communication with parents was positively associated with sexual activity among Malawian males and Ugandan females. Parental monitoring was not associated with contraceptive use at last sex, whereas parent-child communication was associated with such use among Ghanaian females and among Ugandan adolescents of both genders. The authors conclude that programs to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health should include dimensions of parental involvement.
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Health | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342142

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk-taking among adult dating couples in the United States.
Author: Billy JO; Grady WR; Sill ME
Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;41(2):74-83.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Knowledge of sexual and contraceptive behaviors as risk factors for STDs is largely based on women's or men's separate reports of their attitudes and behaviors. Little research has been based on couples. METHODS: Data from the 2005-2006 National Couples Survey were used to examine the sexual risk-taking behavior of 335 dating couples. Associations between each partner's characteristics and the couple's probability of recently having had anal sex and of having done something to protect themselves from STDs were assessed using logistic regression analyses. Models included measures of power dynamics and partners' perceptions of who controls sexual and contraceptive decisions. RESULTS: Couples in which the female partner reported that her male partner made the decisions about sex and contraception had increased probability of having had anal sex during the four weeks prior to the interview. In addition, partners' relationship power and their perception of control over sex and contraception moderated associations between couples' behavior and partners' characteristics, experiences and beliefs. For example, although couples in which the male partners had known someone with AIDS were less likely than others to engage in anal sex, that association was much greater for males with high income-and thus greater power-than for those with low income. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual behaviors are not controlled by any one individual in a relationship; characteristics of each partner are important. Couples-based interventions that take into consideration relationship-especially power-dynamics may enable individuals to initiate and sustain safer-sex practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADULTS | COUPLES | SEX BEHAVIOR | POWER | ANAL SEX | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 342624

22.
Title: Contraceptive use among canadian women of reproductive age: results of a national survey.
Author: Black A; Yang Q; Wu Wen S; Lalonde AB; Guilbert E; Fisher W
Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009 Jul;31(7):627-40.
Abstract: Objective: Past studies indicate that despite a wide range of contraceptive options, Canadian women tend to use a narrow selection of contraceptive methods. New contraceptive methods have recently been introduced in Canada. The objective of this research is to characterize Canadian women's current contraceptive choices and adherence to contraceptive regimens. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2006. A standardized, confidential, Internet questionnaire was administered to female members of a previously recruited national market research panel. Percentages of current contraceptive use and consistency of use were calculated by age group, marital status, and province and were weighted according to age and region. Chi-square test was used to detect within-group differences for consistency of contraceptive use, oral contraceptive (OC) use, and condom use. Multivariate logistic regression analyses predicting consistent contraception use, OC use, and condom use were performed. Results: Of 5597 survey respondents, 3253 were eligible for data analysis. Of these women, 2751 had had vaginal intercourse in the previous six months, were not trying to conceive, and reported whether they or their partner had used contraception. Of these 2751 women, 410 (14.9%) never used contraception. Among contraception users, the most frequently used methods of contraception were condoms (54.3%), OCs (43.7%), and withdrawal (11.6%). Newer contraceptive methods were used by less than 4%. Choice of contraceptive method varied by age. Only 65.2% of respondents who were sexually active and not trying to conceive "always used" contraception. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found significantly higher odds of no contraception use in women over 40 years of age, without higher education, living in PEI or Newfoundland, married or living common-law, or having annual household incomes under $100 000. Conclusion: Despite many contraceptive options, Canadian women continue to use a narrow range of contraceptive methods and to use contraception inconsistently. Consistent contraceptive use is influenced by a number of independent social variables. Future public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness of contraception options, increased access to a variety of contraceptive methods, and assisting with contraceptive adherence.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CONDOM USE | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproduction | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 342765

23.

Title: Patterns and trends in adolescents' contraceptive use and discontinuation in developing countries and comparisons with adult women.
Author: Blanc AK; Tsui AO; Croft TN; Trevitt JL
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):63-71.
Abstract: Demographic and Health Survey data from more than 40 countries were used to examine the proportions of 15- to 19-year-old women who are currently married or are unmarried but sexually active; their rates of contraceptive adoption, current use, discontinuation, method switching and contraceptive failure; trends in these indicators; and comparisons with older women. In many countries, the proportion of adolescent women using contraceptives increased substantially over the last two decades. Prevalence among adolescents increased faster than among older women. Greater proportions of adolescents than of older women discontinued using a contraceptive method within a year or experienced contraceptive failure. The authors conclude that expanded demand for contraceptive supplies, services, and information can be expected to challenge the preparedness, capacity, and resources of existing family planning programs and providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | OLDER ADULTS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Adults | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 342143

24.

Title: [Contraceptive use and incidence of pregnancy among women after HIV testing in Abidjan, Ivory Coast] Pratiques contraceptives et incidence des grossesses chez des femmes apres un
Author: Brou H; Viho I; Djohan G; Ekouevi DK; Zanou B; Leroy V; Desgrees-du-Lou A
Source: Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique. 2009 Mar 20;
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Within the framework of programs for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, women who discover their HIV-infection during their pregnancy receive perinatal interventions in order to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to the child. They also receive family planning counselling and free contraceptives in order to avoid a new pregnancy. In this study, we compared contraceptive use and pregnancy incidence between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women who were offered HIV counselling and testing during a program of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. METHODS: In the Ditrame Plus program in Abidjan, 546 HIV-positive and 393 HIV-negative women were HIV-tested prenatally and followed up 2years after delivery. At each post-partum visit, proportions of contraceptive use were noted, by method. The pregnancy incidence was calculated as the number of pregnancies for 100 women-years at risk. Factors related to the arrival of a new pregnancy were analyzed by Cox model. RESULTS: Between 6 and 24 months post-partum, proportions of women using modern contraception varied from 52 to 65% among HIV-positive women, and from 65 to 75% among HIV-negative women. Pregnancy incidence for 100 women-years at risk was 5.70 (95%CI: 4.17-7.23) and 4.37 (95%CI : 2.83-5.91) (p=0.237) and unwanted pregnancy incidence was 1.07 (95%CI: 0.41-1.73) and 2.39 (95%CI: 1.25-3.53) (p=0.023), respectively among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. The end of post-partum abstinence, the death of the index child and the end of breastfeeding were positively linked to the arrival of a new pregnancy in the post-partum period. CONCLUSION: Among these women prenatally HIV-tested, family planning counselling and regular follow-up was accompanied by a high rate of contraceptive use after delivery, and consecutively to a low pregnancy incidence irrespective of serostatus. In particular, HIV-positive women had fewer unwanted pregnancies than HIV-negative women. Integration of adequate family planning services in the post-partum follow-up in prevention programs plays an important role in reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission, by reducing pregnancies among HIV-positive women.
Language: French
Keywords:
COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | PREGNANCY | WOMEN | HIV TESTING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CLINIC VISITS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | POSTPARTUM | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Puerperium | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 330856

25.
Title: Contraceptive use and attitudes among female college students.
Author: Bryant KD
Source: ABNF Journal. 2009 Winter;20(1):12-6.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancy is a social issue that severely jeopardizes the quality of life for parents and their children. College age women between the ages of 20-24 have one of the highest rates of unintended pregnancies due to lack of contraceptive use and unsafe sexual practices. Since 80% of college females are sexually active and not seeking to become pregnant, it is important to provide these women with effective contraceptive options. Among this population, Black and Hispanic woman have a disproportionate rate of unintended pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to examine contraceptive attitudes and demographic characteristics among female college students. Participants were grouped into those who use contraceptives consistently, intermittently, or not at all. The sample consisted of 120 racially diverse female college students who were sexually active within the past 3 months. Participants completed the Contraceptive Attitude Scale, contraceptive use tool, and demographic tool. The results showed that there was no significant difference in demographic characteristics and contraceptive attitudes for race, age, marital status, years of college education and income between the contraceptive groups. A majority of participants had a positive attitude regarding contraceptives. Women with higher contraceptive attitude scores were significantly more likely to be consistent contraceptive users. Uninterrupted contraceptive users had significantly higher mean contraceptive attitude scores than intermittent users and nonusers. The results of this study may enable healthcare providers to develop more effective methods of increasing contraceptive use and simultaneously decrease unintended pregnancy rates. Nurses play an integral role by providing women with contraceptive counseling that will assist these women in making an informed decision about contraception use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 330599

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behaviour among Italian adolescents: Knowledge and use of contraceptives.
Author: Capuano S; Simeone S; Scaravilli G; Raimondo D; Balbi C
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr 18;:1-5.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive data concerning the sexual behaviour of Italian adolescents are lacking; the planning of prevention programmes is therefore difficult. Methods The current study evaluates the knowledge of Italian adolescents about sexuality and their use of methods to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The age at first intercourse in the current sample was compared to that found in past samples to ascertain whether sex education was needed at an earlier age. The efficacy of one school-based sex education programme was analysed. Results Overall 630 students in three Italian cities were surveyed. Just over half the students were sexually active. Among these, the mean age at first intercourse was 15.6 years (SD +/- 1.3). The contraception most widely used was the condom although 'coitus interruptus', 'natural family planning' and 'no method' were also mentioned. The knowledge among students from Latina, after they had received sex education, was significantly better. Conclusion Our data show a lower mean age at first intercourse than has been reported for earlier periods by other authors. School-based sexual education is effective in improving knowledge. Sexual health services for young people must be available and counselling services improved.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331123

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Post abortion family planning counseling as a tool to increase contraception use.
Author: Ceylan A; Ertem M; Saka G; Akdeniz N
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jan 15;9(20):[16] p.
Abstract: Background: To describe the impact of the post-abortion family planning counseling in bringing about the contraceptive usage in women who had induced abortion in a family planning clinic. Method: The Diyarbakir Office of Turkish Family Planning Association (DTFPA) is a nonprofit and nongovernmental organization which runs a family planning clinic to serve the lower socio-economic populations, in Diyarbakir-Turkey. Post abortion counseling is introduced by using proper communication skills and with using appropriate methods to women. In this study we introduced contraceptive usage of women who had induced abortion one year ago and followed by DTFPA's clinic. Results: 55.3% of our clients were not using contraceptive methods before abortion. At the end of the one year, 75.9% of our followed-up clients revealed that they were using one of the modern contraceptive methods. There was no woman with IUD before induced abortion. At the end of one year 124 (52.3%) women had IUD. "A modern method was introduced immediately after abortion" was the most important factor increasing modern method usage. Conclusion: Our results advocate that post-abortion counseling may be an effective tool to increase the usage of contraceptives. Improved and more qualified post-abortion family planning counseling should be an integral part of abortion services.
Language: English
Keywords:
TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CLIENTS | POSTABORTION CARE | ABORTION | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IUD | HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Clinic Activities | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 329531 Notification

28.
Title: Effects of female literacy on family size.
Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S
Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7.
Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 340190

29.

Title: Sexual behavior and contraceptive use among youth in West Africa.
Author: Dann G
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Feb. [3] p.
Abstract: This article examines data from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal, and it explores the variation in sexual knowledge and practices among youth ages 15 to 24. With this information, policy-makers and program managers can develop programs that more effectively respond to the sexual and reproductive health needs of youth.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, WESTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM DESIGN | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339990


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