1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Author: Andre FE; Booy R; Bock HL; Clemens J; Datta SK Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Feb;86(2):140-146. Abstract: In low-income countries, infectious diseases still account for a large proportion of deaths, highlighting health inequities largely caused by economic differences. Vaccination can cut health-care costs and reduce these inequities. Disease control, elimination or eradication can save billions of US dollars for communities and countries. Vaccines have lowered the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and will control cervical cancer. Travellers can be protected against "exotic" diseases by appropriate vaccination. Vaccines are considered indispensable against bioterrorism. They can combat resistance to antibiotics in some pathogens. Noncommunicable diseases, such as ischaemic heart disease, could also be reduced by influenza vaccination. Immunization programmes have improved the primary care infrastructure in developing countries, lowered mortality in childhood and empowered women to better plan their families, with consequent health, social and economic benefits. Vaccination helps economic growth everywhere, because of lower morbidity and mortality. The annual return on investment in vaccination has been calculated to be between 12% and 18%. Vaccination leads to increased life expectancy. Long healthy lives are now recognized as a prerequisite for wealth, and wealth promotes health. Vaccines are thus efficient tools to reduce disparities in wealth and inequities in health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | VACCINATION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324407 |
2.  Title: The meaning and consequences of tuberculosis for an at-risk urban group in Ecuador. Author: Armijos RX; Weigel MM; Qincha M; Ulloa B Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública / Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Mar 31;23(3):188-197. Abstract: The objective was to explore knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes about tuberculosis (TB) in a high-risk group in Ecuador. This included signs and symptoms, causation, transmission, treatment, treatment adherence, impact on lifestyle and role functioning, and stigma. A convenience sample of 212 adults undergoing diagnostic TB testing at a public health facility in Quito, Ecuador, was recruited for the study. Data were collected from subjects during face-to-face interviews using a structured instrument containing closed and openended questions. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were used for quantitative analyses; content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Most subjects were familiar with TB and some of its characteristics and treatment aspects. However, many also held misconceptions or lacked key knowledge which could adversely affect early diagnosis and treatment and adherence to treatment, and thereby allow the disease to spread. Subject education was the single most important predictor of knowledge, beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes followed by gender, age, and prior disease experience. The subjects linked TB to multiple adverse health, economic, psychological, and social consequences, including stigma. Although none knew if they had TB when interviewed, many reported feeling stigmatized just by being tested. The subjects identified a strong need for formal educational opportunities to learn about TB prevention and control but had little access to these. The study findings highlight a need for enhanced population access to TB education. Health education and social marketing directed toward increasing TB knowledge and changing perceptions and attitudes could ultimately contribute to improved early diagnosis, treatment adherence, prevention, and decreased stigma. This could be accomplished providing that the public health infrastructure is adequate to meet demands. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | POPULATION AT RISK | TUBERCULOSIS | KNOWLEDGE | BELIEFS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TRANSMISSION | STIGMA | USER COMPLIANCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROMOTION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 326162 |
| 3. Title: Aetiology of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in rural Ghana: Implications for health programming in developing countries. Author: Edmond KM; Quigley MA; Zandoh C; Danso S; Hurt C Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Sep;22(5):430-437. Abstract: In developing countries many stillbirths and neonatal deaths occur at home and cause of death is not recorded by national health information systems. A community-level verbal autopsy tool was used to obtain data on the aetiology of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in rural Ghana. Objectives were to describe the timing and distribution of causes of stillbirths and neonatal deaths according to site of death (health facility or home). Data were collected from 1 January 2003 to 30 June 2004; 20 317 deliveries, 696 stillbirths and 623 neonatal deaths occurred over that time. Most deaths occurred in the antepartum period (28 weeks gestation to the onset of labour) (33.0%). However, the highest risk periods were during labour and delivery (intrapartum period) and the first day of life. Infections were a major cause of death in the antepartum (10.1%) and neonatal (40.3%) periods. The most important cause of intrapartum death was obstetric complications (59.3%). There were significantly fewer neonatal deaths resulting from birth asphyxia in the home than in the health facilities and more deaths from infection. Only 59 (20.7%) mothers of neonates who died at home reported that they sought care from an appropriate health care provider (doctor, nurse or health facility) during their baby's illness. The results from this study highlight the importance of studying community-level data in developing countries and the high risk of intrapartum stillbirths and infectious diseases in the rural African mother and neonate. Community-level interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions that reduce intrapartum deaths and infection rates in the mother and infant. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | NEONATAL MORTALITY | FETAL DEATH | DEATH RECORDS | AUTOPSY | COMMUNITY SURVEYS | CAUSES OF DEATH | MATERNAL HEALTH | MORBIDITY | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Diseases | Infections Document Number: 327929 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Young adult and middle age mortality in Butajira demographic surveillance site, Ethiopia: lifestyle, gender and household economy. Author: Fantahun M; Berhane Y; Hogberg U; Wall S; Byass P Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jul 31;8(268):268. Abstract: Public health research characterising the course of life through the middle age in developing societies is scarce. The aim of this study is to explore patterns of adult (15-64 years) mortality in an Ethiopian population over time, by gender, urban or rural lifestyle, causes of death and in relation to household economic status and decision-making. The study was conducted in Butajira Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) in south-central Ethiopia among adults 15-64 years old. Cohort analysis of surveillance data was conducted for the years 1987-2004 complemented by a prospective case-referent (case control) study over two years. Rate