1.  Title: Perception and practice of emergency contraception among female undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Bello FA; Olayemi O; Fawole AO; Ogunbode OO; Sobukunola T Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Jun;20(2):113-121. Abstract: The authors performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study with 383 female undergraduates in Nigeria in June 2006 to assess their perceptions about and proper use of emergency contraception (EC). One hundred and five (48.2%) of the students had been sexually exposed. Only 32 (30.5%) used regular contraception. Seventy-three (24.3%) female undergraduates were aware of EC. Only 29 (7.6%) had used EC before. Most would not use EC drugs in the future due to lack of awareness (64.8%), fear for future fertility, and fear that EC was injurious to health. Use of EC was associated with awareness of correct interval for use. The authors concluded that there was poor knowledge about EC and poor use. Most knowledge was acquired from peers and was inaccurate. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | PEER EDUCATORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Adolescents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339903 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal microbicide preferences among midwestern urban adolescent women. Author: Tanner AE; Katzenstein JM; Zimet GD; Cox DS; Cox AD; Fortenberry JD Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Oct;43(4):349-56. Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess adolescent women's preferences for specific microbicide characteristics including pregnancy prevention, timing of application, potential for side effects, and whether it targeted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other sexually transmitted infections (STI). Potential differences in microbicide preferences by adolescent age group and behavioral patterns including engaging in sexual intercourse and use of hormonal contraception were examined, as it was hypothesized that as adolescents progress into adulthood and gain sexual experience their preferences in microbicide characteristics may shift. METHOD: Adolescent and young women (N = 405, 56.0% African American; 24.0% Euro-American) between the ages of 14 and 20 (mean = 17.0, SD = 1.8) were recruited from urban community-based clinics. Video-Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviews were conducted with the young women, during which they were asked about their preferences regarding the characteristics of hypothetical vaginal microbicides. Conjoint analysis was utilized to determine adolescent women's relative preferences for each microbicide characteristic and intent-to-purchase microbicides based upon a combination of the selected properties. RESULTS: Overall, the results suggest adolescent and young women had an ordered preference for a microbicide with (1) no side effects, (2) pregnancy prevention, (3) postcoital application, and (4) protection against HIV. Age and behavioral group conjoint analyses resulted in the same pattern of preferences as those reported for the entire group. However, women having sex and not using hormonal contraception had a stronger preference for postcoital application. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that young women's ratings of microbicides were sensitive to characteristics such as side effects, pregnancy prevention, and timing of application and should be considered in microbicide development. The conjoint analysis approach is useful in understanding microbicide preferences, and should be utilized with other populations to assess preferences for specific microbicide characteristics. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | VAGINAL SPERMICIDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Information Processing | Information | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 329327 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Clinical, ethical, and medical legal considerations on emergency contraception. Author: Comparetto C; Giudici S; Coccia ME; Scarselli G; Borruto F Source: Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2005;32(2):107-110. Abstract: Purpose of investigation: To evaluate how many women required the so-called “emergency contraception” at our outpatient service and what the actual role is of this kind of pharmacological administration in interfering with ovulation and pregnancy, paying particular attention to the ethical and medico-legal aspects of this subject. Methods: During the period from 1 December 1998 to 30 November 2003, emergency contraception was prescribed to a total of 1,160 women. With regard to the contraceptives used, in most cases (1,132, 97.6%) a combined oral estrogen-progestogen pill (ethinyloestradiol 0.05 mg plus levonorgestrel 0.25 mg) was prescribed; in some cases (20 patients, 1.8%) danazol (400 mg), in four women (0.3%) a progestin-only pill (levonorgestrel 0.75 mg), and in four other women (0.3%) an intrauterine device. Results: It does not come out that there were any pregnancies in our study patients since none of them, who were told to come back for follow-up, were seen at our termination of pregnancy service or delivery room. Conclusion: The “Yuzpe regimen” of a combined oral estrogen-progestogen pill has been the most commonly used method for emergency contraception. A new method recently proposed, a progestin-only pill with levonorgestrel 0.75 mg, is having better results than the previous one, with a lower incidence of side-effects and higher efficacy. Moreover, the treatment with this method does not interfere in case of a pregnancy already being carried and cannot interrupt it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Drugs | Treatment | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 291467 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception. Author: Mor E; Saadat P; Kives S; White E; Reid RL Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2005 Jul;84(1):40-45. Abstract: Objective: To compare the physiologic effects of vaginally and orally administered emergency contraception. Design: Prospective, open-label, crossover study. Setting: University research center. Patient(s): Nine regularly menstruating volunteers. Intervention(s): Five subjects received 1,000 µg of levonorgestrel with 200 µg of ethinyl E(-2)(twice the standard Yuzpe regimen dose) vaginally, and the standard Yuzpe regimen dose orally 1 week later. Four subjects received 1,500 µg of levenorgestrel (twice the standard Plan B regimen dose) vaginally and received the standard Plan B dose orally 1 week later. Serum samples were obtained at baseline an at frequent intervals after each dose. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels measured at baseline, at the time of peak levonorgestrel, and 24 hours later. Result(s): Gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels were suppressed to a similar degree among the four regimens, with a return to baseline levels after 24 hours. Conclusion(s): We conclude that high doses of levonorgestrel found in emergency contraception regimens lead to a transient direct suppression of gonadotropin, hepatic globulin, and androgen levels. This effect is similar after vaginal and oral administration of emergency contraception. Therefore, the vaginal route of administration of emergency contraception regimens may be as efficacious as the oral route. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | OVULATION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | REPRODUCTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen Document Number: 288400 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Identification of novel endometrial targets for contraception. Author: Nie G; Findlay JK; Salamonsen LA Source: Contraception. 2005;71:272-281. Abstract: Successful embryo implantation is a critical step in establishing pregnancy and requires appropriate preparation of the endometrium to provide a transient state of “uterine receptivity.” The most essential of the molecular events determining receptivity may therefore provide potential targets for postcoital contraception. Using the mouse as a model, we identified molecules specifically regulated in the endometrium at very early implantation: these were monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor beta (MNSFh), splicing factor SC35, a novel protease of the HtrA family, termed HtrA3, calcium-binding protein (CaBP)-d9k (calbindin d9k) and proprotein convertase 6 (PC6). All of these molecules were also expressed in human endometrium, with the exception of CaBP-d9k, which was represented by the functionally similar CaBP-d28k. Appropriate spatial and temporal expressions of mRNA and protein were demonstrated for all five candidate molecules in mouse and primate (human and rhesus monkey) endometrium during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. Functional studies in mice established that blocking production of the CaBPs and PC6 within the endometrium completely prevented implantation and thus provided proof of principle that these molecules are potential contraceptive targets. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSION | ENDOMETRIUM | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | Oceania | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 282945 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Novel antiangiogenic agents for use in contraception. Author: Sharkey AM; Catalano R; Evans A; Charnock-Jones DS; Smith SK Source: Contraception. 2005;71:263-271. Abstract: Angiogenesis and vascular development are fundamental to the development of a receptive endometrium that permits implantation. The underlying hypothesis of this project is that implantation in primates and in humans is dependent on vascular remodeling in the endometrium and that the identification of agents that can disrupt this process prior to embryo attachment will lead to the development of new post coital contraceptives. To identify suitable targets for postcoital contraception, we studied the expression in endometrium of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin families of angiogenic regulators. We produced a neutralizing antibody to VEGF-A, and this was shown to inhibit implantation in rhesus monkeys, apparently through direct antagonism of the action of VEGF-A in the endometrium. This demonstrated 'proof of principle' that agents antagonizing molecules that regulate angiogenesis can be developed as contraceptive agents. A second objective was to identify new contraceptive targets. We have developed microarrays to compare receptive endometrium with endometrium-rendered nonreceptive by a number of experimental strategies. We have identified over 100 RNA transcripts that are acutely regulated by administration of the antiprogestin RU486 to women, and 20 transcripts altered by antagonizing the action of VEGF-A in endometrium. These transcripts represent new potential targets for development of novel postcoital contraceptives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSION | ENDOMETRIUM | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | RU-486 | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 282943 |
7.  Title: Contraceptive practices and awareness of emergency contraception in educated working women. Author: Takkar N; Goel P; Saha PK; Dua D Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2005 Apr;59(4):143-149. Abstract: Regular contraceptive use and emergency contraception are tools to prevent pregnancies. Aims: This study was designed to investigate knowledge and use of contraceptive methods and awareness of emergency contraception among women working in the hospital. Settings: Educated working-women in a medical college hospital. Design: Cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among women belonging to three categories: staff nurses, ministerial staff and others. Married as well as unmarried employees in the reproductive age group were interviewed. A pretested mixed questionnaire containing open as well as closed ended questions was administered. The women were asked questions concerning knowledge and use of contraceptive methods and awareness of emergency or postcoital contraception. Of the 284 employees 258 women consented for the interview. All the subjects were literate and majority (97.2%) had an urban background. Of the 190 married women, 154 (81.1%) practiced contraception, among them (73.3%) were regular users. Eighty respondents underwent abortions of which 46 had spontaneous and 34 had induced abortions. Among the available contraceptive methods, condom was the most popular method in 89 (57.8%) followed by Copper T in 38 women (24.7%). The use of hormonal contraception was very low 2.6%. Print and electronic media were the common source of public awareness in 149 subjects (57.7%). Twenty-nine women (11.2%) were aware and only three women used emergency contraception. A high percentage of females in this literate working-women population used contraception; however, the awareness of emergency contraception was low. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HOSPITAL PERSONNEL | WOMEN | KNOWLEDGE | LITERACY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 289250 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: As often as needed: appropriate use of emergency contraceptive pills. Author: Abuabara K; Becker D; Ellertson C; Blanchard K; Schiavon R Source: Contraception. 2004 Apr;69(4):339-342. Abstract: Previous research has established that emergency contraceptive pills are safe and have the potential to reduce unintended pregnancy; however, policy makers, providers and even women themselves have expressed concern about repeat use of the method. Evidence regarding the safety, efficacy and frequency of repeat use show that the method is safe and effective, even when used multiple times. Reported rates of repeat use are actually lower than would be expected, and needed, based on the frequency of unprotected intercourse and contraceptive failure reported in most countries. Healthcare providers should encourage use of emergency contraceptive pills as a backup after recognizable failure of barrier methods or other hormonal contraceptive methods, and should expect that women may need emergency contraceptive pills multiple times during their reproductive years. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, REPEAT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning Acceptors | Family Planning Programs | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 191323 |
| 9. Title: FDA delays its decision on the sale of emergency contraception. Author: Boonstra H Source: Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 2004 Mar;7(1):[2] p.. Abstract: One week before it was slated to make its decision whether to grant over-the-counter status to the emergency contraceptive known as Plan B, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on February 13 announced that it would delay that decision for up to 90 days. The delay came as a surprise to those who had expected the FDA would follow the recommendations of its expert advisory panel, which met in December 2003 and voted overwhelmingly in favor of making the method available without a prescription. The 28-member panel was unanimous in finding that the drug is safe for use without a prescription. The FDA action came amid pressure from social conservatives, who have urged the administration to reject the recommendation of its advisory panel and keep the postcoital contraceptive pill prescription-only. While not contesting the drug's safety or its effectiveness when taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, they now argue that wider access will put young people at greater risk of sexually transmitted infections. On January 9, 2004, 49 members of Congress, led by Rep. Dave Weldon (R-FL), sent a letter to President Bush focusing on adolescent use: "We are very concerned that no data is available to suggest what impact this decision will have on the sexual behavior of adolescents and the subsequent impact on adolescent sexual health. We are concerned that adolescent exposure to sexually transmitted infection will increase because of the availability of [Plan B] over-the-counter. This availability may ultimately result in significant increases in cancer, infertility, and HIV/AIDS." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | POLICYMAKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | USFDA | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PRESCRIPTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Behavior | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 191800 |
| 10. Title: Interventions for emergency contraception. Author: Cheng L; Gulmezoglu AM; Piaggio G; Ezcurra E; Van Look PF Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004 Jul;(3):[125] p.. Art. No.: CD001324.pub2 Abstract: This systematic review aimed to determine which emergency contraceptive method following unprotected sexual intercourse is the most effective, safe and convenient for use in pregnancy prevention. A total of 15 trials retrieved through electronic searches and searches of unpublished trials were included in the review. These trials were randomized or quasi-randomized studies including women attending services for emergency contraception following a single act of unprotected sexual intercourse. Majority (8/15) were conducted in China, and most comparisons between different interventions included one or two trials although some trials were appropriately sized with power calculations. Overall, the findings indicate that levonorgestrel and mifepristone seem to offer the highest efficacy with an acceptable side-effect profile. Mifepristone may cause delays in the onset of subsequent menses, inducing anxiety; however, this seems to be dose-related, and low doses can minimize this side-effect without compromising effectiveness. Future studies should compare the effectiveness of mifepristone with levonorgestrel. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | LEVONORGESTREL | RU-486 | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 158260 |
| 11. Title: What do young people from Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina know about contraception and sexual health? Author: Selak S; Juric V; Hren D; Juric M Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2004 Feb;45(1):44-49. Abstract: Aim. To determine the knowledge of adolescents living in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, about contraception and sexual health. Methods. We used an anonymous questionnaire to survey a random sample of 120 high school students, 60 from two general high schools and 60 from a vocational school. There were 30 male and 30 female students aged 15-17 years from each type of school. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions: 17 tested the students' knowledge on the menstrual cycle, contraception, emergency contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and six inquired how they obtained the information on these issues. Student t-test was used to test for score differences between male and female students, and between general high school and vocational school students in their general and specific knowledge. Pearson's r coefficient was used to test the correlation between average grades and knowledge. Results. Female students had greater general knowledge (t = 3.69, df = 118, p < 0.001), knowledge on contraception (t = 3.66, df = 118, p < 0.001), and knowledge on STDs (t = 2.71, df = 118, p = 0.008) than their male peers. General high school students also had greater general knowledge (t = 2.44, df = 118, p = 0.016), and knowledge on contraception (t = 2.18, df = 118, p = 0.031) or STDs (t = 2.36, df = 118, p = 0.020) than their vocational school peers. Major sources of information were magazines (69%), TV/radio (50%), school (37%), and friends (36%). The most common reason that kept our examinees from obtaining information on these issues was shame (52%). The two most common contraception methods known to them were a condom (82%) and contraception pill (77%), whereas 17% of all students were unfamiliar with any contraception method. When asked what could be done to improve their knowledge on sexuality, contraception, and STDs, most students opted for the inclusion of sexual education into the school curricula. Conclusion. Female students knew more about contraception and sexual health than their male peers. Young people should be provided with more information on sexual health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | SEXUALITY | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Health Document Number: 277545 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of new progestins in women's health. Author: Dickerson VM Source: International Journal of Fertility. 2003 Jul-Aug;48(4):173-181. Abstract: The need for safe and efficacious hormone use underlines the importance of long-term contraceptive options as well as safe short-term hormone replacement when symptoms and clinical judgment dictate this course of action. For contracepting women, new progestins have been introduced in an attempt to provide more effective options with fewer side effects. These have been designed to suit a variety of personal needs and life styles. These agents, found in oral contraceptives, injectables, transdermals, transvaginal rings and intrauterine systems, carry improved risk profiles and a wide range of noncontraceptive benefits. For the post-reproductive woman with a uterus the emphasis is on progestin options with the lowest dose and least systemic side effects. These options must, according to the U.S. FDA, prove not only their efficacy but also their safety. Ongoing studies will be necessary to ensure that menopausal women also enjoy safe hormone use for symptom reduction as well as other possible benefits. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | MENOPAUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Reproduction | Safety | Public Health | Health | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 183815 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Extending the time limit for starting the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception to 120 hours. Author: Ellertson C; Evans M; Ferden S; Leadbetter C; Spears A Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Jun;101(6):1168-1171. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Current protocols state that the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception can be initiated up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the window for emergency hormonal contraception can be extended to 120 hours. METHODS: In an observational study, we tracked 111 women who requested emergency contraception between 72 and 120 hours after unprotected sex but refused postcoital copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), preferring instead the Yuzpe regimen. We compared failure rates for this group with rates among 675 otherwise similar women who started the same therapy within 72 hours. RESULTS: Both perfect use (1.9%) and typical use (3.6%) failure rates were low among women presenting between 72 and 120 hours after unprotected intercourse. These rates did not statistically differ from failure rates for the standard Yuzpe regimen (2.0% during perfect use and 2.5% during typical use). Our small sample size of 111, however, gave us just 25% power to detect a doubling in the failure rates (2% to 4%) and 59% power to detect a tripling in the failure rates (2% to 6%). CONCLUSION: The 72-hour cutoff for the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception appears needlessly restrictive. Women who request this therapy more than 72 hours after unprotected sex should be allowed to receive it, particularly if they decline postcoital insertion of a copper IUD and would otherwise have no options for reducing pregnancy risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CONTROL GROUPS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | TIME FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | NORGESTREL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Diseases Document Number: 180001 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Surfing on the morning after: analysis of an emergency contraception website. Author: Gainer E; Sollet C; Ulmann M; Levy D; Ulmann A Source: Contraception. 2003 Mar;67(3):195-199. Abstract: The introduction of widespread nonprescription delivery of hormonal emergency contraception (EC) calls for development of innovative tools to provide information to and gather feedback from EC users. Individuals seeking confidential information on sexual health and contraception are increasingly turning to the Internet as the resource of choice. This study employed analytical software and manual content analysis to examine the use of a website dedicated to an EC product (www.norlevo.com) over the course of 2 years. Frequency of visits to and pageviews of the site increased consistently over the 2-year time period, and the bulk of the visitors to the site were EC users seeking responses to frequently asked questions. The most common concern raised by users was the occurrence of spotting and menstrual bleeding following EC use. This analysis reveals that within the context of nonprescription access to hormonal EC, a website can constitute a potent educational tool for health professionals and EC users and provide a valuable source of post-marketing feedback on product use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | INTERNET | INFORMATION SOURCES | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | INFORMATION NETWORKS | COMMUNICATION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Information Document Number: 175837 |
| 15. Title: Albany puts contraceptives center stage. Author: Hu W Source: New York Times. 2003 Feb 25;:[3] p.. Abstract: Thirty-three years after New York became the first state to repeal the ban against abortion, it is emerging as the latest battleground over reproductive rights, with city and state lawmakers divided over whether emergency contraceptives should be made widely available to women. These contraceptives, also known as the "morning-after pill," are concentrated doses of birth control pills that can prevent pregnancy by stopping an egg from becoming fertilized or by stopping a fertilized egg from becoming implanted in the uterus. Even as lawmakers in Albany and New York City are grappling with enormous budget deficits, they are being heavily lobbied by groups on both sides of the issue to address availability of emergency contraceptives this year. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEGISLATION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | INTEREST GROUPS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Political Factors Document Number: 175782 |
| 16. Title: Morning-after pill. Author: Kaminker L Source: New York Times. 2003 May 26;:[1] p.. Abstract: A bill requiring New York State hospitals to offer emergency contraception to rape victims has passed the house, and State Senator Nicholas A. Spano has sponsored a similar measure. New Yorkers should urge their representatives to support this important change. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CLIENTS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | RAPE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases Document Number: 179393 |
| 17. Title: U.S. minorities unaware of "morning-after" pill. Author: McCook A Source: [London, England], Reuters Health, 2003 Apr 30. 2 p. Abstract: In their study, Shaban and his colleagues surveyed 330 women age 18 and up about their knowledge of contraception. Roughly one-third of the women were black, and the rest were Latina. Questionnaires were offered in English and in Spanish. Shaban and his team found that only eight percent of women had "some knowledge," and 22 percent showed "very little knowledge" about emergency contraception. Seventy percent had "no adequate knowledge." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TECHNICAL REPORT | SURVEYS | MINORITY GROUPS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Diseases Document Number: 178808 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: New contraceptive methods. Author: Plourd DM; Rayburn WF Source: Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2003 Sep;48(9):665-671. Abstract: Objective: To provide an update on the current trend toward increasing use of emergency postcoital contraception, continuous (or "extended-use") oral contraceptives (OCs) and longer-acting contraceptive delivery systems. Data sources: This review is based largely upon patient care-oriented clinical experience data, including some original work submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration by the primary investigators of these novel methods, supplemented, when appropriate, with basic pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic information. Methods of study selection: This review is a distillation based on an exhaustive literature search of each of the following topics: emergency postcoital contraception, continuous (extended-use) oral contraception, the weekly patch, the monthly vaginal ring and the monthly injectable. The issue of OC formulations recently begun to be marketed in this country was excluded since they have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. Results: Emergency postcoital contraception is highly effective, though not as effective as available proactive methods of hormonal contraception. Of the popular regimens available, all have similar efficacy; those without estrogen are associated with less nausea and vomiting. The prophylactic administration of an antiemetic 1 hour prior to the first contraceptive dose can mitigate this adverse side effect. Continuous (or "extended" use) of OCs has become increasingly popular. This can decrease or eliminate menstruation as well as several menstruation related complaints (e.g., dysmenorrhea, menstrual migraines and premenstrual symptoms). Despite the fact that combination OC regimens offer highly reliable contraception as well as several noncontraceptive health benefits, they are limited by the issue of daily compliance. To address this limitation, several longer-acting delivery systems were recently developed. The weekly patch, monthly vaginal ring and monthly injectable have efficacy and side effect profiles similar to those of comparable OC formulations. They offer the advantages of longer action and lower and more steady steroid levels and are free of the challenges associated with daily compliance. Conclusion: We need to continue to develop new and highly effective means of contraception that offer women ease of use and minimal side effects, hence leading to successful and effective use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 277716 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates emergency contraceptive-associated nausea. Author: Ragan RD; Rock RW; Buck HW Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Feb;188(2):330-333. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to determine whether metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates side effects associated with high-dose estrogen/progestin emergency contraception in at-risk patients. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the University of Kansas. Patients (141) requesting emergency contraception and lacking contraindications were offered entry in the study. Both the treatment (metoclopramide 10 mg) and placebo groups received active emergency contraception. Participants evaluated symptom severity with a 12-question survey tool developed for this study. RESULTS: Metoclopramide pretreatment provided protection against nausea and cramping associated with estrogen/progestin emergency contraception. The average scores on a 10-point scale for the treatment group and placebo group were as follows: nausea 3.2 versus 4.8 (P = .01) and cramping 0.9 versus 2.2 (P < .01), indicating less severe nausea and cramping in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates the nausea and cramping associated with Yuzpe emergency contraceptive treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | ESTROGENS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | NAUSEA | SIDE EFFECTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Treatment Document Number: 175824 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Postcoital contraception in Turkey. Author: Sogukpinar N; Turkistanli EC; Saydam BK Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 Feb;80(2):159-164. Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this article is to determine the knowledge status of women concerning postcoital contraception when they turn to curettage in order to terminate an undesired pregnancy. Methods: This defining study has been carried out at a maternity hospital in Izmir on pregnant women admitted for curettage. We interviewed 150 pregnant cases using an improbability sampling method. Results: We discovered that 48.7% of women had avoided pregnancy before curettage by withdrawal before ejaculation. When we investigated the method used after uncontrolled coitus, 27.3% of cases reported vaginal douche while 12.7% indicated curettage. After having an unprotected coitus or failure in contraceptive methods 99.3% of the women indicated they would report to health institutes to utilize postcoital methods if they were familiar with them. Conclusions: Postcoital contraception may be a solution for undesired pregnancies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 175096 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception by cycle day of intercourse: implications for mechanism of action. Author: Trussell J; Ellertson C; Dorflinger L Source: Contraception. 2003 Mar;67(3):167-171. Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide evidence about the mechanism of action of the Yuzpe method of emergency contraception by examining effectiveness by cycle day of intercourse relative to ovulation. Methods: Through a literature search, we identified eight studies that present the number of women treated and outcome of treatment by cycle day of unprotected intercourse relative to expected day of ovulation. Using five sets of external estimates of conception probabilities by cycle day of intercourse among women not using contraception, we assessed and compared the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen by whether intercourse occurred on or before the second day before ovulation or afterward, and whether intercourse occurred on or before the first day before ovulation or afterward. Results: In 36 of the 45 pairs of estimates of effectiveness, based on eight separate studies and the eight studies combined and five different sets of conception probabilities by cycle day, effectiveness was higher—and in most cases substantially higher—when intercourse occurred on or before the second day before ovulation (day -2) than when it occurred later. When data were stratified by whether intercourse occurred on or before the day before ovulation (day -1), effectiveness was greater when intercourse occurred early in 43 of 45 pairs. Conclusions: These results suggest that one hypothesized mechanism of action of the Yuzpe method, inhibiting implantation of a fertilized egg, is unlikely to be the primary mechanism of action. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 175832 |
| 22. Title: Morning-after pill may go over the counter. Author: Zernike K Source: New York Times. 2003 May 19;:[4] p.. Abstract: On Thursday, New Mexico became the fourth state to allow pharmacists to dispense the drug directly to women, enabling them to avoid trips to a doctor for prescriptions. Legislators or pharmacists in at least 14 states are agitating to do the same. One company that sells the pills, the Women's Capital Corporation, has applied to the Food and Drug Administration for permission to sell them over the counter. The other, Gynetics, says it, too, expects its product to be sold over the counter by the end of next year. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEW MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | LICENSING | PRODUCT APPROVAL | KNOWLEDGE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Legislation Document Number: 179104 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Emergency oral contraception. ACOG Practice Bulletin, No. 25, March 2001. Author: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG] Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 Aug;78(2):191-198. Abstract: Emergency contraception (EC) is a therapy for women who have had unprotected sexual intercourse, including sexual assault. It also has been called the "morning-after pill", interception, and postcoital contraception. Methods of EC include use of combination or progestin-only oral contraceptives (OCs), danazol, synthetic estrogens and conjugated estrogens, antiprogestins, and the insertion of an IUD. One particular combination OC regimen is the Yuzpe method. This document addresses only combination and progestin-only OCs because they are the most frequently used methods. This document will present evidence regarding the safety, efficacy, risks, and benefits of the use of OCs for EC. For widespread use of this therapy, physician familiarity with the method, public awareness of the method's availability, prompt availability of these methods (because of their time-sensitive nature), and access to a physician who is available to prescribe the method must be increased. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ADULTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | RISK ASSESSMENT | SAFETY | WOMEN | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Evaluation | Public Health | Health Document Number: 171343 |
| 24. Title: Women tout contraception bill. Author: Associated Press Source: New York Times on the Web. 2002 Mar 21;:[2] p.. Abstract: In the US, women's advocates urged the Congress to pass a bill that would require hospitals receiving federal funds to ensure that sexual assault victims are informed about the emergency contraception. According to the bill's sponsor, Representative Connie Morella, an estimated 25,000 women become pregnant each year as a result of rape or incest. Hence, with access to emergency contraception, women have a safe opportunity to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. Known as the "morning-after pill," the contraception is a high dose of birth control pills taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. The 'morning-after-pill' differs from the abortion pill, RU-486, which is for women who already know that are pregnant and want a nonsurgical abortion. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RAPE | INCEST | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | LEGISLATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Crime | Social Problems | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Diseases Document Number: 166774 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Of interception, postcoital contraception and the morning after. Twenty five years ago: then and now. Author: Edouard L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2002 Apr;28(2):105. Abstract: This commentary offers a brief history of postcoital contraceptives, including hormonal methods such as the Yuzpe regime and the IUD. The postcoital effects of stilboestrol were discovered as early as the 1930s, but societal attitudes were not conducive to further development until the 70s. During that period, various combinations or doses of compounds such as stilboestrol, ethinylestradiol, and norgestrel were beginning to be used in “morning after pills,” an early name for emergency contraception. However, postcoital contraception has often been misconstrued as being an abortifacient, even though the WHO has stated that emergency contraceptive pills do not interrupt pregnancy and thus are no form of abortion. Finally, it is noted that access to these pills has improved in both the US and the UK through over-the-counter sales, school-based clinics, and advice telephone lines. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | NORGESTREL | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin Document Number: 168230 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: The Simon Population Trust: a brief history. Author: Kane P Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2002 Apr;28(2):SPT1-12. Abstract: This document presents a brief history of The Simon Population Trust. First established in 1957 by Lord Simon of Wythenshawe, this British foundation aimed to promote the relief of poverty and the improvement of standards of health throughout the world. The organization fulfills this mission by promoting a better understanding of the problems of world population and encouraging research and education in any part of the world. During its early years, there was difficulty in determining which activities should absorb the Trust's funds. However, it was eventually agreed that the Trust should take interest in evolving procedures which, though not controversial from the moral or political standpoint, were in need of further testing or exploration. Topics covered in this document include: sterilization projects; outpatient suction abortion; prostaglandins; no-baby bonus; sterilization, the Filshie clip; the Trust reforms; student support; small grants scheme; postcoital contraception; public education; action research grants; and funding. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FOUNDATIONS | POPULATION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FUNDS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Organizations | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Financial Activities | Research Methodology Document Number: 168429 Notification |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Court rules that emergency contraception is lawful. Author: Mayor S Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2002 Apr 27;324:995. Abstract: This news article reports that in the UK, the High Court has rejected a case brought by the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children challenging the government's decision to allow oral emergency contraception to be sold over the counter by pharmacists without prescription. The anti-abortion group claimed that emergency hormonal contraception was a method of early abortion and as such should be subject to the legislation governing abortion, particularly the 1861 Offences Against the Person Act. The judge pointed out that medical definitions given in medical dictionaries support the view that pregnancy begins once the blastocyst has implanted in the endometrium. In view of this, once the embryo has implanted or had begun to implant, the morning-after pill cannot act to cause it to de-implant. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | COURT DECISION | ABORTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Litigation | Interest Groups | Political Factors Document Number: 168995 Notification |
| 28. Title: Boost knowledge of emergency contraception. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2001 Oct;22(10):120-1. Abstract: The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals has started a new phase of its "Train the Trainer" emergency contraception (EC) program for health care providers in August 2001. Originally, the program featured a formal training session for a clinical faculty representing 44 states. Launched in 1999, the program has revised its teaching curriculum and supporting materials to include new advances and recent data. In addition, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has revised its recommendations to physicians regarding the safety and efficacy of prescription EC. In relation, a survey of health care providers who participated in an EC education project showed gaps in their knowledge regarding medications, side effects, and mode of action. As a professor and director of research of the Center for the Study of Women in Society at the University of Oregon, Marie Harvey, stresses that provider education is an important part in the continued success of EC. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH EDUCATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 160956 |
| 29. Title: EC on the Internet: programs go on-line. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 Jun;22(6):67-8. Abstract: In response to the innovative programs of two Planned Parenthood affiliates, women in Georgia and Illinois can obtain on-line medical assessments for emergency contraception prescriptions. This on-line assessment, called the EC4U service, breaks down the geographic barriers often faced by women who do not have ready access to EC providers' offices. Once the assessments are reviewed, Planned Parenthood providers call in prescriptions to women's chosen pharmacies with a medical assessment cost of $40 for each program, payable by credit card. Planned Parenthood--Chicago Area has started its comprehensive marketing program for the EC4U program by advertising with posters and pamphlets and an e-mail campaign to promote events around emergency contraception and offer information about the programs. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | ILLINOIS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | FERTILITY CONTROL, POSTCOITAL | PRESCRIPTIONS | PROGRAMS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Organization and Administration Document Number: 157192 |
| 30. Title: ECPs over the counter? Studies to determine use. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2001 May;22(5):51-3. Abstract: Proponents of moving emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) to over-the-counter (OTC) status are designing study protocols to evaluate the use of the drug without a prescription in Washington state. The Women's Capital Corporation, marketer of the levonorgestrel-only ECP Plan B, has met with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to review study protocols the company will undertake to support the switch from prescription to OTC. The studies include a label comprehension study and an actual use study, which mimics OTC use. Meanwhile, a petition has been filed with the FDA by the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy on behalf of more than 60 medical groups to change the status of ECPs to OTC. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | PRODUCT APPROVAL | NONCLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | USFDA | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Legislation | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 156934 |
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