1.  Title: Use of and unmet need for injectable contraception. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Unpublished] 2009 Jun 8. 12 p. Abstract: Understanding trends in contraceptive use and unmet need for family planning is critical to creating policies which respond to current gaps in service delivery and address future needs for services to meet existing and unmet demand. Creating non clinic-based mechanisms to deliver services has the potential to expand access to underserved populations and reduce pressure on weak health systems. This document examines patterns of the current use of and unmet demand for injectable services. Trends in use of clinic and non clinic-based services for injectables, differentials in injectable use by place of residence, and potential negative consequences of increased use of injectables are explored. Information described in this paper is intended to inform the Technical Consultation on Expanding Access to Injectable Contraception. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 331836 |
| 2. Title: Public health procurement guide 2010. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009. [45] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Abstract: USAID's Public Health Procurement Guide 2010 is an annual publication of current contraceptive and condom ordering procedures for missions. It includes USAID contraceptive ordering procedures and guidance on how to use logistics data and forecasts to calculate contraceptive requirements. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | STANDARDS | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | COLD CHAIN | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | Research Methodology | Management | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Program Activities | Programs | Contraceptive Availability Document Number: 331472 |
| 4. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Ghana. Author: Akitobi E; Leahy E; Nerquaye-Tetteh J Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 30 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Ghana. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331428 |
5.  Peer Reviewed Title: One versus multiple packs for women starting oral contraceptive pills: a comparison of two distribution regimens. Author: Chin-Quee D; Otterness C; Wedderburn M; McDonald O; Janowitz B Source: Contraception. 2009 May;79(5):369-74. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite World Health Organization and International Planned Parenthood Federation recommendations to provide multiple pill cycles to new users, many programs in developing countries still give only one pill cycle to new acceptors. STUDY DESIGN: To compare provision of a single versus multiple packs of pills, new pill users in 20 matched public sector clinics in Jamaica were assigned to one of two pill regimens in which they received either one (then subsequently three) or four pill cycles at method initiation. The primary outcome was the proportion of women who used pills beyond 4 months. RESULTS: Among 655 women, those receiving one cycle of pills at initiation, followed by counseling and a three-pack resupply, were no more likely to be using pills after 4 months than women who received four packs at initiation (odds ratio=1.33; 95% confidence interval=0.88-2.0). In both pill regimen groups, returning late to the clinic for resupply was a problem. However, more women in the 1+3-pack regimen group returned late to study clinics to obtain their fifth cycle of pills than their counterparts in the 4-pack regimen group (53% vs. 28%). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the recommendation that pill users should be given more than one cycle to start, because an extra visit for resupply contributes to clinic and provider costs. Moreover, providing more pill cycles at initiation would decrease the likelihood that women experience a gap in pill use between cycles. Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PACKAGING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TIME FACTORS | COUNSELING | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinic Activities | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 330940 |
| 6. Title: Guatemala: Using supply chain modeling and simulation to analyze the Ministry of Health supply chain. Author: Gibney J; Sanchez A; Lamadrid C Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow [JSI], DELIVER, 2009 Mar. 38 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Abstract: This activity analyzed the characteristics of the integrated logistics system in three departments in Guatemala: Sololá, Totonicapán, and Jutiapa. This paper identifies some of the obstacles to achieving contraceptive availability for the underserved and vulnerable populations; it also offers options for improving equity in access for family planning commodities. The study identifies elements in the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare’s (MSPAS) logistics system that could impede the availability and accessibility of contraceptives. By using supply chain simulation and optimization modeling software, with geographic information system tools, the authors propose system-related solutions that could improve the performance of the overall MSPAS. Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | LOGISTICS | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | OBSTACLES | NEEDS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | GEOGRAPHY | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | TRANSPORTATION | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Social Sciences | Science | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 331663 |
