1.  Title: Does contraceptive treatment in wildlife result in side-effects? A review of quantitative and anecdotal evidence. Author: Gray M; Cameron E Source: Reproduction. 2009 Aug 5; Abstract: The efficacy of contraceptive treatments has been extensively tested, and several formulations are effective at reducing fertility in a range of species. However, these formulations should minimally impact the behaviour of individuals and populations before a contraceptive is used for population manipulation, but these effects have received less attention. Potential side effects have been identified theoretically and we reviewed published studies that have investigated side effects on behaviour and physiology of individuals or population-level effects, which provided mixed results. Physiological side effects were most prevalent. Most studies reported a lack of secondary effects, but were usually based on qualitative data or anecdotes. A meta-analysis on quantitative studies of side effects showed that secondary effects consistently occur across all categories and all contraceptive types. This contrasts with the qualitative studies, suggesting that anecdotal reports are insufficient to investigate secondary impacts of contraceptive treatment. We conclude that more research is needed to address fundamental questions about secondary effects of contraceptive treatment and experiments are fundamental to conclusions. In addition, researchers are missing a vital opportunity to use contraceptives as an experimental tool to test the influence of reproduction, sex and fertility on the behavior of wildlife species. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ANIMALS | WILDLIFE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | PHYSIOLOGY | BEHAVIOR | ECOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Natural Resources | Environment | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology Document Number: 342416 |
| 2. Title: Non-surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Author: Kutzler M; Wood A Source: Theriogenology. 2006;66:514-525. Abstract: The Humane Society of the United States estimates that each year between 8 and 10 million dogs and cats enter shelters and 4-5 million of these animals are euthanized due to lack of homes. Many veterinarians within the United States recommend surgical sterilization for population control in dogs and cats. However, there are non-surgical methods to control reproduction. Pharmacologic methods of contraception and sterilization can be safe, reliable and reversible. Hormonal treatments using progestins, androgens, or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs act to either directly block reproductive hormone receptor-mediated events, or indirectly block conception via negative feedback mechanisms. Immunocontraception, via vaccination against GnRH, the luteinizing hormone receptor or zona pellucida proteins, is also possible. Intratesticular or intraepididymal injections provide a method for non-surgical sterilization of the male dog and cat. Additional methods have been employed for mechanical disruption of fertility including intravaginal and intrauterine devices and ultrasound testicular ablation. Alternative approaches to surgical sterilization will be reviewed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ANDROGENS | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | HORMONE RECEPTORS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | INJECTABLES | IUD | ULTRASONICS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins | Membrane Proteins | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 311116 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Recurrent pregnancy loss. Author: Rao KA; Pillai JR Source: Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2006 Aug;104:[3] p.. Abstract: Recurrent abortions are disheartening to the couple and also to the treating clinicians. Miscarriage is the loss of pregnancy weighing 500 g or less. Recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion is defined as three or more consective abortions. Important factors involved in recurrent early pregnancy loss are genetic factors, endocrine factors, anatomic factors, immunologic factors, infectious factors and environmental factors. The factors are described in a nutshell in the text. Any severe infection that leads to bacteraemia or viraemia can cause sporadic miscarriage. Congenital uterine abnormalities have been associated most often with second-trimestar pregnancy loss. As regarding management of recurrent pregnancy loss the clinician has limited options. The use of aspiration in low dose (75 mg) and heparin is beneficial in APS positive patients. Multivitamins and folic acid assume importance in thrombophilic disorders. Tender live care with regular antenatal check-ups go a great way in achieving live term pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | ABORTION, HABITUAL | GENETICS | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | ANATOMY | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | INFECTIONS | ENVIRONMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Biology | Endocrine System | Physiology | Immunity | Immune System | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 307931 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluation of fusogenic trophoblast surface epitopes as targets for immune contraception. Author: Frank HG; Bose P; Albieri-Borges A; Borges M; Greindl A Source: Contraception. 2005;71:282-293. Abstract: Syncytial trophoblast fusion is an essential step in the process of implantation. This project is aimed at the immunological inhibition of syncytial trophoblast fusion as a novel approach to contraception. Fusion-inhibiting recombinant antibodies were generated and used together with autoantibodies from patients with repetitive in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure that were shown to inhibit syncytial fusion and are expected to inhibit implantation, to generate anti-idiotypic peptides. These peptides mimic trophoblast epitopes essential for syncytial fusion and are, therefore, considered specific immunogens for the generation of antibodies that will inhibit implantation. To verify their physiological role in humans, 300 anti-idiotypic peptides were tested for their binding capacity to patient autoantibodies associated with repetitive IVF failure, habitual abortion and preeclampsia. Of these, only three peptides were found to selectively bind to autoantibodies of patients with repetitive IVF failure and were considered safe and efficient enough for evaluation in preclinical and clinical studies required for the development of immune contraceptives. When used as immunogens, these peptides are expected to elicit an antibody response inhibiting syncytial fusion and thus implantation. Furthermore, the action of these antibodies needs to be restricted to the stage of syncytium formation at the time of implantation so as not to cause complications of pregnancy in those cases where they fail to have a contraceptive effect. To exclude potential side effects on other systems, toxicological experiments in animals are in progress. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSION | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | AUTOANTIBODIES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Reproduction | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 282946 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Hopes for male contraception. Author: Nieschlag E; Henke A Source: Lancet. 2005 Feb 12;365:554-556. Abstract: More than four decades after the introduction of female oral contraceptives there is still no comparable pharmacological method for men. Female methods have helped couples to achieve the desired family size and have contributed, in demographic terms, to the slowing of world-population growth. Nevertheless, the population continues to explode, and 8 billion people will inhabit the world by 2020, endangering medical, social, and economic progress in developing countries. Male contraceptive methods would help to decrease population growth further. Although such a decrease could be achieved by wider accessibility of female contraceptives, women (and often politicians) increasingly demand that men share not only the blessings of contraception but also its burdens and risks. And men would be willing to use pharmacological methods if available. Research efforts since the 1970 have not yet led to a male contraceptive for general use, beyond the condom and vasectomy. The willingness to use new male methods might be the reason why a non-human primate study testing male immunocontraception drew much public interest. Michael O’Rand and colleagues found that seven of nine bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) immunised against human eppin developed sufficient antibody titres and none of them impregnated fertile female partners, while four of the six control animals sired offspring. Sperm motility, but not count, was affected in the immunised animals. Although effective at first glance, the study highlights several of the shortcomings and problems that immunological approaches to contraception harbour. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | REVERSIBILITY | EPIDIDYMIS | TESTOSTERONE | ANTIBODY FORMATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Testis | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 281913 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: An update in recurrent spontaenous abortion. Author: Pandey MK; Rani R; Agrawal S Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005 Aug;272(2):95-108. Abstract: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses prior to the 20th week of gestation. The etiology of recurrent spontaneous abortion is often unclear and may be multifactorial, with much controversy regarding diagnosis and treatment. Reasonably accepted etiologic causes include, genetics, anatomical, endocrine, placental anomalies, hormonal problems, infection, smoking and alcohol consumption, exposure to environmental factors, psychological trauma and stressful life event, certain coagulation and immunoregulatory protein defects. Detection of an abnormality in any of these areas may result into specific therapeutic measures, with varying degrees of success. However, the majority of cases of RSA remains unexplained and is found to be associated with certain autoimmune (APA, ANA, ACA, ATA, AECA) and alloimmune (APCA, Ab2, MLR-Bf) antibodies that may play major role in the immunologic failure of pregnancy and may lead to abortion. Alteration in the expression of HLA-G molecules, T-helper-1 (Th-1) pattern of cytokines and natural killer (NK) cells activity may also induce abortion. Various forms of treatment like antithrombotic therapies such as aspirin and heparin, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy, immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes and vitamin D3 therapy are effective mode of treatment for unexplained cause of fetal loss in women with RSA. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TEXAS | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | THROMBOSIS | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | UTERUS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System Document Number: 298231 |
| 7. Title: Developing new and improved methods of contraception. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Department of Reproductive Health and Research Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, [2003]. 3 p. Abstract: The development of new and improved methods of contraception for both women and men is a key component of the strategy to improve the quality of family planning programmes. Family planning clients are often restricted by the choice of methods offered to them, or are deterred from using contraception due to the side effects related to use of available methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | WHO | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | VAGINAL RING | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSION | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Fertility Control, Postcoital Document Number: 185725 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-26 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -4 in endometrium throughout the normal menstrual cycle and alteration in users of levonorgestrel implants who experience irregular uterine bleeding. Author: Chegini N; Rhoton-Vlasak A; Williams RS Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 Sep;80(3):564-570. Abstract: Objective: To determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-26) and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) in the endometrium of women with normal menstrual cycles compared with users of levonorgestrel implants. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Academic research center. Patient(s): Fifty patients with normal menstrual cycles who requested permanent surgical sterilization (tubal ligation) and 35 users of levonorgestrel implants. Intervention(s): Endometrial biopsy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Expression of MMP-26, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative analysis of staining intensity by using the H score. Result(s): Endometrium from women with a normal menstrual cycle and users of levonorgestrel implants expresses MMP-26, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4. These substances are present in various types of endometrial cells; expression is strongest in surface and glandular epithelial cells, followed by vascular endothelial and endometrial stromal cells. Inflammatory and immune-related cells also stained strongly for MMP-26 and TIMPs. Semiquantitative analysis of the staining intensity of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells indicated that expression of MMP-26, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 peaks during the early to mid-luteal phase. Expression of MMP-26 is elevated in users of levonorgestrel implants who experienced irregular uterine bleeding. Conclusion: Endometrial expression of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 is present throughout the menstrual cycle and is elevated during the early to mid-luteal phase in normally cycling women. Further elevations in MMP-26 are seen in users of levonorgestrel implants who experience irregular uterine bleeding. These substances thus seem to play a role in hormonal regulation and endometrial tissue remodeling. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FLORIDA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADULTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ENDOMETRIUM | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | LEVONORGESTREL | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | BLEEDING | ENZYME INHIBITORS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 184893 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Influence of hormonal contraceptives on the immune cells and thickness of human vaginal epithelium. Author: Ildgruben AK; Sjoberg IM; Hammarstrom ML Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Sep;102(3):571-582. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether use of steroid hormone contraceptives modifies immune defense parameters of the vaginal epithelium in humans. METHODS: Vaginal biopsies were collected during the follicular and luteal phases in regularly menstruating women (controls) and in women using combined oral contraceptives, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate injections, or levonorgestrel implants. Fifteen healthy women (aged 20–34 years) were enrolled in each group. Biopsies were analyzed in a blinded manner. Epithelial thickness was estimated by morphometry. Immune cells were analyzed by immunomorphometry with cell-type-specific monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: The epithelium of controls harbored 241 ± 35 leukocytes (CD45+ cells) per mm2 (mean ± 1 standard error of the mean), and the thickness was 261 ± 16 µm. T lymphocytes (CD3+) dominated, and cytotoxic or suppressor T cells (CD8+) were more frequent than T helper cells (CD4:CD8 ratio: 0.7 ± 0.1). Macrophages (CD68+) constituted the second-largest population, followed by Langerhans cells (CD1a+). B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and granulocytes were generally absent. There were no significant differences between the follicular and luteal phases. The epithelium was significantly thicker in all three groups that used hormonal contraceptive (333 ± 9 µm) compared with controls, and it exhibited superficial hyperplasia. The frequency of intraepithelial leukocytes (CD45+) was increased in depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (P<.001) and levonorgestrel implant users (P<.04). In depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate users, this was explained by an increased frequency of the CD8+ T lymphocyte subset. CONCLUSION: Hormonal contraceptives induce hyperplasia of the vaginal epithelium. The significant changes in the intraepithelial leukocyte population in depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel implant users most probably reflect altered local immune capacity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN'S GROUPS | ADULTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | PAP SMEAR | VAGINA | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | ANTIBODIES | ANTIGENS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ANALYSIS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Immunity | Immune System | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 184808 |
| 10. Title: Effects of testosterone undecanoate as a male contraceptive candidate on rat immunological features. Author: Yu M; Cao X; Xu J; Wang X; Yang J Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2003 Nov;25(4):627-643. Abstract: Testosterone undecanoate (TU) is under phase III clinical trial as a hormonal male contraceptive in China. Sex hormones can modulate the immune system. Female hormonal contraceptives may affect SIV/HIV-1 transmission. To evaluate the safety of TU and to understand whether long-term use of TU for a male contraceptive affects users' immunological features, adult male rats were treated for a 32-week TU-treated phase at the dose of 20mg TU/kg body weight and a 24-week recovery phase. The reproductive and immunological parameters of 4-6 rats in each subgroup were examined at the stated time point. The mean sperm count and viability in the treated rats were significantly suppressed (p < 0.01). In the TU-treated group; the mean blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts; the proliferation indexes of T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleen; and, of B cells from spleen, as well as the mean counts of blood T, NK, and B cells decreased in comparison with those of control group. These decreases were not significant (p > 0.01). Similarly, the mean serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels and complement activity in TU-treated rats were lower than those in control group (p > 0.01), and the changes in the antibody levels of the examined genital secretions were not significant (p > 0.01). The changes in the thickness of urethra epithelium, and in secretory component (SC) expression in genitals were not observed in the treated group. These results demonstrated that long-term supraphysiological TU injection did not obviously affect the examined rat immunological parameters. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | LABORATORY ANIMALS | TESTOSTERONE | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SPERM AGGLUTINATION | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | ANTIBODIES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Antigen-Antibody Reactions | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 277506 |
| 11. Title: Current advances in antifertility vaccines for fertility control and noncontraceptive applications. Author: Ferro VA Source: Expert Review of Vaccines. 2002 Dec;1(4):443-452. Abstract: The search for effective antifertility vaccines has been actively pursued for decades in clinical applications as contraceptives or in the treatment of hormone-dependent conditions. More recently, innovations have seen immunocontraception being employed successfully in veterinary and farming applications, as well as in population control of a number of different wildlife species. Although the basic principle behind these vaccines is the same, design considerations and criteria for commercialization are very different. This review will examine current advances in this field and evaluate the future scope of antifertility vaccines. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | VACCINES | ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | CANCER | TREATMENT | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Natural Resources | Environment | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 194807 |
| 12. Title: A novel contraceptive vaccine: design and synthesis of the chimeric peptide containing multivalent sperm-specific epitopes. Author: He W; Liang ZQ; Shi CX; Li YQ Source: Reproduction and Contraception. 2001;12(3):147-53. Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a novel multivalent chimeric peptide vaccine for bisexual fertility regulation. On the basis of the amino acid sequence of the two peptides respectively selected from the mouse sperm/testis- specific proteins SP17 and Cyritestin, and one T cell epitope in bovine ribonuclease, a novel chimeric peptide consisting of 35 amino acids was designed and subsequently synthesized on the 430A peptide synthesizer. After being emulsified with the equivalence Freund's adjuvant, the peptide with 35 amino acid residues was used to [enhance] immunogenity in the female BALB/c mice to investigate its immunity. The peptide was successfully synthesized. After being purified in high performance liquid chromatography, its purity reached 95%. The specific antisera collected from the immunogenity[-enhanced] mice could identify the corresponding proteins of testis tissues of mice, rats, and humans. The highest specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer in serum was 1:6000, while the IgA titer in the washing of vaginal mucous membranes was 1:300. The antibodies from the peptide with specific amino acid sequence can identify the original antigens, and stimulate powerful specific humoral immunity in mice. It provides an experimental basis for a polyvalent contraceptive vaccine study. (author's, modified) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 164685 |
| 13. Title: Is there a role for contraceptive vaccines in fertility control? Author: Rao AJ Source: Journal of Biosciences. 2001 Nov;26(4 Suppl):425-427. Abstract: Considering all the facts mentioned above, one might conclude that immunocontraception has no place in fertility control. To quote from a report by the committee on contraceptive research and development: "There has been much discussion of the desirability of curtailing investment in immunocontraception, primarily in response to concerns expressed by some women's groups and by individual analysts, that immunocontraceptipn will not prove to be a biomedically appropriate contraceptive option for women in general and that research and development investment in the area would be better placed elsewhere". However, one should realize that immunocontraception is an important tool in identifying the potential target, and the candidate antigens. The approach has the power to provide insights into fundamental immunological and physiological structure and mechanism that could enrich development of the applications. Following the identification of the candidate molecule using the immunological approach, it is the modern approach of understanding the molecular basis of interaction of the hormone with it receptor, which will provide the basis for developing non-protein/non-peptide based orally active mimetics to interfere with the action of the hormone. Thus, the knowledge gained out of the immunological approach will be indispensable in developing future contraceptives although immunocontraception itself may not have a place of its own in fertility control programme at the moment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | POPULATION CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 176107 |
| 14. Title: Male vaccine studied; shot not yet a reality. Source: CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. 2000 Feb;21(2):21-2. Abstract: Research on male contraceptives is on a slow progress due to the difficulty in controlling the male reproductive system. While a variety of hormonal and nonhormonal approaches to suppress sperm production is being studied, researchers are currently looking into the process of inhibiting the sperm's fertilizing ability. Immucon, a Montreal-based firm, filed a US patent based on its claims that it can use a fragment of the protein P34H to neutralize the fertilizing capacity of the sperm at the level of the epididymis. Trials on rodents have already been conducted and studies on monkeys are about to begin. Allan Bosse, Immucon president, is hoping to be in Phase I in 2 years and 6 months. Moreover, scientists at the University of California at Davis have identified and studied other proteins such as PH-20 and PH-30 on the surface of sperm required for fertilization. Rodent studies showed that injection of these proteins in the animals resulted in the production of antibodies specific to these proteins, thus preventing the proteins from participating in the events of fertilization. Despite these research results, the production of a feasible male vaccine still has a long way to go. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | CALIFORNIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 147486 |
| 15. Title: Male fertility as affected by cadmium: immunocontraceptive potential. Author: Archibong AE; Hills ER Source: ADVANCES IN REPRODUCTION. 2000 Jun;4(2-3):[3] p.. Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic industrial and environmental pollutant that is cumulative and has a long biological half-life in mammals. Reproductively, exposure to this xenobiotic significantly reduces human semen quality and sperm density and causes asthenospermia. A number of animal studies have shown adverse Cd effects on male reproductive capacity. This study investigated factors contributing to Cd-induced male infertility. Adult male rats were randomly assigned to a treatment group (N = 10) and a control group (N = 10). Treatment consisted of an intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 mg Cd/kg body weight, and control animals were injected with saline (vehicle). Overall, sperm motility, sperm density, plasma testosterone, and progesterone receptor levels were decreased, whereas luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations increased in Cd-treated rats compared with controls. These data demonstrate that Cd-induced male infertility is not due to the perturbation of hormone-regulated gonadotropin secretion. In addition, data also suggest that infertility in treated male rats also contributed to the Cd-induced production of antisperm antibodies, which resulted from damage to the blood-testis barrier. Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CADMIUM | MALE CONTRACEPTION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | Contraception | Family Planning | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 150384 |
| 16. Title: [The effect of intrauterine device on the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 in local genital tract] Author: Chen Z; Jin Y; Lin Q Source: Chinese Journal of Family Planning. 1999;7(7):300-302, 336. Abstract: Objective To study the effect of intrauterine device (IUD) on immune system of local genital tract. Method The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor - a(TNF - a) and interleukin - 2 (IL - 2) in cervical mucus were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 43 health women. Results The levels of TNF - a in cervical mucus significantly increased in women with IUD as compared with women without IUD (P < 0.01). The concentrations of TNF - a had a tendency to be higher in VCu200IUD group than in stainless steel ring group. The levels of IL - 2 in cervical mucus have no significant difference between IUD group and without IUD group, and between stainless steel ring group and VCu200 group. The menstruation blood loss after insertion of stainless steel ring seemed to be no any association with the concentrations of TNF - a and IL - 2. Conclusion The increase of TNF - a in reproductive tract after insertion of IUD probably is one of the contraceptive mechanisms of IUD. (author's) Language: Chinese Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | IUD | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | CERVICAL MUCUS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia Document Number: 294795 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Antibodies to human ZP3 induce reversible contraception in transgenic mice with "humanized" zonae pellucidae. Author: Greenhouse S; Castle PE; Dean J Source: Human Reproduction. 1999 Mar;14(3):593-600. Abstract: The initial spermatozoon-egg interaction of mammalian fertilization is mediated by the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix composed of three glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3). These proteins are sufficiently conserved between human and mouse to form chimeric zona pellucida, and genetically engineered mice in which the endogenous mouse ZP3 has been replaced by human ZP3 have 'humanized' zona, but normal fertility. Administration of monoclonal antibodies to mouse ZP3 does not affect fertility in these animals, but administration of antibodies to human ZP3 results in long-term, reversible contraception. The antibodies coat the zona pellucida surrounding growing oocytes within the ovary and their presence in the zona matrix inhibits, but does not eliminate, sperm binding. The contraceptive effect is attributed to steric hindrance that decreases sperm binding and prevents penetration through the zona pellucida. The resumption of fertility is associated with the disappearance of antibodies from the zona matrix. No adverse effect on mating behavior, ovarian histology or fetal development (if administered after fertilization) is detected in treated females. These results suggest that transgenic mice expressing human proteins will prove useful in assessing contraceptive efficacy of zona epitopes in the rational design of immunocontraception directed at the human zona pellucida. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | LABORATORY ANIMALS | ANTIBODIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 158658 |
| 18. Title: New developments in contraception: what's happening. Author: Cody MM Source: Clinical Excellence for Nurse Practitioners. 1998 May;2(3):146-151. Abstract: Research is ongoing to develop improved birth control methods and additional contraceptive methods to increase reproductive choices for both men and women. To date, limited male contraceptive choices are available. Immunocontraceptives, injectables, implants, and pills are in developmental stages to become future male contraceptive options. Researchers are pursuing several new birth control ideas for women such as new intrauterine devices, improved barrier methods, biodegradable and non-biodegradable implants with fewer rods, new injectables, vaginal rings, and vaccines. To meet this challenge of developing new, safer, more effective birth control products, support from the private and public sectors is going to be essential. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | VAGINAL RING | USFDA | RU-486 | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | MALE CONTRACEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 185015 |
19.  Title: Indian women's groups question contraceptive vaccine research. Author: Mudur G Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 1998 Nov 14;317(7169):1340. Abstract: In India, women's health groups are asking for the discontinuation of contraception research with regard to contraceptive vaccines (CVs) because of efficacy and safety issues. A protest was staged outside of the 10th International Congress of Immunology in New Delhi at its opening last week. On the eve of the Congress, a report concerning clinical trials of CVs was issued by the Saheli Women's Resource Centre; efficacy levels were said to be unacceptable and safety had not been established. Six CVs aimed at producing antibodies against reproductive hormones had reached phase I clinical trials in different countries. One vaccine, which was developed at India's National Institute of Immunology in New Delhi, was directed against human chorionic gonadotropin hormone and had entered phase II clinical trials in the 1980s. 80% of the women who received the vaccine raised antibody titres above 50 ng/ml, the threshold required to prevent pregnancy. Gursaran Talwar, the developer of the Indian vaccine, believes pregnancy prevention by immunization is feasible; however, he admits that the uncertainty of achieving an adequate immune response in every recipient is a problem. The Indian government has not approved phase III clinical trials of the vaccine, although it continues to fund CV research. The Saheli report states that children born to women during or after the trials were followed for 4 years; Dr. Talwar reports that long-term studies of the progeny of primates who had undergone CV testing indicate vaccine safety. Delegates to the Congress considered the protests to be "premature and unscientific"; Satish Gupta, of India's National Institute of Immunology, emphasized the need to widen contraceptive options for women. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | WOMEN'S GROUPS | OBSTACLES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 137526 |
| 20. Title: Evaluation of the contraceptive potential of recombinant human ZP3 and human ZP3 peptides in a primate model: their safety and efficacy. Author: Paterson M; Wilson MR; Morris KD; van Duin M; Aitken RJ Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1998 Sep;40(3):198-209. Abstract: This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of a vaccination strategy based on the induction of active immunity against purified, glycosylated, recombinant human ZP3 (rhZP3) in a primate model (Callithrix jacchus). In the development of contraceptive vaccines, the avid binding of mammalian spermatozoa to the surface of the zona pellucida was exploited. After rhZP3 immunization, long-term infertility was established and the resulting immune sera reacted with rhZP3 on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunolocalized exclusively at the outer surface of native ZP on marmoset ovarian sections, although appearance of an ovarian pathology characterized by the depletion of primordial follicles was seen in relation to the contraceptive effect. Peptide tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugates were used to enhance immunogenicity, while antipeptide antibodies were raised against these immunogens, which are also cross-reacted with rhZP3 on ELISA. Furthermore, in an epitope presentation, native ZP was recognized by antibodies against hZP3 (45-64) and hZP3 (172-190) on marmoset ovarian sections using a microwave technique. The study confirms the suppression of fertility and absence of ovarian pathology after the long-term administration of peptide immunogens compared with TT controls, although correlation to antibody titer was not observed. Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 140230 |
| 21. Title: High-priority leads for development of new methods of fertility regulation. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction Source: Progress in Human Reproduction Research. 1997;(44):2-7. Abstract: Large numbers of unwanted pregnancies and abortions could be avoided by the use of emergency contraception. The current standard method, known as the Yuzpe regimen, fails to prevent about one-quarter of pregnancies, however, and can have unpleasant side-effects. Insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) is more effective but is not suitable for young nulliparous women and/or when there is a risk of pelvic infection. The Programme has been in the forefront of research on antiprogestogens and is also the only international body that has pursued the clinical development of new drug regimens for emergency contraception. Research on the use of mifepristone in emergency contraception began in 1989 after it was noted that if administered before ovulation the compound blocks ovulation, and that if given shortly after ovulation it retards endometrial development. Two studies supported by the Programme showed that 600 mg of mifepristone was more effective than the Yuzpe regimen and caused less nausea and vomiting. Mifepristone would be easier to administer than the Yuzpe regimen in that the former involves only one dose rather than two. However, in view of the sensitivity regarding antiprogestogens, the use of mifepristone was considered to be an advantage only if a very low dose, insufficient to induce abortion, proved to be useful in emergency contraception. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | RU-486 | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | NAUSEA | LEVONORGESTREL | TIME FACTORS | MISOPROSTOL | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | INJECTABLES | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Population Dynamics | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 286666 |
| 22. Title: Prospects of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) as an antifertility vaccine in male and female mammals. Author: Adiga PR; Subramanian S; Rao J; Kumar M Source: HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE. 1997 Jul-Aug;3(4):325-34. Abstract: Riboflavin, a vitamin essential to embryonic growth, is transported across the feto-placental membranes by riboflavin carrier protein (RCP). The results of animal studies suggest that RCP, or its defined fragments, could be a novel first-generation vaccine for regulating fertility in both males and females. Passive immunoneutralization of the protein terminates pregnancy in rats. Active immunization of rats and bonnet monkeys with avian RCP prevents pregnancy without adverse effects on vitamin status, reproductive cycles, or the reproductive-endocrine profile. Active immunization with two defined stretches of sequential epitopes--one located at the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus of the protein--conjugated with diphtheria toxoid curtails pregnancy in rats and monkeys. Immunohistochemical localization of RCP on ovulated oocytes and early embryos shows that the antibodies cause degeneration of only the latter. RCP is produced intra-testicularly and becomes localized on the acrosomal surface of mammalian spermatozoa. Active immunization of male rats and monkeys with denatured RCP markedly reduces fertility by impairing the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | PROTEINS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 130276 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Immunocontraception becomes a reality: the Talwar HCG vaccine. Author: Coulam CB Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1997 Feb;37(2):151-2. Abstract: HCG vaccines, vaccines which attack a target present only during pregnancy, comprise the only immunologic approach to contraception thus far tested in human clinical trials. The following types of hCG vaccines have been tested in clinical trials: hCG beta subunit conjugated to tetanus toxoid, hCG beta subunit-ovine luteinizing hormone alpha subunit hexerodemer conjugated to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid (HSD-TT-DT), and hCG beta subunit peptide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. While all three have undergone phase one safety trials, only HSD-TT-DT has completed a phase two efficacy trial. HSD-TT-DT vaccine is the only clinically acceptable preparation which demonstrates that immunizations against hCG can be effective in preventing pregnancy, an important milestone for future research and development of hCG contraceptive vaccines. Language: English Keywords: CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 126450 |
| 24. Title: Sperm antigens and their use in the development of an immunocontraceptive. Author: Diekman AB; Herr JC Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1997 Jan;37(1):111-7. Abstract: Sperm-specific antigens are being considered as the basis for the immunological regulation of fertility through contraceptive immunization. Anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) inhibit sperm function in vitro, induce infertility in experimental models, and have been implicated in some cases of clinical infertility. That the development of ASA in vasectomized men leads to no physiological complications suggests that ASA induced through immunization may also be harmless. Immunization has the following conceptual advantages as a method of fertility regulation: the use of non-pharmacologically active agents, ease of administration, low cost, and the potential for relatively long-lasting yet reversible effects. Various approaches have been taken to identify candidate sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development. The successful results thus far achieved support the feasibility of developing an effective immunocontraceptive. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | SPERMATOZOA | ANTIGENS | Contraception | Family Planning | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System Document Number: 125586 |
| 25. Title: Prospects of zona pellucida glycoproteins as immunogens for contraceptive vaccine. Author: Gupta SK; Jethanandani P; Afzalpurkar A; Kaul R; Santhanam R Source: HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE. 1997 Jul-Aug;3(4):311-24. Abstract: As a result of their critical role in the fertilization process, zona pellucida glycoproteins have been considered as potential candidate antigens for immunocontraception. In several animal models, immunization of females with zona pellucida glycoproteins blocks fertility. This effect is associated, however, with either a transient or irreversible alteration in the cyclicity, hormonal profile, and follicular development in the ovary. To overcome these problems, attempts are being made to delineate relevant 'B' cell epitopes on zona pellucida proteins in order to design immunocontraceptive vaccines based on synthetic peptides devoid of oophoritogenic 'T' cell epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting the gamete interaction are being used to delineate such regions. Sequence information from zona pellucida glycoproteins obtained from human and non-human primates through DNA-recombinant technology and the availability of recombinant antigens devoid of other ovarian-associated proteins are expected to enable immunization studies of their efficacy in fertility regulation. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | OVARIAN EFFECTS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 130275 |
| 26. Title: Development of male contraceptive vaccine -- a perspective. Author: Moudgal NR; Jeyakumar M; Krishnamurthy HN; Sridhar S; Krishnamurthy H; Martin F Source: HUMAN REPRODUCTION UPDATE. 1997 Jul-Aug;3(4):335-46. Abstract: Recent advances in basic understanding of gonadotrophin action have facilitated the development of candidates for a male contraceptive vaccine. This article reviews the current status of the following such candidates: luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and LH and FSH receptor proteins. Studies based primarily on non-human primates indicate the vaccines are well tolerated, with no known toxic symptoms or immediate health hazards. The addition of acceptable immune stimulators to the adjuvant cocktail and the development of better immunization schedules or immunogen delivery systems may enable increases in antibody titers and prolongation of the immune response. The task at this point is careful evaluation of the bioefficacy of antibodies raised to recombinant ovine FSH-beta or FSH receptor protein fragments in both human and non-human primates. The FSH/FSH receptor has the advantage of not requiring an exogenous testosterone supplement to maintain accessory gland function or libido. The LHRH/LH-based vaccine results in azoospermia, while the FSH vaccine causes the production of low numbers of poor quality spermatozoa incapable of impregnating cycling females. The most likely regimen includes the administration of two injections of the immunogen 20 days apart followed by boosters of either LHRH or FSH once every 3-6 months. Language: English Keywords: LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASING HORMONES | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | SPERMATOGENESIS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Reproduction | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 130277 |
| 27. Title: Designing an effective immunocontraceptive. Author: O'Rand MG; Lea IA Source: JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1997;36(1-2):51-9. Abstract: Gamete immunocontraception refers to the immunological inhibition of fertilization. In order to achieve such contraception, a gamete-specific antigen target must first be defined. In addition, the presentation of the immunogen to the immune system must be clearly understood in order to elicit a defined immune response which will target the native gamete molecule. Owing to the application of molecular biology techniques, the goal of defining gamete antigens has progressed considerably over the past decade. While molecules unique to testis and spermatozoa are the best choice, many partially specific antigens could also be used as targets and immunogens. Hyaluronidase is a well-studied sperm antigen whose native, membrane-bound form (PH-20) is a successful immunocontraceptive in female guinea pigs. However, it remains to be demonstrated that a successful native antigen can be a successful synthetic or recombinant gamete immunocontraceptive (GAMICON). The problem of converting a successful native contraceptive antigen into an effective synthetic or recombinant GAMICON is at the heart of the problem of GAMICON design. GAMICON design and haplotype recognition are discussed. Language: English Keywords: CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | SPERMATOZOA | ANTIGENS | Contraception | Family Planning | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System Document Number: 133738 |
| 28. Title: [Male contraception] Antikonzeption beim Mann. Author: Schramm P Source: FORTSCHRITTE DER MEDIZIN. 1997 Oct 30;115(30):38-40, 41. Abstract: The contraceptive methods that target sperm involve toxic agents such as gossypol (mainly used in China), ethyl alcohol, and spermicidal substances. Immunological methods utilize antibodies against spermatozoa. Molecular-biological approaches attempt to block the interaction of spermatozoa with the ovum. The ZP3 protein plays an important role in capacitation, leading to the fusion of sperm and egg. The development of a male contraceptive in the 21st century would be based on blocking the receptor of the spermatocyte membrane. Endocrine methods include high-dose testosterone administration, which is also used for treatment of infertility, but the possibility of prostate and liver cancers arising as a side effect renders their use questionable. The treatment of cancer of the prostate by synthetic LHRH or GNRH analogues has been promising also for male contraception in the form of a GNRH-androgen combination. The main barrier method, the condom, also protects against herpes simplex, HIV, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Disadvantages can be inferior material or perforation of the thin rubber sheet, or latex allergy, which can be eliminated by the substitution of the more expensive neoprene. More than 20 million men have undergone vasectomy worldwide. The occlusion of the vas deferens by means of an injected material has been supplanted recently by the no-scalpel vasectomy technique invented in China. Side effects of the procedure include pain (up to 40% of patients). The discussion concerning the increased risk of prostate cancer among vasectomized men is ongoing. Language: German Keywords: CRITIQUE | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONDOMS | VASECTOMY | RISK FACTORS | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Biology Document Number: 129844 |
| 29. Title: Male hormonal contraception. What prospects exist and how acceptable are they? Author: Griffin D; Ringheim K Source: PLANNED PARENTHOOD CHALLENGES. 1996;(2):20-4. Abstract: While this century has given birth to a myriad of previously unimagined technologies, three of the four methods of male contraception have been in use for hundreds of years (the condom, periodic abstinence, and withdrawal), while the fourth (vasectomy) is permanent. In order for men to take more responsibility for family planning, they must be given effective, reversible, and acceptable means of contraception. Biomedical research is now attempting to: 1) prevent sperm production (through use of androgen-only methods, progestogen-androgen combination methods, and methods that combine gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and androgen), 2) interfere with the maturation and fertilizing ability of sperm, 3) interrupt sperm transport, 4) devise better condoms, and 5) inhibit sperm-egg interactions. Research is also being conducted to determine whether men would use a hormonal contraceptive if it were available. One indirect measure of acceptability, prevalence of use of a particular measure, reveals dramatic regional differences in use of male methods. Research indicates that men and women value safety, efficacy, and convenience, and that reversibility is also an important criterion of acceptability. Initial research on acceptability of hypothetical methods (a male pill or injection) indicates that most men would be amenable to such a possibility. The usefulness of a particular contraceptive (for replacing a female method that caused severe side-effects in a partner, for example) may increase the acceptability of a male method. If men had options, they might be less tolerant of the side effects than were men who participated in clinical trials of prototype hormonal methods. Acceptability research will help improve the development of new methods and the identification of appropriate niches for new methods. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | MALE CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONDOMS | ANDROGENS | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | MEN | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Usage | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 119834 |
| 30. Title: Development of new immunocontraceptives -- industrial perspective. Author: Habenicht UF; Stock G Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY. 1996 Jun;35(6):517-22. Abstract: Immunocontraception represents a promising new frontier for fertility control research and development. Advantages of such an approach include reversibility, lack of effect on the menstrual cycle, and the need for only one or two injections per year. The zona pellucida, a noncellular surrounding of all mammalian eggs, is a potentially feasible target for immunological interference with the fertilization process; however, animal trials have resulted in irreversible oophoritis. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) vaccine has the advantage of attacking a target that is present only during pregnancy, but raises political issues related to abortion. An anti-sperm contraceptive vaccine is another possibility, although sperm antigens that result in a B-cell- rather than T-cell-mediated immune response have not been identified. Anti-trophoblast vaccine represents an alternate strategy, but the problem of mucosal immunity remains an obstacle. If an immunological contraceptive is developed, careful risk-benefit analyses must be performed. Language: English Keywords: CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | CONTRACEPTION, IMMUNOLOGICAL | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | Contraception | Family Planning | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 120204 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |