1.  Title: 15andCounting advocacy. Author: International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] Source: [London, United Kingdom, IPPF, 2009]. 11 p. Abstract: This document describes how individuals and community groups can raise awareness about the 15 and Counting campaign. The campaign focuses on meeting the youth-related goals of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. While it specifically focuses on 15 and Counting, the document's principles could be applied to the process of developing an advocacy plan for many other youth projects. Additional resources are available at: http://www.15andcounting.org/blog/?page_id=7. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | UGANDA | IRELAND | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | LEADERSHIP | HEALTH POLICY | EDUCATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | PROMOTION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ABORTION | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health Document Number: 329083 Notification |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Community-based environmental management for malaria control: evidence from a small-scale intervention in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author: Castro MC; Tsuruta A; Kanamori S; Kannady K; Mkude S Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:57. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Historically, environmental management has brought important achievements in malaria control and overall improvements of health conditions. Currently, however, implementation is often considered not to be cost-effective. A community-based environmental management for malaria control was conducted in Dar es Salaam between 2005 and 2007. After community sensitization, two drains were cleaned followed by maintenance. This paper assessed the impact of the intervention on community awareness, prevalence of malaria infection, and Anopheles larval presence in drains. METHODS: A survey was conducted in neighbourhoods adjacent to cleaned drains; for comparison, neighbourhoods adjacent to two drains treated with larvicides and two drains under no intervention were also surveyed. Data routinely collected by the Urban Malaria Control Programme were also used. Diverse impacts were evaluated through comparison of means, odds ratios (OR), logistic regression, and time trends calculated by moving averages. RESULTS: Individual awareness of health risks and intervention goals were significantly higher among sensitized neighbourhoods. A reduction in the odds of malaria infection during the post-cleaning period in intervention neighbourhoods was observed when compared to the pre-cleaning period (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.05-0.3, p < 0.001). During the post-cleaning period, a higher risk of infection (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.4, p = 0.0069) was observed in neighbourhoods under no intervention compared to intervention ones. Eighteen months after the initial cleaning, one of the drains was still clean due to continued maintenance efforts (it contained no waste materials and the water was flowing at normal velocity). A three-month moving average of the percentage of water habitats in that drain containing pupae and/or Anopheles larvae indicated a decline in larval density. In the other drain, lack of proper resources and local commitment limited success. CONCLUSION: Although environmental management was historically coordinated by authoritarian/colonial regimes or by industries/corporations, its successful implementation as part of an integrated vector management framework for malaria control under democratic governments can be possible if four conditions are observed: political will and commitment, community sensitization and participation, provision of financial resources for initial cleaning and structural repairs, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Such effort not only is expected to reduce malaria transmission, but has the potential to empower communities, improve health and environmental conditions, and ultimately contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA PREVENTION | VECTOR CONTROL | INTERVENTIONS | SANITATION | MALARIA | PREVALENCE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Health | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341983 |
| 3. Title: Sustainable community management of urban water and sanitation schemes (a training manual). Author: Castro V; Msuya N; Makoye C Source: Nairobi, Kenya, World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program - Africa, 2009 Jan. 52 p. Abstract: The aim of this capacity building programme is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The manual was originally developed in collaboration with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority's (DAWASA) Community Water Supply and Sanitation Program (CWSSP); but some of the material is applicable to other urban communities who may need to improve their management practices and increase the likelihood of a sustainable operation. The material included in this manual is intended to provide a trainer with the tools and information to build management capacity in the target communities. Although the manual is geared for trainers, it has also been designed to serve as a reference tool for communities who may wish to review the material on an on-going basis. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | MANUAL | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PROCEDURES | COMMUNICATION | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Programs | Economic Factors Document Number: 331414 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Community knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on malaria in Swaziland: a country earmarked for malaria elimination. Author: Hlongwana KW; Mabaso ML; Kunene S; Govender D; Maharaj R Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:29. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The potential contribution of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) studies to malaria research and control has not received much attention in most southern African countries. This study investigated the local communities' understanding of malaria transmission, recognition of signs and symptoms, perceptions of cause, treatment-seeking patterns, preventive measures and practices in order to inform the country's proposed malaria elimination programme in Swaziland. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was undertaken in four Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI) sentinel sites in Swaziland. These sentinel sites share borders with Mozambique. A structured questionnaire was administered to 320 randomly selected households. Only one adult person was interviewed per household. The interviewees were the heads of households and in the absence of the heads of households responsible adults above 18 years were interviewed. RESULTS: A substantial number of research participants showed reasonable knowledge of malaria, including correct association between malaria and mosquito bites, its potential fatal consequences and correct treatment practices. Almost 90% (n = 320) of the respondents stated that they would seek treatment within 24 hours of onset of malaria symptoms, with health facilities as their first treatment option. Most people (78%) perceived clinics and vector control practices as central to treating and preventing malaria disease. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage and bed net ownership were 87.2% and 38.8%, respectively. IRS coverage was in agreement with the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendation of more than 80% within the targeted communities. CONCLUSION: Despite fair knowledge of malaria in Swaziland, there is a need for improving the availability of information through the preferred community channels, such as tinkhundlas (districts), as well as professional health routes. This recommendation emerges along with the documented evidence suggesting that as the level transmission and disease decreases so does the perception about the importance of malaria control activities. Finally, given the relatively moderate ownership of bed net there is a need for future studies to evaluate the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) compared with IRS. Language: English Keywords: SWAZILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | MALARIA | MALARIA PREVENTION | TRANSMISSION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | INFORMATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Evaluation Document Number: 330813 |
| 5. Title: Home truths: facing the facts on children, AIDS, and poverty. Final report of the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS. Author: Irwin A; Adams A; Winter A Source: Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS, 2009. [84] p. Abstract: This report summarizes two years of research and analysis of AIDS- related policies, programs, and funding sources and their effectiveness in addressing the needs of children. It calls for greater emphasis on strengthening families and communities to enable them to give children the care and support they are uniquely suited to provide. The report also recommends new approaches to address the simultaneous impacts of HIV, poverty, food insecurity, and social inequality that many countries confront today. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HUMAN CAPITAL | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | TREATMENT | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | FAMILY LIFE | CARE AND SUPPORT | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 330184 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Community engagement in health research: two decades of experience from a research project on HIV in rural Uganda. Author: Nakibinge S; Maher D; Katende J; Kamali A; Grosskurth H; Seeley J Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Feb;14(2):190-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe how a research project on HIV epidemiology in rural Uganda has engaged the community over the past two decades, describing activities, opportunities and challenges that have arisen. METHOD: The review draws on the experience of the authors as investigators involved in the project at various times since its inception in 1989, and on project documents and peer-reviewed publications. RESULTS: The project attracts community interest, participation and support mostly through community groups. The three main areas of activity are: health care and promotion, HIV/AIDS prevention and care, and community development aimed at poverty reduction. Key opportunities arise from the long-term joint commitment of the project and the community over nearly 20 years, and the potential to accommodate research beyond HIV. Challenges arise from participation fatigue, countered by innovations for the community and investment in capacity development for staff, and from the need to balance community development expectations and the project focus on HIV research. CONCLUSIONS: Judged by criteria of longevity, acceptance, and scientific output, community engagement in this HIV research project in rural Uganda has been successful. The experience from this project contributes to the collective documentation and analysis of case studies from various research projects in developing countries which identify good practices from multiple stakeholder perspectives. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | RURAL POPULATION | HIV | PUBLIC HEALTH | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Technology | Economic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341030 |
| 7. Title: Qualitative evaluation of a peer-based needle syringe programme in Vietnam. Author: Ngo AD; Schmich L; Higgs P; Fischer A Source: International Journal on Drug Policy. 2009 Mar;20(2):179-82. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Harm reduction has been identified as an important HIV prevention strategy for injecting drug users (IDUs) in Vietnam. However, to date only small geographically limited formal needle syringe programmes (NSPs) have been implemented; and little attention has been given to assessing the effectiveness of the piloted models. Using data from a qualitative evaluation of an NSP in northern Vietnam, this paper assesses the effectiveness of the intervention, examines barriers to the NSP, and documents lessons which can be applied to replicate and scale up interventions across Vietnam. METHODS: Data were gathered using key informant interviews, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observation and intercept interviews with IDUs and other project stakeholders. IDUs were introduced to the evaluation by peer educators (PEs). RESULTS: The project contributed to a shift toward safe injecting practices and safe disposal of used needles and syringes (N&S) among IDUs. Collection of used N&S positively influenced community attitudes toward PEs and IDUs. Reduced community discrimination, achieved as a result of project advocacy activities, encouraged IDU to access free needle syringes and other project services provided by PEs. Resistance from the local government officials and community members was turned into support for the programme through intensive advocacy activities. The project highlighted the importance of involving law enforcement in the programme and promoted a public health approach toward working with IDU. However, periodic police campaigns against drug use continued to be an obstacle to successful programme implementation and demonstrated the need for continued efforts to address the issue. CONCLUSION: Programme success is dependent upon community support. Resistance to NSPs can be overcome through a programme of intensive advocacy with community stakeholders including; local government, mass organizations, local residents, IDUs and their families. Garnering the support of law enforcement officials requires a sustained effort. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | IV DRUG USERS | SYRINGE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | EVALUATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 330570 |
| 8. Title: Mothers' community participation and child health. Author: Nobles J; Frankenberg E Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Mar;50(1):16-30. Abstract: We use rich data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey to assess the relationship between mothers' access to social capital via participation in community activities and their children's health. We exploit the advantages of longitudinal data and community fixed effects to mitigate some of the concerns about spuriousness and reverse causality that predominate in this literature. We find that children from families with relatively low levels of human and financial capital fare better with respect to health status when their mothers are more active participants in community organizations. In fact, the association between maternal participation and child health is strong and positive only for children from relatively disadvantaged backgrounds, as measured by their mothers' educational and household economic resources. The results suggest that in poorer settings community involvement may benefit disadvantaged families, possibly by providing resources and information that would otherwise be inaccessible. Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | MOTHERS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | CHILD HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 341532 |
| 9. Title: [The experience of the Mexican maternal health care program Arranque Parejo en la Vida] Participacion social en salud: la experiencia del programa de salud materna Author: Orozco-Nunez E; Gonzalez-Block MA; Kageyama-Escobar LM; Hernandez-Prado B Source: Salud Publica De Mexico. 2009 Mar-Apr;51(2):104-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of its participative strategies and the creation of support networks for poor pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative and comparative evaluation was carried on in four states. RESULTS: Coordination and community participation were relevant in relation with major resources allocation and availability, particularly housing and transportation. Governmental actors involvement and leadership favoured linking and coordination. Pregnant women used to valuate as the major support source the one provided by their kinship networks. CONCLUSIONS: To strengthen and to stimulate participative strategies is fundamental in zones with high maternal mortality rates. The wide appreciation of kinship networks, midwives and voluntaries' support to pregnant women in housing and transportation, suggests that these actors are a functional component of the support network; it is insufficient focusing the support network on health services and municipal authorities. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | LEADERSHIP | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Organization and Administration | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342075 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Communities and health research: an opinion piece on 'Community engagement in health research: two decades of experience from a research project on HIV in rural Uganda', in the February 2009 issue of Tropical Medicine and International Health [editorial] Author: Pang T Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2009 Apr;14(4):379-80. Abstract: This commentary discusses a paper by Nakibinge that illustrates the value of multi-faceted, integrated approach to community engagement in health research. It also argues that the strong evidence base for effectiveness and the value of community engagement is still lacking but the study by Nakibinge provides indications which should be considered priorities in the future work in the important area of health research. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | HEALTH | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HIV PREVENTION | POVERTY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341693 |
| 11. Title: Reducing maternal mortality among Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Author: Purdin S; Khan T; Saucier R Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):82-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The International Rescue Committee (IRC) strove to reduce maternal mortality among Afghan refugees in Hangu district of Pakistan by improving access to emergency obstetric care (EmOC), community knowledge of danger signs of pregnancy, and the use of health information. METHODS: IRC established EmOC centers, trained community members on safe motherhood, linked primary health care with education on danger signs of pregnancy and the importance of skilled attendance, and improved the health information system. RESULTS: The maternal mortality ratio among Afghan refugees in the area improved from 291 per 100000 live births in 2000 to 102 per 100000 live births in 2004. The proportion of refugee births attended by skilled staff increased from 5% in 1996 to 67% in 2007. Complete prenatal care coverage increased from 49% in 2000 to 90% in 2006, and postnatal coverage more than trebled from 27% in 2000 to 85% in 2006. CONCLUSION: Improved services, community involvement and education, good coordination, and effective systems succeeded in reducing maternal mortality in a traditionally conservative environment. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MATERNAL MORTALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EMERGENCY SERVICES | OBSTETRICS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Medicine | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341374 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Community factors shaping HIV-related stigma among young people in three African countries. Author: Stephenson R Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):403-410. Abstract: Using nationally representative data on 15- to 24-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Zambia, the author examined the economic, demographic, and behavioral dimensions of community environments that shape HIV-related stigma among young people. The elements of the community that were significantly associated with HIV-related stigma were economic and behavioral aspects. There was no evidence of relationships between demographic patterns and HIV-related stigma. Behavioral change interventions must address HIV-related stigma in order to encourage behavior change, and must take into account the social, economic, and cultural environments in which young people live. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 340177 |
| 13. Title: How to mobilize communities for improved maternal and newborn health. Author: Storti C Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, Access to Clinical and Community Maternal, Neonatal and Women’s Health Services Program [ACCESS], 2009 Apr. [90] p. Abstract: This guide is intended for individuals who will work with communities as they mobilize to improve maternal and newborn health. It has two parts: Chapter one is a general overview of maternal and newborn health. Chapters two through seven take the readers step by step through the mobilization process, following the phases of the community action cycle. This part contains all of the essential instructions for carrying out a community mobilization initiative to improve the health of pregnant women and newborns. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TEACHING MATERIALS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MOTHERS | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | ANTENATAL CARE | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | INFECTION PREVENTION | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION WORKERS | PLANNING METHODOLOGY | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Health | Child Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Maternal Health Services | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Infections | Diseases | Medicine | Organization and Administration | Community Workers | Health Personnel | Planning | Evaluation Document Number: 331789 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Addressing social factors of adolescent reproductive health in the Republic of Georgia. Author: Tavadze M; Bartel D; Rubardt M Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(3):242-52. Abstract: The influence of social factors on reproductive health has been highlighted by researchers in the last decade, yet programmes to improve adolescent reproductive health (ARH) rarely address social factors such as gender discrimination. Beginning in 2004, CARE International implemented and evaluated a three-year ARH project to address individual behaviour change, institutional capacity and local social norms related to ARH in a rural district of the Republic of Georgia. Community engagement strategies included: promoting community support for ARH by adolescent/adult volunteer change agents; building health providers' capacity to better meet the needs of adolescents; and using 'Theatre for Development' to promote community dialogue about social norms. Project evaluation data demonstrated improved knowledge, attitudes, behaviour about family planning, improved institutional capacity to provide adolescent services and some evidence of shifts in gender norms. Community engagement is critical for successful strategies to influence social norms that promote healthy reproductive health. Language: English Keywords: GEORGIA | EVALUATION REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | CONTRACEPTION | INTERVENTIONS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Programs | Behavior Document Number: 341395 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Power and empowerment: Fostering effective collaboration in meeting the needs of orphans and vulnerable children. Author: Wallis A; Dukay V; Mellins C Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Jul 22;:1-14. Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS has resulted in a rapidly growing population of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). These OVC have strained the traditional safety net provided by extended families to its breaking point. Increasingly, community-based initiatives are emerging to fill the gap. However, relatively little is known about these efforts and their effectiveness. This article looks at one such initiative in rural Tanzania, and explores the relationship between local communities that seek to empower themselves to address the needs of their OVC and external organisations that have the resources and power to help them. This case study describes the successful effort of a community to build a Centre housing its orphans, and the subsequent closure of that Centre despite its evident success, because of a conflict between internal and external interests. This case study is used as the basis of a broader discussion on how those with power, and communities seeking empowerment, are complexly intertwined. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RURAL AREAS | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | NEEDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | POWER | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 342277 |
| 16. Title: Promoting community-based distribution / community reproductive health worker provision of DMPA. Educational visit to Uganda - summary report, 20-22 March, 2007. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Kampala, Uganda, FHI, 2008. [21] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse Doc. ID / Order No. PD-ACL-828USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: An educational visit to Uganda by Kenyan reproductive health professionals was held from March 20 to 22, 2007. This visit was funded by USAID under FHI's Promoting DMPA Provision by Community Health Providers project (FCO 113108). Delegates were invited from cooperating agencies (CAs) and professional associations that had participated in one-on-one advocacy meetings led by the Kenya DRH. These organizations were represented: KOGS, NNAK, The Nursing Council, the Kenya MOH/GTZ CBD programme, KCOA, and JHPIEGO. The objectives of the trip were: 1) To gain first-hand experience of Uganda's efforts at using CBDs to provide injectable Depo-Provera/DMPA at the community level; 2) To identify lessons learned from the Uganda initiative and approaches used to overcome challenges and obstacles; 3) To identify specific issues and concerns that would need to addressed in replicating a similar initiative in Kenya; and 4) To gather lessons, suggestions, and recommendations that will be presented at a larger stakeholders' meeting on CBD of DMPA in Kenya in 2007. The following key activities were carried out: 5) Sessions with key stakeholders in the Uganda CBD of DMPA project, including NGOs with RH activities and Uganda MOH officials; 6) Field visit to the Nakasongola district, where Save the Children (SC) has implemented a CBD of DMPA programme since 2004; and 7) The Kenyan team's wrap-up session and agreement on "take home" messages. The tour exposed the delegates to the details of the Uganda CBD programme and to the reality of CBDs providing DMPA. The main "take home" message was that CBD provision of DMPA was feasible and should be pilot-tested in Kenya. Each of the organizations represented pledged their support for a pilot study in Kenya and recommended that a project advisory committee be formed. This committee will be responsible for reviewing the process of conducting the pilot study, and the study's outcomes. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY WORKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION WORKERS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | DEPO-PROVERA | INJECTABLES | BEST PRACTICES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 329880 |
| 17. Title: Promoting community-based distribution / community reproductive health worker provision of DMPA. Educational visit to Uganda - summary report, February 18 - 20, 2008. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Kampala, Uganda, FHI, 2008. [32] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse Doc. ID / Order No. PD-ACL-827USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-05-00022-00) Abstract: An educational tour to Uganda on February 18-20 provided delegates from other countries with an introduction to the community-based distribution (CBD) of the injectable contraceptive DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, or Depo Provera). The goal was to learn about Uganda's experiences with the CBD of DMPA and to forge relationships between the delegates so that they could exchange information about such programs in their home countries. The tour was funded by USAID through a project-Promoting DMPA Provision by Community Health Providers-which is managed by Family Health International (FHI). The delegates hoped to achieve several objectives: 1. learn about the organizational network of the program, including the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders; 2. identify the costs of launching a CBD of DMPA program; 3. identify and understand potential ethical and regulatory issues; 4. learn best practices for providing the service; 5. examine strategies for sustainability and ownership, including remuneration, incentives, and community involvement; 6. learn how to monitor and supervise a program; and 7. identify weaknesses, strengths, and impediments associated with implementation Delegates met key stakeholders in Uganda who have supported and implemented the CBD of DMPA program since 2003. The delegates also learned about the program in Uganda from the staff at the Uganda Ministry of Health, FHI, and Save the Children. The delegates visited the districts of Luwero and Nakaseke, where Save the Children had implemented a CBD of DMPA program. The delegates met with district health officials, local family planning champions, Save the Children staff, and CBD workers who support and implement the program in these districts. The delegates asked questions of the district officials and CBD workers, and they observed a CBD worker provide an injection to a client. On the final day, the delegates participated in group planning sessions where they outlined the steps needed to implement the CBD of DMPA in their respective countries. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY WORKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION WORKERS | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | DEPO-PROVERA | INJECTABLES | BEST PRACTICES | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Contraceptive Methods | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329879 |
| 19. Title: Using culture to change behavior: a small-grants program catalyzes local action. Author: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health [PATH] Source: Nairobi, Kenya, PATH, [2008]. [2] p. Abstract: Culture has a vital influence on health, shaping definitions of illness and determining how health-related decisions are made. PATH, through the Culture and Health Program for Africa (CHAPS), encourages communities to reflect on cultural practices that affect health both positively and negatively. Through research and dialogue, communities are given the opportunity to evaluate cultural practices. Since 2000, CHAPS, with funding from the Ford Foundation, has awarded grants to 58 projects in Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt and South Africa to increase community involvement in the pursuit of better health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | GRANTS | CULTURE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Organization and Administration | Nutrition | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 325688 |
| 20. Title: Community-based HIV interventions for young people. Author: UNAIDS. Inter-Agency Task Team on HIV and Young People Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund, HIV/AIDS Branch, [2008]. 8 p. (Guidance Brief) Abstract: This Brief has been developed by the Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on HIV and Young People1 to assist United Nations Country Teams (UNCT) and UN Theme Groups on HIV/AIDS in providing guidance to their staffs, governments, development partners, civil society and other implementing partners on community HIV interventions for young people. It is part of a series of seven global Guidance Briefs that focus on HIV prevention, treatment, care and support interventions for young people that can be delivered through different settings and for a range of target groups. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | COMMUNITY | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HIV PREVENTION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | UNAIDS | MONITORING | PROGRAM EVALUATION | INTERNET | INFORMATION SOURCES | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Information Networks | Communication | Information Document Number: 329554 |
| 21. Title: School-centred HIV and AIDS care and support in Southern Africa: technical consultation report, 22-24 May 2007, Gaborone, Botswana. Author: UNESCO Source: Paris, France, UNESCO, Education Sector, Division for the Coordination of UN Priorities in Education, Section on HIV and AIDS, 2008. 39 p. Abstract: There are currently more people living with HIV in Southern Africa than in any other region in the world. As a result of the AIDS epidemic, schools urgently need to respond to the changing needs of their teachers, students and local communities, not only to protect the basic functioning of the education system, but also as part of the wider responsibility to respond to HIV and AIDS in the region. While some may argue that an educational institution's response to HIV and AIDS should be limited to education about HIV prevention, schools and other institutions can - and do - play a significant role in supporting all the dimensions of a comprehensive response to HIV and AIDS: including prevention, treatment, care and support. Schools in Southern Africa urgently need to respond to the HIV-related needs of their students, teachers and communities - as part of efforts to achieve universal access to HIV prevention programmes, treatment and care, but also as a necessary part of achieving international targets including Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS PREVENTION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Document Number: 325694 |
| 22. Title: The state of Africa's children 2008. Child survival. Author: UNICEF Source: New York, New York, UNICEF, 2008 May. 54 p. Abstract: Every year, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) publishes The State of the World's Children, the most comprehensive and authoritative report on the world's youngest citizens. The State of the World's Children 2008, published in January 2008, examines the global realities of maternal and child survival and the prospects for meeting the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - the targets set by the world community in 2000 for eradicating poverty, reducing child and maternal mortality, combating disease, ensuring environmental sustainability and providing access to affordable medicines in developing countries. This year, UNICEF is also publishing the inaugural edition of The State of Africa's Children. This volume and other forthcoming regional editions complement The State of the World's Children 2008, sharpening from a worldwide to a regional perspective the global report's focus on trends in child survival and health, and outlining possible solutions - by means of programmes, policies and partnerships - to accelerate progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD HEALTH | CHILD MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | CAUSES OF DEATH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | UNICEF | Developing Countries | Africa | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Maternal-Child Health Services | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Management | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 327008 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Strengthening functional community-provider linkages: lessons from the Indore urban health programme. Author: Agarwal S; Satyavada A; Patra P; Kumar R Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jul;3(3):308-325. Abstract: Weak linkages between health providers and slum communities hinder the improvement of health services for India's urban poor. To address this issue, an urban health programme is implementing two approaches in Indore city, Madhya Pradesh, the demand-supply linkage approach and ward coordination approach. The former is based on the premise that building social capital, i.e. norms and networks within a community facilitating collective action, helps improve the demand and supply of health services for the urban poor. The latter focuses on encouraging local stakeholders to function in a coordinated manner to ensure better health service coverage in underserved slum areas. Findings suggest that the programme has enhanced utilization of services among Indore's slum communities and helped improve immunization coverage and other maternal and child health indicators. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | EVALUATION REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | SLUMS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COORDINATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Document Number: 327758 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV / AIDS and hope(lessness). Author: Barnett T Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jul;3(3):233-248. Abstract: Public policy debates, about HIV and prevention policy, have tended to occupy positions at the extremes of the two camps of rational choice, theorists and structuralists. This paper argues that the concept of hope may offer a way through this policy and paradigmatic log-jam. Hope is an individually measurable concept, which serves to link the ecological concept of risk environment with that of individual choice. It may be extended into broader understandings of the social epidemiology of infectious diseases. Use of an operationalised concept of hope also offers a possible way forward for rapid community diagnosis and participation in policy development, because it is immediately and intuitively accessible at three often separated levels: the individual actor, the researcher and those acting in the policy arena. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THEORETICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH POLICY | ATTITUDES | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | ECOLOGY | RISK ASSESSMENT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SOCIOLOGY | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HIV TESTING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Environment | Public Health | Health | Social Sciences | Science | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 327756 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Community-based newborn care: are we there yet? Author: Bhutta ZA; Soofi S Source: Lancet. 2008 Sep 27;372(9644):1124-6. Abstract: Achieving the Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015 will not be possible without targeting the 4 million deaths of newborn babies every year. Most deaths of newborn babies occur at home, among poor people, and are associated with inadequate maternal health care during pregnancy and childbirth. Although lack of skilled birth attendants is a large part of the problem, maternal and newborn health is also related to complex issues, such as maternal empowerment, sociocultural taboos, and care-seeking practices and behaviours during pregnancy and child-birth. Progress is also hampered by the limited repertoire of interventions for treating birth asphyxia, prematurity, and serious neonatal infections in com munity settings. Despite a fair amount of advocacy around maternal and newborn care, real progress on the ground remains slow. Notwithstanding these barriers and limitations, the evidence base for strategies and interventions for newborn care in community settings has substantially improved, with a range of interventions that can be potentially packaged for delivery at different times during pregnancy, childbirth, and after birth, through various health-care providers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | INFANT | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CHILD SURVIVAL | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Biology | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Education | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Diseases Document Number: 329078 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Power, community mobilization, and condom use practices among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Author: Blankenship KM; West BS; Kershaw TS; Biradavolu MR Source: AIDS. 2008 Dec;22 Suppl 5:S109-16. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We used a structural interventions framework to analyse the associations between power and condom use among a sample of female sex workers (FSW), and how exposure to a local community mobilization intervention (CMI) affects these associations. DESIGN: Data came from a cross-sectional survey of 812 FSW in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India, recruited through respondent-driven sampling. METHODS: We identified three types of power - collective power, control over work, and economic power, and three dimensions of collective power - collective identity, efficacy, and agency. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the relationship of these three types of power and exposure to a CMI with consistent condom use with clients. RESULTS: A total of 803 respondents exchanged sex with an occasional or regular client in the 7 days before the interview. Multivariate logistic regression shows that control over both the type of sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23-2.34] and the amount charged (AOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12-2.16), and economic dependence (AOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35-0.83) are associated with consistent condom use as is programme exposure (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.48-2.94). The interaction between programme exposure and collective agency was also significant (chi-square 6.62, P = 0.01). Among respondents who reported both programme exposure and high levels of collective agency, the odds ratio of consistent condom use was 2.5 times that of other FSW. CONCLUSION: A structural interventions framework is useful for understanding HIV risk among FSW. More needs to be done to promote FSW control over work and access to economic resources. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | CONDOM USE | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs Document Number: 329641 |
| 27. Title: Matter of faith: Support for comprehensive sex education among faith-based organizations. Author: Boonstra HD Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Winter;11(1):17-22. Abstract: Since colonial times, religious institutions in the United States have played a major role in providing social services to the needy. In doing so, churches and synagogues for most of the nation's history either operated without significant support from the government or set up separate nonprofits for their charity work. Over the past few decades, however, a growing movement has developed to expand partnerships between faith-based organizations and the government. The "Charitable Choice" provisions in the 1996 welfare reform law effected the most significant legislative changes to the relationship between government and faith-based organizations in recent history. President Bush has sought to build on Charitable Choice by establishing the White House Faith-Based and Community Initiative and Centers for Faith-Based Community Initiatives across several government agencies. Through these initiatives and an array of policy reforms and outreach, Bush has promoted broader involvement of faith-based organizations in social programs as a core component of his "compassionate conservative" agenda. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | POLICYMAKERS | SEX EDUCATION | RELIGION | LEGISLATION | ABSTINENCE | CONSERVATISM | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL POLICY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy Document Number: 325584 |
| 28. Title: Representations of HIV/AIDS management in South African newspapers. Author: Campbell C; Gibbs A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Jul;7(2):195-208. Abstract: In South Africa, numerous strong policy statements emphasise the importance of involving communities in HIV/AIDS management, yet in practice such involvement tends to be tokenistic and minimal. Social representations in the public sphere constitute the symbolic dimension within which responses to HIV and AIDS are conceptualised and transformed into action. Through an analysis of newspaper articles, we explore the dominant representations of HIV/AIDS management circulating in the South African public sphere and examine how community engagement is depicted. We highlight the way media representations reflect narrow understandings of HIV and AIDS as a predominantly medical problem, while depicting HIV/AIDS management as a top-down activity dominated by prominent individuals, such as national leaders, health professionals and philanthropists, thus marginalising the role played by communities, who are often depicted as passive recipients of interventions by active outsiders. These representations fail to reflect the key role played by members of grassroots communities in responding to the HIV epidemic. Such representations provide flawed conceptual tools for shaping responses to the epidemic, given that HIV-related programmes are unlikely to have optimal outcomes unless they resonate with the perceived needs and interests of their target communities, as we contend that effective HIV/AIDS management is best achieved through active participation by communities in HIV/AIDS management strategies. We discuss the implications of a more 'civic-minded journalism.' Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | JOURNALISTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EPIDEMICS | NEWSPAPERS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HEALTH POLICY | HEALTH SERVICES | CAMPAIGNS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Communications Personnel | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Printed Media | Mass Media | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Programs | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 341263 |
| 29. Title: 2008 National Youth Shadow Report: Progress Made on the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS. Zimbabwe. Author: Chisango T Source: New York, New York, Global Youth Action Network, Global Youth Coalition on HIV / AIDS, 2008. 13 p. Abstract: In Zimbabwe roughly one person becomes infected every three minutes. The country lies within the Southern African region with the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. According to UNAIDS (2005), an estimated 11.4 million people are living with HIV in nine countries of Southern Africa, one of which is Zimbabwe. This means that almost 30% of all people living with HIV globally reside in an area inhabited by only 2% of the world's population. In Zimbabwe, more than half of all new infections occur among young people, especially girls. In 2002, President Robert Mugabe declared HIV and AIDS a national emergency. Notably, by 2007, Zimbabwe reported a decline in overall HIV prevalence in the adult population ages 15-49 from an estimated 24.6% in 2003 to an estimated 9-15.6%. Nonetheless, the average life expectancy for women, who are particularly affected by Zimbabwe's AIDS epidemic, is 34 years old - the lowest anywhere in the world. HIV prevalence of young women below the age of 20 was reported to be five times higher than their male counterparts. Surveys have found that women as young as 12 years are engaging in sex work with very mobile populations who are statistically more likely to be infected with HIV in country with a generalized epidemic. With increasing political conflict and economic decline, Zimbabwe has become isolated from the international aid community. Zimbabwe is currently experiencing historic civil unrest due to a power struggle between two rival political candidates for President. The rate of hyperinflation as of March 2008 was 355,000%; with global food and energy costs soaring, and opposition voters experiencing brutal intimidation by the incumbent President Robert Mugabe. Over 4 million Zimbabweans have fled to neighboring countries as refugees, and HIV is just one of the dire concerns for a people facing starvation, violence, unemployment, and disease. The international community has isolated Zimbabwe due to violent government repression of citizens, and allegations of a fraudulent election. Conflict exacerbates the causes of high rates of HIV infection in the region- sexual violence, low rates of condom use, multiple sexual partnerships, gender inequality, and low coverage of health services amongst others. Young people account for most new HIV infections in Zimbabwe, and the an estimated 13% of young people ages 15-24 years are living with HIV, one of the highest in the world. The situation is compounded by a lack of translation of knowledge on how to prevent HIV infection into action. According to the National Behaviour Change Strategy (NCBS) what needs to be addressed are issues related to perceptions of one's level of risk of infection, sex between older men and younger women, and multiple sexual partners that expose young people to HIV. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HIV PREVENTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | FUNDS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 326056 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Addressing the attitudes of service providers: increasing access to professional midwifery care in Nepal. Author: Clapham S; Pokharel D; Bird C; Basnett I Source: Tropical Doctor. 2008 Oct;38(4):197-201. Abstract: Increasing access to professional care during labour and delivery is the central strategy in Nepal's commitment to reducing its maternal mortality ratio. This paper outlines a number of complementary interventions used by the Nepal Safer Motherhood Project to address the negative attitudes prevalent among service providers, which is a contributing factor to the under-utilization of the health-care services. The perspectives of the community and the service providers are presented, with a discussion of the importance of effective communication, the establishment of positive relationships and a demonstration of the critical role of local ownership and involvement in bringing about a positive change. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | ATTITUDES | CHILDBIRTH | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | OWNERSHIP | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Services Document Number: 329322 |
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