1.  Title: Comparison of Sexual Partnership Characteristics and Associations with Inconsistent Condom Use among a Sample of Adolescents and Adult Women Diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author: Foulkes HB; Pettigrew MM; Livingston KA; Niccolai LM Source: Journal of Women's Health. 2009;18(3):393-399. Abstract: Abstract Background: This analysis compared characteristics of female adolescent and adult sexual partnerships and related these characteristics to inconsistent condom use. Methods: Data are from a study of 126 women with prevalent chlamydia infections who reported information about 172 sexual partnerships in the previous 3 months. Characteristics of sexual partnerships included type of partner (main vs. other), duration of sexual relationship (<3 months vs. >/=3 months), partner age difference (<2 years older vs. >/=2 years older), and two scale measures: overlap of social networks (a measure based on how well the participant knew her partner's friends, for example) and intimacy. Results: Compared with adult partnerships, adolescent partnerships were of shorter duration and had less social overlap but were more likely to be classified by the participants as main partnerships. Among adolescents, longer partnership duration was not associated with higher intimacy, yet higher intimacy was significantly correlated with inconsistent condom use. Conclusions: These differences suggest that adolescent females perceive and characterize their sexual relationships differently from adults. This, in turn, may have implications for risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Prevention efforts for adolescents, including interventions and counseling, should consider the nature of their sexual partnerships. Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | CHLAMYDIA | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | PERCEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Behavior | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors Document Number: 330416 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Self-esteem, emotional distress and sexual behavior among adolescent females: inter-relationships and temporal effects. Author: Ethier KA; Kershaw TS; Lewis JB; Milan S; Niccolai LM Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Mar;38(3):268-274. Abstract: The current analyses attempt to clarify the relationship between psychological factors and sexual behavior. We test a model examining relationships between sexual history (e.g., age at initiation, partner history) and self-esteem and emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, hostility) and their impact on future sexual risk behavior (e.g., unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners). The current analyses included 155 sexually active adolescent females, aged 14-19 years, who participated in the first two waves of a longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted disease (STD) and pregnancy risk. The Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and three subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory (depression, anxiety, hostility) and a variety of self-report measures of sexual history and sexual behavior were administered. Structural equation modeling using LISREL 8.51 was used to assess the proposed model. Our model exhibited adequate fit and demonstrated that sexual history reported retrospectively at baseline was related to self-esteem and emotional distress also measured at baseline. These variables predicted sexual risk behavior measured 6 months later. Adolescents who had lower self-esteem at baseline reported initiating sex earlier and having had risky partners. Alternatively, adolescents with more emotional distress at baseline were less likely to have had a previous STD, had more partners per year of sexual activity and a history of risky partners. Self-esteem influenced subsequent unprotected sex and emotional distress influenced subsequent multiple partners. This model suggests that self-esteem and emotional distress have contrasting relationships with sexual behavior and demonstrates the importance of the temporal nature of these variables. Implications for intervention are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA | CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SELF ESTEEM | EMOTIONS | WORRY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 297547 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: A brief individualized computer-delivered sexual risk reduction intervention increases HIV / AIDS preventive behavior. Author: Kiene SM; Barta WD Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Sep;39(3):404-410. Abstract: One objective of translational science is to identify elements of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk-reduction interventions that have been shown to be effective and find new ways of delivering these interventions to the community to ensure that they reach the widest possible audience of at-risk individuals. The current study reports the development and evaluation of a computer-delivered, theory-based, individually tailored HIV risk-reduction intervention. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a custom computerized HIV/AIDS risk reduction intervention at increasing HIV/AIDS preventive behaviors in a randomized trial with 157 college students. The intervention content and delivery were based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model of Health Behavior Change and used Motivational Interviewing techniques. Participants completed a baseline assessment of HIV prevention information, motivation, behavioral skills and behavior, attended two brief computer-delivered intervention sessions, and completed a follow-up assessment. As compared to the control group (a nutrition education tutorial), participants who interacted with the computer-delivered HIV/AIDS risk reduction intervention exhibited a significant increase in risk reduction behavior. Specifically, participants reported a greater frequency of keeping condoms available and displayed greater condom-related knowledge at a four-week follow-up session; among sexually active participants, there was a significant increase in self-reported condom use. Delivery of brief individually tailored HIV/AIDS risk reduction interventions via computer may be an effective HIV/AIDS prevention approach for adolescents. More research is needed to further support the effectiveness of this type of intervention and determine the generalizability of these findings to economically and educationally disadvantaged adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | CONDOM USE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 304843 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Reproductive care and rates of pregnancy in teenagers with negative pregnancy test results. Author: Sadler LS; Chen JY; Daley AM; Leventhal JM; Reynolds H Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Mar;38(3):222-229. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to follow-up adolescent girls with negative pregnancy tests (NPTs) through an 18-month follow-up analysis of health services received, patterns of contraception use, and pregnancy outcomes. This study involved a retrospective review of medical records of 129 adolescent patients who had a NPT result from clinical sites in an urban medical center during a 3-month period in 1997. A stratified random sample of participants was selected from adolescents who received care at 2 school-based health centers, a women's health center, and an adolescent health clinic associated with a large academic medical center. Analysis of the 129 cases indicated that the cohort of adolescents with NPTs appears to be a higher risk group of girls than suggested by previous studies. Of the multi-ethnic sample with a mean age of 16.2 ± 1.4 years at the time of the NPT, 47% had already had 1 or more pregnancies and 25% had 1 child. Thirty percent of the subjects were offered condoms, and 50% were offered hormonal contraception at the time of the NPT; only 46% were given a return appointment. By 18 months after the index pregnancy test, 36% of the subjects had 1 or more pregnancies, and the majority of the subjects had used no form of contraception or had used contraception inconsistently. Comprehensive reproductive health services often are not offered to adolescents who receive NPT results. Sexually active teenagers need thorough reproductive care and consistent follow-up evaluation to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY TESTS | SEX FACTORS | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 297541 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to condom purchasing: Effects of product positioning on reactions to condoms. Author: Scott-Sheldon LA; Glasford DE; Marsh KL; Lust SA Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Dec;63(11):2755-2769. Abstract: Correct and consistent condom use has been promoted as a method to prevent sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Yet research has repeatedly shown that people fail to use condoms consistently. One influence on the pervasive lack of condom use that has received relatively little attention is the context in which consumers are exposed to condoms (i.e., how condoms are displayed in retail settings). In this paper we present two studies explored variations in condom shelf placement and its effects on people's condom attitudes and acquisition. Study 1 explored the shelf placement of condoms in 59 retail outlets in Connecticut, USA and found that condoms were typically located in areas of high visibility (e.g., next to the pharmacy counter) and on shelves adjacent to feminine hygiene and disease treatment products. In Study 2, 120 heterosexual undergraduate students at the University of Connecticut were randomly assigned to evaluate condoms adjacent to sensual, positive, neutral, or negative products and found that overall men reported more positive attitudes and acquired more condoms when exposed to condoms in a sensual context compared to women in the same condition. Among women, condom attitudes were more positive in the context of neutral products; condom acquisition was strongest for women exposed to condoms in the positive aisles. These results suggest a gender-specific approach to condom promotion. Implications of these studies for HIV prevention, public health, and condom marketing strategies are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | MARKET RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | CONDOMS | UNIVERSITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MARKETING | SEX FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Schools | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 309256 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Syndemics, sex and the city: understanding sexually transmitted diseases in social and cultural context. Author: Singer MC; Erickson PI; Badiane L; Diaz R; Ortiz D Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Oct;63(8):2010-2021. Abstract: This paper employs syndemics theory to explain high rates of sexually transmitted disease among inner city African American and Puerto Rican heterosexual young adults in Hartford, CT, USA. Syndemic theory helps to elucidate the tendency for multiple co-terminus and interacting epidemics to develop under conditions of health and social disparity. Based on enhanced focus group and in-depth interview data, the paper argues that respondents employed a cultural logic of risk assessment which put them at high risk for STD infection. This cultural logic was shaped by their experiences of growing up in the inner city which included: coming of age in an impoverished family, living in a broken home, experiencing domestic violence, limited expectations of the future, limited exposure to positive role models, lack of expectation of the dependency of others, and fear of intimacy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | YOUTH | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | CONDOM USE | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Cultural Background | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 304850 |
7.  Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Connecticut. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307050 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Proteomic technology and delayed interval delivery in multiple pregnancies. Author: Buhimschi CS; Pettker CM; Magloire LK; Martin R; Norwitz E Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005 Jul;90(1):48-50. Abstract: Although delayed interval delivery is associated with improved survival after birth for the fetus(es) allowed to remain in the uterus, published case reports on this approach are often criticized for their selection bias. Successful outcomes are rare, perhaps because of underlying intra-amniotic fluid inflammation (IAI). Proteomic technology—surface-enhanced laser desorbtion-ionization (SELDI) and mass-restricted (MR) score—may allow to rapidly and accurately identify inflammation in the absence of clinical or laboratory signs of chorioamnionitis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | HISPANICS | CHILDBIRTH | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | ULTRASONICS | MULTIPLE BIRTH | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | AMNIOCENTESIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases | Genetic Techniques | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 288801 |
| 9. Title: Speaking out! Connecticut's parents and other adults want comprehensive sex education in schools. Author: Advocates for Youth; Parisky Group Source: Washington, D.C., Advocates for Youth, [2004]. [4] p. Abstract: Connecticut adults overwhelmingly support comprehensive sex education in Connecticut's schools--education that provides information about both abstinence and contraception, including condoms for the prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STls), especially when it comes to preventing HIV and AIDS. 94 percent of adults agree that, "In the era of AIDS, young people need information and skills from sex education to protect their health and lives." 94 percent of Catholics and 93 percent of all adults agree that, "Whether or not young people are sexually active, they should receive sex education so they have the information to make responsible choices." 75 percent of all adults believe schools should teach about both abstinence and contraception. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | SEX EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | ABSTINENCE | INFORMED CHOICE | INFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Schools | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 195186 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Some teenage mothers place high priority on avoiding repeat pregnancy in their early postpartum months. Author: Coren C Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004 Jan-Feb;36(1):34-35. Abstract: Among sexually active adolescents interviewed at urban clinics in Connecticut, those who were pregnant were more likely than those who were not to report consistent use of hormonal contraceptives or dual methods six months later. By 12 months, the adolescents who were pregnant at baseline were still more likely to be consistent dual-method users, but the proportion reporting hormonal use had decreased substantially. The investigators infer that adolescent mothers may make a concerted effort to avoid a repeat pregnancy during their early postpartum months, but may have difficulty maintaining high levels of preventive behavior in the later postpartum period. The participants, all aged 14-19 and nulliparous, were recruited in 1998-2000 at 10 clinics serving relatively poor communities in three Connecticut cities. Eligible teenagers were paid to participate in three structured, one-on-one interviews-at baseline, and six and 12 months later At each interview, participants were tested for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Approximately half the 363 participants included in the analyses were pregnant, all in their third trimester, at baseline. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior Document Number: 187060 |
| 11. Title: Schools need sexuality education programs. Author: Daria MP; Campbell KJ Source: Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 2004 Oct 10;7:[6] p.. Abstract: In spite of the decrease in sexual intercourse and teen birth rates, adolescents continue to need information and skills to help them make responsible decisions about sexuality. This paper discusses the necessity for school-based sexuality education programs and describes essential characteristics of successful sexuality educators. The roles of parents and school administrators in sexuality education programs are also considered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS | SCHOOLS | FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION | SEX EDUCATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 297109 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: New sex partner acquisition and sexually transmitted disease risk among adolescent females. Author: Niccolai LM; Ethier KA; Kershaw TS; Lewis JB; Meade CS Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2004 Mar;34(3):216-223. Abstract: The purpose was to determine the association between new sex partner acquisition and incident STDs, to describe predictors of acquiring a new sex partner, and to compare new and established sex partnerships among adolescent females. Interview data and biological specimens for STD testing were collected from a sample of 411 adolescent females (average age 17.3 years, 44% black and 42% Hispanic) enrolled in a longitudinal study. The relationship between having a new sex partner and incident STD infection was estimated with logistic regression. Acquisition of a new sex partner during the 12-month follow-up period was common (24%) and significantly associated with an incident STD infection (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.6 –5.7). Predictors of new partner acquisition were younger age, younger age at first intercourse, and alcohol or drug use before sex in past 30 days. Being in a new partnership was significantly associated with greater uncertainty about the partners’ STD history and recent sex with others. Being in a new sex partnership is an important predictor of incident STD infection. Awareness of this risk can help clinicians identify individuals who are more likely to get STDs and therefore target STD testing and appropriate prevention messages. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HISPANICS | BLACKS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | INCIDENCE | AGE FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 190761 |
| 13. Title: State facts about abortion: Connecticut. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Connecticut specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175579 Notification |
| 14. Title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of ductal breast carcinoma in situ. Author: Claus EB; Stowe M; Carter D Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003 Sep;81(2):129-136. Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that oral contraceptive use is associated with little to no increased risk of invasive breast carcinoma. No study has examined the relationship between oral contraceptive use and the risk of non-invasive breast carcinoma, that is, breast carcinoma in situ. The objective was to define the role of oral contraceptive use in the development of breast carcinoma in situ. The data are 875 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases diagnosed among residents of the state of Connecticut from September 15, 1994 to March 14, 1998 and between the age of 20 and 79 years as well as 999 control subjects. Controls are female Connecticut residents collected via random-digit-dial and frequency matched to the cases by 5-year age intervals. Telephone interviews were used to collect information on risk factors and cancer screening history. Logistic regression was used to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The risk of being diagnosed with DCIS for women who had ever used oral contraceptives was not increased relative to women who had never used them (OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.2). The risk did not significantly increase with duration of oral contraceptive use, nor with duration of high estrogen use, time since last use, progestin or estrogen type, or age at first use. Furthermore, the association between oral contraceptive use and DCIS risk did not vary by the presence of a family history of breast cancer or by menopausal status. In these data, no evidence was found for an increased risk of ductal carcinoma in situ associated with the use of oral contraceptives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | BREAST CANCER | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK ASSESSMENT | AGE FACTORS | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Safety | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction Document Number: 277457 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent women underestimate their susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections. Author: Ethier KA; Kershaw T; Niccolai L; Lewis JB; Ickovics JR Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003;79:408-411. Abstract: Objectives: Adolescent females are at significant risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and may not accurately incorporate indicators of risk into their perceptions of susceptibility. The objectives of the current analyses were to: (1) examine the relation between perceived susceptibility and indicators of risk; and (2) investigate the relation between perceived susceptibility and actual STI diagnosis. Methods: Participants were 209 sexually active adolescent females. Indicators of STI risk included STI history, recent symptoms, and sexual risk behaviour (that is, recent unprotected sex and numbers of sexual partners). Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months postbaseline using urine based ligase chain reaction testing. Results: Most participants perceived little or no chance that they would be diagnosed with an STI in the following year. There was no relation between almost all STI indicators and perceptions of susceptibility. Among those receiving a positive chlamydia or gonorrhoea test (n = 49) at baseline or in the year following, almost all (81.3%) had perceived themselves to be at little or no risk. Conclusion: The adolescent females in this sample did not accurately perceive their susceptibility to STI. They must be enabled to more effectively assess and modify their risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PERCEPTION | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | CHLAMYDIA | GONORRHEA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Evaluation Document Number: 188431 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: A randomized comparison of two regimens of misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination. Author: Feldman DM; Borgida AF; Rodis JF; Leo MV; Campbell WA Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Sep;189(3):710-713. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of two different misoprostol regimens for second-trimester pregnancy termination. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a randomized clinical trial in patients who were at 14 to 23 weeks of gestation and who were admitted for medical termination of pregnancy. All patients received 800 µg of vaginal misoprostol and were assigned randomly to 400 µg of oral misoprostol or 400 µg of vaginal misoprostol every 8 hours. Efficacy and side effects were compared. The mean induction time of the study group was compared with that of an historic control group that had received 400 µg vaginally every 12 hours. RESULTS: Forty-three women were assigned randomly, 22 women to vaginal misoprostol and 21 women to oral misoprostol. Induction time and hospital stay were slightly shorter for the oral group; however, the differences were not significant. Side effects were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION: After an initial 800 µg dose of vaginal misoprostol, a regimen of 400 µg of oral misoprostol every 8 hours is as effective as the same dose of vaginal misoprostol with no additional side effects, which provides a convenient alternative for midtrimester pregnancy termination. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | MISOPROSTOL | CLINICAL TRIALS | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | ABORTION | SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Treatment Document Number: 187806 Notification |
| 17. Title: Perception of HIV and safer sexual behaviors among lesbians. Author: Fishman SJ; Anderson EH Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2003 Nov-Dec;14(6):48-55. Abstract: There is little data on female-to-female transmission of HIV. Some women who have sex with women (WSW) have other high-risk behaviors that could lead to HIV infection. The belief that WSW are at no risk may lead to unsafe sexual practices. In this study, a convenience sample of 78 women was surveyed in order to explore the perception of HIV risk among lesbians, their sexual behaviors, and their sources of information about safer sex. Fifty-three percent reported they were at low risk for contracting HIV Women reported knowledge of barrier methods (89% to 99%) and no sex during menstruation (92%). However; 35% to 40% reported no knowledge of less common safer sex practices. Women reported their source of knowledge as media (36%), workshops (22%), and friends (12%). Eighty-five percent stated that their health care provider knew they were lesbian, but only 15% reported receiving safer sex education. Nurses and nurse practitioners are aptly poised to provide critical HIV education and health cam for this population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HOMOSEXUALS | WOMEN | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | SAFER SEX | HIV INFECTIONS | PERCEPTION | BELIEFS | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEX EDUCATION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Culture | Evaluation | Education Document Number: 277776 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: High postpartum rates of sexually transmitted infections among teens: pregnancy as a window of opportunity for prevention. Author: Ickovics JR; Niccolai LM; Lewis JB; Kershaw TS; Ethier KA Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003;79:469-473. Abstract: Objectives: To identify incidence and predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among postpartum adolescents. These estimates are compared to similar estimates among a cohort of non-pregnant, sexually active teens. Methods: 203 pregnant and 208 non-pregnant adolescents aged 14–19 years were recruited from 10 community based health clinics in Connecticut, United States. Structured interviews and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing using ligase chain reaction (LCR) were conducted at a baseline visit (during the third trimester for the pregnant adolescents), and at 6 and 12 month follow up visits (3 and 9 months post partum, for those pregnant at baseline). Results: Among pregnant teens, new infections of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae increased from 7.1% at the 6 month follow up interview to 14.3% at the 12 month follow up interview; among non-pregnant teens, new infections remained relatively stable over the 6 and 12 month follow up interviews (9.0% to 8.3%) (group by time interaction, p = 0.005). C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae prevalence was 1.9 times higher (95% CI: 0.97 to 3.89, p = 0.06) among teens in the late postpartum follow up compared to the non-pregnant teens, controlling for baseline STIs. Predictors of postpartum STIs included having a new partner and number of partners per year of sexual activity. Conclusions: Postpartum adolescents are vulnerable to STIs. Routine prenatal and postpartum care provide unique opportunities to promote condom use and other risk reduction interventions among adolescents. If sustained post partum, long term reproductive health can be promoted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CHLAMYDIA | GONORRHEA | PREVALENCE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Behavior Document Number: 189515 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Short and long-term impact of adolescent pregnancy on postpartum contraceptive use: implications for prevention of repeat pregnancy. Author: Kershaw TS; Niccolai LM; Ickovics JR; Lewis JB; Meade CS Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2003 Nov;33(5):359-368. Abstract: Purpose: To describe patterns and changes in contraceptive use among pregnant adolescents in early and later postpartum compared with nonpregnant adolescents. Methods: One-hundred-seventy-six pregnant and 187 nonpregnant adolescents, recruited through community clinics, were interviewed three times (baseline, 6-month follow-up, 12-month follow-up) about their condom and hormonal contraceptive practices. Changes in contraception use and patterns of consistent hormonal and/or condom use were examined. Statistical analyses included General Estimating Equations (GEE) and multinomial regression. Results: Pregnant adolescents increased hormonal contraceptive use from baseline to early postpartum, but decreased use from early postpartum to late postpartum. Nonpregnant adolescents did not change their hormonal contraceptive use over time. Neither group changed condom use over time. Pregnant adolescents were more likely to be consistent dual users and hormonal-only users during the 6-month follow-up compared with nonpregnant adolescents. These findings persisted at the 12-month follow-up, although there was a decline in hormonal contraception use. Conclusions: Adolescents change their contraceptive use during the postpartum period. Given the slight decline in contraceptive use in late postpartum in this sample, more work is necessary to maintain motivation to continue these positive postpartum trends. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | LOGISTIC MODEL | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | POSTPARTUM | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Puerperium | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 188702 |
| 20. Title: Hartford Action Plan creates Breaking the Cycle community partnership. Author: King J Source: SIECUS Report. 2003 Feb-Mar;31(3):28-29. Abstract: Breaking the Cycle is a partnership of the Hartford Action Plan, the City of Hartford, and the Hartford Public Schools (with assistance from state and local officials, non-profit organizations, and corporate partners) that addresses the problems of teen pregnancy, STDs, and HIV. Not only does it provide integrated programs and messages on these three topics, it also provides a model of integrated work across diverse community organizations and government agencies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAMS | ADVOCACY | YOUTH PROGRAMS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 177863 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnant adolescents at risk: sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted disease prevalence. Author: Niccolai LM; Ethier KA; Kershaw TS; Lewis JB; Ickovics JR Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Jan;188(1):63-70. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of high-risk sexual behaviors and the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea among pregnant adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: These analyses used data from 203 pregnant and 209 nonpregnant adolescents who were recruited from public health clinics. Data sources included interviewer-administered questionnaires, ligase chain reaction tests for chlamydia/gonorrhea in the third trimester of pregnancy, and state health department reports of chlamydia/gonorrhea. Statistical analyses included logistic regression. RESULTS: Pregnant adolescents were significantly more likely to have not used condoms during sexual intercourse in the past 30 days compared with nonpregnant adolescents, although other sexual risk behaviors were reduced. Nineteen percent of pregnant adolescents had chlamydia or gonorrhea diagnosed during the pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pregnant adolescents have high levels of sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy, and many adolescents use condoms inconsistently. Prenatal care providers may be in a unique position to decrease sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant adolescents by encouraging the reduction of risk behaviors and aggressively screening for sexually transmitted diseases as part of routine prenatal care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CHLAMYDIA | GONORRHEA | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior Document Number: 175702 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraception use, family planning, and unprotected sex: few differences among HIV-infected and uninfected postpartum women in four US states. Author: Wilson TE; Koenig L; Ickovics J; Walter E; Suss A Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2003 Aug 15;33(5):608-613. Abstract: To describe pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use among a postpartum sample of women with and at risk for HIV infection, 258 HIV-seropositive and 228 HIV-seronegative women were recruited from prenatal clinics in 4 US states between June 1996–November 1998. Participants completed interviews at 24–40 weeks’ gestation and at 6 months postpartum. At the 6-month interview, 78% of women reported vaginal sex, and 2% were pregnant. Among those not pregnant, 86% said that there was no likelihood of a pregnancy in the next 6 months. Condom use was reported by 68% of sexually active women; 65% of users reported consistent use. Those with HIV were more likely to report condom use, more likely to report condom use consistency, and less likely to report use of oral contraceptives than women without HIV (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, inconsistent condom use was associated with postpartum alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] 2.80; 95% CI = 1.34–5.84), with the respondent stating that a pregnancy would not be emotionally upsetting (OR 3.06; 95% CI = 1.41–6.59) and reporting an intention to terminate a pregnancy if one were to occur (OR 3.47; 95% CI = 1.58–7.60). HIV-seropositive women who had at least 1 child with HIV infection were less likely than seronegative women to report inconsistent condom use (OR 0.15; 95% CI = 0.03–0.76). Few differences were detected in reproductive behaviors as a function of HIV serostatus, although both cohorts engaged in unprotected sex. Counseling to decrease sexual risk behaviors should begin prior to or early in the postpartum period and include discussion of both reproductive and disease transmission issues. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FLORIDA | NEW YORK | CONNECTICUT | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | PREGNANCY HISTORY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Puerperium | Reproduction | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 182513 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Dual contraceptive method use for pregnancy and disease prevention among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. Author: Wilson TE; Koenig LJ; Walter E; Fernandez I; Ethier K Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 Nov;30(11):809-812. Abstract: Background and Objectives: Many women who report condom use also use other methods of birth control such as oral contraceptive pills. The use of 2 or more contraceptive methods often results in less consistent condom use. Goal: This study sought to document the prevalence and patterns of such dual contraceptive use among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women, and to assess factors associated with condom-only versus dual contraceptive use. Study Design: At 6 months postpartum, 361 sexually active women were interviewed regarding sexual behavior, male condom and other contraceptive use, and psychosocial factors. Results: Dual contraceptive method use was reported by 39% of sexually active women; 30% reported using condoms only. Almost two thirds of dual method users (64%) reported always using these methods together (ie, simultaneously) during vaginal sex. Among dual users, those who used methods simultaneously were more likely to be HIV-seropositive (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5), to believe that a pregnancy would be very upsetting should it occur in the next 6 months (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.4), and to report no alcohol use (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.2). Conclusion: Dual contraceptive users should be encouraged to use methods together at every episode of vaginal sex. Interventions promoting simultaneous use should include pregnancy attitudes and the role of alcohol use, as well as a consideration of HIV serostatus as impacts on dual use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FLORIDA | NEW YORK | CONNECTICUT | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POPULATION AT RISK | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Puerperium | Reproduction | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Surveys | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 188832 |
| 24. Title: Contraception counts: Connecticut. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2002. 2 p. (Contraception Counts) Abstract: This article summarizes, for the state of Connecticut, the following points: pregnancy outcomes in Connecticut; teen pregnancy outcomes in Connecticut; women at need for contraceptive services and supplies; availability of family planning services; and impact of subsidized services. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CONNECTICUT | PAMPHLETS | CONTRACEPTION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | HEALTH SERVICES | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Youth | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 175624 |
| 25. Title: Serosurveys for West Nile virus infection -- New York and Connecticut counties, 2000. Author: Mostashari F; Poshni I; Edwin B; Layton M; Graham D; Bradley C; Kacica M; Wong S; Franchell C; Morse D Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2001 Jan 26;50(3):37-9. Abstract: In 2000, 21 persons with acute illness attributed to West Nile virus (WNV) infection were reported in several counties in New York. Because ill persons represent only a fraction of the persons who are infected, many more persons probably were infected in 2000. To determine the prevalence of recently acquired WNV infection and associated risk factors for infection, random household cluster serosurveys were conducted in Staten Island (New York City), portions of Fairfield County (Connecticut), and Suffolk County (New York) during October and November 2000. All three areas had intense WNV epizootics as determined by avian mortality and mosquito surveillance systems. This report summarizes the preliminary results of this survey and indicates that in areas with intense epizootic WNV activity asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic human infections can occur. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SURVEYS | MONITORING | VIRAL DISEASES | ENCEPHALITIS | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Diseases | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 155606 |
| 26. Title: AIDS and thrombosis: retrospective study of 131 HIV-infected patients. Author: Saif MW; Bona R; Greenberg B Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2001 Jun;15(6):311-20. Abstract: The recent literature contains reports of thrombotic episodes occurring in patients with HIV infection and various abnormalities predisposing to a hypercoagulable state have also been reported in such patients. To study the incidence of thrombosis in patients infected with HIV, and to assess the correlation of thrombosis with the degree of immunosuppression as well as the association with active illnesses and neoplasms, the authors reviewed the charts of 131 patients, which include all the patients with the diagnosis of HIV admitted or seen in the clinic between January 1, 1993, and January 1, 1998. The diagnosis of thrombosis was based on documented reports of venous plethysmography or venography for deep venous thrombosis and ventilation-perfusion scan or pulmonary angiography for pulmonary embolus. Risk factors for thrombotic disease were evaluated including general risk factors such as family history, ambulatory status, medications, and data were also collected regarding CD4 cell counts and the presence of concurrent or remote opportunistic infections, AIDS-related malignancy or other AIDS-related diseases at the time of diagnosis of the thrombotic event. The authors also reviewed the medical literature via MEDLINE and found 45 cases of patients with HIV who developed thromboembolic complications. The authors found thrombotic complications in 9 of 37 patients with a CD4 count <200 cells/cu. mm and in 1 of the remaining 94 patients with a CD4 count more than 200 cells/cu. mm. The difference was significant, with p = 0.00004, and the estimated odds of an event given CD4 cell counts <200/cu. mm is 29.89 (95% confidence interval). 3 patients had abnormalities of anticoagulation proteins. There was a history of opportunistic infections in 5 patients and malignancy in 3 patients. 2 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) secondary to HIV-infection developed pulmonary embolus upon transfusion of packed red blood cells. The results of this study suggest that AIDS appears to predispose to thrombosis. It also revealed a significant correlation between thrombotic disease and CD4 counts (<200/cu. mm) as well as the presence of opportunistic infections, AIDS-related neoplasms, or autoimmune disorders associated with HIV such as AIHA. Therefore, clinicians caring for these patients should be aware of thromboembolic disease as a possible complication of AIDS. Further studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this abnormal hemostatic profile, the epidemiology, and to answer several questions such as should patients with risk factors for HIV infection who develop thromboembolic complications be further evaluated including tests for HIV are warranted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | INCIDENCE | CORRELATION OF DATA | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | THROMBOSIS | RISK FACTORS | NEOPLASMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Measurement | Correlation Studies | Statistical Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Biology Document Number: 169247 |
| 27. Title: Ambivalence -- a logical response to legal abortion: a prospective study among women and men. Author: Kero A; Lalos A Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 Jun;21(2):81-91. Abstract: The aim of the study was to elucidate ambivalence in relation to legal abortion by studying emotions, attitudes, motives for abortion and ethical reasoning in a strategic sample of women and men who, 1 year after abortion, expressed both positive and painful feelings in relations to the abortion. The study shows that social perspectives legitimate the decision to have an abortion while ethical perspectives complicate the decision. Nearly all women and men described having the abortion as an expression of responsibility. Almost one-half also had parallel feelings of guilt, as they regarded the abortion as a violation of their ethical values. The majority of the sample expressed relief while simultaneously experiencing the termination of the pregnancy as a loss coupled with feelings of grief/emptiness. In spite of the ambivalence, only one woman regretted the abortion. For the vast majority, the impact of the abortion had led to increased maturity and deepened self-knowledge. Thus, ambivalence might be regarded not only as problematic but also as indicating openness to the complexity of the abortion issue. Since incompatible values clash in connection with abortion, experiences of ambivalence become both logical and understandable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ABORTION | ATTITUDES | EMOTIONS | ETHICS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Behavior Document Number: 153725 Notification |
| 28. Title: The onset of lactation: implications for breast-feeding promotion programs. [Inicio de la lactancia: consecuencias para los programas de promoción de la lactancia materna] Author: Perez-Escamilla R; Chapman D Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000;478:425-6. Abstract: This paper discusses the implications of the onset of lactation (OL) for breast-feeding (BF) promotion programs. It is noted that a delay in OL may lead to an early introduction of infant formula and an early termination of BF even after controlling for maternal original BF intentions. This is evinced by multivariate analyses performed on samples from different countries, which consistently indicate that a delayed OL is a risk factor for poor BF outcomes. A longitudinal study conducted in urban Mexico found that OL was inversely associated with the likelihood of BF at 2 months post-partum (pp). In Honduras, a cross-sectional survey among women with children 2 years old or younger indicated that OL > 72 hours pp was positively associated with the use of milk-based prelacteal feeds which was in turn associated with a lower likelihood of BF. A longitudinal study conducted in Hartford, Connecticut, USA found that the median BF duration among women with OL < 72 hours pp was longer than among women with OL > or = 72 hours pp. These data suggest that the longer it takes for women to perceive OL the more likely it is that they will become stressed and begin using breast milk substitutes. This may further delay OL leading to an early termination of BF. Future studies should emphasize the relationship between biological and psychosocial stress with OL and subsequent infant feeding outcomes. Spanish Abstract: Este trabajo discute las implicaciones del inicio de la lactancia (OL, por sus siglas en inglés) para los programas de promoción de la lactancia materna (BF, por sus siglas en inglés). Se hace notar que un retraso en OL puede llevar a una temprana introducción de fórmula infantil (biberón) y a una terminación temprana de la BF aún antes de controlar por las intenciones originales de la BF por parte de la madre. Esto se hace evidente a través de análisis multivariables realizados en muestras de diferentes países, los cuales consistentemente indican que un retraso en OL es un factor de riesgo para pobres resultados de BF. Un estudio longitudinal llevado a cabo en el México urbano encontró que OL estaba inversamente relacionado con la probabilidad de BF a los 2 meses post parto (pp). En Honduras, un estudio transversal entre mujeres con hijos de hasta 2 años de edad indicó que OL > 72 horas pp estaba positivamente asociado con el uso de formula (con base de leche) lo que a su vez estaba asociado con una baja probabilidad de BF. Un estudio longitudinal realizado en Hartford, Connecticut, EEUU encontró que la mediana de la duración de BF entre las mujeres con OL < 72 horas pp era más larga que entre las mujeres con OL >= 72 horas pp. Esta información sugiere que mientras más tiempo toma a las mujeres el percibir el OL mayor es la probabilidad de que ellas se preocuparán y comenzarán a usar substitutos de la leche materna. Esto puede retrasar más el inicio del OL lo cual llevaría a una terminación temprana de la BF. Los futuros estudios deberían enfatizar la relación entre el desgaste biológico y la preocupación psicológica (biological and psychological stress) con el OL y los resultados subsecuentes en la alimentación del infante. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | HONDURAS | CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | BREASTFEEDING | LACTATION | PROMOTION | PROGRAMS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Marketing | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration Document Number: 160592 |
| 29. Title: Gambling problems in substance abusers are associated with increased sexual risk behaviors. Author: Petry NM Source: Addiction. 2000 Jul;95(7):1089-100. Abstract: This study evaluated the association between gambling problems and HIV risk behaviors in substance abusers. 134 substance abusers were recruited from advertisements placed in newspapers and at social service agencies. Gambling problems were assessed using the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The Addiction Severity Index evaluated drug and psychosocial problems, and the HIV Risk Behavior Scale assessed risk behaviors. Based on SOGS scores, 24% (n = 31) of substance abusers evidenced probable pathological gambling. Problem gambling substance abusers were more likely to be male than non-problem gamblers, but no other differences in demographic characteristics or drug use variables were noted. Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers reported more sex partners and less frequent use of condoms with casual and paid sex partners. Stepwise logistic regression confirmed the association between severity of gambling problems and more risky sexual behaviors; higher SOGS scores predicted having more than 50 sex partners, exchanging sex for drugs/money, and engaging in anal intercourse (p < 0.05). Participants with gambling problems were also less knowledgeable about HIV transmission. These data suggest that gambling problems may be a risk factor for contracting HIV. Increased efforts are needed to screen for and treat gambling problems among substance abusers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | HIV INFECTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Social Problems | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 153724 |
| 30. Title: Cultural differences in maternal beliefs and behaviors: a study of middle-class Anglo and Puerto Rican mother-infant pairs in four everyday situations. Author: Harwood RL; Schoelmerich A; Schulze PA; Gonzalez Z Source: Child Development. 1999 Jul-Aug;70(4):1005-16. Abstract: This study examines cultural patterning in situational variability in mother-infant interactions among middle-class Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers and their 12-15 month old firstborn children. 40 mothers were interviewed regarding their long-term socialization goals and child rearing strategies, and videotaped interacting with their infants in four everyday settings: feeding, social play, teaching, and free play. Results suggest the following: 1) Anglo mothers place greater emphasis on socialization goals and child rearing strategies consonant with a more individualistic orientation, whereas Puerto Rican mothers place greater focus on goals and strategies consistent with a more sociocentric orientation; 2) coherence was found between mothers' child rearing beliefs and practices, with Puerto Rican mothers more likely to directly structure their infants' behaviors; 3) situational variability arose in mother-infant interactions, but this variability showed a cultural patterning consistent with mothers' long-term socialization goals and child rearing beliefs. (author's, modified) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CULTURE | CHILD REARING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Caribbean | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Behavior Document Number: 150733 |
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