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3.
Title: Contraceptive use among postpartum women - 12 states and New York City, 2004-2006.
Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2009 Aug 7;58(30):821-6.
Abstract: Postpartum use of highly effective contraceptive methods can prevent unintended pregnancies and ensure adequate birth spacing. Unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. In 2001, the year for which the most recent data are available, 49% of all pregnancies were unintended, and 21% of women gave birth within 24 months of a previous birth. Two Healthy People 2010 goals are to increase the percentage of intended pregnancies to 70% (objective 9-1) and to reduce the percentage of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth to 6% (objective 9-2). To estimate the prevalence and types of contraception being used by women 2-9 months postpartum, CDC analyzed data from the 2004-2006 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 12 states and New York City. This report summarizes those results, which indicated that 88.0% of postpartum women reported current use of at least one contraceptive method; 61.7% reported using a method defined as highly effective, 20.0% used a method defined as moderately effective, and 6.4% used less effective methods. Rates of using highly effective contraceptive methods postpartum were lowest among Asian/Pacific Islanders (35.3%), women who had wanted to get pregnant sooner (49.9%), women aged >or=35 years (53.0%), and women who had no prenatal care (54.5%). State policy makers and health-care providers can use these results to promote use of highly effective contraception among postpartum women and target interventions for those with particularly low rates of usage, including women with no prenatal care.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CDC | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | AGE FACTORS | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Public Assistance | Grants | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342395

Title: "Everything I know I learned from my mother...Or not": perspectives of African-American and white women on decisions about tubal sterilization.
Author: Borrero S; Nikolajski C; Rodriguez KL; Creinin MD; Arnold RM; Ibrahim SA
Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2009 Mar;24(3):312-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: African-American women have had higher rates of female sterilization compared to white women since its emergence as a contraceptive method. The reasons underlying this observed racial difference are unknown. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to (1) explore what factors shape black and white women's decisions about tubal sterilization as a contraceptive method and (2) generate hypotheses about the relationship of race to the decision-making process. DESIGN: We conducted six focus groups stratified by tubal sterilization status and race. During each of the audio-recorded sessions, participants were asked to discuss reasons that women choose sterilization as a contraceptive method. PARTICIPANTS: The participants of the study were 24 African-American women and 14 white women. APPROACH: Transcripts of the sessions were qualitatively analyzed with particular attention to factors that might be unique to each of the two racial groups. RESULTS: Personal factors shaped black and white women's decisions regarding tubal sterilization. Preference for a convenient, highly effective contraceptive method was the main reason to get a tubal sterilization for women of both racial groups. We also identified socio-cultural differences that might explain why black women are more likely than white women to choose tubal sterilization over other contraceptive methods. An unanticipated, but clinically important, finding was that women often reported feeling that their doctors and the health-care system served as barriers to obtaining the desired procedure. CONCLUSION: Socio-cultural differences may help explain why black and white women choose different contraceptive methods.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | BLACKS | WHITES | WOMEN | TUBAL LIGATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | DECISION MAKING | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Behavior
Document Number: 341434

Title: Integrating population, health, and environment in Uganda.
Author: Bremner J; Zuehlke E
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2009 Jun. 6 p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: After decades of instability and civil conflict, Uganda has enjoyed relative stability, sustained economic growth, and great improvements in health over the last 20 years. During the same period, Uganda's population has grown rapidly, and in 2009 surpassed 30 million people. This rapid population growth is contributing to the degradation of Uganda's natural resources, the backbone of the country's economy and household livelihoods. Continued reductions in poverty depend in large part on finding innovative and integrated solutions to the complex population, health, and environment problems affecting Uganda's poorest people.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | POSTABORTION CARE
Document Number: 342029

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraception in historical and global perspective.
Author: Cleland J
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):165-176.
Abstract: This chapter describes the rise in contraceptive practice and fall in fertility from around 1880 to the present day. Two main phases are identified: the first confined to European populations and involving methods of low efficacy, and the second embracing the whole planet involving modern methods. Today, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use and high fertility persist. Nevertheless, nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are still unintended, and much scope remains for improvement in contraceptive protection. The main international priority is Africa, where demographic factors jeopardize the goals of reducing poverty and hunger.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329659