ratios were computed to assess the relationships between mortality and background variables using a Poisson regression model. In the case-referent component, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were used to assess the effect of certain risk factors that were not included in the surveillance system. A total of 367 940 person years were observed in a period of 18 years,in which 2 860 deaths occurred. One hundred sixty two cases and 486 matched for age, sex and place of residence controls were included in the case referent (case control) study. Only a modest downward trend in adult mortality was seen over the 18 year period. Rural lifestyle carried a significant survival disadvantage [mortality rate ratio 1.62 (95% CI 1.44 to 1.82), adjusted for gender, period and age group], while the overall effects of gender were negligible. Communicable disease mortality was appreciably higher in rural areas [rate ratio 2.05 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.44), adjusted for gender, age group and period]. Higher mortality was associated with a lack of literacy in a household, poor economic status and lack of women's decision making. A complex pattern of adult mortality prevails, still influenced by war, famine and communicable diseases. Individual factors such as a lack of education, low economic status and social disadvantage all contribute to increased risks of mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADULTS | MORTALITY CHANGES | RISK FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | FAMINE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Biology | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 327973 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Does the recent evolution of Canadian mortality agree with the epidemiologic transition theory? Author: Lussier MH; Bourbeau R; Choiniere R Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 20;18(19):531-568. Abstract: The last century has been the witness to numerous changes in population evolution, including an important decline in fertility, paired with a regression of mortality due in part to the changing nature of causes of death. The study of the theory of the epidemiologic transition has allowed better insight of the processes behind the evolution of mortality and causes of death in developed countries. However, this theory of the epidemiologic transition has also been a controversial issue among researchers in the last few decades. The object of this analysis is to study the evolution of the late stages of the epidemiologic transition in Canada, and to determine where Canada stands among the theoretical stages of the epidemiologic transition suggested by various researchers. After studying the epidemiologic transition's situation in Canada, it is determined that the delimitation of temporal stages within the epidemiologic transition as put forward by Omran (1971, 1998), Olshansky and Ault (1986), Rogersand Hackenberg (1987) and Olshansky et al. (1998) does not suit the Canadian evolution. Many of the researchers' postulates on the epidemiologic transition were not confirmed, which leads us to assert that, since 1958, the epidemiologic transition in Canada is best described as an evolution process rather than specific stages confined within time limits. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | CHRONIC DISEASES | SURVIVORSHIP | MORTALITY DECLINE | SEX FACTORS | AIDS | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Death Rate | Diseases | Length of Life | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Infections Document Number: 327408 |
| 6. Title: Early life exposure and its effects on health in the Puerto Rican elderly population. Author: McEniry M; Palloni A; Davila AL; Garcia Gurucharri A Source: Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center for Demography and Ecology, 2008. 49 p. (CDE Working Paper No. 2008-01) Abstract: Season of birth may help disentangle the effects on health of early life exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases from effects associated with other childhood conditions. Using data from 60 to 74 year old Puerto Ricans who lived in rural areas during childhood (n=1459), we estimated effects of exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases during late gestation on the probability of (a) chronic conditions (diabetes, heart disease, obesity), (b) decreased functionality (limitation in at least one ADL and IADL), and (c) poor self-reported health controlling for childhood health and SES and knee height. Findings: (1) strong associations between exposure and heart disease; (2) virtually no attenuation of effects of self-reported childhood health with controls for exposure; (3) no association between exposure and diabetes, obesity, functionality, poor health. Conclusions: timing of birth may reveal conditions experienced perinatally which affect adult heart disease, but there is little evidence of similar effects on adult diabetes and obesity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | OLDER ADULTS | FETUS | SEASONAL VARIATION | CHILDBIRTH | INFANT NUTRITION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | CHILD HEALTH | CHRONIC DISEASES | HEALTH | HEART DISEASES | OBESITY | DIABETES | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy Outcomes | Nutrition | Infections | Diseases | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325667 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Causes of deaths using verbal autopsy among adolescents and adults in rural western Kenya. Author: van Eijk AM; Adazu K; Ofware P; Vulule J; Hamel M; Slutsker L Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Oct;13(10):1314-24. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish causes and patterns of deaths among adolescents and adults (age >11 years) using verbal autopsy (VA) in a rural area of western Kenya where malaria and HIV are common. METHODS: Village reporters reported all deaths in Asembo and Gem (population 135 000), an area under routine demographic surveillance. After an interval of >/=1 month, a trained interviewer used a structured questionnaire to ask the caretaker about signs and symptoms that preceded death. Three clinical officers independently reviewed the interviews and assigned two unranked causes of death; a common cause was designated as the cause of death. RESULTS: In 2003, 1816 deaths were reported from residents; 48% were male and 72% were between 20 and 64 years of age. Most residents (97%) were ill before death, with 60% of illnesses lasting more than 2 months; 87% died at home. Care was sought by 96%; a health facility was the most common source, visited by 73%. For 1759 persons (97%), a common cause of death was designated. Overall, 74% of deaths were attributed to infectious causes. HIV (32%) and tuberculosis (TB) (16%) were the most frequent, followed by malaria, respiratory infections, anaemia and diarrhoeal disease (approximately 6% each). Death in a health facility was associated with young age, higher education, higher SES, a non-infectious disease cause and a shorter duration of illness. CONCLUSION: In this area, the majority of adult and adolescent deaths were attributed to potentially preventable infectious diseases. Deaths in health facilities were not representative of deaths in the community. Programmes to prevent HIV and TB infection and to decrease mortality have started. Their impact can be evaluated against this baseline information. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ADOLESCENTS | ADULTS | RURAL POPULATION | PREVALENCE | AUTOPSY | CAUSES OF DEATH | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | INTERVIEWS | SEX FACTORS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Data Collection | Infections Document Number: 329216 |
