| 1. Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies] Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9. Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive. Language: Serbian Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 342047 |
2.  Title: Quick reference guide to family planning research. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, 2009 Jan. 51 p. (Research to Practice) Abstract: This document is a summary of research and program findings that FHI believes could improve family planning and reproductive health services if they were more widely incorporated into policies and programs. The following topics are covered: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Family Planning; Integrating HIV Voluntary Testing and Counseling and Family Planning Services; Intrauterine Devices; Emergency Contraceptive Pills; Vasectomy; Male Condoms; Female Condoms; Standard Days Method; Eligibility Screening and Provider Checklists; Community-Based Services and Distribution; Youth (ages 10-24); Implants; Contraceptive Continuation; Male Circumcision and HIV; Contraceptive Counseling and Job Aids; Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies; Postpartum Family Planning. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CATALOG | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | MALE CIRCUMCISION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | COUNSELING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 331689 |
| 3. Title: The logistics handbook: A practical guide for supply chain managers in family planning and health programs. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Jul. 182 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Oringinally published in 2004. Abstract: The Logistics Handbook includes the major aspects of logistics management with an emphasis on contraceptive supplies. The text should be helpful to managers who work with supplies every day as well as managers who assess and design logistics systems for entire programs. Policymakers may find the text useful in exploring the inputs needed to create an effective logistics system. Key terms and concepts are clearly defined and explained, and the design and implementation of management information systems and inventory control are discussed in detail. Storage and quality control practices are also discussed, and overviews of forecasting and procurement processes are included. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | DRUGS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | RECORDS | QUALITY CONTROL | MONITORING | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | IMPLEMENTATION | PLANNING | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Management | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 331681 |
| 4. Title: [Vulnerabilities in the use of contraceptive methods among youth: intersections between public policies and healthcare] Vulnerabilidades no uso de metodos contraceptivos entre adolescentes e jovens: Author: Alves CA; Brandao ER Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):661-70. Abstract: This article discusses the moments of vulnerability in the utilization of contraceptive methods in the affective-sexual relations in adolescence and youth. The analyzed material consists of 17 semi-structured interviews with young people between 18 and 24 years (9 females and 8 males) of the middle-class of the city of Rio de Janeiro that had passed though at least one episode of pregnancy during adolescence. We also discuss the recent implementation of public policies focused on the sexuality and reproductive health of adolescents and the position of health professionals with respect to this subject within the scope of the Program of Integrated Healthcare for Women, Children and Adolescents (PAISMCA/SES-RJ). The results of the study show discontinuities in the use of contraceptive methods due to the strong gender hierarchy in the relationships between adolescents and the absence of appropriate sexual education in the family and school environments. There is little space for dealing with the sexual questions of the young in health services and schools. There are also cultural barriers that make it difficult for the society to approach the subject in a less prejudicial way, thus turning sexual initiation into a process full of silence and moral disapproval. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330130 |
5.  Peer Reviewed Title: Principles of contraceptive care: choice, acceptability and access. Author: Belfield T Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):177-185. Abstract: Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation Document Number: 329668 |
| 6. Title: [Contraceptive compliance - why is contraceptive failure still so frequent?] Kontrazeptive Compliance - warum kommt es immer wieder zum Versagen der Author: Bitzer J Source: therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique. 2009 Feb;66(2):137-43. Abstract: Contraceptive compliance is defined as the correct use (according to the method specific prescriptions given by a medical professional and/or in written form as patient information leaflet) of a contraceptive method. Non-compliance describes a mismatch between the real behaviour of a user and the correct or ideal behaviour. There are various indicators that in general contraceptive compliance is far from ideal. Many studies report a rate of unintended pregnancies of 50%, half of them terminating in abortion. The abortion rate remains high even in countries with availability of advanced contraceptive technology. Especially with hormonal contraception and barrier methods the gap between correct and real use is large. Discontinuation rates per year reach up to 50%. Reasons for Non Compliance are (a) Lack of motivation to prevent a pregnancy due to ambivalence regarding the wish for a child as well as sexual and relationship issues (b) Cognitive factors (False information, misconceptions, irrational fears) (c) Difficult or lacking access to contraceptive methods (d) Behavioral errors and mistakes (Forgetting, loosing etc.) and (e) Side effects of the methods used. Three strategies to improve compliance can be distinguished: (a) Improving counselling; (b) Developing contraceptive methods which demand a low level of compliant behaviour by the user; (c) Improving quality of life of users by minimizing the negative side effects and maximizing the non contraceptive health benefits. Language: German Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | USER COMPLIANCE | PRESCRIPTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | QUALITY OF LIFE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329568 |
