1.  Title: Hormonal methods of contraception for youth. More effective strategies are needed to improve access and encourage consistent use. Author: Aradhya K; Lebetkin E Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Family Health International [FHI], Interagency Youth Working Group, 2009 May. [4] p. (YouthLens on Reproductive Health and HIV / AIDS No. 30) Abstract: Youth, defined here as people ages 10 to 24 years old, need better access to contraception. The decreasing age of menarche and increasing age of marriage have created an ever-widening window of time for premarital sexual intercourse and pregnancies. Hormonal methods of contraception -- including oral contraceptive pills, injectables, and implants -- are among the most effective methods of preventing unintended pregnancies. They are generally well known among youth and, as an alternative to condoms, allow a young woman to control her risk of pregnancy. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | YOUTH | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | STIGMA | HEALTH FACILITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331499 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Bleeding patterns associated with non-oral hormonal contraceptives: a review of the literature. Author: Bachmann G; Korner P Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):247-58. Abstract: It is generally accepted that poor tolerance to changes in vaginal bleeding associated with hormonal contraceptive use may influence compliance and continuation with the chosen method. However, disparities in the collation and reporting of bleeding data hamper comparison among studies and products. In this review, we systematically assessed MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles assessing parenteral hormonal contraceptives that reported bleeding data based on reference periods as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Overall, 31 studies published between 1986 and October 2007 were included in this review. The use of parenteral hormonal contraception was in general associated with a decrease in bleeding with continued use from Reference Period 1 to 4. However, this decrease was less marked with the combined hormonal depots and both progestin-only and combined hormonal vaginal rings than with progestin-only implants, depots and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Overall, reporting vaginal bleeding by 90-day reference periods as recommended by the WHO allows straightforward comparison of bleeding patterns between studies. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | BLEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | VAGINAL RING | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330560 |
| 3. Title: Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Author: Chakhtoura Z; Canonico M; Gompel A; Thalabard JC; Scarabin PY; Plu-Bureau G Source: Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2009 Apr;40(4):1059-62. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The association between combined oral contraceptives (OC) use and increased risk of stroke has been reported. While progestogen-only contraceptives (POC) are commonly used worldwide, their impact on cardiovascular disease remains unclear. METHODS: A meta-analysis based on EMBASE and MEDLINE referenced literature corresponding to OCs marketed since 1960 was carried out. Eligible articles assessing the risk of stroke in relation to OC or POC were reviewed, and relevant studies were extracted. All types of POC and routes of administration were taken into account in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Six case-control studies were identified. The combined odd ratio (OR) showed no increase in the risk of stroke among POC users (OR=0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 1.31). This result was similar according to the route of administration (either implant or injectable or oral POC). CONCLUSIONS: Data from observational studies show that POC use is not associated with an increased risk of stroke. However, these results are based on limited data. Further investigations are needed in women with risk factors of stroke. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | RISK ASSESSMENT | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 331085 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Progestogen-only contraceptive use in obese women. Author: Curtis KM; Ravi A; Gaffield ML Source: Contraception. 2009 Oct;80(4):346-54. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether obese women who use progestogen-only contraceptives are more likely to experience weight gain or serious adverse events as compared to nonobese users. STUDY DESIGN: We searched PubMed for all articles (in all languages) published in peer-reviewed journals from database inception through October 2008, for evidence relevant to obesity and progestogen-only contraceptives. We used standard abstract forms and grading systems to summarize and assess the quality of the evidence. RESULTS: From 579 articles, we identified nine studies fitting our selection criteria. Evidence from five studies suggests that among adult women, baseline weight or body mass index is not associated with weight gain among depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users (Level II-2, Fair). Evidence from three studies suggests that among adolescent women, overweight or obese DMPA users may gain more weight than normal weight DMPA users or overweight/obese nonusers (Level II-2, Fair). Evidence from one small study of Norplant users showed no differences in weight gain by baseline weight (Level II-3, Poor). We did not identify studies of other progestogen-only contraceptive methods that examined weight change by baseline weight, nor did we identify studies that reported on any serious adverse events by baseline weight. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent DMPA users who are obese may gain more weight than normal weight users. This observation was not seen in adult DMPA users or adolescent Norplant users. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 342772 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Eligibility criteria in venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke among transdermal contraceptive system users. Author: Dore DD; Norman H; Seeger JD Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jul;114(1):175. Abstract: An erratum printed in Obstetrics & Gynecology in June of 2008 corrected the stated eligibility criterion in a study of venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke in transdermal contraceptive users reported by Cole and colleagues. Originally, it was reported that the authors excluded women with malignancies other than nonmelanoma skin cancer. The actual exclusion implemented was slightly broader: women with a neoplasm other than benign skin disorders. We applied the originally stated exclusion of women to the original study population, so that women with evidence in the claims data of malignancy other than nonmelanoma skin cancer (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision: 140.xx-208.xx, except 173.xx) were excluded rather than the broader version actually implemented (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision: 140.xx-239.xx, except 232.xx). There were approximately 423,000 women in the source population before application of exclusions, and 2.4% of them were excluded because of the nonmalignancy neoplasm codes used. In the originally reported case-control analysis comparing use of the transdermal contraceptive to norgestimate- containing oral contraceptives with 35 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol, the odds ratio (OR) for venous thromboembolism was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-4.1) overall and 2.4 (95% CI 1.1-5.5) after exclusion of women with high-risk factors and 2.1 (95% CI 0.3-15.5) for MI. No strokes were observed among transdermal contraceptive users. Application of the narrower exclusion criterion (consistent with the originally stated exclusion by Cole and colleagues), yielded six additional cases matched to 24 controls, leading to ORs for venous thromboembolism of 2.0 (95% CI 1.0-4.0) overall and 2.5 (95% CI 1.1-5.5) after exclusion of women with high-risk factors and 2.1 (95% CI 0.3-15.5) for MI. No strokes were observed in transdermal contraceptive users. The broader definition of neoplasm that was used for exclusion in the original analysis did not materially affect the observed association measures. This finding is consistent with the study design principle that the application of broader exclusions will lead to noticeably different estimates than application of narrower exclusions only in settings where the effect (not just the risk) among excluded participants is substantially different from what it is among included participants. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Heart Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 341716 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Cost savings from the provision of specific methods of contraception in a publicly funded program. Author: Foster DG; Rostovtseva DP; Brindis CD; Biggs MA; Hulett D; Darney PD Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Mar;99(3):446-51. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined the cost-effectiveness of contraceptive methods dispensed in 2003 to 955,000 women in Family PACT (Planning, Access, Care and Treatment), California's publicly funded family planning program. METHODS: We estimated the number of pregnancies averted by each contraceptive method and compared the cost of providing each method with the savings from averted pregnancies. RESULTS: More than half of the 178,000 averted pregnancies were attributable to oral contraceptives, one fifth to injectable methods, and one tenth each to the patch and barrier methods. The implant and intrauterine contraceptives were the most cost-effective, with cost savings of more than $7.00 for every $1.00 spent in services and supplies. Per $1.00 spent, injectable contraceptives yielded savings of $5.60; oral contraceptives, $4.07; the patch, $2.99; the vaginal ring, $2.55; barrier methods, $1.34; and emergency contraceptives, $1.43. CONCLUSIONS: All contraceptive methods were cost-effective-they saved more in public expenditures for unintended pregnancies than they cost to provide. Because no single method is clinically recommended to every woman, it is medically and fiscally advisable for public health programs to offer all contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | BARRIER METHODS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330488 |