| 8. Title: The Millennium Development Goals report 2007. Author: United Nations Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2007 Jun. 36 p. Abstract: Since their adoption by all United Nations Member States in 2000, the Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals have become a universal framework for development and a means for developing countries and their development partners to work together in pursuit of a shared future for all. The Millennium Declaration set 2015 as the target date for achieving most of the Goals. As we approach the midway point of this 15-year period, data are now becoming available that provide an indication of progress during the first third of this 15-year period. This report presents the most comprehensive global assessment of progress to date, based on a set of data prepared by a large number of international organizations within and outside the United Nations system. The results are, predictably, uneven. The years since 2000, when world leaders endorsed the Millennium Declaration, have seen some visible and widespread gains. Encouragingly, the report suggests that some progress is being made even inthose regions where the challenges are greatest. These accomplishments testify to the unprecedented degree of commitment by developing countries and their development partners to the Millennium Declaration and to some success in building the global partnership embodied in the Declaration. The results achieved in the more successful cases demonstrate that success is possible in most countries, but that the MDGs will be attained only if concerted additional action is taken immediately and sustained until 2015. All stakeholders need to fulfil, in their entirety, the commitments they made in the Millennium Declaration and subsequent pronouncements. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | UN | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | FOOD SECURITY | EDUCATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL HEALTH | HIV | AIDS | MALARIA | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Economic Development Document Number: 327633 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Oslo Ministerial Declaration -- global health: a pressing foreign policy issue of our time. Author: Amorim C; Douste-Blazy P; Wirayuda H; Store JG; Gadio CT Source: Lancet. 2007 Apr;369(9570):1373-1378. Abstract: Under their initiative on Global Health and Foreign Policy, launched in September, 2006, in New York, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, France, Indonesia, Norway, Senegal, South Africa, and Thailand issued the following statement in Oslo on March 20, 2007-In today's era of globalisation and interdependence there is an urgent need to broaden the scope of foreign policy. Together, we face a number of pressing challenges that require concerted responses and collaborative efforts. We must encourage new ideas, seek and develop new partnerships and mechanisms, and create new paradigms of cooperation. We believe that health is one of the most important, yet still broadly neglected, long-term foreign policy issues of our time. Life and health are our most precious assets. There is a growing awareness that investment in health is fundamental to economic growth and development. It is generally acknowledged that threats to health may compromise a country's stability and security. We believe that health as a foreign policy issue needs a stronger strategic focus on the international agenda. We have therefore agreed to make impact on health a point of departure and a defining lens that each of our countries will use to examine key elements of foreign policy and development strategies, and to engage in a dialogue on how to deal with policy options from this perspective. As Ministers of Foreign Affairs, we will work to: increase awareness of our common vulnerability in the face of health threats by bringing health issues more strongly into the arenas of foreign policy discussions and decisions, in order to strengthen our commitment to concerted action at the global level; build bilateral, regional and multilateral cooperation for global health security by strengthening the case for collaboration and brokering broad agreement, accountability, and action; reinforce health as a key element in strategies for development and for fighting poverty, in order to reach the Millennium Development Goals; ensure that a higher priority is given to health in dealing with trade issues and in conforming to the Doha principles, affirming the right of each country to make full use of TRIPS flexibilities in order to ensure universal access to medicines; strengthen the place of health measures in conflict and crisis management and in reconstruction efforts. For this purpose, we have prepared a first set of actionable steps for raising the priority of health in foreign policy in an Agenda for Action. We pledge to pursue these issues in our respective regional settings and in relevant international bodies. We invite Ministers of Foreign Affairs from all regions to join us in further exploring ways and means to achieve our objectives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | GROUP MEETING | HEALTH POLICY | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | HUMAN RESOURCES | NATURAL DISASTERS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | GOALS | Communication | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors | Environment | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 315520 |
| 10. Title: Public health optimism in the new millennium [editorial] Author: Berhane Y Source: Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2007;21(2):109-110. Abstract: The hope for prosperity in the new Ethiopian millennium is very high. Celebrating a millennium is a rare event and it is indeed a historic moment for every body to wish for better life. Ensuring reasonable standards of health is the basis for prosperity, for individuals and the nation. In Ethiopia modern health services started expanding about hundred years ago. Although some remarkable achievements have been observed in the recent decades there are still formidable challenges for creating healthy populations and environment. The Ethiopian population grew by about sevenfold in the last century. Migration and urbanization created a serious challenge in preventing and controlling communicable diseases due to low immunity among migrant populations and overcrowding and poor sanitation in urban areas. Environmental degradations resulted in irregular climatic conditions leading to frequent drought and famine. Considerable proportion of the Ethiopian population lives under poverty level. Malnutrition became rampant among children and mothers maintaining a vicious cycle of malnutrition, infection and poverty. Morbidity and mortality rates have been on of the highest in the world. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | CRITIQUE | PUBLIC HEALTH | MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | STANDARDS | HUMAN RESOURCES | BRAIN DRAIN | NEEDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | International Migration Document Number: 323366 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to reaching the targets for tuberculosis control: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Author: Blondal K Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 May;85(5):325-420. Abstract: The development and expansion of WHO's DOTS strategy was successful, with 83% of the world's population living in countries or parts of countries covered by this strategy by the end of 2004. Treatment success in the 2003 DOTS cohort of 1.7 million patients was 82% on average, close to the 85% target. Treatment success was below average in the African Region (72%), which can be partly attributed to occurrence of HIV co-infection, and in the European Region (75%), partly due to drug resistance. Drug resistance, specifically multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance, is a serious threat to public health in all countries, especially in the Russian Federation, where the highest rates of multidrug resistance are presently accompanied by a rapid increase in HIV infection. Based on the experience of the first projects approved by the Green Light Committee, the treatment success of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is lower than that of drug-susceptible cases, but nevertheless reaches 70%. The collaborative effort of different organizations, professionals and communities is needed to address the development and spread of multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance, which combined with the epidemic of HIV infection is one of the barriers to dealing effectively with TB. This effort should be directed towards facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of TB patients, in particular by improving access to drug susceptibility testing and strengthening treatment delivery by rigorous adherence to DOTS as outlined by the Stop TB Partnership. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WHO | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUG RESISTANCE | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | EPIDEMICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Viral Diseases Document Number: 316243 |
| 12. Title: Internationalism, infectious diseases and international development: there is an elephant in the living room [editorial] Author: Cameron DW Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Jan;11(1):3. Abstract: Infectious diseases and human health are international by nature. While the distances of the world shorten by travel and trade, the transport and introduction of infectious diseases increases globally. Every year in season influenza crosses the globe, and surveillance in some countries will be used in selective vaccine development for the public health in many countries. But influenza is not the only traveler, and the combination of surveillance and vaccination is not the only international public health response. Every pandemic is the sum of local epidemics, and every city and village has its own story. Mega-cities will have 'mega-demics' through crowding, poverty, mobility and mixing of so many people as the natural world has never seen before. The differences in public health, and in healthcare vary as widely within countries as they do between countries -- the gap between the have's and the have-not's is as great between rich and poor people anywhere, as it is between developed and developing nations. Within nations, access to healthcare and promotion of the public health are an issue of distributive justice and civil rights. However, the public health is more responsive to economic development than healthcare provision. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SEASONAL VARIATION | EPIDEMICS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 312512 |
| 13. Title: Awakening to global health. Author: Dunavan CP Source: Health Affairs. 2007;26(4):1135-1140. Abstract: What we used to call "international health" (suggesting something that went on "over there") has now been renamed and reenergized as "global health." Travel, communications, and the resurgent power of microorganisms make the health of populations in Asia or Africa mainline concerns in the United States. Both epidemiology and humanitarianism argue for a global view of world health. In her essay, tropical medicine specialist Claire Panosian Dunavan discusses the path that led the United States to this new level of awareness about the importance of world health and the realization that, as she puts it, "the health of others touches all of us-eventually." Twenty-first-century America is the beneficiary of growing numbers of immigrants and their children, many of whom are health workers. Aisha Saad came to the United States from Egypt as a child and is now majoring in environmental health science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her experiences on returning to Cairo for a summer to work in a public hospital give her a new view of global health-and her role in it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PUBLIC HEALTH | FOREIGN AID | MEDICINE | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | MALARIA | MASS MEDIA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Infections | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Communication Document Number: 318599 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Commentary: improving the health of neglected populations in Latin America. Author: Franco-Paredes C; Jones D; Rodriguez-Morales AJ; Santos-Preciado JI Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 23;7:11. Abstract: Neglected diseases encompass a group of pathologies that disproportionally affect resource-constrained areas of the world. In tropical and subtropical areas in Latin America, the vicious cycle of poverty, disease and underdevelopment is widespread. The burden of disease associated to neglected diseases in this region is mainly expressed through diseases such as malaria, dengue, intestinal parasitic infections, Chagas' disease, and many others. These maladies have burdened Latin America throughout centuries and have directly influenced their ability to develop and become competitive societies in the current climate of globalization. Therefore, the need for a new paradigm that integrates various public health policies, programs, and a strategy with the collaboration of all responsible sectors is long overdue. In this regard, innovative approaches are required to ensure the availability of low-cost, simple, sustainable, and locally acceptable strategies to improve the health of neglected populations to prevent, control, and potentially eliminate neglected diseases. Improving the health of these forgotten populations will place them in an environment more conducive to development and will likely contribute significantly to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in this area of the globe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | POVERTY | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | PAHO | GOALS | Americas | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | WHO | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 312009 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Prevention, control, and elimination of neglected diseases in the Americas: Pathways to integrated, inter-programmatic, inter-sectoral action for health and development. Author: Holveck JC; Ehrenberg JP; Ault SK; Rojas R; Vasquez J Source: BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan;7:6. Abstract: In the Latin America and Caribbean region over 210 million people live below the poverty line. These impoverished and marginalized populations are heavily burdened with neglected communicable diseases. These diseases continue to enact a toll, not only on families and communities, but on the economically constrained countries themselves. As national public health priorities, neglected communicable diseases typically maintain a low profile and are often left out when public health agendas are formulated. While many of the neglected diseases do not directly cause high rates of mortality, they contribute to an enormous rate of morbidity and a drastic reduction in income for the most poverty-stricken families and communities. The persistence of this "vicious cycle" between poverty and poor health demonstrates the importance of linking the activities of the health sector with those of other sectors such as education, housing, water and sanitation, labor, public works, transportation, agriculture, industry, and economic development. The purpose of this paper is three fold. First, it focuses on a need for integrated "pro-poor" approaches and policies to be developed in order to more adequately address the multi-faceted nature of neglected diseases. This represents a move away from traditional disease-centered approaches to a holistic approach that looks at the overarching causes and mechanisms that influence the health and well being of communities. The second objective of the paper outlines the need for a specific strategy for addressing these diseases and offers several programmatic entry points in the context of broad public health measures involving multiple sectors. Finally, the paper presents several current Pan American Health Organization and other institutional initiatives that already document the importance of integrated, inter-programmatic, and inter-sectoral approaches. They provide the framework for a renewed effort toward the efficient use of resources and the development of a comprehensive integrated solution to neglected communicable diseases found in the context of poverty, and tailored to the needs of local communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | PANEL DISCUSSION | POPULATION | POVERTY | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PARASITE CONTROL | PAHO | GOALS | EDUCATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | INTERVENTIONS | Americas | Developing Countries | Group Meeting | Communication | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Public Health | Health | WHO | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs Document Number: 312008 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Reaching the targets for tuberculosis control: the impact of HIV. Author: Laserson KF; Wells CD Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 May;85(5):325-420. Abstract: In 1991, the 44th World Health Assembly set two key targets for global tuberculosis (TB) control to be reached by 2000: 70% case detection of acid-fast bacilli smear-positive TB patients under the DOTS strategy recommended by WHO and 85% treatment success of those detected. This paper describes how TB control was scaled up to achieve these targets; it also considers the barriers encountered in reaching the targets, with a particular focus on how HIV infection affects TB control. Strong TB control will be facilitated by scaling-up WHO-recommended TB/HIV collaborative activities and by improving coordination between HIV and TB control programmes; in particular, to ensure control of drug-resistant TB. Required activities include more HIV counselling and testing of TB patients, greater use and acceptance of isoniazid as a preventive treatment in HIV-infected individuals, screening for active TB in HIV-care settings, and provision of universal access to antiretroviral treatment for all HIV-infected individuals eligible for such treatment. Integration of TB and HIV services in all facilities (i.e. in HIV-care settings and in TB clinics), especially at the periphery, is needed to effectively treat those infected with both diseases, to prolong their survival and to maximize limited human resources. Global TB targets can be met, particularly if there is renewed attention to TB/HIV collaborative activities combined with tremendous political commitment and will. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | GLOBAL | PROGRESS REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WHO | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | DRUG RESISTANCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Treatment | HIV Document Number: 316242 |
| 17. Title: Prioritization of intervention methods for prevention of communicable diseases in Tanzania. Author: Mayo AW Source: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 2007;32(15-18):1204-1211. Abstract: Water, sanitation, housing and hygienic behavior plays dominant role in the transmission and intensification of diseases. To effectively utilize limited financial resources, it is important to prioritize disease intervention methods in order to minimize mortality and morbidity cases. Realization of the environmental health components that respond to the practical effects of their contribution to transmission of diseases has greater chances of effectively enhancing health. Data of frequency of diseases and mortality rate were collected from four municipal hospitals from districts of Ilala, Kinondoni, Temeke and Kibaha in Dar es Salaam and Coast Regions. The populations at risk were sub-categorized in relation to age; below five years and above five years. The age parameter assists on envisaging the major causes to be either in-house or in public domain. Data were analyzed to assess the role of water quality, water quantity, excreta disposal, waste disposal and hygiene education on spreading the diseases in order to come up with scientifically evaluated information. Scores were given to each intervention method depending on its importance in controlling a particular disease. The results indicate that incidences of malaria, skin and eye infections, pneumonia and diarrhea are frequent in these districts. Children under 5 years are particularly affected by pneumonia and diarrhea more than adults. Malaria, tuberculosis and pneumonia are the major causes of mortality rates in these districts. Fatality cases are caused largely by malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea for children less than 5 years, but malaria, tuberculosis and pneumonia are responsible for mortality rates in adults and children over 5 years. Statistical analysis revealed that in all districts, hygiene education is the major factor responsible for transmission of diseases accounting for 32-39%. Other factors, which are the major contributors to the incidences of diseases, are inadequacy of water (15.6-22.5%) and poor housing environment (14.5-24.0%). Water quality played the least role in transmission of diseases accounting for only 3-8%. It was concluded that provision of hygiene education, and improvement of water quantity and housing, in that order can significantly contribute to reduction of communicable diseases in the area. Improvement of water quality has potentially the least effect on the number of morbidity and mortality cases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POPULATION AT RISK | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | INTERVENTIONS | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | HYGIENE | WATER QUALITY | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Public Health | Health | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Education Document Number: 