| 7. Title: Coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method: Turkish women's perceptions and experiences. Author: Ciftcioglu S; Erci B Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2009 Jun 1; Abstract: Aim. This paper is a report of a study conducted to determine the perceptions and experiences of coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method used by married women in Turkey. Background. Various factors affect women's choice of contraceptive methods. One of these factors is socioeconomic status, which may have an effect on the practice of coitus interruptus by women. Socioeconomic status refers to the relative position of a family or individual in a hierarchical social structure based on their access to or control over wealth, prestige and power. Methods. The study population consisted of married Turkish women from two different socioeconomic status groups in Turkey who were currently using coitus interruptus. Structured interviews on their demographic characteristics and perceptions and experiences of coitus interruptus were carried out between August 2004 and August 2005 with a convenience sample of 422 women (response rate 97.2%). Findings. Most participants were satisfied with the practice of coitus interruptus. Conception was the most common reason for discontinuing practice of the method. Age and educational level of participants did not affect failure in coitus interruptus practice in women of either socioeconomic status. The majority of the women of both socioeconomic statuses began practising coitus interruptus again after having stopped. Conclusions. Women generally favoured coitus interruptus, believing in its efficacy and safety, and stated that both women and their husbands preferred to use it. Nurses and midwives should promote knowledge of all effective methods for fertility regulation while women are in the fertile ages. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | COUPLES | WITHDRAWAL | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Contraception Document Number: 341567 |
| 8. Title: Adolescents: contraceptive knowledge and use, a Brazilian study. Author: Correia DS; Pontes AC; Cavalcante JC; Egito ES; Maia EM Source: theScientificWorldJournal. 2009;9:37-45. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods by female adolescent students. The study was cross-sectional and quantitative, using a semi-structured questionnaire that was administered to 12- to 19-year-old female students in Maceio, Brazil. A representative and randomized sample was calculated, taking into account the number of hospital admissions for curettage. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, and Epi Info software was used for data and result evaluation using the mean and chi-square statistical test. Our results show that the majority of students know of some contraceptive methods (95.5%), with the barrier/hormonal methods being the most mentioned (72.4%). Abortion and aborting drugs were inaccurately described as contraceptives, and 37.9% of the sexually active girls did not make use of any method. The barrier methods were the most used (35.85%). A significant association was found in the total sample (2,592) between pregnancy and the use of any contraceptive method. This association was not found, however, in the group having an active sexual life (559). The study points to a knowledge of contraceptive methods, especially by teenagers who have already been pregnant, but contraceptives were not adequately used. The low use of chemical methods of contraception brings the risk of pregnancy. Since abortion and aborting drugs were incorrectly cited as contraceptive methods, this implies a nonpreventive attitude towards pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ABORTION | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 329595 Notification |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Satisfaction and compliance in hormonal contraception: the result of a multicentre clinical study on women's experience with the ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin contraceptive patch in Italy. Author: Crosignani PG; Nappi C; Ronsini S; Bruni V; Marelli S; Sonnino D; Study Group IE Source: BMC Women's Health. 2009 Jun 30;9(1):18. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: For many women finding the right contraceptive method can be challenging and consistent and correct use over a lifetime is difficult. Even remembering to take a birth control pill every day can be a challenge. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate women's experience with a weekly ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin contraceptive patch (EE/NGMN patch), given new technologies recently developed in hormonal contraception to increase women's options in avoiding daily dosing. METHODS: In 24 Italian sites, 207 women received the EE/NGMN patch for up to 6 cycles. At study end, overall satisfaction and preference, as well as compliance, efficacy and safety, were evaluated. RESULTS: 175 women (84.5%) completed the study. The overall satisfaction rate was 88%; convenience and once-a-week frequency of the patch were especially appreciated. At baseline, 82 women (39.4%) were using a contraceptive method, mainly oral contraceptives and barrier methods, but only 45.1% were very satisfied/satisfied; after 6 months with the patch, 86.3% of this subset was very satisfied/satisfied. Considering the method used in the 3 months before the study entry, 78.1% strongly preferred/preferred the patch, for convenience (53.9%), ease of use/simplicity (28.9%), fewer (9.2%) and less severe (2.6%) side effects. Compliance was very high: 1034/1110 cycles (93.2%) were completed with perfect compliance and the mean subject's compliance score was 90%. One on-therapy pregnancy occurred. The patch was safe and well tolerated: adverse events frequency was low, with predominantly single reports of each event. Most of them started and subsided during cycle 1. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the EE/NGMN patch is associated with high satisfaction levels and excellent compliance. At study end, the majority of women indicated that they would continue using the patch. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | SATISFACTION | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341863 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Safety of Contraceptive Method Use Among Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review. Author: Culwell KR; Curtis KM; Del Carmen Cravioto M Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;114(2, Part 1):341-353. Abstract: OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the evidence on the safety of contraceptive method use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). DATA SOURCES:: We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases for peer-reviewed articles published from database inception through January 2009, concerning the safety of contraceptive use among women with SLE. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:: We included studies that examined health outcomes among women using a contraceptive method after the diagnosis of SLE. The quality of each individual piece of evidence was assessed using the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force grading system. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:: Our search yielded 275 articles. A total of 14 articles that reported on 13 studies met our inclusion criteria. Available evidence, including two good-quality randomized controlled trials, indicates that use of combined oral contraceptives does not lead to increased flares of disease or worsening disease activity in women with inactive or stable active SLE. No increase in disease activity with use of progestogen-only contraceptives was noted in four studies. Limited evidence indicates a possible increased risk of thrombosis in women with positive antiphospholipid antibodies and history of oral contraceptive use. Limited evidence indicates that the use of the copper intrauterine device is not associated with worsening disease activity or infection in women with SLE. CONCLUSION:: Available evidence indicates that many women with SLE can be considered good candidates for most contraceptive methods, including hormonal contraceptives. The benefits of contraception for many women with SLE likely outweigh the risks of unintended pregnancy in this population. Women with positive antiphospholipid antibodies are not good candidates for combined hormonal contraception given their elevated baseline risk of thrombosis. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLIENTS | WOMEN | SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | RISK FACTORS | ANTIBODIES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases Document Number: 342215 |
| 11. Title: Thrombophilic conditions in the adolescent: the gynecologic impact. Author: Dietrich JE; Yee DL Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;36(1):163-75. Abstract: As Virchow's triad suggests, a fine balance exists between the vascular wall, intravascular contents, and dynamic blood flow, such that a shift in this balance predisposes to thrombosis. Although thromboembolic events (TEs) are relatively infrequent in adolescents, the morbidity and mortality associated with TEs can be significant. Over the past 15 years, TEs and inherited and acquired thrombophilic conditions underlying them have become increasingly recognized in teens at risk, with combined hormonal contraception constituting one of the most significant of these risk factors. Therefore, managing gynecologic problems in teens who have thrombophilic conditions can be challenging. It is important to have a clear understanding about safe options available to help address adolescent gynecologic concerns in this setting and to manage situations collaboratively with a hematologist. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GYNECOLOGY | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | SCREENING | PROGESTERONE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 342856 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Cost savings from the provision of specific methods of contraception in a publicly funded program. Author: Foster DG; Rostovtseva DP; Brindis CD; Biggs MA; Hulett D; Darney PD Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Mar;99(3):446-51. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined the cost-effectiveness of contraceptive methods dispensed in 2003 to 955,000 women in Family PACT (Planning, Access, Care and Treatment), California's publicly funded family planning program. METHODS: We estimated the number of pregnancies averted by each contraceptive method and compared the cost of providing each method with the savings from averted pregnancies. RESULTS: More than half of the 178,000 averted pregnancies were attributable to oral contraceptives, one fifth to injectable methods, and one tenth each to the patch and barrier methods. The implant and intrauterine contraceptives were the most cost-effective, with cost savings of more than $7.00 for every $1.00 spent in services and supplies. Per $1.00 spent, injectable contraceptives yielded savings of $5.60; oral contraceptives, $4.07; the patch, $2.99; the vaginal ring, $2.55; barrier methods, $1.34; and emergency contraceptives, $1.43. CONCLUSIONS: All contraceptive methods were cost-effective-they saved more in public expenditures for unintended pregnancies than they cost to provide. Because no single method is clinically recommended to every woman, it is medically and