| 7. Title: [Descriptive study on contraceptive requirements for clinical trials in Spain. Do we need a debate?] Estudio descriptivo de las recomendaciones anticonceptivas en los ensayos Author: Gastaminza Lasarte G; Algorta Pineda J Source: Medicina Clinica. 2009 Jan 24;132(2):70-4. Abstract: Among the measures that seek to avoid the toxic effects on reproduction (teratogenic, embryotoxic, fetotoxic or otherwise) include the obligation to conduct preclinical tests to investigate this aspect in different animal species before marketing a new drug, although its application in time differs Europe-European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and US-Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In Europe requires that prior to including women in phase I of clinical trials have been completed preclinical studies on embryo-fetal development, without any mention of contraception. In contrast, U.S. can include women in the fertile clinical trials have not completed initial pre-clinical tests on the safety play, if they practice a pregnancy test before participation in contraception and take some action "highly effective". Are considered "highly effective" (by both the FDA and the EMEA, to be included in a document of the International Conference on Harmonization) methods with low failure rate (<1% per year) when used properly, such as implants, injectables, combined oral, some intrauterine devices (IUDs), sexual abstinence or a vasectomy for the partner. (excerpt) Language: Spanish Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PREGNANCY TESTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | IUD | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | VASECTOMY | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 329576 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Profile of long-acting reversible contraception users in Europe. Author: Haimovich S Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):187-95. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the profile of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) users in Europe. METHODS: A random sample of women aged 15-49 years in 14 European countries (Germany, France, UK, Spain, Italy, Russian Federation, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) underwent web-based or computer-aided face-to-face interviews in June 2006. In this paper data pertaining to a subgroup of women using LARCs are presented. RESULTS: A total of 11,490 women participated in the full study. Of these, 1,188 (10%) women were LARC (hormonal implant, injectables, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system [LNG-IUS], copper intrauterine device [Cu-IUD]) users. The age of the LARC users exceeded 30 years for 57-91% of them. Furthermore, more than half of them found convenience an extremely important factor when selecting the LARC as a contraceptive method. As compared to those wearing a Cu-IUD, women using hormonal LARCs experienced fewer physical and emotional symptoms that appeared or worsened during menstruation. CONCLUSIONS: LARCs have their place in the contraceptive market in Europe. The most popular LARCs among European women were the LNG-IUS and the Cu-IUD; both were mainly used by women who had children and had no wish to have more in the future. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | AGE FACTORS | PARITY | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 341802 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Menstrual pattern changes from levonorgestrel subdermal implants and DMPA: systematic review and evidence-based comparisons. Author: Hubacher D; Lopez L; Steiner MJ; Dorflinger L Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):113-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many women want a lengthy duration of contraception but are wary of the menstrual changes from depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). A subdermal levonorgestrel (LNG) implant may be a reasonable alternative. However, information on menstrual changes from these methods has not been summarized and compared in an easy-to-understand form. STUDY DESIGN: We systematically reviewed the published literature on these contraceptives to find research that used menstrual diaries and standard World Health Organization definitions. We attempted to find information on amenorrhea, number of bleeding or spotting episodes, number of bleeding or spotting days and normal patterns, as reported in four consecutive 90-day reference periods. RESULTS: We found 16 published articles meeting our criteria and involving diaries of up to 1600 DMPA users and 2300 LNG implant users. We were able to compare the two methods on only three outcomes. For DMPA use, the weighted prevalence of amenorrhea at successive 90-day periods was 12%, 25%, 37% and 46%. The comparable estimates for the LNG implant were 11%, 13%, 9% and 13%. Levonorgestrel implant users experienced a higher average number of bleeding or spotting days compared to DMPA users, but this average was similar to what is expected naturally. At 12 months, normal menstrual patterns were experienced by 23% of LNG implant users compared to 11% of DMPA users. CONCLUSIONS: Like most hormonal contraception, LNG implants usually produce menstrual changes; however, the changes do not appear to deviate from normal patterns as much as the changes from DMPA. Understanding these differences and other method attributes might help women make an informed choice about which contraceptive to use. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | AMENORRHEA | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Diseases Document Number: 342394 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Actual cost of providing long-acting reversible contraception: a study of Implanon((R)) cost. Author: Lipetz C; Phillips C; Fleming C Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):75-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has judged Implanon((R)) to be the most cost effective of the long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods, and its cost effectiveness is enhanced with increased duration of use. Gwent Sexual and Reproductive Health service provides unrestricted use of Implanon, and with the number of implants fitted increasing annually the service wanted to know how long clients were keeping their contraceptive implants in and the cost of implant provision. METHODS: The actual cost of providing Implanon was calculated in a cohort of 493 patients within a community-based sexual and reproductive health service, and compared to that predicted in the NICE Clinical Guideline 30 on LARC. RESULTS: The annual cost for the method (using Implanon) was pound77.49, 25% lower than the estimate made by NICE, despite a shorter duration of use of the method. CONCLUSION: The actual cost in this community-based sexual and reproductive health service may not be transferable to other settings such as general practice. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation Indexes | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330950 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: The cost-effectiveness of a long-acting reversible contraceptive (Implanon) relative to oral contraception in a community setting. Author: Lipetz C; Phillips CJ; Fleming CF Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):304-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Within the setting of a UK community sexual health service, the cost-effectiveness of Implanon and oral contraception provision over a 36-month period was compared. STUDY DESIGN: A case-controlled retrospective cost-effectiveness study was done on a cohort of 493 Implanon users and 493 oral contraceptive users. The actual cost of provision of both methods was calculated. Cost-effectiveness was calculated based on provision of method and pregnancy costs of each cohort. RESULTS: Implanon provision is more cost-effective than oral contraception at all time points. After 12 months of use, Implanon is half the cost of oral contraception. Oral contraception reached similar annual cost to Implanon at 36 months of use. CONCLUSIONS: Long-acting reversible contraception is perceived to be expensive. It is reassuring to contraception providers that Implanon is, in fact, highly cost-effective when compared to oral contraception with typical use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 330557 |
| 12. Title: Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Author: Lopez LM; Grimes DA; Schulz KF; Curtis KM Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(2):CD006033. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Steroidal contraceptive use has been associated with changes in bone mineral density in women. Whether such changes increase the risk of fractures later in life is not clear. However, osteoporosis is a major public health concern. Age-related decline in bone mass increases the risk of fracture, especially of the spine, hip, and wrist. Concern about bone health influences the recommendation and use of these effective contraceptives globally. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of using hormonal contraceptives before menopause on the risk of fracture in women SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for studies of fracture or bone health and hormonal contraceptives in MEDLINE, POPLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and LILACS, as well as in clinical trials databases (ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP). We wrote to investigators to find additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials were considered if they examined fractures, bone mineral density (BMD), or bone turnover in women with hormonal contraceptive use prior to menopause. Studies were excluded if hormones were provided for treatment of a specific condition rather than for contraception. Interventions could include comparisons of a hormonal contraceptive with a placebo or with another hormonal contraceptive. Interventions could also include the provision of a supplement versus a placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We assessed for inclusion all titles and abstracts identified through the literature searches with no language limitation. The mean difference was computed with 95% confidence interval (CI) using a fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: We found 13 RCTs, 2 of which used a placebo. No trial had fracture as an outcome but most measured BMD. Combination contraceptives did not appear to affect bone health. Of progestin-only methods, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was associated with decreased bone mineral density, while results were inconsistent for implants. The two placebo-controlled trials showed BMD increases for DMPA plus estrogen supplement and decreases for DMPA plus placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Whether steroidal contraceptives influence fracture risk cannot be determined from existing information. Due to different interventions, no trials could be combined for meta-analysis. Many trials had small numbers of participants and some had large losses to follow up. Health care providers and women should consider the costs and benefits of these effective contraceptives. For example, injectable contraceptives and implants provide effective, long-term birth control yet do not involve a daily regimen. Progestin-only contraceptives are considered appropriate for women who should avoid estrogen due to medical conditions. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | SKELETAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONES | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | OSTEOPOROSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 330973 |
| 13. Title: UK centres for Implanon removal [letter] Author: Mansour D Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):130. Abstract: Mea culpa -when writing the article on the UK provision for removal of non-palpable contraceptive implants I forgot to include Dr Martyn Walling in Table 1. Martyn has the UK's greatest experience in removing deep implants and is based at Lincolnshire PCT, Orchard House, Greyleas, Sleaford NG34 8PP, UK. He is very happy to accept written referrals sent to this address. Martyn has also been working as an independent practitioner, travelling the length and breadth of the UK, training doctors to locate and remove non-palpable implants. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | DIRECTORY | PHYSICIANS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | PHYSICIAN'S OFFICE | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 341649 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: UK provision for removal of non-palpable contraceptive implants. Author: Mansour D Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jan;35(1):3-4. Abstract: The author comments on the Implanon contraceptive implant and issues related to removal of this contraceptive device. The author calls for more responsibility is providing regional referral service for the implant's removal and provides a list of sites in the UK. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE REMOVAL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329638 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of etonogestrel contraceptive implant (Implanon) on portal blood flow and liver functions. Author: Nasr A; Nafeh HM Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):236-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate changes in portal blood flow and liver functions among women using Implanon for 2 years. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty healthy Implanon users were enrolled in this longitudinal study and followed up for 24 months. Portal blood flow, assessed by color Doppler; prothrombin time and concentration; serum albumin; bilirubin; gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT); alanine aminotransferase (ALT); and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured before and 24 months after insertion. RESULTS: After 24 months of Implanon insertion, there were no significant changes in portal blood flow, serum albumin, prothrombin time or concentration. However, there was a significant increase in serum levels of total and unconjugated bilirubin and GGT and a significant decrease in ALT and AST levels. All levels, however, remained within the normal range of values. CONCLUSIONS: Implanon use for 2 years does not seem to influence portal hemodynamics. Changes in serum levels of bilirubin, GGT, ALT and AST are unlikely to be of clinical significance. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | VASCULAR DISEASES | HEPATIC EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | TIME FACTORS | BILIRUBINEMIA | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Thromboembolism | Embolism Document Number: 330053 |
| 16. Title: Etonogestrel implant as a contraceptive choice; patient acceptability and adverse effect profile in a general practice setting. Author: Riney S; O'Shea B; Forde A Source: Irish Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):24-5. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the experience of a cohort of patients utilizing the etonogestrel implant (Implanon) in an Irish General Practice setting. This study involved a survey administered as a telephone questionnaire, to a cohort of women (n=75) who opted to use the etonogestrel implant. 53% reported problems with the implant post insertion, the commonest problem being irregular bleeding in 22% cases. Early removals were documented in 28% cases, of which, 29%, were caused by irregular bleeding. Based on this study, it is evident that women have high expectations of the implant, and counselling about what they can expect during use is important in order to avoid unreasonable expectations. This study also demonstrates that the use of the etonogestrel implant is a valuable contraceptive option, which can be successfully delivered in a GP setting, for both patients of the practice as well as patients referred by colleagues locally. Language: English Keywords: IRELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | SIDE EFFECTS | DYSMENORRHEA | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PERCEPTION | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330741 |
| 17. Title: [Usuariass sociodemographic characteristics of the contraceptive implant releasing etonogestrel] Caracteristicas sociodemograficas de las usuarias del implante anticonceptivo Author: Rosales Aujang E; Gonzalez Roque MG Source: Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico. 2009 Mar;77(3):136-41. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The search for options for contraception has always led to the development of increasingly effective methods and safe and, above all, varied for those with any contraindication to always find a viable alternative. OBJECTIVE: To know the sociodemography characteristics the users of implants liberating contraceptive of etonogestrel and the effects in the 24 following months to its application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was made in 207 users of implants liberating of etonogestrel during 24 months in the Aguascalientes Delegation of IMSS through a structured questionnaire. The Statistic Program v 7 for the capture, data processing and analysis of were used. RESULTS: The group of more frequent age was of 25-29 years; the majority had at least secondary, lived in the urban middle, were married and catholic; 48.6% were dedicated to the home; 1.2% of the pairs did not work; 82.6% had a weekly sex at least; 84.3% had 1 to 2 children; 66.3% wished more children; 95.9% of the pairs approved the method; 29:6% referred a not planned previous pregnancy ; 72.1% used some contraceptive method previously; 36.6% referred bad experience with the previous method; 41.9% requested implants by comfort; 90:1% received information of the method but only 73.8% knew the indirect effect; 86.6% would recommend it; 11.6% left the method by undesirable effects of which the main one was the irregular bled one, whereas 33.1% did not present/display any indirect effect and no patient became pregnant during the time of study. CONCLUSIONS: It subdermal implant is a contraceptive alternative adapted by its effectiveness, its tolerance and the high rate of continuity, finding like basic characteristics of the users: young woman, with acceptable educative and economic level, low parity and desires of future fertility. Language: Spanish Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331282 |
| 18. Title: Long-acting reversible contraception: reducing unintended pregnancies. Author: Ruddick C Source: Community Practitioner. 2009 Sep;82(9):24-7. Abstract: This paper gives a brief history of the development of contraception and looks at the methods available in the U.K., with particular emphasis on National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidance about long-acting reversible contraception--injections, implants and intrauterine methods. These methods have the potential to reduce unintended pregnancies, but at present remain underused. Providing positive messages about their ease of use and reversibility, and describing them as 'lasting' rather than 'long-acting' may increase their acceptability. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | KNOWLEDGE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 342927 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive choice for young people. Author: Say R; Mansour D Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):81-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Giving young women access to newer contraceptives such as the combined contraceptive patch, combined contraceptive vaginal ring and single-rod implant may help reduce teenage pregnancies. However, little is known about young people's attitudes towards these contraceptives. This cross-sectional survey, using a self-completion questionnaire, aimed to explore young people's attitudes towards these contraceptives in order to develop understanding of the choices they make about contraception. Participants were a self-selecting sample of young women attending contraception clinics in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Statistical analysis was carried out using appropriate univariate tests. Qualitative analysis involved identification of key themes, which were continuously challenged by looking for conformity and variation and by identifying disconfirming cases. RESULTS: The majority of the 127 participants had no prior knowledge of the patch, vaginal ring or implant. Interest in using these contraceptives was low. Associations were found between their attitude towards using them and the participants' age, experience of pregnancy scares, experience of unplanned pregnancies and prior knowledge of the contraceptives. Six major themes emerged relating to the advantages and disadvantages of these contraceptives and included convenience, effectiveness, safety along with side effects, invasiveness and discretion. Discussion and conclusions: Young people's knowledge of and attitudes towards these contraceptives was variable and may have been influenced by experience and access to information. Themes identified from perceptions of these contraceptives are useful in developing understanding of what young people look for in contraceptives. Health professionals should provide information on these themes when assisting young people in making informed decisions about contraception. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | VAGINAL RING | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Ethics Document Number: 330949 |
| 20. Title: Helping women choose appropriate hormonal contraception: update on risks, benefits, and indications. Author: Spencer AL; Bonnema R; McNamara MC Source: American Journal of Medicine. 2009 Jun;122(6):497-506. Abstract: Primary care physicians frequently provide contraceptive counseling to women who are interested in family planning, have medical conditions that may be worsened by pregnancy, or have medical conditions that necessitate the use of potentially teratogenic medications. Effective counseling requires up-to-date knowledge about hormonal contraceptive methods that differ in hormone dosage, cycle length, and hormone-free intervals and are delivered by oral, transdermal, transvaginal, injectable, or implantable routes. Effective counseling also requires an understanding of a woman's preferences and medical history as well as the risks, benefits, side effects, and contraindications of each contraceptive method. This article is designed to update physicians on this information. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | DEPO-PROVERA | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 341531 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: A randomized controlled trial of treatment options for troublesome uterine bleeding in Implanon users. Author: Weisberg E; Hickey M; Palmer D; O'Connor V; Salamonsen LA; Findlay JK; Fraser IS Source: Human Reproduction. 2009 Aug;24(8):1852-61. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pilot data have indicated that both doxycycline alone and mifepristone combined with ethinyl estradiol (EE) are effective in stopping episodes of bleeding in Implanon users with troublesome bleeding. We compared four treatments against a placebo in Implanon users and tested whether repeated treatment improved subsequent bleeding patterns. METHOD: Implanon users aged 18-45 years were randomized to treatment with (i) mifepristone 25 mg given twice on day 1 followed by 4 days of EE 20 microg; (ii) doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 5 days; (iii) mifepristone 25 mg given twice on day 1 plus doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 5 days; (iv) doxycycline 100 mg twice daily with EE 20 microg daily; and (v) placebo twice daily for 5 days. The primary end-point was the number of days of bleeding/spotting immediately following initiation of the first 5-day course of each therapy, compared with placebo. RESULTS: There were 204 women assigned to treatment. Mifepristone in combination with either EE or doxycycline was significantly more effective in stopping an episode of bleeding (mean 4.0 days (CI 3.5-4.6) and 4.4 days (CI 3.8-5.2), respectively) than doxycycline alone or in combination with EE, or placebo (6.4 days (CI 4.4-9.2), 6.4 days (CI 4.8-8.6) and 6.4 days (CL 5.1-8.0), respectively). CONCLUSION: Mifepristone combined with either EE or doxycycline was significantly more effective than placebo in terminating an episode of bleeding in Implanon users. However there was no improvement in subsequent bleeding patterns. Trial registration number: ACTR # 012605000206628. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | TREATMENT | RU-486 | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ANTIBIOTICS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | Oceania | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Drugs | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 342798 |
| 22. Title: Expanding access to contraception: The role of the commercial sector in providing long-acting and permanent methods of contraception. Author: Abt Associates. Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One] Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, PSP-One, [2008]. 2 p. (Global Research Brief. LAPM Brief 1USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: Strengthening the role of the commercial sector in contraceptive provision is an important strategy for reducing costs to donors and to local governments. Attention has focused on increasing the commercial market for short-acting methods of contraception like pills and condoms; less attention has been paid to commercial sector provision of long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs): IUDs, implants, and female and male sterilization. This brief, based on a Private Sector Partnerships-One technical report, The Commercial Sector's Role in Providing Long-Acting and Permanent Methods, provides data on the use and source of LAPMs. Such data are useful in designing and evaluating interventions to increase the commercial sector's role. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331617 |
| 23. Title: Instruments and supplies needed to provide clinical methods of family planning. Author: EngenderHealth Source: [New York, New York], EngenderHealth, [2008]. [2] p. Abstract: This is a checklist of the minimum number and types of medical instruments and supplies that EngenderHealth recommends as needed for provision of each of the four clinical methods of family planning (hormonal implants, IUDs, female sterilization, and vasectomy). Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | IUD | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | VASECTOMY | FEMALE STERILIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Surgery | Treatment Document Number: 331564 |
| 24. Title: The ACQUIRE Project end of project report to USAID, October 1, 2003 - September 30, 2008. Author: EngenderHealth. ACQUIRE Project Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. [62] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: The ACQUIRE Project -- Access, Quality, Use and Reproductive Health -- was USAID's flagship project for global leadership in FP / RH service delivery, funded from October 2003 to September 2008. EngenderHealth implemented and managed ACQUIRE in partnership with the Adventist Development and Relief Agency International (ADRA), CARE, IntraHealth International, Meridian Group International Inc., and the Society for Women and AIDS in Africa (SWAA). The Project's core mandate was to provide comprehensive programming support for FP / RH facility based services with an emphasis on long-acting and permanent family planning methods (LAPM): intrauterine devices (IUD), implants, female sterilization, and vasectomy. ACQUIRE provided global technical input and support to 22 countries to increase access to, improve the quality of and scale up RH / FP services that yielded impressive gains in LAPM family planning use. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | IUD | FEMALE STERILIZATION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | MALE STERILIZATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | NEEDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Sterilization, Sexual | Economic Factors Document Number: 331465 |
| 25. Title: The future of contraceptive implants in Africa. Greater availability could mean better public health. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Family Health Research. 2008 Feb;2(1):6. Abstract: The cost of contraceptive implants is decreasing, and simpler implants are entering the market. A modeling exercise by scientists at FHI found that if some oral contraceptive users in Kenya chose implants instead, more unintended pregnancies and maternal deaths could be avoided. Key Points of the article are: 1) Demand for implants remains high in Kenya; 2) Availability is expected to improve with simpler, cheaper implants; and 3) Greater use of implants could reduce unintended pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341182 |
| 26. Title: Long-acting and permanent methods. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Family Health Research. 2008 Feb;2(1):1-8. Abstract: In this issue, the authors examin the unrealized potential of long-term contraception to help family planning programs meet the needs of clients and improve public health. Long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) of contraception include reversible contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices (also known as intrauterine contraceptive devices, or IUCDs), as well as the permanent methods of vasectomy and female sterilization. LAPMs are the most effective modern methods for preventing unintended pregnancies. Because they are also cost-effective, increases in their use can help sustain family planning programs. But the use of LAPMs is limited in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Challenges to LAPM use persist. However, experience from Kenya and other countries suggests that comprehensive efforts to improve service delivery and to educate potential clients can increase use. And research conducted by FHI has identified ways to improve access to LAPM services. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | IUD | FEMALE STERILIZATION | VASECTOMY | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Sterilization, Sexual | Male Sterilization | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 341180 |
| 27. Title: Long-acting and permanent methods. LAPMs contribute to family planning programs. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Family Health Research. 2008 Feb;2(1):2-3. Abstract: Long-acting and permanent methods (LAPMs) of contraception remain a relatively small - and sometimes missing - component of national family planning programs in sub-Saharan Africa. These methods can enhance family planning programs in meaningful ways if challenges to their availability, access, and acceptability can be overcome. Key Points of the article are: 1) Providing LAPMs expands contraceptive choice for clients; 2) LAPMs can help countries reach national health goals; and 3) Persistent challenges to LAPM use need to be overcome. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | FEMALE STERILIZATION | VASECTOMY | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Sterilization, Sexual | Male Sterilization | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341184 |
| 28. Title: The potential role of contraceptive implants in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2008]. [2] p. (Research Brief on Hormonal Contraception) Abstract: A study by investigators at Family Health International and University College London suggests that a large number of unintended pregnancies in sub-Saharan Africa could be averted if even a fraction of women who use short-term hormonal contraceptives (pills and injectables) would switch to contraceptive implants. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 331723 |
| 29. Title: Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate contraceptive implants. Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Contraceptive and Reproductive HealthTechnologies Research and Utilization Program [CRTU] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], Family Health International [FHI], CRTU, 2008. [3] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: Family Health International's Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies and Research Utilization (CRTU) program is pleased to announce the release of a new family planning checklist for screening clients who want to initiate the use of contraceptive implants. Contraceptive implants are matchstick-sized rods that contain progestin. Implanted beneath the skin of a woman's upper arm, the progestin is slowly released over 3 to 5 years. Contraceptive implants, such as Norplant, Jadelle, Sinoplant, and Implanon, are safe and effective for use by most women. For some women, implants are generally not recommended because of the presence of certain medical conditions, such as some liver tumors or breast cancer. This new checklist is designed to help health care providers screen clients for certain medical conditions to determine if they are appropriate candidates. The implants checklist is based on recommendations included in the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (WHO MEC 2004; updated 2008). The checklist can be used by appropriately trained health care providers including nurses, nurse-midwives, nurse-practitioners, midwives, and physicians. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | SCREENING | USAID | CONTRAINDICATIONS | PREGNANCY | QUESTIONNAIRES | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Treatment | Reproduction Document Number: 308939 |
| 30. Title: Contraceptive security brief: Hormonal implants. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2008 Nov. 10 p. Abstract: In this brief, the authors looked at trends in demand for implants in selected countries, the cost of implants compared with other methods, and issues that might arise for the supply chain management of implants. Concludes with recommendations to ensure their availability and accessibility in FP programs. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | MANAGEMENT | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | NEEDS | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Program Evaluation | Economic Factors Document Number: 341257 |
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