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Title: Voluntary population planning activities -- supplemental requirements (January 2009) [letter]
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Management. Office of Acquisition and Assistance
Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Management, Office of Acquisition and Assistance, 2009 Jan 26. [5] p.
Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to amend the Standard provisions of all grants and cooperative agreements involving any aspect of voluntary population planning activities and which contain the provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (May 2006). This provision is deleted and replaced by the new provision VOLUNTARY POPULATION PLANNING ACTIVITIES - SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS (January 2009) which removes the conditions relating to the Mexico City Policy that were set forth in the May 2006 version of the provision. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | USAID | STANDARDIZATION | GRANTS | POPULATION POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | INCENTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ABORTION LAW | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Adjustment | Research Methodology | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 331346 Notification

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Hormonal contraception, sickle cell trait, and risk for venous thromboembolism among African American women.
Author: Austin H; Lally C; Benson JM; Whitsett C; Hooper WC; Key NS
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;200:620e1-620e3.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of oral and other hormonal contraceptive (HC) use on venous thromboembolism risk among African American women and investigated whether the association was modified by the sickle cell trait. STUDY DESIGN: We report the findings of a case-control study that included 60 African American women with an idiopathic, first episode of venous thromboembolism and 196 African American controls. RESULTS: The odds of current HC use compared with noncurrent use contrasting cases and controls is 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-8.1; P < .001). Among subjects with sickle cell trait, the odds ratio is higher (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% CI, 1.0-43) than the odds ratio among subjects without sickle cell trait (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2), but the difference is not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study provides persuasive evidence that hormonal contraceptive use increases venous thromboembolism risk among African American women and that the increase in risk may be larger among women with sickle cell trait.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Health
Document Number: 330853

Title: Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States.
Author: Landau S; Besinque K; Chung F; Dries-Daffner I; Maderas NM; McGhee BT; Foster DG
Source: Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-50.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess pharmacist interest, comfort level, and perceived barriers regarding providing pharmacist-initiated access to hormonal contraceptives (i.e., tablets, patches, rings, injectables, emergency contraception [EC]). DESIGN: Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. SETTING: United States between November 2004 and January 2005. PARTICIPANTS: 2,725 pharmacists working in community chain pharmacies (64%), community independent pharmacy (31%), and other practice settings, including hospitals and home care facilities (5%). INTERVENTION: Survey sent electronically by the American Pharmacists Association to a random sample of 14,142 of its 50,000 pharmacist members nationally. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharmacist interest and comfort level in providing pharmacy access to hormonal contraception (HC), perceived barriers and training needs, and familiarity with and provision of EC. RESULTS: 2,725 survey responses (19% response rate) were received. Pharmacists reported being very familiar with HC. The majority of respondents were comfortable and interested in providing direct access to HC in the pharmacy. Perceived barriers to providing HC in the pharmacy included lack of time, no mechanism of reimbursement for the service, and possible resistance from physicians. CONCLUSION: Strong interest, comfort level, and capability from pharmacists, combined with a documented demand for direct pharmacy access from patients, indicate that pharmacy access to HC has the potential to meet patient needs and increase access to HC. Education about current clinical practice recommendations-which no longer require pelvic examinations and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears before hormonal contraception is initiated-may increase pharmacist support for providing hormonal methods directly.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PHARMACISTS | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | TIME FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Training Programs | Education | Evaluation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 330051

Peer Reviewed

Title: Young unmarried men's understanding of female hormonal contraception.
Author: Merkh RD; Whittaker PG; Baker K; Hock-Long L; Armstrong K
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):228-35.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A better understanding of men's attitudes, norms and behaviors regarding women's use of hormonal contraception is needed. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted contraceptive life-history interviews with 41 ethnically diverse males ages 18-25 years which detailed up to six heterosexual relationships, focusing on knowledge, attitudes, norms and behaviors regarding hormonal contraception use, decision making and communication. RESULTS: Men's attitudes, norms and behaviors associated with hormonal contraceptive decisions and use varied greatly across participants and their relationships. Findings suggest a mixture of attitudes and practices regarding the importance of communication around contraception influenced by sexual experiences, age and relationship type. Many men demonstrated limited knowledge about contraceptives and identified improving contraceptive knowledge as an essential step in facilitating contraceptive communication. CONCLUSIONS: Increased awareness about young men's understanding of and perceived roles regarding hormonal contraception will help in designing services that address contraceptive adherence, contraceptive communication and incorrect or inadequate contraceptive knowledge.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | UNMARRIED | MEN | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HORMONES | ATTITUDES | VALUE ORIENTATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 330054

Title: Doping in sport--1. Excretion of 19-norandrosterone by healthy women, including those using contraceptives containing norethisterone.
Author: Walker CJ; Cowan DA; James VH; Lau JC; Kicman AT
Source: Steroids. 2009 Mar;74(3):329-34.
Abstract: 19-Norandrosterone (19-NA) is the principal urinary metabolite of the anabolic steroid nandrolone and its prohormones. The administration of these 19-nor androgens is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) but, even so, adverse findings for 19-NA continue to be commonly reported. Little is known about the urinary concentrations of 19-NA that can occur in women who are not using anabolic steroids, including those using oral contraceptives containing the 19-nor progestogen norethisterone. In 2004, WADA lowered the reporting threshold for 19-NA for females from 5 to 2ng/mL. The lack of any substantial data on 19-NA excretion in women prompted this large-scale investigation. In this investigation, single untimed urines collected from 1202 female volunteers, 38 of whom were taking norethisterone containing contraceptives, were analysed for 19-NA. None of the women was a competitive athlete and pregnancy had been excluded by a urinary test for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Onlyone sample exceeded the 19-NA reporting threshold having a concentration of 4.1ng/mL. This sample was from a user of a norethisterone-containing contraceptive.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ATHLETES | ANDROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SPORTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 341597

Title: Donor support for contraceptives and condoms for STI / HIV prevention 2008.
Author: United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]
Source: [New York, New York], UNFPA, 2008. 30 p.
Abstract: Since 1990, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has been tracking donor support for contraceptives and condoms for STI / HIV prevention. The Fund publishes an annual report based on this donor database to enhance the coordination among partners at all levels to continue progress toward universal access to sexual and reproductive health, as set forth in the ICPD Programme of Action and, subsequently, the Millennium Development Goals. This report represents the 2008 installment of the series and has three main sections. The first section summarizes patterns and trends�by method, by donor and by region�in donor support from 2000-2008. The second section takes a closer look at donor support for male and female condoms over time and by region. The third and final section compares aggregate donor support to global contraceptive need for 2000-2008 and provides projections of contraceptive needs through 2015. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | ANNUAL REPORT | UNFPA | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONDOMS | FEMALE CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FOREIGN AID | EXPENDITURES | NEEDS | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Barrier Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331842

8.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Relationships between condoms, hormonal methods, and sexual pleasure and satisfaction: an exploratory analysis from the Women's Well-Being and Sexuality Study.
Author: Higgins JA; Hoffman S; Graham CA; Sanders SA
Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Dec;5(4):321-30.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about how condoms and other contraceptives influence women's sexual enjoyment, which could shape use patterns. METHODS: Data from an online study of women's sexual health and functioning were used to examine how three categories of contraceptive use - hormonal method only, condoms primarily, and dual use - could help predict decreased sexual pleasure associated with contraceptive method and overall sexual satisfaction in the past 4 weeks. RESULTS: In analyses controlling for age, relationship length, and other variables, male condoms were most strongly associated with decreased pleasure, whether used alone or in conjunction with hormonal methods. Women who used hormonal methods alone were least likely to report decreased pleasure, but they also had significantly lower overall scores of sexual satisfaction compared with the other two groups. Dual users, or women who used both condoms and a hormonal method, reported the highest sexual satisfaction scores. CONCLUSIONS: Because male condoms were viewed by many of these women as decreasing sexual pleasure, sexual risk practices are likely to be affected. Although hormonal only users were highly unlikely to report decreased pleasure, they reported lower sexual satisfaction compared with the other two groups. Dual users, who had the highest sexual satisfaction scores, may have been the most sexually satisfied because they felt more fully protected against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmissible infections - consistent with previous qualitative documentation of 'eroticising safety.' This exploratory study suggests that different contraceptives affect sexuality in various ways, warranting further research into these sexual dimensions and how they influence contraceptive practices.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SATISFACTION | SEXUALITY | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Personality | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 330443

Title: Human rights guidelines for pharmaceutical companies in relation to access to medicines. The sexual and reproductive health context.
Author: Khosla R; Hunt P
Source: Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom, University of Essex, Human Rights Centre, [2008]. 24 p.
Abstract: When Paul Hunt was UN Special Rapporteur (2002-2008), a recurrent theme in his work was access to medicines. For the most part, he - and colleagues in the Right to Health Unit - looked at the duties of States in relation to access to medicines e.g. his report to the UN General Assembly A/61/338, dated 13 September 2006. However, States reported that when endeavouring to enhance access to medicines the policies and practices of some pharmaceutical companies were a very considerable obstacle. Thus, he was urged to prepare access-to-medicines guidelines for pharmaceutical companies. After extensive research and wide-ranging consultations over some years, Paul Hunt and Rajat Khosla wrote 'Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in relation to Access to Medicines'. These Guidelines were published by the UN General Assembly in A/63/263, dated 11 August 2008. The present publication briefly discusses medicines and sexual and reproductive health, in particular medicines, HIV/AIDS and the human papillomavirus (HPV) - HPV being responsible for over 99% of cervical cancers. In this context, the publication then introduces, and reproduces, the 'Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in relation to Access to Medicines' that were published by the General Assembly in 2008.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | EVALUATION | PRIVATE SECTOR | ETHICS | HUMAN RIGHTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HPV | VACCINES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HIV INFECTIONS | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Viral Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 325209

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Usage of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods (LARC) in couples attending for vasectomy counselling.
Author: Moses S; Oloto E
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Sep;13(3):243-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Vasectomy is a safe and effective method of permanent contraception. A proportion of men will regret the procedure and some may experience chronic testicular pain. National recommendations in the UK advocate that couples requesting sterilization should be counselled and given access to Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive (LARC) methods. This study aims to ascertain usage of LARC methods in couples attending for vasectomy counselling. METHOD: A case notes review of 200 consecutive couples attending for vasectomy counselling between January and May 2006. RESULTS: Most couples were using condoms for contraception (51%) prior to vasectomy counselling. Only 11% of couples were using a LARC and 25% of couples had ever used one. The copper intrauterine device was the most popular LARC with 16% having ever used it; hormonal LARCs were unpopular. Some couples (9.5%) expressed dissatisfaction with current methods and associated health risks. CONCLUSION: Usage of LARC methods was low but similar to that of the background population in the UK. Couples attending for vasectomy are seeking effective contraception but prefer non-hormonal methods. LARC uptake in the UK is poor; there is a need for wider education and awareness of all LARC methods including side effects and safety.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CONTRACEPTION | MALE STERILIZATION | VASECTOMY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Sterilization, Sexual | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 329685

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Hormonal contraceptive discontinuation patterns according to formulation: Investigation of associations in an administrative claims database.
Author: Murphy PA; Brixner D
Source: Contraception. 2008 Apr;77(4):257-263.
Abstract: Hormonal contraceptive use is generally characterized by poor adherence and relatively high discontinuation. This study investigated whether specific hormonal contraceptive formulations and/or delivery systems might be correlated with discontinuation of contraception. This was a retrospective descriptive analysis within a large administrative claims database. The sample included women aged 15-40 years with a pharmacy benefit and at least one new hormonal contraception prescription during the study period and no prescription in the previous 6 months. Filled contraceptive prescriptions were grouped into several categories of delivery system, dosage, progestin type and monophasic vs. triphasic formulations. In each, a baseline number of women was established who filled a first prescription for a contraceptive formulation in the specified category. Then, the percentage of these women who filled a prescription for a contraceptive in the same category within 3 months' time was determined. Continuation or change rates were compared within each group. Oral contraceptives (OCs) were the least likely to be discontinued at 3 months; injectables were the most likely. OC formulations associated with increased risk of discontinuation (odds ratios above 1.3 representing a 5% or higher increased discontinuation) included very-low-dose (20-25 mcg ethinyl estradiol) pills containing norethindrone acetate or norgestimate, as compared to a preparation with the same progestin type but with a higher dose of estrogen. Desogestrel and norethindrone-containing triphasics were more likely to be discontinued than other triphasic progestins. OC formulations with desogestrel and norethindrone/norethindrone acetate were more likely than formulations with other progestins to be discontinued overall. This investigation in a sample of nearly 250,000 women suggests possible associations between discontinuation of hormonal contraception and factors such as estrogen dosing, progestin type and changes in dosage during the cycle. Identification of factors correlated with contraceptive discontinuation may inform management and improve adherence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | INJECTABLES | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 325309

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Vaginal microbicide preferences among midwestern urban adolescent women.
Author: Tanner AE; Katzenstein JM; Zimet GD; Cox DS; Cox AD; Fortenberry JD
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Oct;43(4):349-56.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess adolescent women's preferences for specific microbicide characteristics including pregnancy prevention, timing of application, potential for side effects, and whether it targeted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other sexually transmitted infections (STI). Potential differences in microbicide preferences by adolescent age group and behavioral patterns including engaging in sexual intercourse and use of hormonal contraception were examined, as it was hypothesized that as adolescents progress into adulthood and gain sexual experience their preferences in microbicide characteristics may shift. METHOD: Adolescent and young women (N = 405, 56.0% African American; 24.0% Euro-American) between the ages of 14 and 20 (mean = 17.0, SD = 1.8) were recruited from urban community-based clinics. Video-Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviews were conducted with the young women, during which they were asked about their preferences regarding the characteristics of hypothetical vaginal microbicides. Conjoint analysis was utilized to determine adolescent women's relative preferences for each microbicide characteristic and intent-to-purchase microbicides based upon a combination of the selected properties. RESULTS: Overall, the results suggest adolescent and young women had an ordered preference for a microbicide with (1) no side effects, (2) pregnancy prevention, (3) postcoital application, and (4) protection against HIV. Age and behavioral group conjoint analyses resulted in the same pattern of preferences as those reported for the entire group. However, women having sex and not using hormonal contraception had a stronger preference for postcoital application. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that young women's ratings of microbicides were sensitive to characteristics such as side effects, pregnancy prevention, and timing of application and should be considered in microbicide development. The conjoint analysis approach is useful in understanding microbicide preferences, and should be utilized with other populations to assess preferences for specific microbicide characteristics.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | VAGINAL SPERMICIDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Information Processing | Information | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 329327

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differentiating normal from abnormal rates of genital epithelial findings in vaginal microbicide trials.
Author: van de Wijgert JH; Kilmarx PH; Jones HE; Karon JM; Chaikummao S
Source: Contraception. 2008 Feb;77(2):122-129.
Abstract: Candidate vaginal microbicides could cause genital irritation, which in turn could facilitate HIV transmission instead of preventing it. While genital epithelial findings are documented in a standardized manner in most microbicide trials, little is known about background rates and predictors for many types of genital findings. A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a Phase II expanded safety study of the candidate microbicide Carraguard gel (Population Council, NY, USA) in Thailand. Genital findings were identified by visual inspection of the cervix, vaginal walls and external genitalia during pelvic exams prior to gel use (screening and enrollment) and during gel use (at 2 weeks and Months 1-12). Women were interviewed about potential risk factors for genital findings at every visit and tested routinely for sexually transmitted and vaginal infections. A total of 258 genital findings were identified in 152 woman-years of follow-up. Genital findings were positively associated with olderage, increased parity, self-report of genital symptoms, positive HSV-2 serology, bacterial vaginosis by Nugent scoring and the presence of a genital finding at baseline. Furthermore, vaginal findings were positively associated with vaginal practices and yeast infections. Genital findings were negatively associated with use of hormonal contraception, inconsistently associated with frequency of sex and applicator use, and not associated with condom use. Several factors that are common in women of reproductive age account for the background rate of genital epithelial findings in this population. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROBICIDES | VAGINAL GEL | HIV | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | PELVIC EXAM | CANDIDIASIS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | COITAL FREQUENCY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Sex Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 324313

14.

Title: Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization Program. July 1, 2006 - June 30 2007 annual report, and July 1, 2007 - June 30, 2008 workplan.
Author: Family Health International [FHI]. Contraceptive and Reproductive HealthTechnologies Research and Utilization Program [CRTU]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, CRTU, 2007. [436] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00)
Abstract: The Contraceptive and Reproductive Health Technologies Research and Utilization (CRTU) Program is a five-year, $125 million cooperative agreement between USAID and Family Health International (FHI) that was awarded on April 29, 2005. This agreement builds on more than 35 years of FHI's experience and accomplishments in contraceptive technology and reproductive health research to advance and support USAID's family planning and reproductive health programs worldwide. The purpose of the cooperative agreement is to increase the range of available choices and the use of safe, effective, acceptable, and affordable contraceptive methods and reproductive health technologies, including microbicides, delivered through high-quality family planning and reproductive health services in developing countries. This Annual Report provides a comprehensive picture of 160 subprojects that were fully or partially funded by the CRTU for the July 1, 2006-June 30, 2007 reporting period. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | BARRIER METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HIV PREVENTION | MICROBICIDES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors
Document Number: 323693

15.

Title: Linking CBFP with long acting methods.
Author: Macro International. Child Survival Technical Support+ [CSTS+]
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, Child Survival Technical Support+ [CSTS+], 2007 Aug. 4 p. (Community Based Family Planning Technical Update No. 3)
Abstract: Programs should strive to provide as many family planning methods as possible in an effort to meet the diverse needs of those wishing to use family planning throughout the various stages of their reproductive lives. This technical bulletin promotes linkages between community based family planning and long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPM). For each method, IUDs, implants, vasectomy and female sterilization, links to websites and online resources/tools are provided. Four main strategies for increasing the use of LAMP at the community level are highlighted; Referrals to facilities, Mobile Clinics, Facility-Based Outreach and Satellite Clinics. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | CASE STUDIES | Contraception | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Studies | Research Methodology
Document Number: 308799

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: A qualitative analysis of accounts of hormonal contraceptive use: Experiences and beliefs of British adolescents.
Author: Brown KE; Arden MA; Hurst KM
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Sep;12(3):269-278.
Abstract: Britain has high rates of unintended adolescent pregnancy compared to other European countries. Relatively little is known about the beliefs, attitudes and experiences of using hormonal contraceptive methods amongst middle-class adolescents, and mention of their views in the literature will add to the knowledge in this area. The current qualitative study addresses these issues to some extent. Middle-class 16-18-year-old men and women were interviewed about their understanding and use of hormonal contraceptives. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and transcripts subjected to an adaptation of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Six emergent themes represent important aspects of these adolescents' experiences: negative experiences, experiences unrelated to pregnancy prevention, mistrust of the pill, risk reduction, issues of communication and trust, and perceptions of pill promotion by adults. The findings illustrate the complexities inherent in contraceptive health care in relationto hormonal methods and highlight not only potential targets for enhancing effective use, but the importance of the way such information is disseminated. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | BELIEFS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | INFORMATION SOURCES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Information
Document Number: 319633

17.

Title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a transdermal contraceptive patch and an oral contraceptive.
Author: Devineni D; Skee D; Vaccaro N; Massarella J; Janssens L
Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2007;47:497-509.
Abstract: This open-label, randomized, 2-way crossover study characterized the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a transdermal contraceptive patch and a norgestimate-containing oral contraceptive. Healthy women (n = 34) applied a patch once weekly for 3 consecutive weeks during each of 2 cycles and received an oral contraceptive for 21 consecutive days during each of 2 cycles. Plasma concentrations of norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol peaked and waned after daily oral contraceptive administration, whereas they rose and reached steady-state levels after first patch application. Norelgestromin exposure was similar; ethinyl estradiol exposure was higher for the patch than oral contraceptive. Hepatic estrogenic activity, assessed by hepatic globulin synthesis, was similar for corticosteroid-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin-binding capacity and higher for sex hormone-binding globulin for the patch versus oral contraceptive. The clinical significance of the differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles between the patch and oral contraceptive is not fully known. No serious adverse events or discontinuations due to adverse events were recorded. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | NORGESTIMATE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ANALYSIS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen
Document Number: 317683

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Predictors of dual method use for pregnancy and HIV prevention among adolescent South African women.
Author: MacPhail C; Pettifor A; Pascoe S; Rees H
Source: Contraception. 2007 May;75(5):383-389.
Abstract: Dual contraceptive method use is advocated for adolescent women to prevent pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. We examined data from a nationally representative sample of South African women aged 15-24 years to establish factors associated with dual method use. Only 7% of current contraceptive users reported using dual methods, although this percentage increased to 28.1% when women reporting hormonal contraception and condom use at last sex were included. In multivariate analyses, having talked about condoms with a partner was most strongly associated with dual method use (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 12.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.1-25.1) and suggests that communication skills might be the most effective way of increasing dual method use. Difficulty in accessing condoms was associated with lower odds of dual method use (AOR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-1.0). We conclude with recommendations to increase male involvement and encourage communication between partners for the integration of HIV prevention and other reproductive health care services. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HORMONES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 313404

19.

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: 10th Summit Meeting consensus: recommendations for regulatory approval for hormonal male contraception.
Author: Nieschalg E
Source: Contraception. 2007 Mar;75(3):166-167.
Abstract: The investigators at the 6th Summit Meeting on Hormonal Male Contraception, Petersberg, Germany, held on July 7-9, 2002, recognized the need for standardized clinical trials to develop a hormonal male method and drafted several recommendations. At the 9th Summit Meeting on Hormonal Contraception, Nyon, Switzerland, held on October, 9-11, 2005, the group of experts reviewed the status of clinical development projects for male hormonal contraception and discussed the need to update the recommendations. The following revised recommendations are the result of this discussion and present the consensus statement confirmed at the 10th Summit Meeting, New York, October 22-23, 2006: It is stressed that the following recommendations are valid exclusively for hormonal methods for which the mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of sperm production. Methods with a different mode of action are outside the scope of these recommendations. The goal of hormonal male contraception is the reversible suppression of spermatogenesis to a level compatible with infertility. In principle, this can be achieved by using an androgen alone or an androgen in combination with a gestagen or a GnRH antagonist. The success of this principle in terms of lowering sperm counts in semen to azoospermia or to severe oligozoospermia has been demonstrated in multiple studies. Some trials demonstrated the contraceptive efficacy of this approach when couples used no other method of contraception. Investigators agree that information gained from preliminary studies on male contraception have reached a stage that hormonal contraceptive products for men should now be proposed for development for general use. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | MEN | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HORMONES | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Effectiveness
Document Number: 313005

21.

Title: Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition. Authors' reply [letter]
Author: Raymond EG; Moench T; Feldblum P; Hubacher D
Source: AIDS. 2007 Apr 23;21(7):887.
Abstract: The results reported by Morrison and colleagues provide encouragement that hormonal contraceptives may not affect a woman's risk of HIV acquisition. As the authors note, however, their observational study design had limitations that compromise full confidence in their conclusions. Because of the vital importance of the issue, especially in light of the increasing popularity of hormonal methods in areas of high HIV incidence, more robust data are desirable. The accompanying editorial by Bulterys et al. asserts that 'unfortunately, no randomized clinical trial can be conducted owing to ethical and adherence issues resulting from randomly assigning women to contraceptive methods with substantially differing efficacy'. We agree, but a randomized study that compares methods with similar efficacy should be possible. To investigate the association between hormonal methods and HIV infection, women at risk could be assigned to use either a long-acting hormonal contraceptive, such as an injectable or an implant, or a copper-containing intrauterine device, which has no known effect on HIV acquisition. These methods have similar high contraceptive efficacy and minimal adherence problems, and current data and guidelines allow their safe use in women at risk of HIV exposure if appropriate screening is performed at initiation. This design would eliminate the very serious concern of selection bias. Although such a trial could not easily be masked, differences in relevant behavior between groups after enrollment (such as condom use) and in the validity of reporting of these behaviors would probably be less than in the study by Morrison et al. We and others (E. Stringer, personal communication) have recently completed successful studies confirming the feasibility of the randomized design, and we are currently conducting additional preparatory investigations in anticipation of a larger trial. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | HORMONES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology
Document Number: 315501

22.

Title: Influences of hormone-based contraception on depressive symptoms in premenopausal women with major depression.
Author: Young EA; Kornstein SG; Harvey AT; Wisniewski SR; Barkin J
Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Aug;32(7):843-853.
Abstract: Hormone-based contraceptives affect mood in healthy women or in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). No study has yet examined their association with mood in women with major depressive disorder (MDD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether estrogen-progestin combination or progestin-only contraceptives are associated with depression severity, function and quality of life, or general medical or psychiatric comorbidity in women with MDD. This analysis focused on a large population of female outpatients less than 40 years of age with non-psychotic MDD who were treated in 18 primary and 23 psychiatric care settings across the US, using data from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. Baseline demographic and clinical information was gathered and compared between three groups based on hormonal use: combination (estrogen-progestin)(N = 232), progestin-only (N = 58), and no hormone treatment (N = 948). Caucasians were significantly more likely to use combined hormone contraception. Women on progestin-only had significantly more general medical comorbidities; greater hypersomnia, weight gain and gastrointestinal symptoms; and worse physical functioning than women in either of the other groups. Those on combined hormone contraception were significantly less depressed than those with no hormone treatment by the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Rated. The combined hormone group also demonstrated better physical functioning and less obsessive-compulsive disorder (COCD) comorbidity than either of the other groups. Synthetic estrogen and progestins may influence depressive and physical symptoms in depressed women. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | MENSTRUATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ESTRADIOL | PROGESTERONE | TREATMENT | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | DEPRESSION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Mental Disorders
Document Number: 321239

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility control in wildlife: humans as a model.
Author: Barfield JP; Nieschlag E; Cooper TG
Source: Contraception. 2006;73:6-22.
Abstract: In a time of accelerated extinction rates and biodiversity loss, it may seem illogical to be concerned with methods limiting the reproduction of wild populations; however, there is an urgent need to inhibit the proliferation of a wide variety of species. The range of animals for which fertility control is desired makes the development of a single method impossible. The various reproductive strategies used by individual species, the desired outcome of contraceptive programs (reversible or irreversible; male or female directed) and our ignorance of the reproductive biology of many endangered species necessitate thorough species-specific investigations. As fertility control in humans is a reality and research into methods of fertility control is more advanced, humans serve as a model for developing contraceptive approaches for wild species. Population control by traditional methods (indirect or direct intervention by culling, poisoning, translocation, etc.) is increasingly unacceptable to the public, making human studies even more valuable for finding solutions to overabundant wild populations. This review compares and contrasts the range of contraceptive methods used in both wildlife and humans. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | ANIMALS | WILDLIFE | ECOLOGY | POPULATION CONTROL | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 293354

24.
Title: Non-surgical methods of contraception and sterilization.
Author: Kutzler M; Wood A
Source: Theriogenology. 2006;66:514-525.
Abstract: The Humane Society of the United States estimates that each year between 8 and 10 million dogs and cats enter shelters and 4-5 million of these animals are euthanized due to lack of homes. Many veterinarians within the United States recommend surgical sterilization for population control in dogs and cats. However, there are non-surgical methods to control reproduction. Pharmacologic methods of contraception and sterilization can be safe, reliable and reversible. Hormonal treatments using progestins, androgens, or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs act to either directly block reproductive hormone receptor-mediated events, or indirectly block conception via negative feedback mechanisms. Immunocontraception, via vaccination against GnRH, the luteinizing hormone receptor or zona pellucida proteins, is also possible. Intratesticular or intraepididymal injections provide a method for non-surgical sterilization of the male dog and cat. Additional methods have been employed for mechanical disruption of fertility including intravaginal and intrauterine devices and ultrasound testicular ablation. Alternative approaches to surgical sterilization will be reviewed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ANDROGENS | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | HORMONE RECEPTORS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | INJECTABLES | IUD | ULTRASONICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Membrane Proteins | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 311116

25.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Introduction of emergency contraception in India.
Author: Mittal S
Source: Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2006 Sep;104:[5] p..
Abstract: Emergency contraception is a safe and effective method for preventing unwanted pregnancy following unprotected sexual exposure. The method had not been included in the National Family Programme of India. A Consortium on National Consensus for Emergency Contraception met in New Delhi in January 2001, to reach a consensus on strategies for introduction of emergency contraception in India. During the consortium experts from different walks of life deliberated on issues related to emergency contraception introduction and formulated national consensus statements and guidelines. This paper describes highlights of consortium activity which has led to introduction of emergency contraception in India. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | HEALTH POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | MASS MEDIA | CAMPAIGNS | COUNSELING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Communication | Communication Programs | Clinic Activities | Program Activities
Document Number: 307936

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Reproductive care and rates of pregnancy in teenagers with negative pregnancy test results.
Author: Sadler LS; Chen JY; Daley AM; Leventhal JM; Reynolds H
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Mar;38(3):222-229.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to follow-up adolescent girls with negative pregnancy tests (NPTs) through an 18-month follow-up analysis of health services received, patterns of contraception use, and pregnancy outcomes. This study involved a retrospective review of medical records of 129 adolescent patients who had a NPT result from clinical sites in an urban medical center during a 3-month period in 1997. A stratified random sample of participants was selected from adolescents who received care at 2 school-based health centers, a women's health center, and an adolescent health clinic associated with a large academic medical center. Analysis of the 129 cases indicated that the cohort of adolescents with NPTs appears to be a higher risk group of girls than suggested by previous studies. Of the multi-ethnic sample with a mean age of 16.2 � 1.4 years at the time of the NPT, 47% had already had 1 or more pregnancies and 25% had 1 child. Thirty percent of the subjects were offered condoms, and 50% were offered hormonal contraception at the time of the NPT; only 46% were given a return appointment. By 18 months after the index pregnancy test, 36% of the subjects had 1 or more pregnancies, and the majority of the subjects had used no form of contraception or had used contraception inconsistently. Comprehensive reproductive health services often are not offered to adolescents who receive NPT results. Sexually active teenagers need thorough reproductive care and consistent follow-up evaluation to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY TESTS | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 297541

27.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of the long-term use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate as hormonal contraceptive on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone remodeling.
Author: Shaarawy M; El-Mallah SY; Seoudi S; Hassan M; Mohsen IA
Source: Contraception. 2006 Oct;74(4):297-302.
Abstract: Our objective is to evaluate the effects of the long-term use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a method of contraception on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling. Forty women (21--44 years old) who used DMPA for contraception for < 1, 1--2 and > 5 years, in addition to 20 age-matched healthy women (nonusers), participated in this study. Lumbar spine BMD (LS-BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptionmetry. Serum osteocalcin (OC), a bone formation marker, was measured by enzyme amplification sorbent immunoassay. Urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), a bone resorption marker, was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Serum OC and urinary DPD levels in women who used DMPA for < 1, 1--2 and > 5 years were significantly increased compared to the corresponding levels in nonusers. The increase of both biomarkers was more pronounced with longer duration of use. LS-BMD was significantly decreased in women on long-term DMPA use compared to LS-BMD in nonusers. The mean percentage decrease of LS-BMD in women who used DMPA for 1--2 and > 5 years was 9% and 11.8%, respectively. LS-BMD was negatively correlated with serum OC and urinary DPD in women who used DMPA. On the other hand, LS-BMD and bone turnover were not significantly different between women who used DMPA for < 1 year and nonusers. Long-term use of DMPA (> 2 years) had a significant adverse effect on BMD and induced increased bone turnover, as evidenced by a significant increase in biochemical indices of bone formation and resorption. The measurement of LS-BMD and of biomarkers of bone turnover may be recommended in women aged above 40 years and who used DMPA for a long duration (2--5 years). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | DEPO-PROVERA | SKELETAL EFFECTS | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 306806

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Does contraception affect HIV treatment?
Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2005 Jul;:[4] p..
Abstract: Is your family planning facility seeing more women who are HIV-positive? Statistics point to a �yes.� In 2003, women accounted for 27% of the estimated 32,048 diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States, according to statistics from the Atlanta-based Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are an important first-line defense in treating HIV infection. Clinicians now use combinations of ARV drugs, known as highly active antiretroviral therapy or HAART, to suppress HIV replication. When it comes to birth control, women are concerned about potential interactions between hormonal therapies and HAART, particularly if the interactions may affect the efficacy of the birth control method or how well they may respond to their HAART therapy, says Rebecca Clark, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and maternal/child director of the HIV outpatient program of the Medical Center of Louisiana, all based in New Orleans. Just-published research indicates that the hormones in birth control do not influence the effectiveness of HAART. Until recently, there has been no information regarding the hormonal contraceptive influence on HAART effectiveness, she notes. Findings from the new study are reassuring that such drugs do not affect response to HAART, Clark adds. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FAMILY PLANNING | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV PREVENTION | DRUG INTERACTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Drugs | Contraception | Contraceptive Effectiveness
Document Number: 289409

29.

Title: Cambodia (2005): MAP study evaluating coverage and quality of coverage of hormonal contraceptives and condoms in urban and rural areas. First round.
Author: Population Services International [PSI]. Research Division
Source: Washington, D.C., PSI, Research Division, 2005. 56 p. (Social Marketing Research SeriesProject MAP) Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia, May 2005.
Abstract: Project Measuring Access and Performance (MAP) aims to assess or gauge the coverage, quality, equity of access and efficiency of product social marketing and service delivery systems. Project MAP was undertaken to determine the coverage and quality of coverage of PSI/Cambodia's HIV and birth spacing (BS) products (Number One Condom, Number One-Plus Condom, OK Condom, OK Pill and OK Injection) in rural, urban, and Phnom Penh areas. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) was used to draw a sample of 19 areas within each geographic category. Geographic categories in which data were collected are: Rural areas (nineteen villages), an urban area (Kampong Cham provincial town; selected randomly from among all provincial capitals, and divided into nineteen zones) and a hyper urban area, Phnom Penh (nineteen Sangkats). Outlets were categorized into traditional, non-traditional and brothels. Traditional outlets are outlets that specialize in selling health products (e.g. drug stores, pharmacies and clinical pharmacies). Non-traditional outlets are outlets that commonly sell a combination of products ranging from household utilities to drinks and groceries. These include grocery stores, minimarts, supermarkets, market stalls and street vendors, but do not include high risk places such as hotels, beer gardens or massage parlors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMBODIA | EVALUATION REPORT | SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | USAID | SOCIAL MARKETING | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | BIRTH SPACING | INJECTABLES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Contraceptive Methods | Nonclinical Distribution
Document Number: 317019

30.
Title: Body weight and contraceptives. Exploring the relationship and dosage risks.
Author: Brucker MC
Source: AWHONN Lifelines. 2005 Jun-Jul;9(3):252-253.
Abstract: Pediatric providers may have it right. When providing the same drug for a pre-term baby or a 12-year-old child, they recalculate the dosage based on the patient�s weight. Whereas health care providers for adults may have become complacent in their prescribing habits, especially since the therapeutic index for most pharmaceuticals is quite large. For example, a woman with an upper respiratory infection usually takes the same number of decongestant tablets regardless of her age or weight. However, recent studies have identified that weight might make a difference when it comes to prescribing contraceptives. During the clinical trials for the transdermal patch, it was discovered that of the documented 15 pregnancies, women who weighed more than 198 pounds (90 kg) were statistically more likely to have a contraceptive failure. This association between the patch and weight has caused a great deal of discussion. The finding was with the absolute weight level of 90 kg, not the body mass index (BMI). The lack of association of BMI with pregnancy underscores the problem with the research. Note that the study that reported this link was one of the clinical trials. Clinical trials, by their very nature, are meant to be composed of �average� adult women. Thus, no woman more than 30 percent overweight was included in the study. To look at this another way, a woman weighing 198 pounds and within the study parameters probably was a large woman, perhaps with a height close to or over 6 feet. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | BODY WEIGHT | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Drugs | Treatment | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 289471


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