fiscally advisable for public health programs to offer all contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | BARRIER METHODS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330488 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among women of reproductive age in the slums of Delhi and Hyderabad, India. Author: Ghosh J; Wadhwa V; Kalipeni E Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Feb;68(4):638-42. Abstract: This report explores how vulnerability to HIV/AIDS applies to women in the reproductive age range living in the slum areas of Delhi and Hyderabad. The paper is based on a qualitative study of AIDS awareness levels conducted during the summer of 2006. It offers insightful narratives from a sample of 32 women, providing an in depth view of their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS due to their precarious socioeconomic conditions and low AIDS awareness. The women cited lack of education, low empowerment in expressing and accessing information related to sexual matters, and poverty as key factors to vulnerability. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | SLUMS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | AWARENESS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | RISK FACTORS | POVERTY | INFORMATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341554 |
| 14. Title: Contraceptive attitudes among inner-city African American female adolescents: Barriers to effective hormonal contraceptive use. Author: Gilliam ML; Davis SD; Neustadt AB; Levey EJ Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2009 Apr;22(2):97-104. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To better understand the contraceptive attitudes of low-income, inner-city African American female adolescents. DESIGN: We conducted four focus group sessions with African American female adolescents. SETTING: An urban, community health clinic serving low-income patients on Chicago's south side. PARTICIPANTS: African American female adolescents (n = 15) between 14 and 19 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Focus group sessions lasting approximately 90 minutes in length were conducted using a pre-determined script with set probes and open-ended questions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Qualitative analysis was conducted to identify major themes related to adolescents' contraceptive attitudes. RESULTS: Six themes related to the contraceptive attitudes of these adolescents emerged: Concerns About Hormones, Concerns About Privacy, Concerns About Compliance, Limited Awareness of New Methods of Hormonal Contraception (HC), Preference for Condoms, and Acceptability of Emergency Contraception (EC). Overall, adolescents in these sessions expressed skepticism and unwillingness to use continuous methods of HC. For some adolescents, concerns about hormones, privacy, and compliance outweighed their concerns about pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Concerns about perceived side effects and long-term health risks associated HC and privacy in obtaining contraception and reproductive health care, as well as concerns about ability to comply with daily and weekly HC regimens are common among African American female adolescents and may deter consistent HC use. Although condoms and EC appear to be highly acceptable among this group, adolescents also report a number of barriers to their consistent use. Efforts to reduce early, unintended pregnancy among African American youth should focus on addressing adolescents' HC-related concerns, improving access to EC, and helping female adolescents effectively negotiate condom use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PRIVACY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330953 |
| 15. Title: Extended cycling or continuous use of hormonal contraceptives for female adolescents. Author: Gold MA; Duffy K Source: Current Opinion In Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun 12; Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to present the most recent data on extended cycling and continuous use of hormonal contraception for female adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS: Since 2003, several new products have been US Food and Drug Administration approved to provide extended cycling or continuous use of hormonal contraception. Clinical trials have been conducted with adult women of 18 years and older and not with adolescents under age of 18 years. Studies find successful menstrual suppression using extended cycling and continuous-use regimens that are safe and effective without negative effects on the endometrium or hemostasis. Extended cycling and continuous use improves menstrual symptoms attributed to the hormone-free interval in traditional cyclic regimens. Adolescent health providers report prescribing extended cycles of contraception with increasing frequency to adolescents. It is unknown how well female adolescents tolerate breakthrough bleeding, but data suggest that bleeding is the main reason for discontinuing. Supplementation with intermittent estrogen or instituting a 4-day hormone-free interval in response to persistent bleeding may decrease this side effect; adolescents should be counseled about these options. SUMMARY: Extended cycling or continuous use of hormonal contraception offers adolescents an opportunity to decrease, delay or suppress monthly menstruation for health or personal reasons. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | HORMONES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MENSTRUATION | PRODUCT APPROVAL | USFDA | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Legislation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Safety | Public Health | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 341708 |
| 16. Title: Knowledge, Use, and Concerns about Contraceptive Methods among Sero-Discordant Couples in Rwanda and Zambia. Author: Grabbe K; Stephenson R; Vwalika B; Ahmed Y; Vwalika C; Chomba E; Karita E; Kayitenkore K; Tichacek A; Allen S Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Aug 26; Abstract: Abstract Objective: The unique needs of sero-discordant couples are largely missing from many current family planning efforts, which focus on the prevention of pregnancies in absence of the reduction of the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Conversely, HIV testing and programs focus exclusively on condom use without discussion of more effective contraceptive methods. In order to provide information to inform the development of family planning services tailored to the unique needs of sero-discordant couples, this study examined the contraceptive knowledge, use, and concerns among sero-discordant couples in urban Rwanda and Zambia. Methods: This article presents a comparison of family planning knowledge, use, and concerns about contraception among two cohorts of HIV sero-discordant study participants in Rwanda and Zambia. Results: The results reveal an interesting profile of contraceptive knowledge and use among sero-discordant couples; in both settings, despite high levels of knowledge of contraception, use of contraceptive methods remains relatively low. There is a clear gender difference in both the reporting of knowledge and use of contraceptive methods, and there is evidence of clandestine contraceptive use by women. Conclusions: Including information on family planning in voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services in addition to tailoring the delivery of family planning information to meet to needs and concerns of HIV-positive women or those with HIV positive partners is an essential step in the delivery of services and prevention efforts to reduce the transmission of HIV. Family planning and HIV prevention programs should integrate counseling on "dual method use," combining condoms for HIV/STI prevention with a long-acting contraceptive for added protection against unplanned pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | COUPLES | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Central | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342591 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Non - contraceptive benefits and risks of contraception Author: Haider Z; D'Souza R Source: Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):249-262. Abstract: Contraception is primarily used to prevent pregnancy. However, a user should be aware of both the possible non-contraceptive benefits she/he may experience and any potential risks to her/his health. These issues should be discussed as fully as possible, using current, evidence-based information prior to commencing a method. Some methods may be prescribed solely for their noncontraceptive benefits for a woman who does not require it for contraception. Potential risks to a woman?s health may make certain methods unacceptable if concurrent medical problems or lifestyle issues exist. This chapter discusses the main non-contraceptive benefits and risks for each contraceptive method in turn. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | RISK ASSESSMENT | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341507 |
| 18. Title: Hormonal contraceptive regimens in the perimenopause. Author: Hardman SM; Gebbie AE Source: Maturitas. 2009 Jun 11; Abstract: Perimenopausal women have low fertility but still need contraception if they are sexually active. They often have co-existing menstrual problems and menopausal symptoms. No method of contraception is contraindicated by age alone. In addition to highly effective contraception, hormonal methods offer non-contraceptive benefits which can improve quality of life for perimenopausal women. Combined hormonal oral contraception has been available for many decades. The combined vaginal ring and transdermal patch are newer methods offering alternative delivery systems but similar risk profiles to oral preparations. New combinations containing naturally occurring estrogens in place of the synthetic hormone ethinylestradiol are now available and, in theory, could be safer. The progestogen-only methods have an excellent safety profile and have a range of delivery systems and dosages to suit all. Concerns regarding loss of bone mineral density with the injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate continue but to date there is no evidence that this translates into higher fracture risk. Effective use of any method of contraception is strongly dependent on good counselling and support from healthcare professionals. Risks should be explained in absolute terms for each individual woman, enabling her to make an informed choice on evidence-based medicine and not influenced by ill-informed media publicity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | MENOPAUSE | AGE FACTORS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | RISK FACTORS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 341711 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The risk of unintended pregnancies in users of the contraceptive patch compared to users of oral contraceptives in the UK General Practice Research Database. Author: Jick SS; Hagberg KW; Kaye JA; Jick H Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):142-51. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The transdermal contraceptive patch EVRA has been marketed since 2002 as an alternative to oral contraceptives (OCs), but large follow-up studies of effectiveness are lacking. STUDY DESIGN: We used a cohort plus a nested case-control study to estimate rates and hazard ratios of unintended pregnancy among users of different hormonal contraceptives (HC) and to evaluate the effects of various potential predictors on unintended pregnancy. RESULTS: Rates of unintended pregnancy were all low (overall rate 0.17 per 100 women-years), though they were slightly higher in users of progestogen-only OCs and EVRA compared to users of second-generation OCs. The hazard ratios for unintended pregnancy were also higher for users of progestogen-only OCs and the patch compared to users of second-generation OCs, although these estimates may be confounded by compliance. Rates of unintended pregnancy were inversely associated with age and duration of HC use as well as with other predictors of pregnancy but not body mass index or use of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The rates of unintended pregnancy were low for all study HCs, and while the data on unintended pregnancy in EVRA users compared to OC users are sufficient to rule out major differences in the rate of unintended pregnancy, they are not sufficient to rule out modest ones. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | QUESTIONNAIRES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 342306 |
| 20. Title: [Contraceptive methods used by women in the period before and after giving birth] Praxe v pouzivani kontracepcnich metod u zen v obdobi pred porodem a po porodu. Author: Krepelka P; Hanacek J; Hrdlicka D Source: Ceska Gynekologie. 2009 Jun;74(3):211-8. Abstract: GOAL OF THE STUDY: To provide information on the knowledge and practices involving the use of the contraceptive methods employed by women of a fertile age, especially in the period of lactation. DESIGN: A cross-section, descriptive study. Setting: Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at the Institute of Postgraduate Education in Healthcare, Prague; Cegedim Strategic Data CZ s.r.o., Prague. METHODOLOGY: The method involved a written questionnaire in a structured form. The investigation was undertaken in two phases; the first round took place directly after giving birth, while the second took place 6 months after giving birth. The group consisted of 4535 women who gave birth at the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child in the period between 15. 11. 2006 - 15. 11. 2007. RESULTS: 2540 women (56.0%) answered the questions in the first round; 85% of them were in the 26-35 age group, 44.3% were secondary school graduates and 36.7% were university graduates. 61.3% were first-time mothers, 32.3% were second-time mothers and 5.4% were third-time mothers. Contraception used before current gravidity: (n=2540) oral hormonal contraception 59.7%, a condom 11.1%, intrauterine contraception 1.0% and 20.6% of the women used no contraceptive method. The users of oral hormonal contraception (n=1517) were most frequently prescribed (12.8% of the women) a preparation containing 20 microg ethinylestradiol and 150 eLg desogestrel (Mercilon). The contraception used during the course of lactation after a birth in the group of mothers of more than one child (n=982): oral hormonal contraception 19.6%, a condom 17.1%, intrauterine contraception 1.3%, no contraceptive method 54.5%. Breastfeeding users of oral hormonal contraception (n=192) were most frequently prescribed (20.3% of women) a preparation containing 500 microg lynestrenol (Exluton) and a preparation containing 75 microg desogestrel (Cerazette) (16.1% of women). The contraceptive methods planned by women after birth (n=2540): oral hormonal contraceptive 36.5%, a condom 18.8%, intrauterine contraception 18.8%, no method 20.1%. 1440 women (56.7%) answered the questions in the second round; 83.5% of them were in the 26-35 age group, 45.0% were secondary school graduates and 37.0% were university graduates. 64.4% were first-time mothers, 30.6% were second time mothers and 4.2% were third-time mothers. 74.6% of women were still breastfeeding 6 months after giving birth. Contraception used by breastfeeding women (n=1074): oral hormone contraception 27.6%, a condom 21.8%, an intrauterine system with levonorgestrel 2.8%, intrauterine contraception 2.4%, no method 39.5%. Contraception used by non-breastfeeding women (n=366): oral hormonal contraception 42.1%, a condom 15.0%, an intrauterine system with levonorgestrel 2.7%, intrauterine contraception 2.7%, no method 31.4%. In both groups of women, the users of oral hormonal contraception were most frequently prescribed a preparation containing 75 pg desogestrel (Cerazette); this accounted for 99.3% of the breastfeeding women and 18.8% of those not breastfeeding. 40.0% of breastfeeding and 48.4% of non-breastfeeding women are planning to use hormonal contraception in the coming period. The self-evaluation of the knowledge of contraception methods (n=2540): 61.6% of women evaluated their knowledge as good, but 77.6% of women did not know a suitable hormonal contraceptive for the period of lactation. According to 80.7% of the women, their main source of expert information in the area of family planning is their gynaecologist. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of breastfeeding women 6 months after giving birth is high in the monitored group. Oral hormonal contraceptives are the most frequently used contraceptive method in general, including during the lactation period when women prefer a preparation containing 75 microg desogestrel regardless of whether or not they are breastfeeding. The women's knowledge of suitable methods of contraception during the period of lactation is unsatisfactory and represents a challenge for healthcare providers to improve the amount of information available to women in this area Language: Czech Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BREASTFEEDING | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342298 |
| 21. Title: Update in adolescent contraception. Author: Lara-Torre E Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2009 Mar;36(1):119-28. Abstract: Pregnancy rates in the United States seem to have stabilized in the past decade but continue to be higher than those in other industrialized nations. Although abstinence and barrier methods are available and efficient in preventing pregnancy, a comprehensive approach is a better choice when counseling patients on available options. The new approach to old contraceptive methods provides new alternatives to adolescents seeking safe and reliable methods. The availability and proved safety with longterm reversible contraceptive methods, such as the intrauterine system and subdermal implant, may allow adolescents to make better choices in preventing pregnancy. Future efforts in research should concentrate on finding the reasons why adolescents are at increased risk for unplanned pregnancy and solutions for this problem. Future contraceptive technology continues to focus on safety and convenience to facilitate the use of contraceptives in adolescents. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABSTINENCE | BARRIER METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | IUD | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330954 |
| 22. Title: Provision of contraceptive counseling by internal medicine residents. Author: Lohr PA; Schwarz EB; Gladstein JE; Nelson AL Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):127-31. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Internists care for women of reproductive age, but little is known about internists' training in contraceptive counseling or provision of contraceptive methods. METHODS: We surveyed 152 residents in nine internal medicine programs in Los Angeles County during the 2004-2005 academic year. The self-administered, 29-item survey included demographic, contraceptive practice pattern, and training variables. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to illustrate counseling and prescribing practices and to identify predictors of counseling and provision of contraceptives. RESULTS: Most (95%) future internists surveyed reported clinical responsibility for women of reproductive age. However, few (17%) routinely provided contraceptive counseling, and 39% rarely or never provided contraceptive counseling. Residents had prescribed contraception on a median of 2 (range 0-30) occasions in the past year. Some formal education in contraceptive methods was reported by 51% of respondents; however, 75% of residents reported a desire for more training about contraception. CONCLUSIONS: Internal medicine residents commonly care for women of reproductive age but infrequently assess or address contraceptive needs. Further training on how to provide contraception is desired by many internal medicine residents. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEDICAL STUDENTS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS | COUNSELING | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Students | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management Document Number: 331217 |
| 23. Title: Contraception for women. Evidence based counselling [letter] Author: Lyus R Source: BMJ. 2009;339:b3869. Abstract: This letter focuses on contraceptive choices for women. It disagrees with the review emphasizing on failure rates of hormonal contraceptive pills and wonders why there was not an analysis on a more effective method such as intrauterine devices. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | COUNSELING | THEORETICAL EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | INFORMED CHOICE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 342930 |
| 24. Title: Methods for Female Contraception: A Model for Innovation in Drug Delivery Systems. Author: Merkatz R; Tokay B; Sitruk-Ware R Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2009 May;85(5):553-557. Abstract: In 2007, 1.7 billion women were in need of contraception, but only 57% of them were using modern contraceptives.1 During a woman's 30-year reproductive life, her contraceptive needs may vary from postponing childbearing to spacing out the births of her children and, finally, to limiting family size. Modern contraceptive methods and their delivery systems reflect these changing needs as well as the challenges associated with the long-term regulation of conception, which are similar to the challenges encountered in developing therapeutics for chronic medical conditions. The lessons learned during the development of modern contraceptive methods may be relevant to the development of therapeutics for chronic medical conditions requiring treatment throughout the life cycle. Despite advances in contraception, many women who wish to avoid pregnancy either choose not to use contraception, do not have access to a suitable method, or use a method incorrectly resulting in millions of unintended pregnancies each year accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. Clearly, improvements in methods have contributed to the increased use of contraception worldwide, but current user-controlled methods could be further improved to promote greater adherence. It would be helpful to ease restrictions on access to medical care and contraceptive supplies because such restrictions limit the use of contraceptives, particularly the longacting, reversible methods that are associated with higher rates of compliance. Further advances in the field of contraception will require targeted development of new and improved methods combined with country-specific changes in policy and funding in order to ensure access to these methods. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330734 |
| 25. Title: Residential care centers for persons with intellectual disability in Israel: Trends in contraception methods 1999-2006. Author: Morad M; Kandel I; Merrick J Source: Medical Science Monitor. 2009 May 29;15(6):PH37-39. Abstract: Background: The past 100 years has revealed a controversial history around the menstrual and contraceptive management of women with intellectual disability in residential care settings. The present study was conducted to examine the trends of contraceptive methods for females with intellectual disability in residential care centers in Israel. Material/Methods: An annual survey of all medical clinics in residential care centers in Israel has been conducted since 1998 by the Office of the Medical Director of the Ministry of Social Affairs and data were extracted from the national surveys for 1999-2006. Results: In the 1999-2006 period, 11-16% of females in residential care centers in Israel used oral or injected contraceptives. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was the most used method due to its convenience and effectiveness. Conclusions: It is recommended that a more detailed study of contraceptive methods be conducted in Israel to get a clearer picture since the data collected from annual surveys only give a rudimentary picture of the actual situation in the field. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | CONTRACEPTION | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Developed Countries | Middle East | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 341369 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive method at first sexual intercourse and subsequent pregnancy risk: findings from a secondary analysis of 16-year-old girls from the RIPPLE and SHARE studies. Author: Parkes A; Wight D; Henderson M; Stephenson J; Strange V Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Jan;44(1):55-63. Abstract: Purpose: Existing failure rate studies indicate that typical use of oral contraception (OC) results in fewer unplanned pregnancies than condom use, even among teenagers. However, comparative data on pregnancy risk associated with different contraceptive methods are lacking for younger teenagers starting their first sexual relationship. This study examined associations between contraceptive method at first intercourse and subsequent pregnancy in 16-year-old girls. Methods: Six thousand three hundred forty-eight female pupils from 51 secondary schools completed a questionnaire at mean age 16 years; 2,501 girls reported sexual intercourse. Logistic regression (N _ 1952) was used to model the association of contraceptive method at first intercourse with pregnancy. Results: At first intercourse (median age 15 years) 54% reported using condoms only, 11% dual OC and condoms, 4% OC only, 4% emergency contraception, and 21% no effective method. Method used was associated with a similar method at a most recent intercourse. One in 10 girls reported a pregnancy. When compared to use of condoms only, greater pregnancy risk was found with no effective method (odds ratio [OR] 2.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.12-4.15) or OC only (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.29-4.60). Pregnancy risk for dual use and emergency contraception did not differ from that for condoms only. Both significant effects were partially attenuated by adjusting for user characteristics and sexual activity. Conclusions: Young teenagers may use OC less efficiently than condoms for pregnancy prevention. The characteristics of those using OC-only confirm vulnerability to unintended pregnancy, and suggest that alternative contraceptive strategies should be considered for these young women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Diseases Document Number: 330161 |
| 27. Title: Expanding contraceptive choice: five promising innovations. Author: Ringheim K; Gribble J Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2009 Jun. 4 p. Abstract: This new policy brief from the Population Reference Bureau highlights five "next generation" contraceptives, each of which offers one or more advantages over similar earlier methods. These innovations are among those expected to enter the market within five years and can assist country programs to make contraception more accessible and attractive to women and couples. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | COUPLES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | NEEDS | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Contraceptive Usage | Population Characteristics | Human Rights | Political Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 328045 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Beyond a prescription: strategies for improving contraceptive care [editorial] Author: Singh R; Frost J; Jordan B; Wells E Source: Contraception. 2009 Jan;79(1):1-4. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTION | PRESCRIPTIONS | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 330542 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors associated with sexual initiation and condom use among adolescents on Santiago Island, Cape Verde, West Africa. Author: Tavares CM; Schor N; Franca I Jr; Diniz SG Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Sep;25(9):1969-80. Abstract: This study focused on factors associated with sexual initiation and condom use among teenagers on Santiago Island, Cape Verde, according to gender. This was a representative, probabilistic sample of 13- to-17-year-olds (n = 768) attending public secondary schools on Santiago Island in 2007. Associations were tested by test of proportion, Pearson's chi-square, or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. Factors related to sexual initiation among boys were: age over 14 years, Catholic religion, and alcohol consumption. For girls, the factors included: more than nine years of schooling and involvement in an affective-sexual relationship. Unlike in other Sub-Saharan countries, there was a high prevalence of condom use during initial sexual activity. Language: English Keywords: CAPE VERDE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | KNOWLEDGE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | GENDER RELATIONS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Gender Issues Document Number: 342778 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Understanding contraceptive failure. Author: Trussell J Source: Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):199-209. Abstract: Contraceptive failure is a major source of unintended pregnancy. This chapter will review sources of data and measurement of contraceptive failure, summarize results from the literature on the risks of contraceptive failure during typical and perfect use for available methods of contraception, provide a tool for communicating risks of contraceptive failure to clients, examine determinants of contraceptive failure, and identify methodological pitfalls in the published literature. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | INFORMATION SOURCES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | RISK ASSESSMENT | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TIME FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Information | Communication | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Document Number: 341505 |
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