7.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive discontinuation and non-use in Santarem, Brazilian Amazon.
Author: D'Antona Ade O; Chelekis JA; D'Antona MF; Siqueira AD
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Sep;25(9):2021-32.
Abstract: In this paper we discuss the causes of non-adherence to reversible contraceptives, especially hormonal methods, among women in rural Santarem in the Brazilian Amazon. The analysis is based on questionnaires with 398 women and visits to health centers. We consider the motives reported by women who: never used contraception; used some method in the past; and who at the time of the survey were using a different method from the ones they used in the past. The results indicate a rejection of hormonal contraception and a preference for female sterilization, an option possibly influenced by the characteristics of health services in the region. The side effects of hormonal contraceptive use reported by part of the interviewees contribute to a generalized fear of the side effects even among women who have never used such methods. To improve women's health services in the Amazon, we recommend further studies of the relationship between reported side effects and available services and prescriptions, as well as an analysis of women's discourse and perceptions.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | FEAR | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Emotions | Sterilization, Sexual | Risk Reduction Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342777

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review.
Author: Deans EI; Grimes DA
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):418-23.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of IUDs for adolescents remains unsettled, as does the definition of the term adolescent. Unplanned pregnancy among teenagers remains epidemic, and long-acting methods, such as IUDs, offer the promise of top-tier effectiveness. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning IUD use in adolescents using MEDLINE, Popline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases. RESULTS: Six cohort studies and seven case-series reports met our inclusion criteria; none included IUDs in current use in the United States. Overall, continuation rates were high and cumulative pregnancy rates low, ranging from 2% at 6 months to 11% at 48 months. Compared with combined oral contraceptives, IUDs had similar or better continuation rates; pregnancy rates were similar at 2 years. IUD expulsion rates may be inversely related to age. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on IUD use among adolescents is scanty and obsolete. Nevertheless, published reports were generally reassuring. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing contemporary IUDs with other methods are urgently needed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | IUD | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342601

10.

Title: Knowledge, Use, and Concerns about Contraceptive Methods among Sero-Discordant Couples in Rwanda and Zambia.
Author: Grabbe K; Stephenson R; Vwalika B; Ahmed Y; Vwalika C; Chomba E; Karita E; Kayitenkore K; Tichacek A; Allen S
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Aug 26;
Abstract: Abstract Objective: The unique needs of sero-discordant couples are largely missing from many current family planning efforts, which focus on the prevention of pregnancies in absence of the reduction of the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Conversely, HIV testing and programs focus exclusively on condom use without discussion of more effective contraceptive methods. In order to provide information to inform the development of family planning services tailored to the unique needs of sero-discordant couples, this study examined the contraceptive knowledge, use, and concerns among sero-discordant couples in urban Rwanda and Zambia. Methods: This article presents a comparison of family planning knowledge, use, and concerns about contraception among two cohorts of HIV sero-discordant study participants in Rwanda and Zambia. Results: The results reveal an interesting profile of contraceptive knowledge and use among sero-discordant couples; in both settings, despite high levels of knowledge of contraception, use of contraceptive methods remains relatively low. There is a clear gender difference in both the reporting of knowledge and use of contraceptive methods, and there is evidence of clandestine contraceptive use by women. Conclusions: Including information on family planning in voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services in addition to tailoring the delivery of family planning information to meet to needs and concerns of HIV-positive women or those with HIV positive partners is an essential step in the delivery of services and prevention efforts to reduce the transmission of HIV. Family planning and HIV prevention programs should integrate counseling on "dual method use," combining condoms for HIV/STI prevention with a long-acting contraceptive for added protection against unplanned pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | COUPLES | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Central | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 342591

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Profile of long-acting reversible contraception users in Europe.
Author: Haimovich S
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):187-95.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the profile of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) users in Europe. METHODS: A random sample of women aged 15-49 years in 14 European countries (Germany, France, UK, Spain, Italy, Russian Federation, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) underwent web-based or computer-aided face-to-face interviews in June 2006. In this paper data pertaining to a subgroup of women using LARCs are presented. RESULTS: A total of 11,490 women participated in the full study. Of these, 1,188 (10%) women were LARC (hormonal implant, injectables, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system [LNG-IUS], copper intrauterine device [Cu-IUD]) users. The age of the LARC users exceeded 30 years for 57-91% of them. Furthermore, more than half of them found convenience an extremely important factor when selecting the LARC as a contraceptive method. As compared to those wearing a Cu-IUD, women using hormonal LARCs experienced fewer physical and emotional symptoms that appeared or worsened during menstruation. CONCLUSIONS: LARCs have their place in the contraceptive market in Europe. The most popular LARCs among European women were the LNG-IUS and the Cu-IUD; both were mainly used by women who had children and had no wish to have more in the future.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | AGE FACTORS | PARITY | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 341802

12.

Title: The Contraceptive Needs of Incarcerated Women.
Author: Hale GJ; Oswalt KL; Cropsey KL; Villalobos GC; Ivey SE; Matthews CA
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Jul 24;
Abstract: Abstract Objectives: We assessed the contraceptive needs of women incarcerated in jails in the southeastern United States to determine feasible and effective birth control interventions based on the needs of this population. Methods: Participants were recruited from local jails around a medium-sized metro area. Participants completed a survey of demographics, sexual health, contraceptive use, and preferred method of contraception. Results: The survey was completed by 188 women in jail. Participants reported high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (50.5%), inconsistent use of birth control (36.5%), and use of unreliable and user-dependent methods of birth control. The majority did not desire to become pregnant in the future (61.5%) but intended to have sex after release from jail (76.9%). Women who were able to bear children were more likely to report intentions to use birth control or STD protection after release (77.9%). Additionally, significant racial differences were found. Specifically, nonwhites were more likely to be single and have more STDs and less use of a variety of birth control methods than whites. Conclusions: Women in this sample were at high risk for unplanned pregnancies. Therefore, a primary contraceptive need for this population appeared to be education about longer lasting, user-independent forms of contraception. Many of these women would be ideal candidates for such forms of contraception, especially if it was provided prior to release.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PRISONERS | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 342329

13.

Title: The relationship of family size and composition to fertility desires, contraceptive adoption and method choice in South Asia.
Author: Jayaraman A; Mishra V; Arnold F
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):29-38.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Many countries in South Asia, including Nepal, India and Bangladesh, demonstrate a strong cultural preference for sons, which may influence fertility desires and contraceptive use. METHODS: Demographic and Health Survey data from married, nonpregnant women aged 15-49 who had at least one child were used to examine the relationship of parity and number of sons to reproductive outcomes in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Outcomes of interest were desire for another child, contraceptive use and type of contraceptive (modern vs. traditional, temporary vs. permanent). Odds ratios and relative risk ratios were calculated using binary and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In general, desire for another child decreased and contraceptive use increased as the number of children and number of sons increased. These associations were more prominent in Nepal and India than in Bangladesh. For example, compared with women who had three daughters and no sons, the odds of contraceptive use among women with two sons and one daughter were 4.8 in Nepal, 3.5 in India and 2.0 in Bangladesh. Within India, the associations of parity and number of sons with reproductive outcomes were generally stronger in northern states than in South India or West Bengal. CONCLUSIONS: Son preference remains widespread in all three countries and has a major influence on reproductive behavior. Reducing such preference would require a change in social norms and attitudes of the people and an improvement of the status of women.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | NEPAL | BANGLADESH | INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | FAMILY SIZE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 341316

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among sex workers in Madagascar.
Author: Khan MR; Turner AN; Pettifor A; Van Damme K; Rabenja NL; Ravelomanana N; Swezey T; Williams D; Jamieson D; Behets F
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):221-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to investigate past and future pregnancy preferences and contraceptive need among Malagasy sex workers. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data on pregnancy and contraceptive use collected during the baseline visit of a randomized, prospective formative trial which assessed diaphragm and microbicide acceptability among sex workers. To be eligible, women could not be pregnant or planning pregnancy for the next 2 months. RESULTS: Women (N=192) from four cities (Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toamasina) reported a median of 10 sex acts per week. Fifty-two percent reported a prior unwanted pregnancy, 45% at least one induced abortion and 86% that preventing future pregnancy was moderately to very important. During the last sex act, 24% used a hormonal method, 36% used a male condom, 2% used a traditional method and 38% used no method. Nearly 30% of participants reported that pregnancy prevention was moderately or very important but used no contraception at last sex; these women were categorized as having "unmet need" for contraception. In multivariable binomial regression analyses, factors associated with unmet need included low knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness [age- and site-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-3.0] and low self-efficacy to negotiate condom use (age- and site-adjusted PR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: Among these women, prior unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion were common and preventing future pregnancy was important, yet gaps in contraceptive use were substantial. Contraceptive knowledge and self-efficacy should be improved to promote contraceptive use by sex workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330055 Notification

15.
Title: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of reproductive behavior in Iranian minor thalassemia couples.
Author: Kosaryan M; Vahidshahi K; Siami R; Nazari M; Karami H; Ehteshami S
Source: Saudi Medical Journal. 2009 Jun;30(6):835-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of reproductive behavior in Iranian minor thalassemia couples in Ghaemshahr City, Mazandaran, Iran. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted in 2006. Birth rates from 1997-2005 and the number of newly registered patients from at risk couples was recorded. Tools for data collection were a valid questionnaire containing epidemiologic characteristics of couples, knowledge (20 questions), attitude 20 statements, and practice by studying the family file in health centers. Questionnaires were completed by husband and wife separately. Actual versus expected numbers of patients born in that period were compared. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 13.00, and p<0.05 was interpreted as significant. RESULTS: Of the 240 at risk couples, 100 were studied. Of them, 82% had good knowledge of thalassemia, and 68.5% had a positive attitude toward thalassemia prevention program. Correlations of knowledge with attitude were significant (p<0.001), and 50% of the couples had unfavorable practice including unplanned pregnancy, fetal abortion without prenatal diagnosis (PND), delivery without PND, and having a child affected by thalassemia major (TM). Without PND, 4 TM patients were born. Ninety-eight episodes of unfavorable practice were reported. Meanwhile, the contraceptive method used by 12% of couples was unsafe. Suspected TM patients with no prevention program were 25; thus, the birth of 2 TM was prevented (92% reduction). CONCLUSION: We achieved great success during the last 9 years in the region, and TM prevention program improved knowledge, attitude, and practice in high-risk couples and carrier families.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COUPLES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | HEREDITARY DISEASES | GENETIC COUNSELING | SCREENING | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | ABORTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INFORMATION SOURCES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Counseling | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Information
Document Number: 342635 Notification

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Reasons for termination of pregnancy in women aged 35 and over [letter]
Author: Lee W; Mazza D
Source: Medical Journal of Australia. 2009 Aug 3;191(3):188-9.
Abstract: This letter speaks about the reasons women aged 35 and over are terminating pregnancy in Melbourne, Australia. In addition to reasons for termination, it also includes the contraceptive methods used by the women prior to the pregnancy and determines that further qualitative research is needed to explore the women's understanding of fertility and pregnancy risk.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | CRITIQUE | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ABORTION | AGE FACTORS | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Oceania | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 342939 Notification

17.

Title: Theory-based interventions for contraception.
Author: Lopez LM; Tolley EE; Grimes DA; Chen-Mok M
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(1):CD007249.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The explicit use of theory in research helps expand the knowledge base. Theories and models have been used extensively in HIV-prevention research and in interventions for preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The health behavior field uses many theories or models of change. However, educational interventions addressing contraception often have no stated theoretical base. OBJECTIVES: Review randomized controlled trials that tested a theoretical approach to inform contraceptive choice; encourage contraceptive use; or promote adherence to, or continuation of, a contraceptive regimen. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched computerized databases for trials that tested a theory-based intervention for improving contraceptive use (MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and ICTRP). We also wrote to researchers to find other trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials tested a theory-based intervention for improving contraceptive use. We excluded trials focused on high-risk groups. Interventions addressed the use of one or more contraceptive methods. The reports provided evidence that the intervention was based on a specific theory or model. The primary outcomes were pregnancy, contraceptive choice, initiating or changing contraceptive use, contraceptive regimen adherence, and contraception continuation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The primary author evaluated abstracts for eligibility. Two authors extracted data from included studies. We calculated the odds ratio for dichotomous outcomes and the mean difference for continuous data. No meta-analysis was conducted due to intervention differences. MAIN RESULTS: Of 26 trials, 12 interventions addressed contraception (other than condoms), while 14 focused on condom use for preventing HIV or STIs. In 2 of 10 trials with pregnancy or birth data, a theory-based group showed better results. Four of nine trials with contraceptive use (other than condoms) showed better outcomes in an experimental group. For condom use, a theory-based group had favorable results in 14 of 20 trials, but the number was halved in a subgroup analysis. Social Cognitive Theory was the main theoretical basis for 12 trials, and 10 showed positive results. Of the other 14 trials, favorable results were shown for other social cognition models (N=2), motivational interviewing (N=5), and the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (N=2). No major patterns were detected by type of theory, intervention, or target population. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Family planning researchers and practitioners could apply the relevant theories and effective interventions from HIV and STI prevention. More thorough use of single theories would help inform the field about what works. Better reporting is needed on research design and intervention implementation.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MOTIVATION | COUNSELING | HIV PREVENTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 329594