| 7. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Mexico. Author: Indacochea CM Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 36 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders.This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Mexico. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331429 |
| 8. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Nicaragua. Author: Indacochea CM; Leahy E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 36 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Nicaragua. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | ADVOCACY | PROMOTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Marketing Document Number: 331430 |
| 9. Title: Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States. Author: Landau S; Besinque K; Chung F; Dries-Daffner I; Maderas NM; McGhee BT; Foster DG Source: Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-50. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess pharmacist interest, comfort level, and perceived barriers regarding providing pharmacist-initiated access to hormonal contraceptives (i.e., tablets, patches, rings, injectables, emergency contraception [EC]). DESIGN: Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. SETTING: United States between November 2004 and January 2005. PARTICIPANTS: 2,725 pharmacists working in community chain pharmacies (64%), community independent pharmacy (31%), and other practice settings, including hospitals and home care facilities (5%). INTERVENTION: Survey sent electronically by the American Pharmacists Association to a random sample of 14,142 of its 50,000 pharmacist members nationally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharmacist interest and comfort level in providing pharmacy access to hormonal contraception (HC), perceived barriers and training needs, and familiarity with and provision of EC. RESULTS: 2,725 survey responses (19% response rate) were received. Pharmacists reported being very familiar with HC. The majority of respondents were comfortable and interested in providing direct access to HC in the pharmacy. Perceived barriers to providing HC in the pharmacy included lack of time, no mechanism of reimbursement for the service, and possible resistance from physicians. CONCLUSION: Strong interest, comfort level, and capability from pharmacists, combined with a documented demand for direct pharmacy access from patients, indicate that pharmacy access to HC has the potential to meet patient needs and increase access to HC. Education about current clinical practice recommendations-which no longer require pelvic examinations and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears before hormonal contraception is initiated-may increase pharmacist support for providing hormonal methods directly. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PHARMACISTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | TIME FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 330051 |
| 10. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Tanzania. Author: Leahy E; Druce N; Akitobi E; Hardee K; Vogel CG Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 32 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders.This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Tanzania. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing Document Number: 331431 |
| 11. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Uganda. Author: Leahy E; Akitobi E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 34 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Uganda. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | INFORMATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marketing Document Number: 331432 |
| 12. Title: Reproductive health supplies in six countries: themes and entry points in policies, systems and financing. Author: Leahy E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. [45] p. Abstract: This report identifies the challenges faced by reproductive health programs in Bangladesh, Ghana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Tanzania, and Uganda. Funding constraints, combined with a weak commitment to prioritize the purchase of reproductive health supplies on the side of the recipient countries and a limited capacity for distribution, have created an unstable environment for supplies worldwide. The report, and its six associated case studies, calls for renewed attention to reproductive health supplies to avoid putting the health of millions of women at risk. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | GHANA | MEXICO | NICARAGUA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | AWARENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Africa, Eastern | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Knowledge | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 331426 |
| 13. Title: Emergency contraception: Knowledge, attitude and prescription practice among doctors in different specialties in Hong Kong. Author: Lo SS; Kok WM; Fan SY Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2009 Aug;35(4):767-74. Abstract: Aim: Few studies have evaluated doctors' knowledge, attitudes and practices as regards emergency contraception (EC). Some studies have reported inadequate knowledge, bias and wrong prescriptions by doctors. This article compares the prescription pattern, attitude and knowledge of EC in Hong Kong doctors in different specialties. Methods: Questionnaires were mailed to family physicians, obstetrician-gynecologists and doctors working in family planning clinics to ascertain their attitudes to EC. Those who provided EC described the types of EC used, whether drugs were given in advance and answered a 12-question knowledge test. Those who did not provide EC stated why. Results: A total of 443 completed questionnaires were analyzed: 70.9% of doctors agreed that the benefits of EC outweigh its risks and 61.2% agreed that doctors should discuss it with clients. Advanced provision was supported by 54.2% of doctors but reduced to 32.5% if the target client was a girl aged 16 or below. Even fewer doctors (40.2%) supported the over-the-counter sales of EC pills. In the knowledge test, family planning doctors scored 10.45 out of 12 and obstetrician-gynecologists in private practice had the lowest score of 6.08. Family planning doctors used levonorgestrel pills while private family physicians and obstetrician-gynecologists used Yuzpe. Among 352 doctors who provided EC, only 21.7% of private family physicians and 15.9% of private obstetrician-gynecologists prescribed it in advance. Conclusions: Only doctors working in family planning clinics were competent in their knowledge of emergency contraception and up to date with current practice. Although half of the doctors supported advanced provision, few implemented it. Most doctors did not support advanced provision to young girls nor the over-the-counter sales of EC pills. Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PHYSICIANS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PRESCRIPTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | OBSTACLES | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | IUD | QUESTIONNAIRES | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Methods | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342776 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Does readily available emergency contraception increase women's awareness and use? Author: Novikova N; Weisberg E; Fraser IS Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Feb;14(1):39-45. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Australia just over half of all women of reproductive age have experienced an unplanned pregnancy, many of which could have been avoided by use of emergency contraception. A dedicated emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) pack became available on prescription in Australia in 2002, and over the counter in 2004. OBJECTIVES: To determine if availability of a dedicated over the counter ECP pack in Australia increased knowledge and use of emergency contraception (EC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Women attending three free-standing abortion clinics in Sydney answered an anonymous questionnaire on their knowledge and use of the ECP. Group 1 (208 women) was recruited prior to a dedicated ECP pack being available, group 2 (308) after it was available on prescription, and group 3 (202) after it became available over the counter. RESULTS: Women who had heard about EC were significantly younger (p < 0.005). The mean age of women who had never heard about EC was 29.8 years compared to 26.3 for women who had heard about EC. More women expressed awareness of the ECP after it became available over the counter. Women in group 2 attained a higher educational level than women in the other groups (p < 0.005). There was a significant trend to increased use of the ECP in women of higher educational level (p < 0.005). The use of EC did not increase significantly with improved availability and access. CONCLUSIONS: Among women seeking termination of pregnancy wider availability of the ECP has increased women's awareness of EC but not use. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 330346 |
| 15. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Bangladesh. Author: Patykewich L; Leahy E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 42 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders. This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Bangladesh. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331427 |
| 16. Title: Contraceptive projections and the donor gap: Meeting the challenge. Author: Ross J; Weissman E; Stover J Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009 Feb. 44 p. Abstract: This report looks at just one component of reproductive health commodities: contraceptives: A follow-up report of the same title published in 2001, the report starts with an overview of current demand for contraceptives in 88 developing countries that depend on supplies from donors. Future needs for contraceptive commodities are projected for two scenarios: one assuming that all unmet need for family planning will be satisfied by 2015 as specified in the ICPD and the MDGs, and the other one based on the medium variant projections of the United Nations Population Division-projections that assume a more gradual contraceptive prevalence increase that is based on historical trends. The proportion of future needs that will require donor funding is estimated on the basis of historical funding trends. Those future needs are compared with current donor funding to highlight the ?donor gap,? the expected shortfall in commodity funding unless resources for commodities are increased substantially. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | FOREIGN AID | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities Document Number: 341071 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use among women attending an open access genitourinary medicine department. Author: Trewinnard K; Foley E Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):573-4. Abstract: Termination of pregnancy rates among young women are rising in the UK and are associated with poor use of reliable contraceptive methods. Many women attending the genitourinary (GU) department for sexually transmitted infection screening do so because of poor or no condom use and are at ongoing risk of unwanted pregnancy. Few of these women attend a contraception clinic, where a full range of contraceptive methods, including long-acting reversible contraception, are available. In this study of 152 women of reproductive age, half stated that they needed further contraceptive advice. In total four-fifths of the women without a reliable method of contraception wanted contraceptive advice and/or future contraceptive provision in the GU medicine clinic. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | QUESTIONNAIRES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | NEEDS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Distributional Activities | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 342132 |
| 18. Title: A multi-tiered approach to meeting family planning needs of the poor in Peru. Author: Constella Futures. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Health Policy Initiative, Futures Group International, 2008 Apr. 4 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: More than half of Peru's population lives in poverty, with significant disparities evident between urban and rural areas and between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Disparities in access to health services among income groups, and ethnic groups are found in family planning (FP) use as well. The USAID | Health Policy Initiative identified barriers that restrict poor women's access to and use of FP services, and then designed interventions to address barriers related to existing financing mechanisms. This brief summarizes a full report on the approach applied in Peru. Language: English Keywords: PERU | EVALUATION REPORT | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH INSURANCE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 308946 |
| 19. Title: Promoting community-based distribution / community reproductive health worker provision of DMPA. Educational visit to Uganda - summary report, 20-22 March, 2007. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Kampala, Uganda, FHI, 2008. [21] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse Doc. ID / Order No. PD-ACL-828USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: An educational visit to Uganda by Kenyan reproductive health professionals was held from March 20 to 22, 2007. This visit was funded by USAID under FHI's Promoting DMPA Provision by Community Health Providers project (FCO 113108). Delegates were invited from cooperating agencies (CAs) and professional associations that had participated in one-on-one advocacy meetings led by the Kenya DRH. These organizations were represented: KOGS, NNAK, The Nursing Council, the Kenya MOH/GTZ CBD programme, KCOA, and JHPIEGO. The objectives of the trip were: 1) To gain first-hand experience of Uganda's efforts at using CBDs to provide injectable Depo-Provera/DMPA at the community level; 2) To identify lessons learned from the Uganda initiative and approaches used to overcome challenges and obstacles; 3) To identify specific issues and concerns that would need to addressed in replicating a similar initiative in Kenya; and 4) To gather lessons, suggestions, and recommendations that will be presented at a larger stakeholders' meeting on CBD of DMPA in Kenya in 2007. The following key activities were carried out: 5) Sessions with key stakeholders in the Uganda CBD of DMPA project, including NGOs with RH activities and Uganda MOH officials; 6) Field visit to the Nakasongola district, where Save the Children (SC) has implemented a CBD of DMPA programme since 2004; and 7) The Kenyan team's wrap-up session and agreement on "take home" messages. The tour exposed the delegates to the details of the Uganda CBD programme and to the reality of CBDs providing DMPA. The main "take home" message was that CBD provision of DMPA was feasible and should be pilot-tested in Kenya. Each of the organizations represented pledged their support for a pilot study in Kenya and recommended that a project advisory committee be formed. This committee will be responsible for reviewing the process of conducting the pilot study, and the study's outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY WORKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION WORKERS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | DEPO-PROVERA | INJECTABLES | BEST PRACTICES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 329880 |
| 20. Title: Promoting community-based distribution / community reproductive health worker provision of DMPA. Educational visit to Uganda - summary report, February 18 - 20, 2008. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Kampala, Uganda, FHI, 2008. [32] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse Doc. ID / Order No. PD-ACL-827USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: An educational tour to Uganda on February 18-20 provided delegates from other countries with an introduction to the community-based distribution (CBD) of the injectable contraceptive DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or Depo Provera). The goal was to learn about Uganda's experiences with the CBD of DMPA and to forge relationships between the delegates so that they could exchange information about such programs in their home countries. The tour was funded by USAID through a project-Promoting DMPA Provision by Community Health Providers-which is managed by Family Health International (FHI). The delegates hoped to achieve several objectives: 1. learn about the organizational network of the program, including the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders; 2. identify the costs of launching a CBD of DMPA program; 3. identify and understand potential ethical and regulatory issues; 4. learn best practices for providing the service; 5. examine strategies for sustainability and ownership, including remuneration, incentives, and community involvement; 6. learn how to monitor and supervise a program; and 7. identify weaknesses, strengths, and impediments associated with implementation Delegates met key stakeholders in Uganda who have supported and implemented the CBD of DMPA program since 2003. The delegates also learned about the program in Uganda from the staff at the Uganda Ministry of Health, FHI, and Save the Children. The delegates visited the districts of Luwero and Nakaseke, where Save the Children had implemented a CBD of DMPA program. The delegates met with district health officials, local family planning champions, Save the Children staff, and CBD workers who support and implement the program in these districts. The delegates asked questions of the district officials and CBD workers, and they observed a CBD worker provide an injection to a client. On the final day, the delegates participated in group planning sessions where they outlined the steps needed to implement the CBD of DMPA in their respective countries. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY WORKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION WORKERS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | DEPO-PROVERA | INJECTABLES | BEST PRACTICES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329879 |
| 21. Title: A strong supply chain responds to increased demand for contraceptives in Rwanda. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2008. 4 p. (USAID Deliver Project, Task Order 1) Abstract: Contraceptive security is achieved when individuals have the ability to choose, obtain, and use quality contraceptives whenever they need them. The success story, "A Strong Supply Chain Responds to Increased Demand for Contraceptives in Rwanda," highlights how, during the last 10 years, the many changes made by the Rwandan Ministry of Health and its partners (including the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT) led to an increased demand for family planning at the local level. As a result, Rwanda made impressive gains in its contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR)-a sevenfold increase in the use of modern methods-from 4 percent in 2000, post-conflict, to 27 percent in 2008. Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | LOGISTICS | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | STORAGE AND WAREHOUSES | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 329564 |
| 22. Title: Task Order 1 annual report. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2008 Jan. 42 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00) Abstract: The first USAID | DELIVER PROJECT Task Order 1 (TO1) annual report covers the period from October 2006 to September 2007. TO1 has been very effective and responsive in its first year of operation. The project continued field work in 21 countries, including 15 with field offices; provided D.C.-based support to USAID’s central contraceptive procurement system; established new core-funded teams; transitioned to a new management information system (MIS); and provided direct procurement services. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | USAID | LOGISTICS | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | ADVOCACY | COORDINATION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | BEST PRACTICES | CAPACITY BUILDING | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Contraceptive Availability | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Program Sustainability Document Number: 331682 |
| 23. Title: Using national resources to finance contraceptive procurement. Policy brief. Author: John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, [2008]. [9] p. (Policy Brief) Abstract: Driven by the increasing demand for and popularity of family planning, increasing population size, and changing demographics with more couples entering their fertile years, the financing requirement for contraceptives has become increasingly onerous. Strategies to finance contraceptives include expansion of the donor base; increased use of cost recovery, including revolving drug funds; greater use of the private sector; and direct government financing of contraceptive procurement. None of these is mutually exclusive, and to ensure contraceptive security, most countries are likely to use some or all of these approaches, and many others. Evidence suggests that many governments are beginning to finance contraceptive procurement using national resources, but limited data are publicly available regarding the global extent of this financing. This brief details the findings of a survey of the extent to which national governments of developing countries are using national resources to finance contraceptive procurement. The brief examines the different types of financing used, some of the benefits of this type of financing, and some of the issues it raises. Hopefully, this study can be repeated to track spending and will spur more rigorous efforts to measure this practice. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | SURVEYS | GOVERNMENT | USAID | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | WORLD BANK | FOREIGN AID | FUNDS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Management | Organization and Administration | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | International Agencies Document Number: 326278 |
| 24. Title: Service delivery-based training for long-acting family planning methods: client / provider satisfaction assessment. Author: Pathfinder International Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Pathfinder International, 2008 Jan. 6 p. (Pathfinder No. 4) Abstract: In 2007, the RH/FP Project surveyed current LAFP users, LAFP discontinuers, CBRHAs who refer potential clients, health care providers who deliver LAFPs, and managers of those facilities where such services are provided. The survey sought to understand the quality of care issues surrounding the use and delivery of LAFP. A total of 806 current users, (795 implant and 11 IUCD), were selected from the regions of Oromiya, Amhara, Tigray, and SNNP, following a multi-stage sampling procedure. Twenty-nine former users of implants were interviewed, as were 42 CBRHAs, 19 providers (nurses and midwives) trained by the program, and 21 health facility managers. The findings are being used to design activities to improve the training and quality of care of LAFP. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | EVALUATION REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | SATISFACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TIME FACTORS | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 325472 |
| 25. Title: Overview of contraceptive and condom shipments, FY 2007. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID] Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, 2008 May. 22 p. Abstract: The Overview of Contraceptive and Condom Shipments is an annual publication summarizing contraceptive and condom shipments sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) by value and unit. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ANNUAL REPORT | USAID | FAMILY PLANNING | FOREIGN AID | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONDOMS | FEMALE CONDOMS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Vaginal Barrier Methods Document Number: 331679 |
| 26. Title: USAID / Haiti: Social marketing assessment, 2008. Author: Clary TA Source: Washington, D.C., Global Health Technical Assistance Project, 2008 Sep. [54] p. (Report No. 01-008-153USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-05-00005-00) Abstract: Despite nearly 20 years of social marketing programs in Haiti, the country is still facing many challenges. Suboptimal coordination and poor infrastructure have resulted in some geographic areas having a plethora of overlapping socially marketed products, while others face fairly frequent stockouts within the social marketing system. Further, the concept of social marketing is still, in some cases, not well understood or fully supported by partner organizations, including the host country government, local organizations, and the private commercial sector. USAID / Haiti, the main funder of social marketing programs during the last several years, is now redefining what it hopes to accomplish through its support. During the course of this assignment numerous meetings and interviews were held, a dozen site visits conducted, and nearly 50 documents reviewed. The main conclusion from this intelligence gathering is this: social marketing programs in Haiti have benefited the health of Haitians, need to becontinued, but also need strengthening in a number of areas. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | USAID | SOCIAL MARKETING | FUNDS | COORDINATION | LOGISTICS | DATA QUALITY | PRIVATE SECTOR | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | PROMOTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | FEES | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Training Programs | Education | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 331439 |
| 27. Title: Conscientious objection: protecting sexual and reproductive health rights. Author: de Mesquita JB; Finer L Source: Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom, University of Essex, Human Rights Centre, [2008]. 16 p. Abstract: Healthcare providers' conscientious objection to involvement in certain procedures is grounded in the right to freedom of religion, conscience and thought. However, such conscientious objection can have serious implications for the human rights of healthcare users, including their sexual and reproductive health rights. This briefing paper examines the implications of conscientious objection, by healthcare providers, for the protection of sexual and reproductive health rights, and concludes with a set of recommendations for States' policies and laws. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ETHICS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325208 Notification |
| 28. Title: An enduring role: The continuing need for a robust family planning clinic system. Author: Gold RB Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):6-10. Abstract: Since the 1970s, publicly subsidized, specialized clinics have played a critical role in providing family planning counseling, contraceptive services and closely related preventive health care to young and low-income women at risk of uninfected pregnancy. Currently, nearly 7,700 family planning clinics serve about seven million women annually. Taken together, the clinic system is a major U.S. preventive health care provider and a significant contributor to the nation's health: One in every four women who obtains a contraceptive service in the country does so at a family planning clinic, as does one in three women who obtains an STI service and one in six who obtains either a Pap test or pelvic exam. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH INSURANCE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Program Evaluation | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Government Financing | Program Evaluation | Health Services | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation Document Number: 325582 |
| 30. Title: Should the contraceptive pill be available without prescription? No. Author: Jarvis S Source: BMJ. 2008;337:a3056. Abstract: Two areas in London are piloting over the counter oral contraceptives. Daniel Grossman argues that the policy should be widely adopted but Sarah Jarvis believes it is the wrong approach to reducing unplanned pregnancy. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | MEXICO | CRITIQUE | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | PRESCRIPTIONS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | |