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1.
Title: [Contraception: modern trends and controversies]
Source: Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 2009 May-Jun;137(5-6):310-9.
Abstract: Ever since ancient civilizations, the possibility of preventing unwanted pregnancies has always been the subject of interest. All available contraception methods have both advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the doctor and the patient to make a rational choice in each individual case. Many methods for temporary prevention of unwanted pregnancy are used for the purpose of contraception, as well as sterilization, as a permanent method. A large variety of contraceptives offers opting for the most suitable method for each patient, with the highest level of efficiency and safety. With their adequate administration, the rate of unwanted pregnancies should be significantly minimized. Methods used for contraception are constantly improving and simultaneously, new and more efficient ones are being developed. The research in the field of contraceptives is not completed yet and hopefully, in the future, we shall be closer to finding available, efficient, user-friendly medicaments in the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, with minimum side effects, which is on the verge of perfection. Novelties in the field of contraception must be the theme of continuous medical education of gynaecologists, so that they could provide the right information and give advice to their patients in choosing the most adequate contraceptive.
Language: Serbian
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342047

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Title: Starting with the classroom: updating family planning knowledge in East Africa.
Author: IntraHealth International. Capacity Project
Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, IntraHealth International, Capacity Project, 2009 Feb. [2] p. (Voices No. 28)
Abstract: In Kenya, a dedicated midwifery tutor is working hard to train students at Aga Khan University but worries that he isn't teaching them the latest information and techniques. Many of his fellow instructors are in the same situation. "We had our last refresher training ten years ago," he laments. In Tanzania, a midwifery tutor from Tumaini University Faculty of Nursing observes, "Many nurses who are providing service have never been updated on new issues [in family planning]. It will be our responsibility to see how we can help as a training institution because we will send our students to some of these clinics." To build instructors' capacity and address the knowledge gaps, the Capacity Project partnered with East, Central and Southern Africa (ECSA) Health Community and Africa's Health in 2010 to deliver a week-long workshop on Contemporary Issues in Family Planning for midwifery tutors in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Held in Dar es Salaam in April 2008, the workshop updated the knowledge of 22 tutors and enabled them to teach their students more effectively. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation showed the workshop to be highly successful. Average scores climbed from 58% on the pre-test to 81% on the post-test. Additionally, 94% reported that they have used the workshop information and resources to update their colleagues. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | NURSE-MIDWIVES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | USAID | CAPACITY BUILDING | WORKSHOPS | CONTRACEPTION | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | AUDIOVISUAL AIDS | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Management | Educational Methods | Educational Activities
Document Number: 325236

Title: Public health procurement guide 2010.
Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]; John Snow [JSI]. DELIVER
Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, DELIVER, 2009. [45] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-06-00007-00)
Abstract: USAID's Public Health Procurement Guide 2010 is an annual publication of current contraceptive and condom ordering procedures for missions. It includes USAID contraceptive ordering procedures and guidance on how to use logistics data and forecasts to calculate contraceptive requirements.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | STANDARDS | LOGISTICS | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | COLD CHAIN | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE SECURITY | Research Methodology | Management | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Program Activities | Programs | Contraceptive Availability
Document Number: 331472

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in Lesotho and implications for mother-to-child transmission.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78.
Abstract: In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26.4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3.5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15-49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | BIRTH SPACING | POVERTY | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331114

11.

Title: Implanon: a review of the literature with recommendations for clinical management.
Author: Adams K; Beal MW
Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2009 Mar-Apr;54(2):142-9.
Abstract: Implanon is a new implantable, progestin-only contraceptive which was approved in the United States in July 2006. Implanon is comprised of a single ethylene vinylacetate copolymer rod that is 4 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. It is inserted subdermally in the groove between the biceps and triceps of the nondominant arm. A literature review was conducted and side effects are discussed. Implanon offers promise as a high-efficacy, long-term contraceptive and can enhance the contraceptive options offered by the women's health care providers. Clinical trial data indicate that the device is both safe and effective.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | MANAGEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341634

12.

Title: Determination of conversion coefficient to evaluate couple-year of protection (CYP) for tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran: IMES Study.
Author: Alinejad F; Heidarzade A; Eslami M; Faraji R; Shatti M
Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Jun;20(2):81-92.
Abstract: Objective: To calculate couple-year of protection (CYP) by conversion coefficient (F) of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005 across urban and rural regions of Iran were sampled by multi stage cluster sampling. The data were collected by household survey and direct interview and analyzed by STATA8.0 software and survey analysis commands. Results Mean age of the women at the time of tubectomy estimated 31.9 years and conversion coefficient of tubectomy was 17.1 � 0.1. Mean age of women at the time of her husband vasectomy estimated 31.48 years and its conversion coefficient was 17.5 � 0.1. Cluster analysis defined different regions of Iran on the basis of evaluated conversion coefficients of tubectomy and vasectomy which both of them presented seven clusters. Literacy of women and total coverage of family planning in a region had a direct relationship with this conversion coefficient (P<0.05).
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | VASECTOMY | TUBAL LIGATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Middle East | Developing Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Female Sterilization | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 339900

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Knowledge of HIV status, sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive need among people living with HIV in Kenya and Malawi.
Author: Anand A; Shiraishi RW; Bunnell RE; Jacobs K; Solehdin N; Abdul-Quader AS; Marum LH; Muttunga JN; Kamoto K; Aberle-Grasse JM; Diaz T
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jun 17;
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Several studies support the need for effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). DESIGN:: Cross-sectional nationally representative demographic health survey of Kenya (2003) and Malawi (2004-2005) that included HIV testing for consenting adults. METHODS:: We analyzed demographic health survey data for awareness of HIV status and sexual behaviors of PLWHAs (Kenya: 412; Malawi: 664). The analysis was adjusted (weighted) for the design of the survey and the results are nationally representative. FINDINGS:: Eighty-four percent of PLWHAs in Kenya and 86% in Malawi had sex in the past 12 months and in each country, 10% reported using condoms at last intercourse. Among sexually active PLWHAs, 86% in Kenya and 96% in Malawi reported their spouse or cohabiting partner as their most recent partner. In multivariate logistic regression models, married or cohabiting PLWHAs were significantly more likely to be sexually active and less likely to use condoms. Over 80% of PLWHAs were unaware of their HIV status. Of HIV-infected women, nearly three-quarters did not want more children either within the next 2 years or ever, but 32% in Kenya and 20% in Malawi were using contraception. INTERPRETATION:: In 2003-2005, majority of PLWHAs in Kenya and Malawi were unaware of their HIV status and were sexually active, especially married or cohabiting PLWHAs. Of HIV-infected women not wanting more children, few used contraception. HIV testing should be expanded, prevention programs should target married or cohabiting couples and family planning services should be integrated with HIV services.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AWARENESS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | HIV TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Fertility | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 341748

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Hormonal contraception, sickle cell trait, and risk for venous thromboembolism among African American women.
Author: Austin H; Lally C; Benson JM; Whitsett C; Hooper WC; Key NS
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;200:620e1-620e3.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of oral and other hormonal contraceptive (HC) use on venous thromboembolism risk among African American women and investigated whether the association was modified by the sickle cell trait. STUDY DESIGN: We report the findings of a case-control study that included 60 African American women with an idiopathic, first episode of venous thromboembolism and 196 African American controls. RESULTS: The odds of current HC use compared with noncurrent use contrasting cases and controls is 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-8.1; P < .001). Among subjects with sickle cell trait, the odds ratio is higher (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% CI, 1.0-43) than the odds ratio among subjects without sickle cell trait (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2), but the difference is not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study provides persuasive evidence that hormonal contraceptive use increases venous thromboembolism risk among African American women and that the increase in risk may be larger among women with sickle cell trait.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | BLACKS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | THROMBOEMBOLISM | DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Health
Document Number: 330853

15.

16.
Title: Knowledge and practice of university students in Lebanon regarding contraception.
Author: Barbour B; Salameh P
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2009 Mar-Apr;15(2):387-99.
Abstract: We evaluated knowledge and practice of Lebanese university students regarding contraception in a cross-sectional, comparative study on students in public and private universities using an Arabic language self-administered questionnaire. We found low levels of knowledge of contraception. The majority of males (73.3%) and a few females (21.8%) declared previous sexual relations: the majority of males had used a condom (86.1%), but females had generally not used contraceptives (75.6%).
Language: English
Keywords:
LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STUDENTS | MEN | UNIVERSITIES | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOM USE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Behavior
Document Number: 341713

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The persistence of induced abortion in Cuba: exploring the notion of an "abortion culture".
Author: Belanger D; Flynn A
Source: Studies In Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):13-26.
Abstract: Cuba's annual induced abortion rate persistently ranks among the highest in the world, and abortion plays a prominent role in Cuban fertility regulation despite widespread contraceptive prevalence and state promotion of modern contraceptives. We explore this phenomenon using the concept of an "abortion culture," typically used in reference to Soviet and post-Soviet countries. We synthesize existing literature to provide a historical account of abortion and contraception in Cuba. We also provide a qualitative analysis of abortion and contraceptive use based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2005 in Havana with 24 women who have had an abortion and 10 men whose partners have had an abortion. Information gained from a focus-group discussion with medical professionals also informed the study. Our four principal findings are: (a) longstanding awareness of abortion, (b) the view of abortion as a personal decision, (c) the influence of economic constraints on the decision to induce an abortion, and (d) general skepticism toward contraceptives. We discuss our results on abortion in Cuba in relation to the notion of social diffusion, an approach commonly used to explain the spread of fertility control throughout a population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CUBA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | CONTRACEPTION | AWARENESS | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Knowledge
Document Number: 341339

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Principles of contraceptive care: choice, acceptability and access.
Author: Belfield T
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):177-185.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 329668

19.
Title: [Particularities of epileptic women's care] Particularites de la prise en charge des femmes epileptiques.
Author: Ben Hamouda I; Mrabet A
Source: La Tunisie Medicale. 2009 Mar;87(3):169-72.
Abstract: AIM: Development on the epileptic women's care. METHOD: A research in the medical literature on PubMed and an exhaustive review of the published summaries and reports of Epileptology International Meetings, in the last five years. We included cohort studies, reviews and randomized double blinded therapeutic trials. Case reports and fundamental research studies have been excluded. RESULTS: sensitizing of the epileptic women starts with adolescence with an education and a preparation to sexual life and available contraceptive methods, in order to avoid undesired pregnancies and the serious consequences which they are likely to generate. Approximately 1/3 of the epileptic women have variations of their disease related to the menstrual cycle, probably because of a neurotoxic effect of estrogens (not counterbalanced by progestational hormones). Antiepileptic teratogenicity issue is not, yet, solved, in spite of new molecules commercialisation. The upkeep of a register concerning the use of AED during pregnancy makes it possible to better identify the problems and to establish an optimal therapeutic control for the mother and the child. CONCLUSION: Epilepsy impact on women's life is very different compared to men, because it interferes with the fields of sexuality, reproduction, menstrual cycle and contraception, in addition of AED teratogenicity. A close cooperation between obstetricians and neurologist and a sensitizing of health professionals are essential for the global care of the epileptic pregnant women or in age of procreation.
Language: French
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | IMPACT | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Communication
Document Number: 342404

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: How does gestational diabetes affect postpartum contraception in nondiabetic primiparous women?
Author: Beydoun HA; Beydoun MA; Tamim H
Source: Contraception. 2009 Apr;79(4):290-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to explore the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on postpartum contraception among nondiabetic primiparous women. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analyses of 2004-2005 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from Michigan and Oregon. METHODS: Analyses were performed on 2332 women, taking complex survey design into consideration. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (cOR; aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Postpartum use of hormonal (aOR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.68-1.83) and nonhormonal (aOR=1.18, 95% CI: 0.73-1.92) contraception were not influenced by GDM after controlling for confounders. Female sterilization was more frequently adopted (cOR=4.99, 95% CI: 1.13-22.17) and depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) (cOR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.23-1.18), diaphragm/cervical cap/sponge (cOR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.016-0.95) and cervical ring (cOR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.017-0.98) were less frequently adopted by women reporting GDM diagnosis. CONCLUSION: With few exceptions, GDM does not appear to affect postpartum hormonal and nonhormonal contraception.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DIABETES | PARITY | CONTRACEPTION | POSTPARTUM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Public Health | Health | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Puerperium | Reproduction
Document Number: 330558

21.
Title: Contraceptive use among canadian women of reproductive age: results of a national survey.
Author: Black A; Yang Q; Wu Wen S; Lalonde AB; Guilbert E; Fisher W
Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009 Jul;31(7):627-40.
Abstract: Objective: Past studies indicate that despite a wide range of contraceptive options, Canadian women tend to use a narrow selection of contraceptive methods. New contraceptive methods have recently been introduced in Canada. The objective of this research is to characterize Canadian women's current contraceptive choices and adherence to contraceptive regimens. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2006. A standardized, confidential, Internet questionnaire was administered to female members of a previously recruited national market research panel. Percentages of current contraceptive use and consistency of use were calculated by age group, marital status, and province and were weighted according to age and region. Chi-square test was used to detect within-group differences for consistency of contraceptive use, oral contraceptive (OC) use, and condom use. Multivariate logistic regression analyses predicting consistent contraception use, OC use, and condom use were performed. Results: Of 5597 survey respondents, 3253 were eligible for data analysis. Of these women, 2751 had had vaginal intercourse in the previous six months, were not trying to conceive, and reported whether they or their partner had used contraception. Of these 2751 women, 410 (14.9%) never used contraception. Among contraception users, the most frequently used methods of contraception were condoms (54.3%), OCs (43.7%), and withdrawal (11.6%). Newer contraceptive methods were used by less than 4%. Choice of contraceptive method varied by age. Only 65.2% of respondents who were sexually active and not trying to conceive "always used" contraception. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found significantly higher odds of no contraception use in women over 40 years of age, without higher education, living in PEI or Newfoundland, married or living common-law, or having annual household incomes under $100 000. Conclusion: Despite many contraceptive options, Canadian women continue to use a narrow range of contraceptive methods and to use contraception inconsistently. Consistent contraceptive use is influenced by a number of independent social variables. Future public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness of contraception options, increased access to a variety of contraceptive methods, and assisting with contraceptive adherence.
Language: English
Keywords:
CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CONDOM USE | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Reproduction | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods
Document Number: 342765

22.

Title: [Challenges of youth contraception: intersections between gender, sexuality and health] Desafios da contracepcao juvenil: intersecoes entre genero, sexualidade e saude.
Author: Brandao ER
Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Jul-Aug;14(4):1063-71.
Abstract: This qualitative paper discusses some of the difficulties young people have when dealing with contraception and also identifies circumstances in which they tend not to use contraceptive methods. The authors conducted 73 in-depth interviews with young men and women, ages 18 to 24, living in three state capitals in Brazil (Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre), who went through at least one experience of teenage pregnancy. Data were analyzed by theme in order to assemble similar and repeated elements in the testimonies. The reasons young people have difficulty adopting continued use of contraceptive methods were listed according to the following themes: relationship context; relationship with the family regarding sexuality; side effects of hormonal contraceptive methods; negligence with contraception; problems with health services; failure of contraceptive methods; a strong sense of fatherhood; use of condoms with unknown female partners; and use of withdrawal with no knowledge of the partner�s menstrual cycle.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | SEXUALITY | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 342619

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism with oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate or desogestrel: a randomized trial.
Author: Cagnacci A; Ferrari S; Tirelli A; Zanin R; Volpe A
Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):111-6.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Second-generation and third-generation oral contraceptives containing 30 mcg or more of ethinylestradiol (EE) decrease insulin sensitivity (SI). In this study, we investigated whether SI is decreased by contraceptives containing lower doses EE or by progestins with antiandrogenic properties. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-eight young healthy women were randomly allocated to receive 20 mcg of EE and 150 mcg of desogestrel (DSG) (n=14) or 30 mcg of EE and 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) (n=14) for 6 months. SI and glucose utilization independent of insulin (Sg) were investigated by the minimal model method. Lipid modifications were also analyzed. RESULTS: SI decreased with EE/DSG (7.09+/-1.4 vs. 4.30+/-0.91; p=.04; n=12), but not with EE/CMA (5.79+/-0.93 vs. 6.79+/-1.1; p=.48; n=12). SI modifications observed in the two groups were significantly different (-2.79+/-1.15 vs. 1.0+/-1.38; p=.05). Sg did not vary with either treatment. The response of C-peptide to glucose increased, but significantly so only with EE/CMA (p=.01). The C-peptide/insulin response increased with both EE/DSG (p=.05) and EE/CMA (p=.04). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p=.02) and triglycerides (p=.02 and p=.01) increased in both groups, but HDL/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=.02), apoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) (p=.04) and Apo-A1/apoprotein B (p=.048) increased significantly only with EE/CMA. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms that DSG, even when associated with low EE dose, decreases SI. By contrast, EE/CMA does not deteriorate SI and induces a favorable lipid profile.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | PROGESTERONE | DESOGESTREL | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LIPIDS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 329611

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Route of administration of contraceptives containing desogestrel/etonorgestrel and insulin sensitivity: a prospective randomized study.
Author: Cagnacci A; Ferrari S; Tirelli A; Zanin R; Volpe A
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):34-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to investigate whether hormonal contraceptives administered via the oral and vaginal route exert a similar effect on insulin sensitivity (SI). STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective, randomized study performed in the University Hospital. Subjects were healthy lean young women, needing a hormonal contraceptive, randomly allocated to receive for 6 months (a) an oral contraceptive (OC) containing 30 mcg ethinylestradiol (EE)/150 mcg desogestrel (DSG) (high-estrogen group; n=12), (b) an OC containing 20 mcg EE/150 mcg DSG (low-estrogen group; n=12) and (c) a vaginal ring contraceptive releasing, per day, 15 mcg EE/120 mcg etonorgestrel, the active DSG metabolite (n=12). SI and glucose utilization independent of insulin (Sg) were evaluated by the minimal model method. Modifications of total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were also evaluated. RESULTS: Sg did not vary with any treatment. SI decreased during OCs (5.74+/-0.49 vs. 3.86+/-0.44; p=.0005), independently of the high/low-estrogen dose. SI did not decrease during vaginal ring use (4.64+/-1.03 vs. 5.25+/-1.36; p=.57; p=.019 vs. oral). Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol increased (p=.02) during OCs, independently of the dose. Triglycerides increased during both oral (p=.01) and vaginal (p=.032) contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate that in contrast to OC use, vaginal contraception with the ring does not deteriorate SI. The vaginal ring may represent an appropriate choice for long-term contraception in women at risk for developing diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | VAGINAL RING | CONTRACEPTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DESOGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents
Document Number: 341584

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behaviour among Italian adolescents: Knowledge and use of contraceptives.
Author: Capuano S; Simeone S; Scaravilli G; Raimondo D; Balbi C
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr 18;:1-5.
Abstract: Background Comprehensive data concerning the sexual behaviour of Italian adolescents are lacking; the planning of prevention programmes is therefore difficult. Methods The current study evaluates the knowledge of Italian adolescents about sexuality and their use of methods to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The age at first intercourse in the current sample was compared to that found in past samples to ascertain whether sex education was needed at an earlier age. The efficacy of one school-based sex education programme was analysed. Results Overall 630 students in three Italian cities were surveyed. Just over half the students were sexually active. Among these, the mean age at first intercourse was 15.6 years (SD +/- 1.3). The contraception most widely used was the condom although 'coitus interruptus', 'natural family planning' and 'no method' were also mentioned. The knowledge among students from Latina, after they had received sex education, was significantly better. Conclusion Our data show a lower mean age at first intercourse than has been reported for earlier periods by other authors. School-based sexual education is effective in improving knowledge. Sexual health services for young people must be available and counselling services improved.
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | SEX EDUCATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Education | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331123

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Physical and sexual violence and subsequent contraception use among reproductive aged women.
Author: Chan RL; Martin SL
Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):276-81.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Population-based data were used to examine the association between reproductive aged women's physical and sexual violence experiences in the previous 12 months and subsequent contraception use. STUDY DESIGN: This study used a representative sample of adults (2002 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the associations of interest. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 20 North Carolina reproductive aged women experienced physical and/or sexual violence in the previous 12 months, with physical violence as the most common. Compared to women who experienced no violence in the previous 12 months, experiences with physical violence by itself increased subsequent contraception use, while experience with sexual violence by itself decreased subsequent contraception use. Women with both experiences in the previous 12 months were less likely to be subsequently using contraception (OR=0.1; 95% CI=0.1-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide further evidence that different experiences with violence may dictate women's subsequent contraception use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONTRACEPTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Violence | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 342573

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraception in historical and global perspective.
Author: Cleland J
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):165-176.
Abstract: This chapter describes the rise in contraceptive practice and fall in fertility from around 1880 to the present day. Two main phases are identified: the first confined to European populations and involving methods of low efficacy, and the second embracing the whole planet involving modern methods. Today, sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where low levels of contraceptive use and high fertility persist. Nevertheless, nearly half of pregnancies worldwide are still unintended, and much scope remains for improvement in contraceptive protection. The main international priority is Africa, where demographic factors jeopardize the goals of reducing poverty and hunger.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | SOCIAL MARKETING | POPULATION GROWTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Usage | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 329659

28.

Title: From reproductive choice to reproductive justice.
Author: Cook RJ; Dickens BM
Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 6;
Abstract: Since the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development, the human rights movement has embraced the concept of reproductive rights. These are often pursued, however, by means to which objection is taken. Some conservative political and religious forces continue to resist implementation of several means of protecting and advancing reproductive rights. Individuals' rights to grant and to deny consent to medical procedures affecting their reproductive health and confidentiality have been progressively advanced. However, access to contraceptive services, while not necessarily opposed, is unjustifiably obstructed in some settings. Rights to lawful abortion have been considerably liberalized by legislative and judicial decisions, although resistance remains. Courts are increasingly requiring that lawful services be accommodated under transparent conditions of access and of legal protection. The conflict between rights of resort to lawful reproductive health services and to conscientious objection to participation is resolved by legal duties to refer patients to non-objecting providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | RELIGION | CONSERVATISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | CONTRACEPTION | ABORTION LAW | LITIGATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Program Evaluation | Programs
Document Number: 341457

30.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review.
Author: Deans EI; Grimes DA
Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):418-23.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The appropriateness of IUDs for adolescents remains unsettled, as does the definition of the term adolescent. Unplanned pregnancy among teenagers remains epidemic, and long-acting methods, such as IUDs, offer the promise of top-tier effectiveness. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning IUD use in adolescents using MEDLINE, Popline, EMBASE and CINAHL databases. RESULTS: Six cohort studies and seven case-series reports met our inclusion criteria; none included IUDs in current use in the United States. Overall, continuation rates were high and cumulative pregnancy rates low, ranging from 2% at 6 months to 11% at 48 months. Compared with combined oral contraceptives, IUDs had similar or better continuation rates; pregnancy rates were similar at 2 years. IUD expulsion rates may be inversely related to age. CONCLUSIONS: The literature on IUD use among adolescents is scanty and obsolete. Nevertheless, published reports were generally reassuring. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies comparing contemporary IUDs with other methods are urgently needed.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | CONTRACEPTION | IUD | PREGNANCY RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 342601


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