321431 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Infectious disease morbidity among young HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants in Latin American and Caribbean countries: the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study. Author: Mussi-Pinhata MM; Freimanis L; Yamamoto AY; Korelitz J; Pinto JA; Cruz ML; Losso MH; Read JS Source: Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):E694-E704. Abstract: The goal was to describe the frequency, characteristics, and correlates of infectious disease morbidity during the first 6 months of life among HIV-1- exposed but uninfected infants. The study population consisted of infants enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study who were HIV-1 uninfected and had follow-up data through the 6-month study visit. Definitive and presumed infections were recorded at study visits (birth, 6-12 weeks, and 6 months). Of 462 HIV-1-uninfected infants with 11 644 child-weeks of observation, 283 experienced >/= 1 infection. These 283 infants experienced 522 infections (1.8 infections per infant). The overall incidence rate of infections was 4.5 cases per 100 child-weeks of observation. Overall, the most common infections were skin or mucous membrane infections (1.9 cases per 100 child-weeks) and respiratory tract infections (1.7 cases per 100 child-weeks). Thirty-six percent of infants had > 1 respiratory tract infection (1.8 cases per 100 child-weeks). Incidence rates of upper and lower respiratory tract infections were similar (0.89 cases per 100 child-weeks and 0.9 cases per 100 child-weeks, respectively). Cutaneous and/or oral candidiasis occurred in 48 neonates (10.3%) and 92 older infants (19.3%). Early neonatal sepsis was diagnosed in 12 infants (26.0 cases per 1000 infants). Overall, 81 of 462 (17.5%) infants were hospitalized with an infection. Infants with lower respiratory tract infections were hospitalized frequently (40.7%). The occurrence of >/ = 1 neonatal infection was associated with more-advanced maternal HIV-1 disease, tobacco use during pregnancy, infant anemia, and crowding. Lower maternal CD4+ cell counts, receipt of intrapartum antibiotic treatment, and country of residence were associated with postneonatal infections. Close monitoring of HIV-1-exposed infants, especially those who are anemic at birth or whose mothers have more-advanced HIV-1 disease or who smoked during pregnancy, remains important. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | MORBIDITY | HIV | EXPOSURE | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Americas | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Biology Document Number: 308411 |
| 19. Title: Infectious diseases and daycare and preschool education. Author: Nesti MM; Goldbaum M Source: Jornal de Pediatria. 2007 Jul-Aug;83(4):299-312. Abstract: The objective was to describe the increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases associated with out-of-home childcare and the effectiveness of measures for the control and prevention of diseases transmission at daycare and preschool education centers. A review of literature in the MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Library databases, found using the descriptors daycare, infection, infection control and infectious diseases and focusing on studies that have compared the risk of infectious diseases for children cared for in and out of the home, related risk to the type of out-of-home care and assessed the effectiveness of preventative measures. Children cared for at daycare or in preschool education exhibit a two to three times greater risk of acquiring infections, which impacts both on individual health and on the dissemination of diseases through the community. Among other factors, the risk is associated with the characteristics of daycare centers, and simple preventative measures are effective for reducing transmission of diseases. Recommended measures include: appropriate hand washing after exposure; employment of standard precautions; standardized routines for changing and disposal of used diapers, location and cleanliness of changing area, cleaning and disinfection of contaminated areas; use of disposable tissues for blowing noses; separate workers and area for handling foods; notification of infectious diseases; training of workers and guidance for parents. In the face of growing utilization of daycare and preschool education and their association with increased risk of acquired infections, control measures are indispensable to the prevention and control of infectious diseases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | LITERATURE REVIEW | CHILD | CHILD CARE | SCHOOLS | RISK FACTORS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | DIARRHEA | TRANSMISSION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Education | Biology | Infections | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323600 |
| 20. Title: Of what diseases are Nepalese people dying? Author: Suvedi BK Source: Kathmandu University Medical Journal. 2007 Jan-Mar;5(1):121-23. Abstract: Overall objective of this study is to estimate the number of deaths by "categories". However, it also intends to: 1. Initiate brainstorming among the academicians, researchers and planners to look into the current gap in information pertaining to causes of death; 2. Stimulate to carry out studies to find out the causes of death to show real situation, and 3. Help the health planners in appropriately planning interventions in the future. This study uses data from various sources of information available. All the data come from secondary sources including the census of 2001. It also tries to focus the whole country as one unit using the data per se. Besides, extrapolation has been done whenever required based on global or regional scenario. This study is limited to analysis of secondary sources of information and uses extrapolation of data based on international/regional data. Obviously, it has many limitations due to very nature of the method used. So, interpreting or generalizing them should be done cautiously. The latest census data show the following scenario regarding the demographic situation of Nepal As seen from Table 1, the natural increase of population is calculated at 23.5. It can be translated into the absolute figures that 766,312 births take place each year and about 222,254 persons die each year in Nepal. That means everyday some 2100 births take place in Nepal and about 609 deaths occur. Regarding the specific causes of death in Nepal, there is scarcity of information. The most quoted document presents the following figures for cause of death. The given ratios are used extensively for planning of many interventions under the health sector reform initiation of Ministry of Health and Population. However, there is paucity of specific data regarding the important and probably most prevalent diseases/conditions. So, the following attempt has been made to translate the above figures in absolute terms for major diseases/conditions. Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POPULATION | DEATH RATE | CENSUS | CAUSES OF DEATH | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Statistics | Health | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 328130 |
| 21. Title: From HIV AIDS, TB to H. pylori and other infections in Africa [editorial] Author: Tumwine JK Source: African Health Sciences. 2007;7(3):123. Abstract: In this issue we bring you very interesting papers on infectious diseases in Africa. Not that that is what is the bread and butter of medical practice in this continent but because the situation seems to be getting out of hand. Thus Damalie Nakanjako and coworkers from Uganda report a very disturbing trend. Half the presenting at the emergency medical ward in Mulago, Uganda' referral and teaching hospital tested positive for HIV. This is a country with national HIV sero-prevalence of between 6 and 10%. Seventy one percent of those testing positive for HIV WHO stage 3 and 4 and two thirds had not had any prior HIV testing. There is no need to continue this litany for it highlights the ever increasing need for care for those infected with HIV. You will find the results of this study disturbing but very revealing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | VIRAL DISEASES | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 321608 |
| 22. Title: Users' guide to USAID / Washington health programs. Author: United States. Agency for International Development [USAID]. Bureau for Global Health Source: Washington, D.C., USAID, 2006 May. [192] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No: PN-ADG-713) Abstract: The United States government's resolve to improve the quality of life and prospects for development in developing countries has been implemented for more than 40 years through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The United States government's performance goal for health is "Improve Global Health, including child, maternal and reproductive health, and the reduction of abortion and disease, especially HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis." Global health challenges are too large for any single government, agency, or organization to confront alone. USAID's success in the health arena has been achieved through synergies among its own programs, and close collaboration and strong partnerships with the people and governments of assisted countries, other U.S. government agencies, bilateral donors and foundations, private voluntary organizations, universities, and private businesses. We continue to forge new alliances, for example, with faith-based and community organizations, and to participate in key international coalitions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DIRECTORY | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | USAID | HIV INFECTIONS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | AIDS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | CHILD HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Health | Family Planning Document Number: 309450 |
| 23. Title: Child health. Nearly 11 million children under age five die annually from largely preventable causes. Author: World Bank. Disease Control Priorities Project Source: [Washington, D.C.], World Bank, Disease Control Priorities Project, 2006 Jul. [3] p. Abstract: Before 1800, deaths of infants and children were commonplace even in rich families. And poor childhood nourishment left most people stunted by today's standards. Now, however, many infectious diseases are under control, and better nutrition and overall health conditions have lowered mortality rates for everyone, especially children. But sadly, these gains have not been uniform and have not happened at the same rate around the world. As of 2001, some 19 percent of global deaths were among children-- and 99 percent of all child deaths took place in low- and middle-income countries. For example, a child born in Ethiopia today has a 20 percent chance of dying before age five, compared with a less than 1 percent chance for a child born in North America or Western Europe. Communicable diseases remain the major killers of children in the developing world (see table) and are responsible for about 60 percent of all child deaths in low- and middle-income countries. In contrast, communicable diseases accountfor less than 10 percent of child deaths in high-income countries. Overall, the 10 leading causes in low- and middle-income countries account for 80 percent of all child deaths in those countries and worldwide. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | MIDDLE INCOME POPULATION | CHILD | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | DIARRHEA | MALNUTRITION | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | INTERVENTIONS | IMMUNIZATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 314868 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Author: Boutayeb A Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2006 Mar;100(3):191-199. Abstract: Now, at the dawn of the third millennium, non-communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe. There is an increasing trend in developing countries, where the demographic and socio-economic transition imposes more constraints on dealing with the double burden of infectious and non-infectious diseases in a poor environment, characterized by ill-health systems. It is predicted that, by 2020, non-communicable diseases will cause seven out of every ten deaths in developing countries. Among non-communicable diseases, special attention is devoted to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary disease. The burden of these conditions affects countries worldwide but with a growing trend in developing countries. Preventative strategies must take into account the growing trend of risk factors correlated to these diseases. In parallel, despite the success of vaccination programmes for polio and some childhood diseases, other diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and dengue are still out of control in many regions of the globe. This paper is a brief review of recent literature dealing with communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. It gives a global view of the main diseases and their impact on populations living in low- and middle-income nations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLIENTS | CAUSES OF DEATH | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | DIABETES | HEART DISEASES | CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH | GOALS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Neoplasms | Biology | Economic Factors | Planning Document Number: 295982 |
| 25. Title: Sex workers to pay the price [editorial] Author: Boynton P; Cusick L Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2006 Jan 28;332(7535):190-191. Abstract: In 2004 the UK Home Office published a consultation paper on sex work, after a review of the Sex Offences Act (2003). The paper, Paying the Price, was criticised by specialist services for giving less priority to the health of sex workers than before and for focusing too much on issues of criminal justice, and by health researchers for its unethical use of questionnaires and interviews. The resulting Home Office strategy published last week aims to challenge the view that street prostitution is inevitable; achieve an overall reduction in street prostitution; improve the safety and quality of life of communities affected by prostitution, including those directly involved in street sex markets; and reduce all forms of commercial sexual exploitation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | ASIA | UNITED KINGDOM | SUMMARY REPORT | INFECTIONS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | INFECTION PREVENTION | HUMAN RESOURCES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | EPIDEMICS | LOGISTICS | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Diseases | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 296858 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability, and mitigation. Author: Haines A; Kovats RS; Campbell-Lendrum D; Corvalan C Source: Lancet. 2006 Jun 24;367(9528):2101-2109. Abstract: It is now widely accepted that climate change is occurring as a result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. Climate change may affect health through a range of pathways--eg, as a result of increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, reduction in cold-related deaths, increased floods and droughts, changes in the distribution of vector-borne diseases, and effects on the risk of disasters and malnutrition. The overall balance of effects on health is likely to be negative and populations in low-income countries are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects. The experience of the 2003 heat wave in Europe shows that high-income countries might also be adversely affected. Adaptation to climate change requires public-health strategies and improved surveillance. Mitigation of climate change by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing the use of a number of renewable energy technologies should improve health in the near term by reducing exposure to air pollution. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | POPULATION AT RISK | CLIMATE | GLOBAL WARMING | NATURAL DISASTERS | PUBLIC HEALTH | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | Research Methodology | Environment | Health | Natural Resources | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 303071 |
| 27. Title: Epidemiologic profile and utilisation of health care in North Bengal. Author: Majumder A Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2006;19(4):289-298. Abstract: Infrastructure of health services is passing through a phase of transition in North Bengal. Private sources of care became the main crowed puller than the public ones. Does this change in infrastructure and preference for care correspond to the changes in epidemiologic profile of this region? The research question to be investigated in this paper is that -- whether pattern of morbidity or epidemiological profile of this region has transformed leading to a change in the appeal towards a particular type of care or system of medicine. The present study thus applies simple statistical tools to examine the epidemiological profile of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts of North Bengal (West Bengal, India), and tries to find out its association with pattern of utilisation of health services with respect to type of care and system of medicine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADULTS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | MORBIDITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Economic Factors Document Number: 304923 |
| 28. Title: Common opportunistic infections in HIV infected infants and children Part 1 -- respiratory infections. Author: Marais BJ; Rabie H; Schaaf SH; Cotton MF Source: South African Family Practice. 2006 Nov-Dec;48(10):54-56. Abstract: Increased susceptibility to infections is the major cause of disease and death in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, with severe respiratory infections consistently reported as the most common cause of death. This manuscript focuses on opportunistic infections that affect the respiratory system, with particular emphasis on tuberculosis (TB). The definition of an opportunistic infection is problematic as immune compromised children are also prone to get common childhood infections more frequently and to a more severe degree than their immune competent peers. Table 1 provides an overview of the most common respiratory infections and non-infectious conditions that occur with increased frequency in HIV-infected children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | TEACHING MATERIALS | CHILDREN | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | HIV Document Number: 318434 |
| 29. Title: Ethics and programmatic issues on the 2003 SARS epidemic: Are any lessons transferable to the HIV pandemic? Author: Muula AS Source: Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. 2006 May;8(2):109-114. Abstract: The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to spread globally but much more so in the less industrialised countries of southern and eastern Africa. Despite the difference in aetiology and modes of spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), there are certainly some lessons that policy makers can reflect on regarding the global control of the SARS epidemic in 2003. The response to the SARS outbreak garnering the support of every stakeholder than could be mobilized is an example of how emerging infectious diseases could be dealt with. However, the programmatic and ethics issues, although resulting in an effective response were nonetheless controversial in many ways, as the potentially compromised people's rights and autonomy. These issues require further reflection and an assessment as to whether they could be used in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Presented in this paper, are selected HIV and SARS prevention and control activities that can be assessed for potential effectiveness, ethics rating and programmatic challenges. In this article, the similarities in prevention and control are presented, so will the differences. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | EPIDEMICS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ETHICS | HUMAN RIGHTS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | Developing Countries | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 319812 |
| 30. Title: US Department of Health and Human Services: a need for global health leadership in preparedness and health diplomacy [editorial] Author: Novotny TE Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2006 Jan;96(1):11-13. Abstract: More than ever before, the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) needs to be a global health agency, working to protect the health, economic, and security interests of US citizens through global collaboration and commitment to the public good. Public health preparedness extends beyond public health surveillance, preparation for bioterrorism, and political policy. Preparedness involves understanding the 21st-century world--its changing disease burden, its changing demographics, and its changing political and environmental substrata. It is the moral responsibility of the US government, particularly through its lead health entity, to address the high-disease burden global health challenges. DHHS agencies must work within multinational and bilateral structures to build consensus, respond to global health threats, and cultivate science to build a strong global public health infrastructure. Global health is both an economic priority and a security priority of the United States. Therefore, the collective expertise of multiple disciplines must be harnessed to support the best approaches to the major global health challenges. The disciplines of epidemiology, health policy, economics, law, environmental science, and, certainly, bioethics can make essential contributions to a comprehensive global health strategy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | GOVERNMENT | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | POVERTY | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Political Factors | Policy | Health | Infections | Diseases | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 293189 |
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