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive use and abortion among women of reproductive age in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Author: Regushevskaya E; Dubikaytis T; Nikula M; Kuznetsova O; Hemminki E
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):51-8.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Although the characteristics associated with contraceptive use among Russian women have been studied, no large-scale research has been conducted on women's use of different contraceptive methods and abortion. METHODS: A random sample of 1,147 women aged 18-44 completed questionnaires at local women's clinics in St. Petersburg in 2003-2004. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in selected characteristics among age-groups, and logistic regression was used to assess associations between these characteristics and the use of contraceptive methods at last intercourse and abortion history. RESULTS: Among women at risk of unintended pregnancy, six in 10 had used reliable contraceptives (the pill, the IUD or condoms) at last intercourse; 42% had used condoms. Women in the middle income level were more likely than women with lower income to have used the pill (odds ratio, 2.1); cohabiting women and those who had had children had lowered odds of using condoms (0.6 and 0.3-0.5, respectively). More than half of those surveyed reported having had an abortion. Characteristics associated with increased odds of having had an abortion included being 25 or older (2.2-3.5), cohabiting (2.9), having high income (1.7), having experienced first intercourse before turning 18 (2.2) and having used no contraceptive method at first sex (1.5). The factor that was most strongly associated with abortion was a woman's number of births (4.9-5.7). CONCLUSIONS: Educational programs that promote the consistent use of condoms, especially among young women, and family planning programs that reduce financial barriers to contraceptive use, are critically needed in Russia.
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONDOM USE | ABORTION | INCOME | ABORTION RATE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | PARITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Sex Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330703 Notification

19.

Title: Expanding contraceptive choice: five promising innovations.
Author: Ringheim K; Gribble J
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 Jun. 4 p.
Abstract: This new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau highlights five "next generation" contraceptives, each of which offers one or more advantages over similar earlier methods. These innovations are among those expected to enter the market within five years and can assist country programs to make contraception more accessible and attractive to women and couples.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | COUPLES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NEEDS | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Population Characteristics | Human Rights | Political Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 328045

20.

Title: Contraception and women over 40 years of age: mixed-method systematic review.
Author: Roberts A; Noyes J
Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009;65(6):1155-1170.
Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a mixed-method systematic review to identify barriers to, and facilitators of, contraceptive needs and choices of women over 40 years old. Background. Women over 40 years of age who do not want to conceive have specific needs for contraception to prevent unwanted, unplanned and unintended pregnancies prior to menopause. Data sources. Six databases were searched for published and grey literature from September 1997 to September 2007, along with the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The Internet, professional networks and hand searching were also used. Review methods. Mixed-method synthesis using Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre phased design. Findings. Guidelines to inform clinical decision-making were located but did not take account of age-related social factors affecting women's choices or local service availability. Women's access to services and contraceptive choices were influenced by educational level, general awareness of available methods, fear of side effects, women's social standing, religious and cultural beliefs, personal control, and confidentiality. The main factors influencing compliance and continuation rates were knowledge, positive experience and confidence, unacceptable side effects and safety concerns, information, support and advice, and ongoing husband/partner influences. Conclusion. The utility of clinical guidelines could be improved by incorporating socio-cultural factors and women's views. Novel approaches to evidence translation and facilitation are required. Focusing on user-led, age-appropriate services rather than a 'one size fits all' approach could improve the contraceptive choices and outcomes for women over 40 years old.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | BEST PRACTICES | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | RELIGION | CULTURE | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics
Document Number: 331126

21.

Title: Women and contraception in research: a pilot study.
Author: Schonfeld TL; Amoura NJ; Stoner JA; Gordon BG
Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Apr;18(4):507-12.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no data on women's willingness to participate in clinical trials as a function of real or perceived reproductive risk. Further, it is unknown whether the requirement for contraception or the common practice of limiting women's contraceptive choices influences their willingness to participate in research. The uncertainty about women's preferences on these matters remains a barrier for recruiting women to and retaining women as subjects in clinical trials. METHODS: We developed a pilot study to determine women's willingness to participate in research with contraceptive requirements by looking at the three most common types of reversible contraceptives: hormonal contraception, barrier contraception, and intrauterine contraception. This study tested the hypotheses that restrictions on contraceptive choice impact women's willingness to participate in research and that the impact of contraceptive choice differs depending on women's perception of risk. RESULTS: Women's willingness to participate in the proposed study decreased overall as reproductive risk increased. In addition, requirements for specific contraceptive methods negatively impacted women's reported willingness to participate in the research studies in our survey. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that requirements for specific contraceptive methods negatively impacted women's reported willingness to participate in research. If confirmed in a larger sample, the negative effect of contraceptive limitations on women's willingness to participate in research would be of importance to clinical investigators and to institutional review boards (IRBs), as most adult biomedical research has as an explicit goal the equitable recruitment of women of childbearing potential.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | HUMAN VOLUNTEERS | SELF-PERCEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Evaluation | Social Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 330975

22.
Title: Comparison of contraceptive choices of rural and urban US adults aged 18-55 years: an analysis of 2004 behavioral risk factor surveillance survey data.
Author: Tobar A; Lutfiyya MN; Mabasa Y; Meena H; McGrath C; Brady S; Aguero C; Bales R; King M
Source: Rural and Remote Health. 2009 Jul-Sep;9(3):1186.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although sexually active US adults wanting to prevent pregnancy have a wide variety of birth control methods readily available, there is little research that documents the contraceptive choices of rural adults in comparison to urban adults. This study compared the contraceptive choices of rural with urban adults. The comparative analysis joins the recent dialog in population health focused on assessing health related differences to detect if these are indicative of rural health disparities. METHODS: Design: This was a cross-sectional study analyzing 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data. Place of residence was ascertained by re-coding the state/county FIPS code as either urban or rural, based on 2003 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes from the US Office of Management and Budget (setting: US households; participants: US adults 18-55 years). Main outcome measures: characteristics and contraceptive method choice of rural adults using birth control. RESULTS: A multivariate regression model performed with 'use of birth control' as the dependent variable yielded that rural in comparison with urban adults 18-55 years were more likely to use female or male sterilization, non-injectable and injectable hormones for birth control. They were less likely to use: condoms, a diaphragm or NuvaRing, emergency contraception, withdrawal or rhythm methods. Additionally, in comparison with urban adults, rural persons younger than 35 years, those who had children younger than 18 years living with them, those who were partnered, males and those living in households with an income of less than US$35,000 were more likely to report using some form of contraception. CONCLUSION: There were differences in the contraception choices of urban and rural adults. How much primary care provider preferences explains the differences is not known and bears further exploration. These results should prove useful to healthcare providers as well as public health family planning programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | ADULTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HEALTH INSURANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities
Document Number: 342311

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Attitude and behavior effects in a randomized trial of increased access to emergency contraception.
Author: Weaver MA; Raymond EG; Baecher L
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jan;113(1):107-16.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of providing unrestricted access to emergency contraception in advance of need on various psychosocial outcomes and pregnancy. METHODS: In the trial, women were randomly assigned to either increased access to emergency contraception (two free packs at enrollment with unlimited free resupply) or standard access. Participants were evaluated for 1 year for pregnancy and other outcomes. Psychosocial data were collected at enrollment and at 6 and 12 months. We applied exploratory factor analysis for data reduction. We compared the resulting psychosocial factors (including factors related to "aversion to pregnancy" and to the perceived "relative benefit" and "accessibility" of emergency contraception), two items directly assessing substitution, and pregnancy between randomization groups over time. RESULTS: On average, women in the increased access group had significantly stronger perceptions of both the "relative benefit" and "accessibility" of emergency contraception (P<.001 for each). Women in the increased access group were significantly more likely to report that they had ever used emergency contraception because they did not want to use either condoms or another contraceptive method (P<.001). Regarding pregnancy, we noted a significant interaction between randomization group and "aversion to pregnancy" (P=.010): among the least "averse" women, increased access had a protective effect (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.39-1.04); among the most "averse" women, increased access had a deleterious effect (hazard ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.98). CONCLUSION: As a result of having unrestricted access, some women substituted emergency contraception for their usual contraceptive methods. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00060463 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | FACTOR ANALYSIS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PERCEPTION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY RATE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330375

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Young women's continued use of oral contraceptives over other hormonal methods: findings from a qualitative study.
Author: Williamson LM; Buston K; Sweeting H
Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):167-72.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) have become more commonly promoted in the UK, but most young women still rely on the contraceptive pill. Here, we describe young women's accounts of hormonal contraceptive use to explore why this might be the case. METHODS: In-depth interviews with twenty 20-year-old women from eastern Scotland in the UK. RESULTS: All but one woman reported use of the pill. It was the method they expected to use, sought out, and received. Belief in the pill's efficacy was maintained even when knowledge or experience of failure suggested otherwise. Only four women reported using alternative hormonal methods and only did so after experiencing unmanageable problems with the pill (side effects or forgetting to take it). All then discontinued use because of weight gain or dislike of menstrual suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Attempts to promote LARC must address these issues. Pill use can be unproblematic if managed well, and should continue to be promoted as an appropriate contraceptive for young women.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | YOUTH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Data Collection
Document Number: 342137

25.

Title: Current status of contraceptive use among rural married women in Anhui Province of China.
Author: Zhang XJ; Wang GY; Shen Q; Yu YL; Sun YH; Yu GB; Zhao D; Ye DQ
Source: BJOG. 2009 Sep 1;
Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to explore the current status of married women in regard of their use of contraceptive methods (permanent methods versus non-permanent methods) and to find out factors that affect the use of contraceptive methods in rural areas of Anhui Province of China. Design: Survey. Setting: Anhui, China. Population: A total of 53,652 married women aged 18-49 years. Methods: A multistage probability sampling method was used to identify a representative sample of 53,652 married women aged 18-49 years. All women were asked to provide detailed information by completing detailed questionnaires. Main outcome measures: Contraceptive prevalence and influence factors. Results: The total birth control rate of the sample was 95.2%. Samples choosing the permanent and nonpermanent contraceptive methods have taken up 46.7 and 48.5% respectively. Female sterilisation was the first choice with a usage rate of 43.6%, followed by intrauterine device (IUD), which was used by 41.1% of samples. Single-variable analysis showed that the choice of contraceptive methods was associated with age, education level, parity, frequency of sex intercourses in a month, contraceptive knowledge, RTI symptom and the gender of the last child of rural married women. Conclusions: A significant increase in contraceptive use of rural married women in Anhui Province of China. Female sterilisation and IUD still play the dominant role. Effective family planning methods should be advocated through adequate counselling on the correct use and proper management, with consideration of the background of custom and belief.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342762

26.

Title: AWARENESS Project. Introducing the Standard Days Method into public sector services in Peru.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [24] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: After seeing the yet-unpublished results of the Standard Days Method� (SDM) efficacy trial, Peruvian Ministry of Health (MOH) decision-makers expressed interest in adding the method to their regular family planning (FP) services. A three-year pilot introduction project was carried out, designed to develop and test a service delivery model appropriate for the local context and for replication elsewhere in the country. A study component was superimposed on the pilot project to answer key questions the MOH had regarding the SDM's performance in non-study circumstances: 1) if there would be enough demand for the method, 2) whether the SDM would siphon clients from other methods, 3) if pregnancy rates would be in the range of those seen in the efficacy trial, and 4) whether offering and providing the SDM would represent an excessive burden to FP providers. The SDM was offered and provided to clients at MOH facilities in the Department of San Mart�n, initially in two provinces, then expanded to most of the department. A cross sectional survey of SDM clients was conducted 18 months after the method became available. Some 1200 women were contacted and interviewed (of 1254 reported as SDM users at the time the interviews were conducted). On average, they had received counseling in the SDM 10 months before. Although the project had initially been planned for two years, at the request of the local MOH, it was extended for another 12 months. At the end of the project SDM services were available at over 300 facilities throughout the department, offered by over 700 trained providers (most of whom were trained by the MOH using their own personnel and resources). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PERU | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FERTILITY AWARENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health | Health Services | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Education
Document Number: 327644

27.

Title: Integrating the Standard Days Method into Ranchi district, Jharkhand: Key findings from household surveys.
Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health. AWARENESS Project
Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008 Feb. [71] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-97-00011-00)
Abstract: The Standard Days Method� (SDM) is a fertility awareness-based method developed and tested by the Institute for Reproductive Health at Georgetown University (IRH). The SDM was integrated into family planning programs in two blocks of Ranchi District in Jharkhand as part of a study of the effect SDM integration has on the quality and use of family planning services. This study was conducted by Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra (KGVK) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOH/FW) of Jharkhand, with technical assistance from CEDPA and IRH. Before incorporating the SDM into family planning programs in Ranchi, a baseline survey was conducted in three blocks (Kanke, Ormanjhi and Burmu). The Burmu block served as the control area and did not include SDM integration, while the SDM was introduced in the Kanke block and scaled up in Ormanjhi. Approximately two years after the baseline survey, an endline survey was conducted to assess the impact of SDM integration. Both the baseline and endline surveys used two-stage sampling. In the first stage, villages were selected from each block and then a selection of households from these villages was chosen. All villages included in the baseline survey were also included in the endline survey.. In total, 44, 49 and 68 villages (including hamlets) were selected from Burmu, Ormanjhi and Kanke blocks, respectively. Systematic random sampling was used to determine the required number of households (from the list of all existing households) included from each of the selected villages. In each of the three blocks, 600 women were selected randomly for the sample. Respondents were currently married women between 15-49 years of age. Two approaches were utilized to study the effect of including the SDM in family planning programs. The first approach assessed the effect (via endline survey results) in experimental blocks (Ormanjhi and Kanke) compared to the control block (Burmu). The second compared the key findings at endline with those of the baseline survey. This summary primarily describes the results from the endline survey; however, statistically significant differences between the baseline and endline surveys are mentioned. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | SURVEYS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | FERTILITY AWARENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health | Health Services | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Education
Document Number: 327649

28.

Title: Service delivery-based training for long-acting family planning methods: client / provider satisfaction assessment.
Author: Pathfinder International
Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Pathfinder International, 2008 Jan. 6 p. (Pathfinder No. 4)
Abstract: In 2007, the RH/FP Project surveyed current LAFP users, LAFP discontinuers, CBRHAs who refer potential clients, health care providers who deliver LAFPs, and managers of those facilities where such services are provided. The survey sought to understand the quality of care issues surrounding the use and delivery of LAFP. A total of 806 current users, (795 implant and 11 IUCD), were selected from the regions of Oromiya, Amhara, Tigray, and SNNP, following a multi-stage sampling procedure. Twenty-nine former users of implants were interviewed, as were 42 CBRHAs, 19 providers (nurses and midwives) trained by the program, and 21 health facility managers. The findings are being used to design activities to improve the training and quality of care of LAFP. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | EVALUATION REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TIME FACTORS | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 325472

29.

Title: World contraceptive use 2007. [Wallchart].
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2008 Jan. [2] p. (ST/ESA/SER.A/273)
Abstract: At the 2005 World Summit, Governments committed themselves to "achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015, as set out at the International Conference on Population and Development" (A/RES/60/1). This wall chart presents the latest data available on key dimensions of reproductive health, including two of the indicators for the Millennium Development Goals, namely, contraceptive prevalence relative to the use of any method (indicator 5.3) and unmet need for family planning (indicator 5.6). The wall chart shows that universal access to reproductive health is still far from being attained since, at least in terms of unmet need for family planning, in at least 43 countries over 20 per cent of the women of reproductive age who are married or in union have not met their need for contraception. Nevertheless, contraceptive use continues to increase. At the world level, 63 per cent of women of reproductive age who are married or in union are currently using a contraceptive method for a total of 716 million worldwide. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TABLES AND CHARTS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 326747

30.

Title: Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use. 2008 update.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Reproductive Health and Research
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, 2008. [4] p.
Abstract: The Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use -one of the four cornerstones of the World Health Organization's (WHO) evidence-based family planning guidance -provides evidence-based recommendations on how to safely and effectively use contraceptive methods once they are deemed medically appropriate for an individual. This guideline is intended for use by policy-makers, programme managers, and the scientific community in the preparation of national family planning/sexual and reproductive health programmes for delivery of contra�ceptives. The first edition of the Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use was published in 2002, and the second edition in 2004. On 1-4 April 2008, WHO convened an expert Working Group in Geneva, Switzerland, to revise the second edition in response to newly published evidence and requests for clarification of specific recommendations from users of the guideline. The meeting brought together 43 participants from 23 countries, including nine agency representatives. The expert Working Group was comprised of: international family planning experts, including clinicians, epidemiologists, policy-makers, programme managers; experts in evidence identification and synthesis; experts in pharmacology; and users of the guideline. All members of the expert Working Group were asked to declare any conflict of interest; three of the experts declared a conflict of interest relevant to the subject matter of the meeting. They were not asked to withdraw from recommendation formulation.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | COUPLES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | DECISION MAKING | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | IUD | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Safety | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Human Rights | Political Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 329562


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